Academic literature on the topic 'Instrument faible'
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Journal articles on the topic "Instrument faible"
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Leclerc, Mariel, Richard Bertrand, and Jocelyne Roberge-Brassard. "Étude de fiabilité d’un instrument d’observation des comportements de l’élève en classe." Revue des sciences de l'éducation 5, no. 3 (October 9, 2009): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/900116ar.
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Après avoir décrit l’instrument et le schème utilisés pour l’observation des comportements de l’élève en classe, on présente les résultats de l’analyse statistique effectuée pour s’assurer de la fiabilité des données. Pour chacun des trois comportements observés, un coefficient d’entente inter-juges a été calculé pour évaluer dans quelle mesure la mésentente inter-juges pouvait limiter la fiabilité des données et un coefficient de fiabilité a été calculé pour mesurer la fiabilité avec laquelle les comportements des élèves pouvaient être observés. Les valeurs du coefficient d’entente inter-juges se sont montrées très élevées alors que les valeurs du coefficient de fiabilité se sont montrées très faibles. Ce faible coefficient est expliqué en grande partie par l’instabilité des comportements de l’élève d’occasion en occasion : c’est-à-dire par la trop grande variabilité des données intra-élève par rapport à la variabilité inter-élèves. Les auteurs concluent de l’importance des situations homogènes d’apprentissage dans l’observation des comportements des élèves en classe.
2
Belzile, Bertrand, and Viateur Larouche. "Motivation au travail des familles à faible revenu : tentative de mesure." Relations industrielles 30, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028584ar.
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Dans cet article, les auteurs visent à rendre opérationnel le modèle de motivation retenu. L'approche utilisée pour obtenir une mesure de la motivation d'un groupe de parents (N — 31) de familles à faible revenu à se trouver un emploi (travailler) ou à ne pas s'en trouver {ne pas travailler) est explicitée. Échantillonnage, cueillette des données et instrument de mesure sont présentés. Finalement, les résultats sont décrits et les auteurs analysent la relation qui existe (pour ce groupe de parents) entre le taux de participation à la main-d'oeuvre et la motivation à y participer.
3
Prandi Perrone, Rosely Aparecida. "Auto-efficacite chez les meres allaitantes de nouveau-nes prematures." Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. 1, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2021.n1.v1.2075.
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Le lait maternel est reconnu comme aliment idéal pour les nouveau-nés, y compris les prématurés, avec des avantages nutritionnels, biologiques, émotionnels et socio-économiques pour l’enfant et la famille. Pour les bébés prématurés, l’allaitement joue un rôle essentiel dans la mesure où il est associé à une réduction du temps d’hospitalisation et à divers états cliniques résultant d’une prématurité. Les études indiquent un faible taux d’allaitement parmi les mères de nouveau-nés prématurés et, souvent, un sevrage précoce. Actuellement, la littérature identifie l’auto-efficacité dans l’allaitement comme une variable importante qui influe sur les résultats de la réussite de l’allaitement. Afin d’identifier le principal instrument dédié à l’évaluation de l’auto-efficacité chez les mères allaitantes de bébés prématurés, une revue intégrative de la littérature a été réalisée sur les études, les évaluations et les instruments utilisés pour évaluer l’auto-efficacité chez les mères allaitantes des bébés prématurés. Il a été constaté que la Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) est le principal instrument d’évaluation de la confiance d’une mère relativement à sa capacité d’allaiter. Pour ces mères, la Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form for Mothers of Ill or Preterm Infants (BSES-SFMIPI) permet de reconnaître les attentes et les expériences maternelles, d’identifier les mères de bébés prématurés à risque d’interrompre l’allaitement et aussi de proposer des stratégies individuelles pour encourager les mères et allaiter avec succès ces enfants.
4
Gibbons, Cynthia, Rachel Schiffman, Holly Brophy-Herb, Hiram E. Fitzgerald, Mildred Omar, and Lorraine McKelvey. "Une étude exploratoire. Interaction entre les dyades mère-nourrisson et père-nourrisson chez les couples à faible revenu." Santé mentale au Québec 26, no. 1 (February 5, 2007): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014513ar.
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Résumé Vingt-neuf parents à faible revenu et leurs nourrissons ont participé à une recherche exploratoire portant sur les interactions parent-nourrisson et décrivant le niveau d'interactions, les similarités et les différences au sein des dyades mère-nourrisson et père-nourrisson. L'échelle de mesure Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale, un instrument d'observation standardisé de 73 items, a été utilisée pour mesurer les interactions. Les résultats ont montré que bien que la majorité (69%) des dyades parent-nourrisson n'ont pas démontré de comportements interactifs à risque, près de 31% de l'échantillon étaient désorganisés dans leurs interactions. De plus, les résultats ont démontré que bien que les deux parents étaient sensibles et répondaient aux signaux de leurs nourrissons, les mères étaient plus aptes que les pères à répondre à la détresse de leurs nourrissons alors que les nourrissons étaient plus clairs et répondaient mieux aux pères qu'aux mères. Avec cette information, les cliniciens et les chercheurs peuvent mieux comprendre les interactions au sein du contexte familial et renforcer les programmes d'intervention visant à maintenir et à améliorer les interactions parent-nourrisson.
5
Galbraith, Peter S., Daniel Bourgault, and Mélany Belzile. "Circulation et renouvellement des masses d’eau du fjord du Saguenay." Océanographie 142, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1047147ar.
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La circulation de renouvellement des eaux du fjord du Saguenay est examinée à la lumière de nouvelles données océanographiques. Nous avons observé une nouvelle signature de renouvellement en température et salinité occasionnée par la crue printanière, ainsi que le remplacement d’une grande partie des eaux du fjord en moins de 2 mois, confirmant le faible temps de résidence de ces eaux. Un instrument déployé pour mesurer la température et la salinité des eaux à l’entrée du fjord nous a permis de les identifier comme étant principalement des eaux de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent. Les eaux mesurées dans le premier bassin du fjord à marée basse étaient un mélange des eaux du seuil de salinité parmi les plus faibles observées pendant un cycle de marées, avec des eaux de surface du Saguenay. Ce mélange occasionne ensuite le renouvellement des eaux supérieures et intermédiaires du bassin interne du fjord. La plage de salinité des eaux au seuil correspond assez bien aux eaux qu’on trouve 100 km plus loin dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent entre 20 et 70 m. Les variations synchrones de salinité à 100 km et au seuil suggèrent un mouvement vertical simultané des eaux dans tout l’estuaire qui serait déterminant pour le type et la vitesse de renouvellement du fjord du Saguenay.
6
Lai, Daniel W. L. "Depression Among the Elderly Chinese in Canada." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 19, no. 3 (2000): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800015063.
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RÉSUMÉCette recherche examine la prévalence de la dépression chez les Chinois(es) aîné(e)s du Canada. On a interrogé 96 Chinois(es) aîné(e)s choisi(e)s au hasard et vivant à Calgary. On a utilisé vine version chinoise en 15 points du Geriatric Depression Scale (échelle de l'évaluation de l'état dépressif des aîné(e)s) comme instrument de mesure. Les résultats indiquent que 9,4 pour 100 des personnes interrogées étaient légèrement déprimées et que 11,5 pour 100 étaient moyennement ou gravement déprimées. Le taux de prévalence général chez les Chinois(es) aîné(e)s est plus élevé que celui de l'ensemble de la population aînée du Canada et plus faible que celui des Chinois(es) aîné(e)s des États-Unis. Les résultats de l'analyse de régression font ressortir les principaux prédicteurs de la dépression de ce groupe de la population: la maladie, le fait d'habiter le Canada depuis longtemps, ne pas connaître l'anglais, être plus jeune, et avoir une mauvaise santé physique. Les résultats soulignent également les besoins du groupe sur le plan de la santé mentale. La recherche présente de plus d'autres éléments et les répercussions pratiques des résultats.
7
Baylé, Franck J., Marie Chantai Bourdel, Hervé Caci, Philip Gorwood, Jean-Michel Chignon, Jean Adés, and Henri Lôo. "Structure factorielle de la traduction française de l'échelle d'impulsivité de Barratt (BIS-10)." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 45, no. 2 (March 2000): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370004500206.
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Même si le concept d'impulsivité demeure sujet à controverses, de nombreuses d'approches ont été tentées pour mesurer cette dimension. Seules les mesures psychométriques possèdent une bonne validité consensuelle et semblent aujourd'hui opérationnelles en routine. Barratt a élaboré la plus ancienne échelle mesurant spécifiquement l'impulsivité. De nombreuses révisions ont permis d'en améliorer la validité. Nous avons traduit en français sans difficultés majeures la dixième version validée de cette échelle (Barratt Impulsivity Scale [BIS-10]) et exploré sa structure factorielle. Nous l'avons assortie d'un autoquestionnaire évaluant l'anxiété. Nous avons recruté au sein de la population générale 280 sujets âgés en moyenne de 36,9 ans (18 à 79 ans). L'âge des sujets exerce une influence faible mais significative sur les scores d'impulsivité. L'analyse en composantes principales (ACP) montre que les 9 premiers facteurs expliquent 55,6% de la variance. Une nouvelle ACP sur ces facteurs de premier ordre permet d'extraire 3 facteurs de second ordre. Ceux-ci correspondent bien au regroupement proposé par Barratt. Nos résultats confortent ceux de l'analyse initiale de l'échelle qui n 'ont pu être reproduits par la suite. Il s'agit, à notre connaissance, de la première traduction française d'un instrument qui évalue spécifiquement l'impulsivité et dont la structure factorielle a été étudiée dans la population générale.
8
Edozien, C., J. L. Williams, I. Chattopadhyay, Chatterjee, and P. J. Hirsch. "Failed instrumental delivery: how safe is the use of a second instrument?" Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 19, no. 5 (January 1999): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443619964193.
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Dutercq, Yves, and Eric Maleyrot. "Les enseignants français du primaire face aux politiques de reddition de comptes : une évolution de leur professionnalisme dans un contexte d’accountability subjective." RASE: Revista de la Asociación de Sociología de la Educación 10, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/rase.10.3.9971.
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Notre contribution porte sur la manière dont les enseignants français de l’école primaire publique réagissent aux politiques de performance et de responsabilisation qui se sont développées ces dernières années. Elle cherche à savoir dans quelle mesure leur professionnalisme s’en trouve redéfini. Dans une première partie, une analyse sociohistorique décrit l'évolution des mesures de responsabilisation à travers la succession des outils et de leurs objectifs mis en place pour l’aide individualisée à la réussite des élèves. Nous examinons alors comment la responsabilité attachée au professionnalisme traditionnel des enseignants est remodelée par ces nouveaux dispositifs, en prenant en compte l’autorégulation et la faible reddition dont ils font l’objet. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous centrons sur la réception par les enseignants de deux dispositifs récents. Le premier est un instrument externe de mesure des résultats des élèves, le second un dispositif de mise à disposition d’un enseignant supplémentaire dans des écoles accueillant un public défavorisé. A partir d’enquêtes réalisées antérieurement, notre analyse secondaire met en lumière à la fois les résistances et l’évolution des pratiques professionnelles que ces politiques de responsabilisation suscitent. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous questionnons le professionnalisme « interne » des enseignants au regard du professionnalisme « externe » attendu par l'institution. Dans une politique de responsabilisation à régulation « douce », les enseignants (ré)agissent dans un contexte que nous qualifions d’« accountability subjective », laissant apparaître deux formes de professionnalisme, l’un traditionnel, attaché à une autonomie pédagogique individuelle, l’autre à dimension collective, acceptant reddition de comptes.
10
Thomas, F. C. "Diffusion Pumps and Water Chillers." Microscopy Today 9, no. 3 (April 2001): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500056947.
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This note concerns two very important parts of most beam instrument systems; diffusion pumps and water chillers. As we'll see below, the two can be intimately connected.Many SEMs, TEMs and other electron beam instruments contain one or more diffusion pumps as part of their vacuum systems. These are usually vertically-oriented cylindrical objects, perhaps 30 cm high, wrapped in several turns of copper tubing. They are usually placed behind or below the instrument's column, and typically handle high vacuums for tungsten filaments, or backing for ion pumps with other emitter types. Generally, these units are fairly maintenance-free; a change of oil every few years may be all that is required.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Instrument faible"
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Coudin, Élise. "Inférence exacte et non paramétrique dans les modèles de régression et les modèles structurels en présence d'hétéroscédasticité de forme arbitraire." Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1506.
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Schwoerer, Jean. "Etudes et implémentation d'une couche physique UWB impulsionnelle à bas débit et faible complexité." Rennes, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAR0006.
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De par son approche nouvelle, la radio impulsionnelle ultra large bande (uwb-ir) est porteuse de nombreuses promesses en termes de debit, de robustesse et de faible consommation. Du fait de sa largeur de bande (superieure a 500 mhz), elle offre egalement la possibilite de faire de la geolocalisation avec une precision submetrique. Ce travail de these a debute alors que les premieres publications sur l'uwb presentaient des resultats de simulation extraordinaires. Afin de mieux cerner son reel potentiel dans le domaine des communications bas debit auquel l'uwb-ir semble particulierement adaptee, cette etude a ete orientee vers la realisation materielle d'une chaine de communication, sous-tendue par la contrainte de forte reduction de complexite. Cette etude commence par la specification d'une couche physique adaptee a la technologie et au domaine d'application envisage, qui repose sur un schema de transmission tres simple. La plate-forme d'emission realisee est basee sur une architecture tres simple et des composants discrets de bas de gamme. Elle demontre ainsi la possibilite d'embarquer une telle structure dans un objet communicant autonome de faible cout. La chaine de reception suit une approche originale basee sur un detecteur d'enveloppe et un comparateur a seuil variable, ce qui permet de relacher certaines contraintes bloquantes comme celles liees a l'acquisition de synchronisation. Un ensemble d'algorithmes de reception a faible complexite permet d'exploiter au mieux cette structure de detection en levant differents verrous technologiques. Par ce travail, une reflexion globale sur un systeme uwb-ir bas debit a ete menee et a abouti a la realisation d'un lien radio physique qui demontre la viabilite technique de cette technologie en rupture. De plus, les resultats obtenus ont ete la base d'une proposition complete portee en normalisationFrom its new approach, the impulse radio ultra wide band (ir-uwb) technology is carrying many promises in terms of troughput, robustness, and low energy consumption. Because his bandwidth (higher than 500 mhz), it also makes it possible to do high accuracy geolocalisation. This thesis work began whereas the first publications on uwb had extraordinary simulation results. In order to better determine ir-uwb real potential in the field of low throughput communications to which their one seems particularly adapted, this study was directed towards the prototyping of an uwb link, underlain by the constraint of strong complexity reduction. This study starts with the specification of a physical layer adapted to the technology and the applicability considered, which is based on a very simple transmission scheme. The transmitter is based on a very simple architecture build with low cost "off the shelf" components and thus shows the possibility of embarking such a structure in an autonomous low cost communicating object. The receiver structure follows an original approach based on a video detector and a variable threshold comparator, which makes it possible to slacken certain blocking constraints like those related to synchronization. A set of low complexity receiving algorithms is also developed to enable the use of this structure while raising various technological deadlock. By this work, a global reflexion on an low data rate ir-uwb system was conducted and led to the realization of a physical radio link which shows the technical viability of this technology. Moreover, the results obtained were the base of a full proposal carried in standardization
3
Rhouni, Amine. "Étude de fonctions électroniques en technologie ASIC pour instruments dédiés à l’étude des plasmas spatiaux." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066593.
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Le développement des instruments destinés à être embarqués à bord de satellites et de sondes spatiales permet d’étudier, in situ, les relations soleil Terre et plus généralement le vent solaire et les environnements ionisés planétaires. L’étude de ces phénomènes nécessite la combinaison d’instruments permettant de caractériser à la fois les ondes et leurs particules. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’intégration de l’électronique des instruments spatiaux, et notamment la chaine d’amplification analogique de magnétomètres à induction et la chaîne d’amplification / discrimination de détecteurs de particules, en technologie standard CMOS 0. 35μm. Un travail important sur les structures d’amplifications a été mené afin de réduire considérablement la consommation et augmenter la sensibilité de la chaine électronique de traitement du détecteur de particules. Ainsi, la faisabilité d’une électronique intégrée multivoie pour l’analyseur de particules à optique hémisphérique contenant jusqu’à 256 pixels a été prouvée. Réduire le niveau de bruit en basse fréquence (de quelques 100 mHz à quelque 10 kHz) des circuits à base de composants MOS a toujours été une tache fastidieuse, puisque ce type de composants n’est à la base, pas destiné à une telle gamme de fréquence. Il a été donc nécessaire de concevoir des structures d’amplification originales par la taille non habituelle, voir à la limite autorisée par les procédés de fabrication, de leur transistors d’entrée. Les résultats obtenus lors des tests de validations et en radiations sont très satisfaisants. Ils permettent d’ouvrir une éventuelle voie pour l’électronique intégrée au sein de l’instrumentation spatialeThe development of instruments to be embedded on board satellites and space probes allows to study, in situ, the earth and sun relationships and more generally the solar wind and planetary ionized environments. The study of these phenomena requires a combination of instruments to characterize both waves and particles. We are interested in the integration, in a standard technology CMOS 0. 35 μm, of space instruments electronic, especially the analogue amplification chain of induction magnetometers and the amplification / discrimination chain of particle detectors. Important work on amplification structures was carried out in order to significantly reduce consumption and increase the sensitivity of the processing electronic chain for the particle detector. Thus, the feasibility of an integrated multichannel electronic for the particle analyser using a hemispherical electrostatic optical and containing up to 256 pixels, has been proven. Reducing the low frequency noise level in circuits based on MOS devices has always been a tedious task, since this type of components is the basis, not intended for such a range frequency. It was therefore necessary to design original amplification structures by the not usual size of their input transistors. This solution has significantly reduced the input equivalent noise of magnetometers amplification electronic. The advantage of using CMOS technology is the low current noise, the low power consumption and the overcrowding problem resolving. Obtained results in validation and radiation tests are very satisfactory. They can open the way for a possible integrated electronic in space instrumentation
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Rahmoun, Mohammed. "Conception et réalisation d'un dispositif à effet Peltier adapté à la mesure des faibles débits de liquide." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10051.
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Le travail presente est relatif a la conception, la realisation et la caracterisation d'un dispositif a effet peltier adapte a la mesure de tres faibles debits de liquide. L'element de base de ce type de capteur, de structure planaire, est un circuit bimetallique a deux conducteurs connectes en serie de facon a realiser de nombreuses jonctions. Le principe de mesure est de creer a l'aide d'un courant electrique des differences de temperature entre les jonctions du circuit thermoelectrique, puis mesurer la f;e;m; induite par effet seebeck. Le grand avantage de ce nouveau type de capteur tres sensible est qu'il n'est pas utile d'elever la temperature au-dessus de la temperature du fluide environnant, de tres faibles quantites d'energie etant necessaire pour etablir un gradient de temperature dans un milieu fluide. Le mouvement relatif du fluide par rapport au circuit active les echanges thermiques et diminue la difference de temperature entre jonctions thermoelectriques. La variation d'ecart de temperature entre deux jonctions depend du debit massique du fluide autour du circuit et genere par effet seebeck une tension representative de ce debit massique. Nous avons montre que la mesure de la f. E. M. Thermoelectrique delivree par le circuit bimetallique dispose dans une canalisation permettait la mesure du debit massique du liquide traversant ce conduit. Compte tenu des faibles valeurs de tension a mesurer, la precision de la mesure ne depend que l'instrumentation electronique associee. Les performances de ce nouveau type de debitmetre pour les liquides associees a une facilite de fabrication permettent d'envisager une industrialisation et des applications dans de nombreux domaines tels que l'ingenierie chimique ou biomedicale.
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Krause, Cindy. "Großereignisbewerbungen als Instrument aktiver Stadtentwicklungspolitik:." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-212410.
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Seit den 1990er Jahren werden Großereignisse in der Stadtsoziologie und den Planungswissenschaften als Instrumente der Stadtentwicklungspolitik diskutiert. Großereignissen wie den Olympischen Spielen, Weltausstellungen, Gartenschauen oder der Europäischen Kulturhauptstadt eilt der Ruf voraus, Entwicklungsimpulse in den Ausrichterstädten zu setzen oder einen Wendepunkt in der Stadtentwicklung zu markieren. Die fachliche Diskussion eint, dass Großereignisse die Umsetzung von Stadtentwicklungsprojekten beschleunigt. Ebenso gehört die Mobilisierung von Fördermitteln, die Bündelung personeller Ressourcen und die Stärkung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Ausrichterstadt zu weiteren bekannten Auswirkungen. Diese zu erwartenden positiven Effekte motiviert Städte immer wieder sich für Großereignisse zu bewerben.
Doch was passiert, wenn Städte mit der Großereignisbewerbung scheitern? Die Dissertation konzentriert sich auf das Phänomen, dass zwischen 2000 und 2010 eine Vielzahl deutscher Städte mehrfach mit Bewerbungen für Großereignisse scheiterten. Inwieweit bestand ein Zusammenhang zwischen den verschiedenen Bewerbungsprozessen einer Stadt bzw. zu Stadtentwicklungsstrategien? Welche Effekte riefen die Bewerbungsprozesse in den Städten hervor und worauf lassen sich die Effekte zurückführen? Diesen Fragen wird durch die Analyse von 11 Fallstädten nachgegangen. Die recherchierten und aufgearbeiteten Informationen über die gescheiterten Großereignisbewerbungen und deren Effekte zeigen, dass die Bewerbungsprozesse oftmals der Ausgangspunkt für weitere Entwicklungen gewesen sind. Bewerbungsbücher, Bewerbungskonzeptionen und Machbarkeitsstudien enthalten viele Informationen über die Bewerberstädte, Zukunftsideen und Projekte zur Verbesserung der Lebensqualität in der Stadt. Sie stellen damit Belege dar, die einen bestimmten Entwicklungsabschnitt der ehemaligen Bewerberstädte dokumentieren und strategischen Stadtentwicklungsdokumenten ähneln.
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Alaux, Christophe. "L'impact des instruments des politiques publiques environnementales sur le processus de décision du consommateur : l'achat de voitures à faible émission de carbone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32084.
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Les politiques publiques environnementales cherchent à impacter des comportements de consommation. Néanmoins, la relation causale entre l’action publique mise en œuvre et le changement de comportement se caractérise par des discontinuités. Elle doit donc être approfondie en combinant l’angle d’analyse des politiques publiques et du processus de décision du consommateur. En effet, ce dernier dépend également d’autres déterminants psychosociaux et d’autres facteurs contextuels. L’impact spécifique des instruments des politiques publiques doit cependant pouvoir y être distingué. Notre étude sur la politique publique environnementale française visant à l’acquisition de voitures à faibles émissions de carbone permet de comprendre l’impact des instruments des politiques publiques sur le processus de décision d’achat du consommateur. En effet, l’attitude envers les instruments de l’action publique produit des effets sur le processus de décision du consommateur. Cet impact n’est pas direct, mais il modère les relations causales entre les principaux déterminants du comportement. Ces effets modérateurs dépendent de la nature psychologique ou structurelle des instruments des politiques publiques qui impactent des relations spécifiques du processus de décision du consommateurEnvironmental public policy tools aim to impact consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the causal relationship system between the implementation of a public policy and behavior is full of disconnections. Thus, it should be deepen with the combined analysis of public policies and consumer decision process. Indeed, this latter also depends on others psychosocial determinants towards behavior and other contextual forces. The impact of public policy tools need to be distinguished among them.Our study on the French environmental public policy aimed at acquiring low-carbon emission cars focuses on understanding the impact of public policy tools on consumer buying decision process. Indeed, the attitude towards public policy tools affects consumer decision process. It results that the impact is not so direct but it moderates the relationship between the main determinants of behavior. These moderation effects depend on the psychological or structural nature of the public policy tools which impacts specific relationships of the consumer decision process
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Gulseven, Yahya. "Failed State Discourse As An Instrument Of The Us Foreign Policy In The Post Cold War Era." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12606726/index.pdf.
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This thesis focuses on the use of the term &lsquofailed state&rsquo
as a category in the US foreign policy discourse in the post Cold War era. The concept of &lsquo
failed state&rsquo
is critically examined in terms of its methodological and ontological flaws. It is suggested that the primary methodological flaw of the failed state discourse is its atomistic and essentialist approach which describes &lsquo
state failure&rsquo
as an internal problem which needs external solutions. By rejecting the internal/external dichotomy, the dialectical method is offered as an alternative to examine the use of the term in the US foreign policy discourse in the post Cold War era. It is argued here that failed state discourse is used as a means in the justification of an international order based on &lsquo
preemptive strikes&rsquo
and unilateral economic, political and military interventions. Building upon this ideological function of failed state discourse, the current discusssions on state failure is related to contemporary debates on imperialism.
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Yakshin, Andrei. "Réalisation et caractérisation de miroirs multicouches conventionnels pour rayons X : application aux faibles périodes et aux variations latérales d'épaisseurs." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30077.
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Depuis plus d'une dizaine d'annees, on sait realiser des miroirs pour le rayonnement x a partir d'empilements periodiques de materiaux metal/dielectrique dont les epaisseurs sont comparables a celles de la longueur d'onde utilisee (10-100 a). Dans ce but, le procede de pulverisation r. F. Magnetron que nous avons developpe, etudie et applique a la realisation de multicouches est parfaitement stable et reproductible. Ce travail, realise dans le cadre du laboratoire d'optique electromagnetique, s'appuie sur une etude approfondie de la croissance des couches (depot, repulverisation, temps mis par les atomes a adherer au substrat). A partir de cette etude et grace a la parfaite repetabilite du procede, nous avons pu calibrer exactement notre dispositif et fabriquer ensuite des multicouches de tres courtes periodes d (d 15 a) constituees d'un grand nombre de couches (900) avec une reflectivite importante. Cette calibration nous a permis egalement de realiser des multicouches a variation d'epaisseur selon le rang de l'empilement souvent appelees supermiroirs. De plus, il est maintenant possible de realiser des empilements dont les variations laterales d'epaisseur peuvent suivre une loi quelconque. Ces deux dispositifs permettent et permettront le developpement de nouvelles optiques pour le rayonnement issu non seulement d'un tube x conventionnel, mais surtout d'un anneau synchrotron comme bessy ii ou le futur synchrotron francais soleil
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Doganova, Liliana. "Faire valoir l'exploration collective : dynamiques, instruments et résultats des partenariats avec des spin-offs académiques." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00564115.
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Comment évaluer le rôle que jouent les spin-offs académiques - ces entreprises créées pour valoriser les résultats de la recherche publique ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse envisage les spin-offs dans leurs interactions avec les acteurs hétérogènes qui composent les réseaux techno-économiques de l'innovation. Elle décrit l'entrepreneuriat académique comme un processus d'exploration et de consolidation de nouvelles technologies, marchés et relations. De plus, la thèse examine ce que produisent les collaborations inter-organisationnelles qui se nouent au cours de ce processus. Elle montre notamment la diversité des effets générés, en distinguant la contribution de différents types de partenariats (d'exploration, d'exploitation et ambidextres) à différentes dimensions de l'innovation. Enfin, la thèse étudie la manière dont la valeur de ces associations exploratoires est construite dans la pratique d'une action collective qui engage les spin-offs et leurs partenaires et qui mobilise des dispositifs de " valuation " particuliers.
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Sébastien, Olivier. "Gestion des Savoir-Faire par les Systèmes d'Information : une Application à l'Apprentissage Instrumental." La Réunion, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01386383.
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Ce travail de recherche vise à apporter une contribution au domaine de la gestion de la connaissance en général, et à la transmission des savoir-faire en particulier. Comparés à d'autres compétences, les savoir-faire ont ceci de particulier qu'il est difficile d'en produire une représentation écrite à des fins de réutilisation, de transmission ou de conservation. Bien que cette situation ait prévalu pendant longtemps, les systèmes d'information multimédia disponibles aujourd'hui permettent d'explorer de nouvelles approches telles que l'insertion de la trace audio-visuelle d'un savoir-faire existant dans un environnement d'apprentissage virtuel, dans le but de le faciliter. La musique, qui requiert simultanément des connaissances théoriques et des compétences pratiques, offre un environnement particulièrement propice à ce type d'expérimentation. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi pour notre travail de thèse l'apprentissage de la guitare par un dispositif de e-learning instrumental. Inspirée de l'approche considérée comme la mieux rodée et la plus efficace - le cours traditionnel du maître à l'élève - notre démarche a consisté à « l'instrumenter », c'est-à-dire à en capter les canaux d'information les plus utiles, puis à les stocker sous forme numérique pour les rendre ensuite disponibles sous une forme simple et facilement exploitable par une communauté d'apprenants. La méthode utilisée pour recueillir l'information à la source se veut peu contraignante et réaliste, fondée sur un concept original de co-construction avec les utilisateurs, que nous avons désigné par Plateau de Créativité. C'est un espace de création collective intégrant mise en œuvre du savoir-faire et technologies de captation et de codage des données, dans une interaction continue permettant les ajustements successifs afin que le résultat final constitue bien une réponse au problème posé. Nous rendons également compte dans la thèse de cette expérience de mise en œuvre d’un plateau de créativitéThis research aims at contributing to knowledge management and skills transmission particularly. They are known to be difficult to be represented with words, for conservation purpose for instance. This situation lasted for long but nowadays, Information Technologies allow to draw new approaches. Therefore, we have attempted to find out how they could be involved in the learning process in order to facilitate it. We have chosen instrumental e-learning, the guitar more precisely, as an experimental frame. Indeed, Music is a good field of work because it requires both theorical knowledge and practical skills. Our idea consists in studying the most efficient way to learn it, that is to say the traditional lesson from a teacher to a learner, and to engineer it. We propose a method without heavy constraints to capture most relevant information streams, store them in a digital format and then make them easily usable by a community of students. Development has been realized by instantiating an original concept of co-building with users nammed the Co-Design Plateform. He ensures that the final result does match the initial problem. Our contribution also makes an assessement of this experiment
Books on the topic "Instrument faible"
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Landi, Michela, ed. La double séance. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-665-1.
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Là où le spectacle, notre appareil, n'aurait d'autre fonction que de projeter, "à quelque élévation", certains manques dont nous serions à peine conscients, il ne peut y avoir dans les Lettres, au dire de Mallarmé, qu'un seul acte, capital: questionner les rapports que cet appareil entretient avec quelque état intérieur de nous-mêmes. Nous croyons, avec l'auteur de La Musique et les Lettres, que c'est par le jeu de leurs relations, souvent rivales, que les arts peuvent se comprendre et nous faire comprendre. Ce jeu, qui n'en finit pas de nous solliciter, nous demande sans cesse de nouveaux instruments pour sa mise en place – ou sa mise en scène.
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Pierre, Pachet, ed. La colère: Instrument des puissants, arme des faibles. Paris: Editions Autrement, 1997.
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Murphy, Liam. The Normative Force of Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828174.003.0003.
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After distinguishing some other senses of the “normativity” of law, this chapter addresses its moral force. It is argued that all deontological accounts of a prima facie duty to obey the law, other than the argument from consent, fail for being unable to show that the moral value of law as an institutional order implies a duty to obey each and every legal rule. The argument from consent fails for familiar reasons. This leaves an instrumental account of the moral force of law as the only option. The upshot is that, for individuals, the moral force of law is variable, and often weak. The case is different for state officials, as subjects of either domestic or international law. Here the instrumental case for obedience is typically strong.
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Ghosh, Shrimoyee. Of Truth and Taxes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477791.003.0009.
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The ‘stamp paper’ document, under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 is a promiscuously present and iconic textual artifact that circulates through the worlds of Indian legality and bureaucracy. The stamp paper as a revenue instrument was imbricated in and constituted by the historical processes that standardized the forms and modes of revenue collection and instruments of evidence, credit, and credibility through the long nineteenth century. Elaborate protocols of writing, verification, identification, attestation and authorization performed by paper workers and truth functionaries produced its authority. Yet, stamp paper from its inception was viewed as notoriously suspect, stamp duties as being persistently evaded and truth-functionaries as scandalously corruptible. This chapter details the discussions and disputes that surrounded the materiality and visuality of stamp paper through the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Through this account of the stamp paper’s material history, I explore colonial law’s contingency and contradictions, and the fraught relationships between commerce and corruption, authenticity and fraudulence, truth and evasion that the stamp paper both embodies and fails to contain.
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Brunero, John. Instrumental Rationality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746935.001.0001.
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Rationality requires that we intend the means we believe are necessary for achieving our ends. This book explores several interrelated issues regarding the formulation and status of this requirement of means–ends coherence. I argue that means–ends coherence is a genuine requirement of rationality, and cannot be explained away as a myth, confused with a disjunction of requirements to have, or not have, specific attitudes. But nor, I argue, is means–ends coherence strongly normative in that we always ought to be means–ends coherent. Why is this requirement in place? One popular strategy looks to the connection between intention and belief, and aims to explain means–ends coherence by appealing to the requirements of theoretical rationality. I argue that this strategy is unpromising. I instead propose that we look to the constitutive aim of intention. Just as belief has a constitutive aim (truth) that can explain some of the theoretical requirements of consistency and coherence governing beliefs, intention has a constitutive aim (what I call “controlled action”) that can explain some of the requirements of consistency and coherence governing intentions. In particular, I argue that we can understand means–ends coherence by understanding the constitutive aims of both of the attitudes governed by the requirement, intention and belief. In being means–ends incoherent, you are setting yourself up to fail, assuring that you either have a false instrumental belief or your intention won’t issue in action.
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Dancy, Jonathan. Reasoning to Intention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0010.
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This chapter considers John Broome’s account of instrumental reasoning. It argues that his account is far too restrictive. Broome fails to allow for various perfectly good forms of reasoning, such as reasoning to a sufficient but not necessary means and reasoning to a partial means. This failure is not an accident; it derives from an unnecessarily limited conception of what reasoning could be. The chapter offers a different account of instrumental reasoning, consistent with the position developed in earlier chapters. This account is far more flexible and makes good sense of the various forms of instrumental reasoning that we actually engage in.
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Griffith-Jones, Stephany, José Antonio Ocampo, and Paola Arias. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0013.
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Based on the seven case studies analysed in this volume, this chapter concludes that national development banks (NDBs) have been successful in many cases in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, key new sectors like renewable energy, and financial inclusion. They have developed new instruments, such as far greater use of guarantees, equity (including venture capital) and debt funds, and new instruments for financial inclusion. The context in which they operate is key to their success. Active countercyclical policies, low inflation, fairly low real interest rates, a well-functioning financial sector, and competitive exchange rates are crucial. They are also more effective if the country has a clear development strategy, linked to production sector strategies that foster innovative sectors. Under these conditions, the chapter argues that there is great need for a larger scale of NDB activity in Latin America and in developing countries in general.
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Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. Shadows in Times of Crash. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 tells the story of the crash as it unfolded. At that moment much of the public discovered a previously hidden world of obscure financial instruments and deals. Prior to the crash, the public might get only occasional glimpses of high finance when one of its components failed. In 2007, almost the entire system came crashing down. The complexity and tight coupling of the shadow banking system had created the possibility of a chain reaction and in 2007 and 2008 the chain was yanked tight. These events shocked the general public, most economists and most of the shadow bankers themselves.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Measuring Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0008.
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There are three methodological challenges to measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions: the choice of good measuring instruments, the use of appropriate analytic measures, and the use of a reliable method of extrapolating measures from an experimental context to a more general context. In practice each of these challenges contributes to overestimating the effectiveness of medical interventions. These challenges suggest corrective principles. The instruments employed in clinical research should measure patient-relevant and disease-specific parameters. Effectiveness always should be measured and reported using absolute outcome measures (such as ‘risk difference’), and we should employ caution when interpreting relative outcome measures (such as ‘relative risk reduction’). Extrapolating from research settings to clinical settings should more rigorously take into account possible ways in which interventions can fail to be effective in a target population. Current regulatory standards for drug approval are insufficient to manage these problems of measurement.
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Winch, Graham M. Megaproject Stakeholder Management. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.14.
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Effective stakeholder management is crucial for megaproject development and delivery. This chapter provides an extensive review of the project stakeholder management literature, which is largely instrumental rather than descriptive or normative, and in particular fails to address the stakes of the natural environment and future generations in megaprojects. Drawing on developments in stakeholder management theory in strategic management research, the chapter proposes to broaden the agenda to a megaprojects and society perspective and to stress the political, economic, and ethical aspects in the context of an analysis which draws on institutional theory.
Book chapters on the topic "Instrument faible"
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Reames, Donald V. "Measurements of SEPs." In Solar Energetic Particles, 151–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_7.
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AbstractThose who study solar energetic particles (SEPs) should be aware of the basic types of experiments that have contributed most of the observations studied in this book, and especially the tradeoff of their strengths and weaknesses, and how they fail. However, this is not a comprehensive review, only an introduction. We focus on dE/dx vs. E instruments that are the workhorses of SEP studies, and also study time-of-flight vs. E instruments that dominate precision measurements below 1 MeV amu−1. Single-detector instruments and high-energy techniques are discussed briefly as are supplementary data and CME lists.
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Hibou, Béatrice. "Neither Expression of Tolerance Nor Instrument of Repression: Economic Laissez-Faire as an Improvised Mode of Domination." In The Political Anatomy of Domination, 283–302. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49391-6_8.
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Ducheine, Paul, and Peter Pijpers. "The Missing Component in Deterrence Theory: The Legal Framework." In NL ARMS, 475–500. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_25.
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AbstractThis chapter takes the starting point that the power to deter consists of three components: (physical) capacities, concepts (strategy, plans, decision-making procedures) and will (moral, determination, audacity). In case one of these components is underdeveloped or not in place, (coercive) power fails. Modern technologies (e.g. ICT, AI) and strategic insights (e.g. the utility of soft and smart power) urge for a reinterpretation of the ‘physical’ component, and include cyber capacities as well as culture, knowledge or law(fare) as capacities (or power instruments), too. Moreover, and taking cyber capabilities as a test case, these developments put even more weight on the conceptual and moral components of power. This chapter focusses on the legal framework as a key, but underrated, conceptual element of deterrent power. Using cyber threats as a case, it offers a legal framework enabling decision-makers to effectively generate deterrent power by showing which legal bases (should) undergird the employment of the variety of responses available to States. In democratic rule-of-law States, the principles of legitimacy and legality demand that the use of power (instruments) by States must be based on a legal basis and should respect other institutional features too. Through two illustrative vignettes the generic value of the framework will be illustrated for the potential use of power instruments—diplomacy, information, military, economy, culture, legal, knowledge—in its various modalities, including cyber operations. This legal framework, though tailored to cyber capabilities, may be used as a starting point for conceptualising the legal framework for so-called cross domain and cross dimensional, or full spectrum deterrence.
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Tino, Concetta. "The Voice of Teachers Involved in School-Work Alternance Programmes." In Employability & Competences, 151–61. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-672-9.23.
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Data from Censis 2011 highlighted worrying aspects of school dropouts (18%) and a NEET population increase (22.1%); the same elements were also highlighted by data from Cedefop (2014), where the issue of youth unemployment (21.7%) was also mentioned. In addition to this are the disappointing results from OCSE-Pisa surveys demonstrating that Italian educational institutions fail to provide young people with the skills they need to effectively solve real-life problems. In this scenario, at an Italian and European level, the importance of solving these problems is repeatedly underlined, with the creation of instruments to interconnect the world of education and the world of work. Within this process, School-Work Alternance (SWA) programmes can find a place. This study focuses on the strategic action of their key actors in creating effective partnerships with external organizations. Based on this assumption, the research question asked was: what specific functions do teachers play within School-Work Alternance programmes? Methodology: a qualitative methodological approach was used; data were collected through semi-structured interviews addressed to 14 high school teachers, and subsequently analysed using Atlas.ti software in order to record the significant core categories that emerged. Results: the data collected showed that within the SWA system yet to be defined, SWA teacher/tutors and coordinators in school contexts have played a significant role within School-Work Alternance programmes to date. Final remarks: teachers involved in School-Work Alternance programmes have a strategic position. These results have some practical implications at both educational/training and professional levels
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Quatrini, Davide, Giuseppe Fazio, Mauro Giaconi, and Adelio Salsano. "Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices." In Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition, 1–11. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15474-13.
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"Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices." In Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 159–70. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315217109-20.
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"Failing Musicians, Failed Education." In The Persistence of Voice: Instrumental Music and Romantic Orality, 72–88. BRILL, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004343368_005.
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Deneen, Patrick J. "Liberalism against Liberal Arts." In Why Liberalism Failed. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300223446.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the ways in which liberalism undermines liberal education. First, liberalism undermines education by detaching the educational enterprise itself from culture and making it an engine of anticulture. Second, liberalism undermines education by replacing a definition of liberty as an education in self-government with liberty as autonomy and the absence of constraint. Under liberalism, the liberal arts are instruments of personal liberation, an end that is consistently pursued in the humanities, in the scientific and mathematical disciplines (STEM), and in economics and business. The chapter discusses the collapse of the liberal arts in America, especially in universities, following the redefinition of liberty and argues that we need to rescue liberal education from the tentacles of liberalism.
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Benjamin, Geva, and Peari Sagi. "VI Choice-of-Law Rules in the Absence of Party Autonomy: The Most Significant Relationship Principle." In International Negotiable Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198828686.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the question of which law should apply to adjudicate the parties' rights and duties when the parties have not selected one. It favours the extension of the popular ‘most significant relationship’ (MSR) principle to negotiable instruments law. A careful evaluation of the nature of this principle, and the objections raised against it, points towards its incorporation into this area of law. We challenge the traditional orthodoxies, expose their flawed foundations, and subsequently suggest a fairly dramatic reconsideration of the choice-of-law rules derived from them. The chapter then reveals clear traces of the MSR principle within the traditional and contemporary case law of negotiable instruments. This suggests that this principle has always played a role in the choice-of-law mechanics of the field. The chapter also offers some suggestions as to the operational mechanics of the MSR principle. We contend that the principle should not operate alone but in combination with flexible presumptions, which provide points of departure for choice-of-law analysis.
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Rothbart, Daniel. "Substance and Function in Chemical Research." In Of Minds and Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128345.003.0012.
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When chemical instruments are used in the laboratory, a specimen undergoes changes at the microscopic level. Depending on the instrument, the specimen absorbs or emits radiation. Alternatively, radiation is scattered, refracted, or diffracted. We often read that microscopic events produced from chemical instrumentation are real, as opposed to mere artifacts of the experiment. But exactly what does this mean? This philosophical question underlies a continual dilemma for the experimental chemist, whether to declare triumphantly that his/her findings reveal some insight about a chemical substance or to refrain from such a judgment for fear of having produced a mere artificial effect. Of course, a commonplace position is that the artificiality of laboratory techniques can be separated, in principle, from the real effects, because these techniques enable scientists to break the influence of laboratory constructions on experimental “ facts.” But some commentators have resurrected the fairly skeptical view that such declarations of success are grossly overstated because the interference from various instrumental techniques, laboratory equipment, and theoretical ideas precludes the possibility of exposing properties of independently existing substance. If we address this philosophical question by exploring techniques of chemical instrumentation, we find that the categories of a laboratory artifact and real effect are not mutually exclusive. As I argue here, the experimental phenomena of chemical research are both real and artificially produced from laboratory apparatus, manufactured conditions, and sophisticated techniques of researchers. The plan of this chapter is as follows: examine the character of analytical instruments in chemistry (section 1); explain the difference between an artifact and a real effect (section 2); examine the process of virtual witnessing in chemistry (section 3); explore how instruments are designed to mimic known chemical or physical processes (section 4); introduce the philosophical importance of noise-blocking techniques (section 5); and conclude with brief remarks about experimental reduction (section 6). The similarities and differences between absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are discussed. In this chapter I adopt a functional orientation to our understanding chemical substance, according to which a specimen is known by those capacities that technicians try to exploit during laboratory research.
Conference papers on the topic "Instrument faible"
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Liu, Zhelin, John Michael Harris, Jichuan Liu, Shengli Yu, and Mingxin Zhou. "Recommended Configuration of Boiler Drum Water Level Control and Protection System." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63201.
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For a high pressure boiler above 1,400 psi (9.7 MPa), the boiler drum level Control and Protection systems serve two distinct, but complementary functions. The Control system needs to control drum level. Protection is done for safety. If the drum level reaches a critical level, the Protection system shuts down the boiler to avoid damage. One must meet ASME Boiler Code requirements, get the job done correctly, and minimize the number of instruments required. By ASME Boiler Code, one must have at least one Boiler Water Gauge Glass. How many Control instruments are needed? If a single boiler drum water level instrument is used and this instrument suffers a failure, there is a problem. Even if two instruments are used and one fails, one does not know which to trust. Logic dictates that one requires a minimum of three Control instruments. Before discussing Protection, it is good to discuss the characteristics of the instruments available:
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Poon Chong, Peter, and Terrence Lalla. "APPLYING FUZZY QFD MCDM TO EVALUATE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/bgmj4037.
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This paper exhibits a method to improve the quality of musical instruments with the application of two Multi-Criteria Decision Making models, Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Environment. A fuzzy analysis approach was also included to accommodate qualitative data in music. The QFD was constructed with literature based on optimizing the manufacture of musical instruments. At this phase of the research, the paper focused on the physical parameters and perceived qualities of musical instruments. The proposed modified QFD was developed to identify the product features chosen by the market and aid the manufacture of musical instruments. A standard QFD recognized and scored factors to develop and manufacture musical instruments. It accommodated some core engineering variables for the musical instruments but overlooked some feature stakeholder needs. For example, the musician may not have 100% gratification while playing the instrument as the manufacturer fails to capture acoustic features to psychologically satisfy the musician’s audience. Using fuzzy logic, QFD and MCDM increased the model performance by expanding the data set. It offered the manufacturer of musical instruments a mode to capture and analyse behavioural linguistic data covering more customer requirements. Hence, the approach increased the range to correlate the physical features and psychological behaviours of musical instruments. It allowed non-technical persons to provide an improved form of reliable information. This modified QFD can also be applied to develop other products involving linguistic data.
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Mitro, Diana M., Dawn Glaeser, and Clifford Howard. "Soft Defect Localization Techniques without a Synchronization Signal to the Laser Scanning Module." In ISTFA 2005. ASM International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2005p0115.
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Abstract Soft Defect Localization (SDL) is an analysis technique where changes in the pass/fail condition of a test are monitored while a laser is scanned across a die.[1,2,3,4] The technique has proven its usefulness for quickly locating failing nodes for functional fails that are temperature, frequency, and/or voltage dependant. The localized heating from the laser can toggle the pass/fail condition as it sweeps over failing nodes with the aforementioned sensitivity. The technique is instrumental in identifying latent defect locations on conditional fails even though they seldom produce light emissions or liquid crystal hot spots. These fails often manifest themselves after reliability stress or at the customer. The technique can also be applied to support design groups with first silicon analysis of timing race conditions and identification of signals that are speed path limiters. The main challenges associated with the technique are in synchronizing the tester with the Laser Scanning Module (LSM) and ensuring the laser can heat the device enough to overcome the pass/fail threshold temperature of the failing node.
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Govindarajulu, Chittibabu. "An Instrument to Classify End-Users Based On the User Cube." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2489.
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End-user computing (EUC) has led to increased end-user productivity and satisfaction. In order to reduce the risks inherent to EUC, organizations should better manage EUC. As a first step different groups of end-users must be identified. Existing classification schemes have weaknesses and fail to capture the different roles contemporary end users play. Cotterman and Kumar (1989) proposed a user cube based on the three main dimensions of EUC -development, operation, and control. Even though this is rational approach to end user classification, it has been largely ignored by researchers. This may be due to the lack of an instrument to implement the cube. Hence, in this paper, a 10-item instrument is presented and data collected from 292 end users show that the instrument has strong construct validity. Practitioners can find this instrument very useful in determining the characteristics of EUC in their firms which in turn would be beneficial to devise strategies for EUC management.
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Pfeiffer, Ferris M., and Dennis L. Abernathie. "The Influence of Facet Fusion Strength on Instrumented Segment Range of Motion." In ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2007-38082.
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Spinal fusion surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures used to alleviate lower back pain. It is estimated that between 200,000 and 300,000 spine fusion procedures performed each year in the United States [1]. There has been an increase of approximately 8% per year in the frequency of lumbar fusions in the United States since 1980 [2]. Spinal fusion is indicated for treatment of degenerative disk disease, degenerative joint disease, scoliosis, and isthmic and degenerative spondlylotisthesis when more conservative treatments have failed to achieve relief.
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Bayet, K., and B. Philippe. "Densité osseuse des crêtes prémaxillaires reconstituées par apposition d’os cortical membraneux et intérêt de la chirurgie implantaire guidée." In 66ème Congrès de la SFCO. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfco/20206602004.
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Introduction : La procédure chirurgicale implantaire en présence d’os de densité hétérogène présente de réelles difficultés techniques en raison de la déviation des instruments de forage, de taraudage et d’insertion depuis l’os de densité é levée vers l’os de densité faible. L’objectif de cette communication consiste à valider la pertinence de la chirurgie guidée en présence de crêtes prémaxillaires reconstituées par apposition d’os autogène cortical membraneux en raison de l’importante différence de densité constatée entre le site receveur et le greffon. Matériel et méthodes : Une étude rétrospective observationnelle est réalisée sur 20 scanners de cas cliniques ayant bénéficié d’appositions vestibulaires membraneuses (10 appositions d’os pariétal et 10 appositions d’os mandibulaire postérieur). L’ensemble des scanners ont été réalisés entre le 5eme et le 7eme mois post-opératoire (coupes axiales de 0,625mm espacées de 0,5mm. Scanner Low Dose GE Optima). Toutes les analyses de densité ont été réalisées à l’aide du logiciel SIMPLANT PRO 17 (Dentsplysirona). Résultat : La densité osseuse moyenne observée au sein des greffes pariétales est de 1798,20 UH. Celle observée au sein des greffes mandibulaire postérieure est de 1956,80 UH. L’Os spongieux du site receveur maxillaire présente quant à lui une densité moyenne de 560 UH. Cette étude densitométrique confirme au prémaxillaire la différence de densité significative entre l’os greffé par apposition vestibulaire et l’os résiduel de la crête atrophiée (3.3 pour l’os pariétal et 3.4 pour l’os mandibulaire postérieur). Discussion : Ces résultats confirment l’importante différence des densités au sein des crêtes fines reconstruites à l’aide d’os cortical membraneux. Compte-tenu des phénomènes provoqués de déviation des instruments de forage, de taraudage et d’insertion, la mise en place des implants doit être réalisée en chirurgie guidée afin d’assurer le contrôle exact de leur positionnement et de leur axe d’insertion.
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Anderson, M. L., P. Tangyunyong, T. A. Hill, C. Y. Nakakura, T. J. Headley, and M. J. Rye. "Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Capacitance Microscopy Analysis of Dislocation-Induced Leakages in n-channel I/O Transistors." In ISTFA 2005. ASM International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2005p0302.
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Abstract By combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [1] with scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) [2], it is possible to enhance our understanding of device failures. At Sandia, these complementary techniques have been utilized for failure analysis in new product development, process validation, and yield enhancement, providing unique information that cannot be obtained with other analytical tools. We have previously used these instruments to identify the root causes of several yield-limiting defects in CMOS device product lines [3]. In this paper, we describe in detail the use of these techniques to identify electrically active silicon dislocations in failed SRAMs and to study the underlying leakage mechanisms associated with these defects.
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Glancey, J. L., P. Popper, M. Mitch, P. Truitt, N. Nasr, M. Orgovan, and J. Stevens. "A New Cyclic Impact Test Instrument and Methodology for Hand-Struck Tools." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41451.
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The use of hand-struck tools is still a necessary job function for technicians in several industries throughout the world. Despite the importance of these tools, evolving concerns regarding the detrimental effects of their long-term use continue to grow. Repetitive motion injuries, nerve damage of the hands and arms, and hearing loss are some of the problems that continue to afflict users of these types of tools. Although hammer-tool systems are relatively simple mechanical systems that have required very little improvement historically, the growing concerns associated with their use necessitate a thorough evaluation of current tool designs. In addition, the introduction of new and modified tools with improved performance characteristics will be essential to maintaining their long term, effective use in the workplace. Currently, no standard test methods exist to assess the performance characteristics of hand-struck tools. This makes evaluations and comparisons very difficult since performance characteristics are significantly influenced by the user of the tool. As a result, for the purposes of assessing the performance of current hammer-tool systems as well as evaluating alternate designs, a new testing device for hand-struck tools was developed. The device is designed to simulate the approximate cyclic kinematic motion of a user repeatedly hitting a tool with a conventional hammer. A computer controller automates the striking and return stroke actions, and the resulting impact velocity and force exerted by the hammer are adjustable and approximate the performance of a human. For the purpose of development, the testing device was designed to accept steel hand-struck chisels. As configured, a chisel is placed in the device and used to shear a standard, replaceable work piece. The key output of this test is the number of impacts needed to fail the standard piece. Other features integrated into the device include a load cell under the work piece to capture the force exerted during a hammer impact, measurement of the hammer velocity at impact, noise measurements, and an automatic counter to record the number of hammer impacts required to fail the work piece. Preliminary tests with standard, conventional chisels indicate the device is capable of failing a standard 6.5 mm steel drill rod work piece in the same number of hammer blows as an experienced chisel user. Subsequent work will focus on characterizing and improving the properties of hammer-chisel systems relevant to the detrimental effects associated with their long term use.
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Upreti, K. C., Amar Dev, T. V. Prasad, and B. Pundarikaksha. "Safety Issues With Reciprocating Compressor Design, Operating Practices and Maintenance." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94533.
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Reciprocating compressors are extensively used on high pressure and critical applications in all industries. These equipment needs through review of design of various components for a failsafe design. API-618 specifies various details about construction of various components, but due to OEM design by compressor vendor, proper review is not done or due to cost economic of equipment these are not given importance. There are many examples when accident took place when these issues were ignored or correct assembly procedure for assembly of components is not followed and there were mistakes in design of piping system. In this paper, some of such cases are discussed and improvements are suggested for preventing any safety incidents. The issues described are designs of unloaders and venting system, unloader and vent piping, cylinder tap off connections, end clearance pocket unloaders, distance piece and crank case venting system, purge system for motors. One of the risks with valve unloaders is the contamination of the instrument air with flammable gas specially on high pressure application. The instrument air may get contaminated with hydrocarbon if unloader leaking from stem and leak off gas tubing which is connected to flare may get interchanged with the instrument air connection. The same mistake if not noticed & compressor started, it may lead to the incident where compressor can show showed a strange vibration pattern, and instrument air header may get contaminated with hydrocarbon gases. Another issue is crank case pressurisation due to improper venting system which can lead to pressurisation of crank case, failure of oil seals leading to flywheel end bearing failures. Further checking for finding reasons of crank case pressurisation, it is observed that excessive rod packing leaks results from incorrect leveling of compressor, distance and cylinders. Motor purge system is one of the essential requirements for starting large reciprocating compressors; mistake in design/fabrication of vent system may create unsafe condition leading to explosion in motor. All issues have been discussed in paper and various solutions and fail safe design have been suggested to improve safety and reliability. The studies also indicates that proper start up procedure and follow up of correct checklists during overhauling and start up can eliminate/ identify such mistakes.
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Dawson, Brandon M., Matthew A. Franchek, Karolos Grigoriadis, Robert W. McCabe, and Stephen B. Smith. "A Systematic Method for Automotive Three-Way Catalyst Diagnostics: Experimental Results." In ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2130.
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Presented is a method for model based diagnostics of automotive three-way catalysts (TWC). The model relates measurable engine inputs (engine air mass (AM) and catalyst temperature), to a metric indicating oxygen storage capacity, KTWC. The model structure is identified using orthogonal least squares (OLS). The model coefficients are estimated via the instrumental variable four step (IV4) approach. TWC diagnostics is realized using an information synthesis (IS) technique. This diagnostics method is experimentally validated using data from federal test procedure (FTP) driving cycle for a healthy (full useful life, FUL) and failed (threshold) TWC.
Reports on the topic "Instrument faible"
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.
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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.