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1
Landi, Michela, ed. La double séance. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-665-1.
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Là où le spectacle, notre appareil, n'aurait d'autre fonction que de projeter, "à quelque élévation", certains manques dont nous serions à peine conscients, il ne peut y avoir dans les Lettres, au dire de Mallarmé, qu'un seul acte, capital: questionner les rapports que cet appareil entretient avec quelque état intérieur de nous-mêmes. Nous croyons, avec l'auteur de La Musique et les Lettres, que c'est par le jeu de leurs relations, souvent rivales, que les arts peuvent se comprendre et nous faire comprendre. Ce jeu, qui n'en finit pas de nous solliciter, nous demande sans cesse de nouveaux instruments pour sa mise en place – ou sa mise en scène.
2
Pierre, Pachet, ed. La colère: Instrument des puissants, arme des faibles. Paris: Editions Autrement, 1997.
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3
Murphy, Liam. The Normative Force of Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828174.003.0003.
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After distinguishing some other senses of the “normativity” of law, this chapter addresses its moral force. It is argued that all deontological accounts of a prima facie duty to obey the law, other than the argument from consent, fail for being unable to show that the moral value of law as an institutional order implies a duty to obey each and every legal rule. The argument from consent fails for familiar reasons. This leaves an instrumental account of the moral force of law as the only option. The upshot is that, for individuals, the moral force of law is variable, and often weak. The case is different for state officials, as subjects of either domestic or international law. Here the instrumental case for obedience is typically strong.
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Ghosh, Shrimoyee. Of Truth and Taxes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477791.003.0009.
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The ‘stamp paper’ document, under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 is a promiscuously present and iconic textual artifact that circulates through the worlds of Indian legality and bureaucracy. The stamp paper as a revenue instrument was imbricated in and constituted by the historical processes that standardized the forms and modes of revenue collection and instruments of evidence, credit, and credibility through the long nineteenth century. Elaborate protocols of writing, verification, identification, attestation and authorization performed by paper workers and truth functionaries produced its authority. Yet, stamp paper from its inception was viewed as notoriously suspect, stamp duties as being persistently evaded and truth-functionaries as scandalously corruptible. This chapter details the discussions and disputes that surrounded the materiality and visuality of stamp paper through the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Through this account of the stamp paper’s material history, I explore colonial law’s contingency and contradictions, and the fraught relationships between commerce and corruption, authenticity and fraudulence, truth and evasion that the stamp paper both embodies and fails to contain.
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Brunero, John. Instrumental Rationality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746935.001.0001.
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Rationality requires that we intend the means we believe are necessary for achieving our ends. This book explores several interrelated issues regarding the formulation and status of this requirement of means–ends coherence. I argue that means–ends coherence is a genuine requirement of rationality, and cannot be explained away as a myth, confused with a disjunction of requirements to have, or not have, specific attitudes. But nor, I argue, is means–ends coherence strongly normative in that we always ought to be means–ends coherent. Why is this requirement in place? One popular strategy looks to the connection between intention and belief, and aims to explain means–ends coherence by appealing to the requirements of theoretical rationality. I argue that this strategy is unpromising. I instead propose that we look to the constitutive aim of intention. Just as belief has a constitutive aim (truth) that can explain some of the theoretical requirements of consistency and coherence governing beliefs, intention has a constitutive aim (what I call “controlled action”) that can explain some of the requirements of consistency and coherence governing intentions. In particular, I argue that we can understand means–ends coherence by understanding the constitutive aims of both of the attitudes governed by the requirement, intention and belief. In being means–ends incoherent, you are setting yourself up to fail, assuring that you either have a false instrumental belief or your intention won’t issue in action.
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Dancy, Jonathan. Reasoning to Intention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0010.
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This chapter considers John Broome’s account of instrumental reasoning. It argues that his account is far too restrictive. Broome fails to allow for various perfectly good forms of reasoning, such as reasoning to a sufficient but not necessary means and reasoning to a partial means. This failure is not an accident; it derives from an unnecessarily limited conception of what reasoning could be. The chapter offers a different account of instrumental reasoning, consistent with the position developed in earlier chapters. This account is far more flexible and makes good sense of the various forms of instrumental reasoning that we actually engage in.
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Griffith-Jones, Stephany, José Antonio Ocampo, and Paola Arias. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0013.
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Based on the seven case studies analysed in this volume, this chapter concludes that national development banks (NDBs) have been successful in many cases in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, key new sectors like renewable energy, and financial inclusion. They have developed new instruments, such as far greater use of guarantees, equity (including venture capital) and debt funds, and new instruments for financial inclusion. The context in which they operate is key to their success. Active countercyclical policies, low inflation, fairly low real interest rates, a well-functioning financial sector, and competitive exchange rates are crucial. They are also more effective if the country has a clear development strategy, linked to production sector strategies that foster innovative sectors. Under these conditions, the chapter argues that there is great need for a larger scale of NDB activity in Latin America and in developing countries in general.
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Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. Shadows in Times of Crash. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 tells the story of the crash as it unfolded. At that moment much of the public discovered a previously hidden world of obscure financial instruments and deals. Prior to the crash, the public might get only occasional glimpses of high finance when one of its components failed. In 2007, almost the entire system came crashing down. The complexity and tight coupling of the shadow banking system had created the possibility of a chain reaction and in 2007 and 2008 the chain was yanked tight. These events shocked the general public, most economists and most of the shadow bankers themselves.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Measuring Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0008.
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There are three methodological challenges to measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions: the choice of good measuring instruments, the use of appropriate analytic measures, and the use of a reliable method of extrapolating measures from an experimental context to a more general context. In practice each of these challenges contributes to overestimating the effectiveness of medical interventions. These challenges suggest corrective principles. The instruments employed in clinical research should measure patient-relevant and disease-specific parameters. Effectiveness always should be measured and reported using absolute outcome measures (such as ‘risk difference’), and we should employ caution when interpreting relative outcome measures (such as ‘relative risk reduction’). Extrapolating from research settings to clinical settings should more rigorously take into account possible ways in which interventions can fail to be effective in a target population. Current regulatory standards for drug approval are insufficient to manage these problems of measurement.
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Winch, Graham M. Megaproject Stakeholder Management. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.14.
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Effective stakeholder management is crucial for megaproject development and delivery. This chapter provides an extensive review of the project stakeholder management literature, which is largely instrumental rather than descriptive or normative, and in particular fails to address the stakes of the natural environment and future generations in megaprojects. Drawing on developments in stakeholder management theory in strategic management research, the chapter proposes to broaden the agenda to a megaprojects and society perspective and to stress the political, economic, and ethical aspects in the context of an analysis which draws on institutional theory.
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Shadlen, Kenneth C. Power to the Producers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593903.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses Argentina’s minimalist response to the global sea change. The pathway from the President Menem’s 1991 proposal for a new patent law to the 1996 Law on Invention Patents and Utility Models reveals intense Executive–Legislative conflict over how Argentina should introduce drug patents. The US Government and the Argentine Executive fought tirelessly for over-compliance, but failed to secure this outcome. Argentina’s national pharmaceutical firms were able to construct a broad coalition against over-compliance, benefiting from its own considerable resources as well as the support of other actors in the industrial sector and health community. In contrast, the transnational sector was unable to attract allies that could widen its own coalition, as the country’s export structure meant that the principal instrument used to expand coalitions for over-compliance was ineffective. By the end of the 1990s, minimalism had become state policy in Argentina.
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Benech, Christophe, Nadia Cantin, Marie-Angélique Languille, Arnaud Mazuy, Laurianne Robinet, and Antoine Zazzo, eds. Instrumentation portable. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813003294.
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Bien que certaines approches instrumentales utilisées en archéologie impliquent par essence et depuis de longues années l’utilisation d’instruments de mesure portables, les progrès technologiques ont depuis les années 2000 engendré une véritable explosion du nombre d’instruments permettant des mesures de plus en plus variées avec des dispositifs aux dimensions toujours plus compactes et aux prix les rendant accessibles. Ainsi, l’apparente facilité d’utilisation et la démocratisation d’accès à ces instruments « prêts à l’emploi » ont conduit à leur appropriation par un public qui se diversifie. Le but du présent ouvrage est donc de faire un point, par les spécialistes de ces méthodes, sur l’état de l’art des techniques portables et les perspectives possibles ces prochaines années.
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Eduardo Martinez, Llarena. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 23 Logistic Support. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0023.
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This chapter discusses logistic support arrangements. When properly orchestrated, logistics arrangements can be conceived as a decisive instrument of multinational warfare and champion the change from a military coalition to an alliance. Nevertheless, logistics is a low-profile discipline that only comes to light when it fails. In this regard, looking for market-oriented efficiencies should never result in a gap on strategic projection. It is by creating and sustaining superior performance that an organization will dilute costs due to a greater value of its overall activities. Very great attention is paid to short-term cash economy in detriment to long-range military planning benefits. Tactical logistics are well monitored: everyone understands the importance of not running out of fuel during combat and it is not difficult to flag the problem. On the other hand, strategic logistics and its implication on support arrangements are frequently neglected during peacetime.
14
Bowman, Alan. The State and the Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0002.
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The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with taxation, and considers the central features of the relationship between direct and indirect taxation and trade, taking Hopkins’s taxes-and-trade model as a point of departure. It argues that, before AD 300, taxation was fairly low, but not as low as Hopkins thought, when we consider the things he omitted. Various fiscal stimuli, the government use of coin, and taxation all affected trade positively in different ways. After Diocletian, by re-establishing the currency as central to government fiscal operations and by reducing the transaction costs that fell directly upon central government, rates of taxation could effectively be lowered without significant loss of revenue, and that institutionalization of the relationship between imperial and municipal taxation was broadly beneficial from a fiscal viewpoint.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Intentional Signs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0012.
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An intentional sign family has the structure of an infosign family, with variants and invariants. It is a reproductively established family, a REF, that proliferates because enough of its members are also members of an informational sign family and, as such, have served to effect communication between cooperative senders and receivers that have learned or been designed or use these signs for mutual benefit. It is a proper function of an intentional sign to complete such a communication process by producing a cooperative overt or covert receiver response. In Normal cases, this response benefits or fits with further purposes of both sender and receiver. Intentional signs that fail to carry natural information that coincides with their intentional content are wrong, false, or unfulfilled. Besides linguistic signs, intentional signs include signals used by non-human animals, maps, charts and diagrams, instrument readings, and inner representations.
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Hanna, Jason. Soft Paternalism II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877132.003.0007.
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This chapter continues the examination of the hard paternalism/soft paternalism distinction begun in chapter 6. It focuses on the impairment exception. According to the impairment exception, it is easier to justify intervention in imprudent and impaired choices, such as those affected by temporary emotional distress, than it is to justify intervention in comparably imprudent but unimpaired self-regarding choices. In order to defend this view, one must offer an account of impairment that yields intuitively plausible implications about cases, and one must also show that this account of impairment is morally relevant. It is argued that soft paternalists have failed to complete either of these tasks. The chapter focuses on Joel Feinberg’s notion of voluntariness and on attempts to defend the hard/soft distinction by appeal to some notion of instrumental rationality. It concludes that the hard/soft distinction, and the many anti-paternalist views that rely on it, ought to be rejected.
17
Beal, Amy C. Dreams So Real. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036361.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter argues that because of the variety of musical styles cohabitating within Carla Bley's pieces, the label “jazz musician”—which music critics to an extent rightly but far too narrowly apply to her—fails to adequately address the full range of her compositional prowess; rather, it merely points to the instrumental forces for which she frequently prefers to write. Indeed, the musical techniques of Bley's diverse compositional output are varied, their moods can be edgy or serene, and their powers of expression are vast. They are also abstract and narrative, original and full of borrowings. To date she has almost three hundred works registered with BMI and has participated in well over forty recording projects, twenty-seven of which are releases in her own name, placing her among the most accomplished composers, band leaders, and recording artists working in America today.
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Valeriano, Brandon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0001.
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This chapter evaluates the efficacy of modern cyber strategies and how states coerce rivals in the digital domain. It argues that these campaigns are neither as revolutionary nor as novel as they seem. It finds that cyber disruptions, short-term and long-term espionage, and degradation operations all usually fail to produce concessions. When states do compel a rival, which is measured as a change in behavior in the target that is strategically advantageous to the initiator, the cyber operation tends to occur alongside more traditional coercive instruments such as diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and military threats and displays. Cyber capabilities complement, but do not replace traditional statecraft. Theoretical and empirical investigation of cyber strategies and their efficacy should therefore precede development of suggestions for sound foreign policy responses to state-backed cyber intrusions or craft international frameworks that constrain the proliferation of politically motivated malware. This book is a critical first step.
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Valeriano, Brandon, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness. Cyber Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.001.0001.
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This book examines how states integrate cyber capabilities with other instruments of power to achieve foreign policy outcomes. Given North Korea’s use of cyber intrusions to threaten the international community and extort funds for its elites, Chinese espionage and the theft of government records through the Office of Personal Management (OPM) hack, and the Russian hack on the 2016 US election, this book is a timely contribution to debates about power and influence in the 21st century. Its goal is to understand how states apply cyber means to achieve political ends, a topic speculated and imagined, but investigated with very little analytical rigor. Following on Valeriano and Maness’s (2015) book, Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System, this new study explores how states apply cyber strategies, using empirical evidence and key theoretical insights largely missed by the academic and strategy community. It investigates cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful to managing escalation and sending ambiguous signals, but generally they fail to achieve coercive effect.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Vendors in the OR: VA's failed oversight of surgical implants : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, Wednesday, January 15, 2014. 2015.
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21
Proust, Joëlle. Consensus as an Epistemic Norm for Group Acceptance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0008.
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What are the propositional attitude(s) involved in collective epistemic agency? There are two opposing camps on this question: the ascribers have defended an extended notion of belief, while the rejectionists have claimed that groups form goal-sensitive acceptances. Addressing this question, however, requires providing responses to four preliminary queries. (1) Are group attitudes reducible to the participants’ attitudes? (2) Is epistemic evaluation sensitive to instrumental considerations? (3) Does accepting that p entail believing that p? (4) Is there a unity of epistemic rationality across levels? Both “believing” and “accepting as true”, as applied to plural subjects, fail to provide satisfactory answers to these four queries. An alternative analysis for epistemic group attitude called “accepting under consensus” is proposed. This attitude is shown to reflect actual group agency, and to offer consistent and independently justified answers to the queries. On this analysis, an individualist epistemology cannot simply be transferred to collective agents.
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Adler, Eric. The Battle of the Classics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518786.001.0001.
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The Battle of the Classics criticizes contemporary apologetics for the humanities and presents a historically informed case for a decidedly different approach to rescuing the humanistic disciplines in American higher education. It uses the so-called Battle of the Classics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a springboard for crafting a novel foundation for the humanistic tradition. The book argues that current defences of the humanities rely on the humanistic disciplines as inculcators of certain poorly defined skills such as “critical thinking.” It finds fault with this conventional approach, arguing that humanists cannot hope to save their disciplines without arguing in favor of particular humanities content. As the lackluster defenses of the classical humanities in the late nineteenth century help prove, instrumental apologetics are bound to fail. All the same, the book shows that proponents of the Great Books favor a curriculum that is too intellectually narrow for the twenty-first century. The Battle of the Classics thus lays out a substance-based approach to undergraduate education that will revive the humanities while steering clear of overreliance on the Western canon. The book envisions a global humanities based on the examination of masterworks from manifold cultures as the heart of an intellectually and morally sound education.