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1
Kubalak, Dave, Joe Sullivan, Ray Ohl, Scott Antonille, Alexander Beaton, Phillip Coulter, George Hartig, et al. "JWST science instrument pupil alignment measurements." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622534.
Full textAbstract:
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a 6.5m diameter, segmented, deployable telescope for cryogenic IR space astronomy (similar to 40K). The JWST Observatory architecture includes the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) and the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) element that contains four science instruments (SI), including a guider. OSIM is a full field, cryogenic, optical simulator of the JWST OTE. It is the "Master Tool" for verifying the cryogenic alignment and optical performance of ISIM by providing simulated point source/star images to each of the four Science Instruments in ISIM. Included in OSIM is a Pupil Imaging Module (PIM) - a large format CCD used for measuring pupil alignment. Located at a virtual stop location within OSIM, the PIM records superimposed shadow images of pupil alignment reference (PAR) targets located in the OSIM and SI pupils. The OSIM Pupil Imaging Module was described by Brent Bos, et al, at SPIE in 2011 prior to ISIM testing. We have recently completed the third and final ISIM cryogenic performance verification test before ISIM was integrated with the OTE. In this paper, we describe PIM implementation, performance, and measurement results.
2
Thomas, Geoffrey. "A virtual musical instrument exhibit for a science centre." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Computer Science, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3992.
Full textAbstract:
Virtual reality is a technology rapidly gaining interest from research and commercial
groups around the world, but it's introduction into New Zealand has been slow. The
majority of the general public have no concept of virtual reality, and only a few research
institutes have begun virtual reality programmes of any sort.
Partially this is due to the high cost of 'off the shelf' virtual reality systems, which
is usually beyond the range of many organisations. Also the complexity of the software
and the knowledge required to create and manipulate this software makes it a daunting
prospect for many.
This work describes the development of an economical system for the demonstration
of virtual reality and some of its concepts and applications to the general public, in
the form of an educational science centre exhibit. The system creates virtual musical
instruments, overlayed onto the real world, and the user experiences these instruments
as if they were in physical existence.
3
Novodvorsky, Ingrid. "Development of an instrument to assess attitudes toward science." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186455.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation describes the development of an instrument to assess students' attitudes toward science. The rationale for developing a new instrument is presented in the context of a review of existing instruments. As discussed in the literature review, many existing instruments are based on ill-defined theoretical constructs, and include statements that do not appear to be assessing the single construct of attitude toward science. In addition, existing instruments do not distinguish between biological and physical science. Thus, the purpose of this study was to carefully define the construct, attitude toward science, and develop an attitude instrument to reflect that construct and to distinguish between biological and physical science. For this study, biological science was defined as any of the branches of science dealing with living things, such as genetics, entomology, or anatomy. Physical science was defined as any of the branches of science dealing with non-living things, such as physics, geology, chemistry, or earth science. Once the Likert-scale instrument was developed, it was piloted on a sample population of students in science classes at a suburban, southwestern high school. Their responses were used to do item analyses and to calculate validity and reliability. Principal-component analysis was also performed to try to identify sub-scales. The results of the data analysis were used to select items for a final scale. The final instrument consists of two parallel forms of 20 items each. For each form, 12 items refer to science in general, four to biological science, and four to physical science. The test-retest reliability coefficients of the final instruments are 0.768 for Form A and 0.788 for Form B. The parallel-forms reliability coefficient of the instrument is 0.93. The construct validity coefficients of the final instruments, compared to Germann's Attitude Toward Science in School Assessment, is 0.82 for Form A and 0.85 for Form B. Inter-item consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, is 0.91 for Form A and 0.89 for Form B.
4
Muratore, Martina. "Time delay interferometry for LISA science and instrument characterization." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/312487.
Full textAbstract:
LISA, the Laser Interferometry Space Antenna, is the 3rd large mission (L3) of the ESA program Cosmic Vision with a junior partnership from NASA planned to be launched around 2034. Space-based gravitational wave observatories such as LISA have been developed for observation of sources that produce gravitational wave (GW) signals with frequencies in the mHz regime. The frequency band is achievable by having a longer-baseline interferometer compared to ground-based detectors. In addition, the significant size of the LISA arms-length guarantees the detection of many astrophysical sources. The absence of Newtonian noise in space, which is the dominant source of noise below few hertz for ground-based detectors, allows LISA to be sensitive to lower frequency compared to the former. Thus, going to space allows studying different sources with respect to the ones of interest for ground-based detectors such as supermassive black holes. Although having very long baselines between the satellites generally increases the sensitivity to gravitational waves, it also implies many technical challenges, such that a balance must be found between scientific performance and technical feasibility.In the actual proposal LISA is designed to be a constellation of three identical spacecraft in a triangular formation with six active laser links connecting the three spacecraft, which are separated by 2.5 million km. To fulfil the observatory program every spacecraft has a minimum requirement of two free-falling test masses, two telescopes, and two lasers. The detector’s center-of-mass follows a circular, heliocentric trajectory, trailing 20 degrees behind the Earth and the plane of the detector is tilted by 60 degrees with respect to the ecliptic.The goal of LISA is to detect GWs which manifest themselves as a tiny fluctuation in the frequency of the laser beam measured at the phase-meter. Thus, to detect GW you need to compete with many sources of disturbance that simulate the effect of a GW frequency modulation. Laser noise is an example of those. Therefore, one key element in the LISA data production chain is the post-processing technique called Time Delay Interferometry aimed at suppressing the intense laser frequency noise that would completely cover the astrophysical signal. Data from the six independent inter-satellite links, connecting the three spacecraft, are properly time-shifted and combined to form the final scientific signal. This post-processing technique circumvents the impossibility of physically building in space an equal arm interferometer, which would intrinsically beat the frequency noise by comparing light generated at the same time.The following work is focused on revisiting the Time-Delay-Interferometry (TDI) for LISA and studying the usage of all the possible TDI combinations we can build for the LISA instrument characterisation and science extraction. Many possible TDI combinations that suppress the frequency noise have been identified in the past and this thesis revisits the TDI technique focusing on the physical interpretation of it, that is a virtual interference of photons that have been travelling through the constellation via different paths but performing the same total distance. We illustrate all possible TDI configurations that suppress the laser noise contribution to the level required by the mission to understand how TDI channels can be best used for the diagnostic of the instrument and LISA science. With this philosophy, we develop an algorithm to search for all possible combinations that suppress laser noise at the same level as the classical TDI X, Y, and Z combinations presented in the TDI literature. This algorithm finds new combinations that fulfill the noise suppression requirement as accurately as X, Y, and Z.The LISA mission has been also advertised to probe the early Universe by detecting a stochastic GW background. Once the laser frequency noise has been subtracted, the stochastic signal, both cosmological and astrophysical, is itself going to contribute to the noise curve. Therefore it is necessary to have a good estimate of the noise of the instrument to discriminate between the stochastic background signal and the LISA noise.The strategy that has been suggested in the literature is to use the TDI T, insensitive (up to a certain order) to GW signals to estimate the pure instrumental noise in order to distinguish between the LISA background noise and the GW stochastic signal. Following this idea, as instrument noise is expected to have multiple, independent sources, this thesis explores combinations that could allow discriminating among those sources of noise, and between them and the GW signal, with the purpose of understanding how we can characterise our instrument using TDI. We illustrate special TDI combination signals in LISA, in addition to TDI T, that we call null-channels, which are ideally insensitive to gravitational waves and only carry information about instrumental noise. Studying the noise properties that can be extracted by monitoring these interferometric signals, we state that individual acceleration noise parameters are not well constrained. All null-channels behave as an ideal Sagnac interferometer, sensitive just to a particular linear combination of the six test masses acceleration that resembles a rotational acceleration signal of the entire constellation. Moreover, all null-channels show approximately the same signal to noise ratio remarkably suppressed relative to that of the TDI X. In support and application of our theoretical studies, we also give an introduction on calibrating the LISA instrument by injecting spurious signals in a LISA link and see how these propagates through a TDI channel. Indeed, this will be useful to calibrate the instrument during operations and also to build the basis for the data analysis to discriminate spurious signals from gravitational waves. My contribution to the results we present in this thesis can be summarised as the following. I supported the studies and the realisation of the search TDI algorithm whose results are published in the article. In particular, I took care of cataloging the new TDI combinations and consolidating the results we found. I have updated the TDI combinations reported in the above-mentioned work, the final version of it is reported in this thesis. I worked on the characterisation of these combinations concerning secondary noises such as clock noise, readout noise, residual laser frequency noise, and acceleration noise. In particular, I studied how these noises are transferred through the various TDI and I derive the correspondent analytical models. I then realize a software with Wolfram Mathematica, design to load and combines phase data produced by an external simulator to build the final TDI outputs, besides I also did the noise models’ validation. The basis of this program was then used to implement these TDI combinations in LISANode. Finally, I developed the algorithm to study how disturbances in force, such as glitches, and simple GW signals, such as monochromatic GW binaries, propagate through TDI and null-channels. Moreover, I tested through simulations the validity of these TDI and null-channels to distinguish instrumental artefact from GW signals and to characterise the instrumental noise.
5
Muratore, Martina. "Time delay interferometry for LISA science and instrument characterization." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/312487.
Full textAbstract:
LISA, the Laser Interferometry Space Antenna, is the 3rd large mission (L3) of the ESA program Cosmic Vision with a junior partnership from NASA planned to be launched around 2034. Space-based gravitational wave observatories such as LISA have been developed for observation of sources that produce gravitational wave (GW) signals with frequencies in the mHz regime. The frequency band is achievable by having a longer-baseline interferometer compared to ground-based detectors. In addition, the significant size of the LISA arms-length guarantees the detection of many astrophysical sources. The absence of Newtonian noise in space, which is the dominant source of noise below few hertz for ground-based detectors, allows LISA to be sensitive to lower frequency compared to the former. Thus, going to space allows studying different sources with respect to the ones of interest for ground-based detectors such as supermassive black holes. Although having very long baselines between the satellites generally increases the sensitivity to gravitational waves, it also implies many technical challenges, such that a balance must be found between scientific performance and technical feasibility.
In the actual proposal LISA is designed to be a constellation of three identical spacecraft in a triangular formation with six active laser links connecting the three spacecraft, which are separated by 2.5 million km. To fulfil the observatory program every spacecraft has a minimum requirement of two free-falling test masses, two telescopes, and two lasers. The detector’s center-of-mass follows a circular, heliocentric trajectory, trailing 20 degrees behind the Earth and the plane of the detector is tilted by 60 degrees with respect to the ecliptic.
The goal of LISA is to detect GWs which manifest themselves as a tiny fluctuation in the frequency of the laser beam measured at the phase-meter. Thus, to detect GW you need to compete with many sources of disturbance that simulate the effect of a GW frequency modulation. Laser noise is an example of those. Therefore, one key element in the LISA data production chain is the post-processing technique called Time Delay Interferometry aimed at suppressing the intense laser frequency noise that would completely cover the astrophysical signal. Data from the six independent inter-satellite links, connecting the three spacecraft, are properly time-shifted and combined to form the final scientific signal. This post-processing technique circumvents the impossibility of physically building in space an equal arm interferometer, which would intrinsically beat the frequency noise by comparing light generated at the same time.
The following work is focused on revisiting the Time-Delay-Interferometry (TDI) for LISA and studying the usage of all the possible TDI combinations we can build for the LISA instrument characterisation and science extraction.
Many possible TDI combinations that suppress the frequency noise have been identified in the past and this thesis revisits the TDI technique focusing on the physical interpretation of it, that is a virtual interference of photons that have been travelling through the constellation via different paths but performing the same total distance. We illustrate all possible TDI configurations that suppress the laser noise contribution to the level required by the mission to understand how TDI channels can be best used for the diagnostic of the instrument and LISA science.
With this philosophy, we develop an algorithm to search for all possible combinations that suppress laser noise at the same level as the classical TDI X, Y, and Z combinations presented in the TDI literature. This algorithm finds new combinations that fulfill the noise suppression requirement as accurately as X, Y, and Z.
The LISA mission has been also advertised to probe the early Universe by detecting a stochastic GW background. Once the laser frequency noise has been subtracted, the stochastic signal, both cosmological and astrophysical, is itself going to contribute to the noise curve. Therefore it is necessary to have a good estimate of the noise of the instrument to discriminate between the stochastic background signal and the LISA noise.
The strategy that has been suggested in the literature is to use the TDI T, insensitive (up to a certain order) to GW signals to estimate the pure instrumental noise in order to distinguish between the LISA background noise and the GW stochastic signal.
Following this idea, as instrument noise is expected to have multiple, independent sources, this thesis explores combinations that could allow discriminating among those sources of noise, and between them and the GW signal, with the purpose of understanding how we can characterise our instrument using TDI.
We illustrate special TDI combination signals in LISA, in addition to TDI T, that we call null-channels, which are ideally insensitive to gravitational waves and only carry information about instrumental noise. Studying the noise properties that can be extracted by monitoring these interferometric signals, we state that individual acceleration noise parameters are not well constrained. All null-channels behave as an ideal Sagnac interferometer, sensitive just to a particular linear combination of the six test masses acceleration that resembles a rotational acceleration signal of the entire constellation. Moreover, all null-channels show approximately the same signal to noise ratio remarkably suppressed relative to that of the TDI X.
In support and application of our theoretical studies, we also give an introduction on calibrating the LISA instrument by injecting spurious signals in a LISA link and see how these propagates through a TDI channel. Indeed, this will be useful to calibrate the instrument during operations and also to build the basis for the data analysis to discriminate spurious signals from gravitational waves.
My contribution to the results we present in this thesis can be summarised as the following. I supported the studies and the realisation of the search TDI algorithm whose results are published in the article. In particular, I took care of cataloging the new TDI combinations and consolidating the results we found. I have updated the TDI combinations reported in the above-mentioned work, the final version of it is reported in this thesis. I worked on the characterisation of these combinations concerning secondary noises such as clock noise, readout noise, residual laser frequency noise, and acceleration noise. In particular, I studied how these noises are transferred through the various TDI and I derive the correspondent analytical models. I then realize a software with Wolfram Mathematica, design to load and combines phase data produced by an external simulator to build the final TDI outputs, besides I also did the noise models’ validation. The basis of this program was then used to implement these TDI combinations in LISANode.
Finally, I developed the algorithm to study how disturbances in force, such as glitches, and simple GW signals, such as monochromatic GW binaries, propagate through TDI and null-channels. Moreover, I tested through simulations the validity of these TDI and null-channels to distinguish instrumental artefact from GW signals and to characterise the instrumental noise.
6
Väisänen, J. (Jussi). "Development of a model for classifying software based instruments using the instrument Seq1 as a testbed." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201604261543.
Full textAbstract:
Software based musical instruments are new kind of musical instruments that employ digital technology in the generation of sound, user interface or both. In this work I describe a new software based musical instrument called Seq1 that was developed at the RFMedia laboratory in Ylivieska. Design choices for Seq1 came from findings in literature into similar phenomena. Research literature also unveiled the fact that although there are frameworks for describing different aspects of software based musical instruments there is no general model for classifying software based musical instruments.
There are systems for classifying musical instruments such as the most prominent of these, the Hornbostel-Sachs system which is meant as a way to classify every type of musical instrument. It was originally created in 1914 and has since then been updated several times. The last update has been in 2011 which added tens of new subcategories for electrophones (electronic instruments). The subcategories meant for classifying software based musical instruments seem to be inadequate.
This work introduces a sketch of a new model for classifying specifically software based musical instruments and introduces Seq1 as an example for the usage of the new classification system.
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Gießmann, Hans J. "Die Bundeswehr – ein Instrument der Außenpolitik?" Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2009/3173/.
Full textAbstract:
Inhalt:
- UNO, wenn möglich – ohne UNO, wenn nötig?
- Neue Interpretation der Verteidigung
- Kritische Stimmung in der Bevölkerung
- Artikel 26 Grundgesetz
- Erosion des Völkerrechts
- Kluge Politik contra militärische Macht
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Tulchak, L. V., A. S. Alieksieienko, Л. В. Тульчак, and А. С. Алєксєєнко. "Oscilloscope in science and engineering." Thesis, Вінницький національний аграрний університет, 2015. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7680.
Full textAbstract:
An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. Non-electrical signals (such as sound or vibration) can be converted to voltages and displayed
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Kerr, Patricia Reda. "Design and validation of a standards-based science teacher efficacy instrument." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155806476.
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Dorner, Bernhard. "Verification and science simulations with the Instrument Performance Simulator for JWST - NIRSpec." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10066/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le télescope spatial James Webb (JWST) est le successeur du télescope spatial Hubble (HST). Il est développé en collaboration par les agences spatiales NASA, ESA et CSA. Le spectrographe proche infrarouge NIRSpec est un instrument du JWST. Le Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL) a développé le logiciel de simulation des performances (IPS) de NIRSpec en vue de l’étude de ses performances et de la préparation de poses synthétiques réalistes. Dans cette thèse, nous vérifions certains algorithmes de l’IPS, en particulier ceux traitant des transformations de coordonnées et de la propagation en optique de Fourier. Nous présentons ensuite une interface simplifiée pour la préparation de « scènes » d’observation et un logiciel de traitement de données permettant d’extraire des spectres à partir de poses synthétiques afin de faciliter l’exploitation des simulations. Nous décrivons comment nous avons construit et validé le modèle de l’instrument par comparaison avec les données de calibration. Pour les transformations de coordonnées, le modèle final est capable de reproduire les mesures avec une précision 3 à 5 fois meilleure que celle requise pour la calibration spectrale. Pour la transmission globale notre précision est de 0–10% dans l’absolu et meilleure que 5% en relatif. Finalement, nous présentons la première simulation d’une observation de type « champ profond spectrographique » et nous explorons comment NIRSpec pourra être utilisé pour observer le transit de planètes extra-solaires. Nous déterminons en particulier la luminosité maximale des étoiles hôtes pouvant être observées et quels peuvent être les rapports signal sur bruit attendusThe James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a joint project by NASA, ESA, and CSA, is the successor mission to the Hubble Space Telescope. One of the four science instruments on board is the near-infrared spectrograph NIRSpec. To study the instrument performance and to create realistic science exposures, the Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL) developed the Instrument Performance Simulator (IPS) software. Validating the IPS functionality, creating an accurate model of the instrument, and facilitating the preparation and analysis of simulations are key elements for the success of the IPS. In this context, we verified parts of the IPS algorithms, specifically the coordinate transform formalism, and the Fourier propagation module. We also developed additional software tools to simplify the scientific usage, as a target interface to construct observation scenes, and a dedicated data reduction pipeline to extract spectra from exposures. Another part of the PhD work dealt with the assembly of an as-built instrument model, and its verification with measurements from a ground calibration campaign. For coordinate transforms inside the instrument, we achieved an accuracy of 3–5 times better than the required absolute spectral calibration, and we could reproduce the total instrument throughput with an absolute error of 0–10% and a relative error of less than 5%. Finally, we show first realistic on-sky simulations of a deep field spectroscopy scene, and we explored the capabilities of NIRSpec to study exoplanetary transit events. We determined upper brightness limits of observable host stars, and give noise estimations of exemplary transit spectra
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Davis, Gail Shell. "Development of a formative assessment instrument for elementary science in Florida schools." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000055.
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Saunders, Tana. "Evaluation of Internet search tools instrument design." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49957.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated Internet search tools / engines to identify desirable features that can be used as a benchmark or standard to evaluate web search engines. In the past, the Internet was thought of as a big spider's web, ultimately connecting all the bits of information. It has now become clear that this is not the case, and that the bow tie analogy is more accurate. This analogy suggests that there is a central core of well-connected pages, with links IN and OUT to other pages, tendrils and orphan pages. This emphasizes the importance of selecting a search tool that is well connected and linked to the central core. Searchers must take into account that not all search tools search the Invisible Web and this will reflect on the search tool selected. Not all information found on the Web and Internet is reliable, current and accurate, and Web information must be evaluated in terms of authority, currency, bias, purpose of the Web site, etc. Different kinds of search tools are available on the Internet, such as search engines, directories, library gateways, portals, intelligent agents, etc. These search tools were studied and explored. A new categorization for online search tools consisting of Intelligent Agents, Search Engines, Directories and Portals / Hubs is suggested. This categorization distinguishes the major differences between the 21 kinds of search tools studied. Search tools / engines consist of spiders, crawlers, robots, indexes and search tool software. These search tools can be further distinguished by their scope, internal or external searches and whether they search Web pages or Web sites. Most search tools operate within a relationship with other search tools, and they often share results, spiders and databases. This relationship is very dynamic. The major international search engines have identifiable search features. The features of Google, Yahoo, Lycos and Excite were studied in detail. Search engines search for information in different ways, and present their results differently. These characteristics are critical to the Recall/Precision ratio. A well-planned search strategy will improve the Precision/Recall ratio and consider the web-user capabilities and needs. Internet search tools/engines is not a panacea for all information needs, and have pros and cons. The Internet search tool evaluation instrument was developed based on desirable features of the major search tools, and is considered a benchmark or standard for Internet search tools. This instrument, applied to three South African search tools, provided insight into the capabilities of the local search tools compared to the benchmark suggested in this study. The study concludes that the local search engines compare favorably with the major ones, but not enough so to use them exclusively. Further research into this aspect is needed. Intelligent agents are likely to become more popular, but the only certainty in the future of Internet search tools is change, change, and change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het Internetsoekinstrumente/-enjins ondersoek met die doel om gewenste eienskappe te identifiseer wat as 'n standaard kan dien om soekenjins te evalueer. In die verlede is die Internet gesien as 'n groot spinnerak, wat uiteindelik al die inligtingsdeeltjies verbind. Dit het egter nou duidelik geword dat dit glad nie die geval is nie, en dat die strikdas analogie meer akkuraat is. Hierdie analogie stel voor dat daar 'n sentrale kern van goed gekonnekteerde bladsye is, met skakels IN en UIT na ander bladsye, tentakels en weesbladsye. Dit beklemtoon die belangrikheid om die regte soekinstrument te kies, naamlik een wat goed gekonnekteer is, en geskakel is met die sentrale kern van dokumente. Soekers moet in gedagte hou dat nie alle soekenjins in die Onsigbare Web soek nie, en dit behoort weerspieël te word in die keuse van die soekinstrument. Nie alle inligting wat op die Web en Internet gevind word is betroubaar, op datum en akkuraat nie, en Web-inligting moet geëvalueer word in terme van outoriteit, tydigheid, vooroordeel, doel van die Webruimte, ens. Verskillende soorte soekinstrumente is op die Internet beskikbaar, soos soekenjins, gidse, biblioteekpoorte, portale, intelligente agente, ens. Hierdie soekinstrumente is bestudeer en verken. 'n Nuwe kategorisering vir aanlyn soekinstrumente bestaande uit Intelligente Agente, Soekinstrumente, Gidse en Portale/Middelpunte word voorgestel. Hierdie kategorisering onderskei die hoofverskille tussen die 21 soorte soekinstrumente wat bestudeer is. Soekinstrumente/-enjins bestaan uit spinnekoppe, kruipers, robotte, indekse en soekinstrument sagteware. Hierdie soekinstrumente kan verder onderskei word deur hulle omvang, interne of eksterne soektogte en of hulle op Webbladsye of Webruimtes soek. Die meeste soekinstrumente werk in verhouding met ander soekinstrumente, en hulle deel dikwels resultate, spinnekoppe en databasisse. Hierdie verhouding is baie dinamies. Die hoof internasionale soekenjins het soekeienskappe wat identifiseerbaar is. Die eienskappe van Google, Yahoo en Excite is in besonderhede bestudeer. Soekenjins soek op verskillende maniere na inligting, en lê hulle resultate verskillend voor. Hierdie karaktereienskappe is krities vir die Herwinning/Presisie verhouding. 'n Goedbeplande soekstrategie sal die Herwinning/Presisie verhouding verbeter. Internet soekinstrumente/-enjins is nie die wondermiddel vir alle inligtingsbehoeftes nie, en het voor- en nadele. Die Internet soekinstrument evalueringsmeganisme se ontwikkeling is gebaseer op gewenste eienskappe van die hoof soekinstrumente, en word beskou as 'n standaard vir Internet soekinstrumente. Hierdie instrument, toegepas op drie Suid-Afrikaanse soekenjins, het insae verskaf in die doeltreffendheid van die plaaslike soekinstrumente soos vergelyk met die standaard wat in hierdie studie voorgestel word. In die studie word tot die slotsom gekom dat die plaaslike soekenjins gunstig vergelyk met die hoof soekenjins, maar nie genoegsaam sodat hulle eksklusief gebruik kan word nie. Verdere navorsing oor hierdie aspek is nodig. Intelligente Agente sal waarskynlik meer gewild word, maar die enigste sekerheid vir die toekoms van Internet soekinstrumente is verandering, verandering en nogmaals verandering.
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Donzelli, Simona. "Instrument and data processing signatures in CMB experiments : issues on non-Gaussianity science." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077004.
Full textAbstract:
L'inflation est une des idées fondamentales de la cosmologie moderne, mais le mécanisme avec lequel les perturbations cosmologiques adiabatiques ont été générées n'a pas encore été établi. Un puissant outil pour discerner parmi différents scénarios est tester la Gaussianité des fluctuations primordiales. Néanmoins, tester l'hypotèse de Gaussianité est très engageant : i) un test statistique sensible à toutes les possibles manifestations non-Gaussiennes d'un champ casuel n'existe pas ; ii) foregrounds et effets systématiques peuvent introduire des signaux non-Gaussiens, qui peuvent confondre la petite non-Gaussianité primordiale (s'elle existe). Les présentes et futures expériences de CMB, grâce à leur sensibilité, ont les potentialités de mettre des limites serrées aux non-Gaussianités. Pour achever cet objectif, un contrôle soigné des artefacts systématiques est essentiel. Lorsqu'un effet systématique est inévitable, nous devons comprendre son impact sur les tests de non-Gaussianité. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié l'impact de deux effets systématiques : le bruit résiduel 1/f, c'est-à-dire le résidu laissé suite à la construction du mappage à travers le destriping, et le faisceau d'antenne asymétrique. L'étude a été effectuée avec trois différents tests statistiques : les ondelettes Chapeau Mexicain Sphériques et les fonctionnels de Minkowski, qui sont des tests blindés, et un estimateur quantitatif, basé sur l'évaluation du bi-spectre dans la configuration équilatéral. Nous avons analysé les systématiques dans le contexte de l'imminente mission Planck, en utilisant simulations véritables du PlanckInflation is one of the basic ideas of modem cosmology, but the mechanism by which cosmological adiabatic perturbations are generated is not yet established. A powerful tool to discriminate among different scenarios is testing the Gaussianity of the primordial fluctuations. Nevertheless testing the Gaussianity hypothesis is very challenging : i) it does not exist a statistical test sensible to all the possible non-Gaussian manifestations of a random field; ii) foregrounds and systematic effects can introduce non-Gaussian signals, which can mimic the tiny primordial non-Gaussianity (if any exist). The actual and forthcoming CMB experiments have the capabilities to strongly constrain non-Gaussianity, thanks to their sensitivity. In order to achieve this goal an accurate control on the systematic artifacts is essential. When a systematic effect is unavoidable, we must understand its impact on the Gaussianity tests. In this work we have investigated the impact of two systematic effects: the residual 1/f noise, i. E. The residual one left after destriper map-making, and the asymmetry of the antenna beam. The study has been performed with three different statistical tests: the Spherical Mexican Hat Wavelets and the Minkowski functionals, which are blind tests, and a quantitative estimator, based on the bispectrum evaluation in the équilatéral configuration. We have analysed the systematics in the context of the imminent Planck mission, using realistic Planck-like simulations
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Patel, Rakeshkumar Babubhai. "Instrument development using resistive anodes and multichannel plates." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366525.
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Calmes, Jordan. "Mass spec : the biography of a scientific instrument." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68473.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. in Science Writing)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, Graduate Program in Science Writing, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-37).
Over the past century, the mass spectrometer has become commonplace in scientific fields ranging from chemistry to geology to environmental science. Its ability to identify compounds and determine concentrations of those compounds leads to a wide variety of applications, from environmental monitoring to disease diagnosis. This thesis is meant to familiarize the non-scientist with the mass spectrometer. It illustrates the instrument's basic physical principles and the wide range of research that utilize mass spectrometry. The story discusses the development of the mass spectrometer from the early experiments of JJ Thomson to modern uses in proteomics and attempts to miniaturize the instrument.
by Jordan Calmes.
S.M.in Science Writing
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Usher, Carlton A. "An analysis of Hip-Hop culture as a political instrument." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2002. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/184.
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This dissertation examined the political philosophy of Hip Hop culture (HC), and whether it qualified as a viable political instrument. The study was based on the premise that in order to determine the existence of a political philosophy, elements that encompass a political must be identifiably located within the HC.
A case study of two organizations that have historically shaped the political ideas of participants in HC was conducted in order to identify the nature of its influence on HC and its consequent development of a political philosophy. In addition, a case study of Underground HC (UHC) was conducted to identify the source of HC’s political philosophy. Sequentially, a case study of Atlanta radio stations which deliver Hip Hop music was also conducted to determine whether these institutions are impediments to the delivery of politicized material. A survey of college students (AUCSI) in the Atlanta University Center (AUC) was conducted. The data gathered allowed the researcher to determine the political ideas of participants, whether they identified the political philosophy with HC and, whether they adhered to, or disregarded its political philosophy. Lastly, the model of a political system designed by David Easton was applied to access the nature of the interactions between HC and the political system.
The researcher found that there is, in fact, a formidable political philosophy within HC. The artists produced such materials, participants can distinguish between political and non political material but in many cases choose to identify with the latter. While Black radio consistently fails to disseminate such materials, the underground attempts to find alternative methods of distribution. Furthermore, the researcher found that adversaries of HC use the political system to censor and control HC.
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Harington, Darrel G. "The development and validation of a learning environment instrument for CSIRO Science Education Centres." Thesis, Curtin University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/967.
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Past research into defining and measuring the characteristics of learning environments in Science Education Centres and Science Museums (SECSMs) has been based upon low-inference measures, such as observations and interviews. Many searchers feel that the diversity of informal education settings in SECSMs makes it difficult to develop high-inference measures for informal learning environments. This study used the semiformal environment of the CSIRO Science Education Centres as a stepping-stone between formal and informal learning environments. A review of learning environment research identified a possible procedure for the development of, and a format for, a suitable instrument. Research in SECSMs was reviewed to identify learning environment factors that defined the CSIROSEC learning environment. A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of developing a learning environment instrument for CSIROSECs. This led to the more formal process of developing a learning environment instrument for CSIROSECs based upon the five scales of Affect, Social Interaction, Novelty, Independence and Involvement.A number of cycles of testing of the instrument, statistical analyses, and subsequent refinements resulted in the Learning Environment Instrument for CSIRO Science Education Centres (LEI for CSIROSECs). The instrument measures distinct, if somewhat overlapping, aspects of the learning environment. The LEI for CSIROSECs displays comparable measures for internal consistency (alpha reliability) and discriminant validity to existing learning environment instruments. The sensitivity of the instrument has been demonstrated for the comparison of different classes, comparison of teacher-student perceptions, comparison of primary and secondary classes, and the comparison of CSIROSEC programs. Suggestions have been made for applications of the LEI for CSIROSECs and its further development,as well as its potential use in research.
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Harington, Darrel G. "The development and validation of a learning environment instrument for CSIRO Science Education Centres." Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 2001. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13555.
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Past research into defining and measuring the characteristics of learning environments in Science Education Centres and Science Museums (SECSMs) has been based upon low-inference measures, such as observations and interviews. Many searchers feel that the diversity of informal education settings in SECSMs makes it difficult to develop high-inference measures for informal learning environments. This study used the semiformal environment of the CSIRO Science Education Centres as a stepping-stone between formal and informal learning environments. A review of learning environment research identified a possible procedure for the development of, and a format for, a suitable instrument. Research in SECSMs was reviewed to identify learning environment factors that defined the CSIROSEC learning environment. A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of developing a learning environment instrument for CSIROSECs. This led to the more formal process of developing a learning environment instrument for CSIROSECs based upon the five scales of Affect, Social Interaction, Novelty, Independence and Involvement.A number of cycles of testing of the instrument, statistical analyses, and subsequent refinements resulted in the Learning Environment Instrument for CSIRO Science Education Centres (LEI for CSIROSECs). The instrument measures distinct, if somewhat overlapping, aspects of the learning environment. The LEI for CSIROSECs displays comparable measures for internal consistency (alpha reliability) and discriminant validity to existing learning environment instruments. The sensitivity of the instrument has been demonstrated for the comparison of different classes, comparison of teacher-student perceptions, comparison of primary and secondary classes, and the comparison of CSIROSEC programs. Suggestions have been made for applications of the LEI for CSIROSECs and its further development,as well as its potential use in research.
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Becker, Ryan Liss. "A Science Instrument for the Digital Age: #Scistuchat Participants' Perceptions of Twitter as a Tool for Learning and Communicating Science." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/495.
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The integration of digital technologies in K-12 education is ubiquitous. Web 2.0 technologies enable students who were once passive consumers to become active participants in, and even creators of, dynamic digital experiences. Social media, in particular, can connect disparate populations, minimizing traditional barriers such as time, space and geography. Similarly, science communication has also been influenced by an expanding array of media through which scientists can now connect directly with the public. #Scistuchat, the focus of this study, uses the social media platform Twitter to bring together scientists, secondary science students and teachers outside of school in monthly, science-focused Twitter chats. Using a multiple-case (embedded) design, this study sought to answer the question "How do #scistuchat participants perceive Twitter as a tool for learning and communicating science?" Thematic, cross-case analysis of four #scistuchats revealed themes specific to the #scistuchat experience, as well as the broader use of Twitter for science learning and communication. In addition to real-time observations of each chat and later analysis of the archived tweets, videoconferencing technology was used to conduct individual interviews with participating scientists (n=16) and teachers (n=6), as well as focus groups with students (n=17). Notable #scistuchat-specific findings include a recognition of the experience as dynamic and student-focused. Regarding student outcomes, although gains in science content knowledge were limited, an evolving understanding of scientists and the nature of their work was prominent. Findings regarding the broader use of Twitter for science purposes highlighted its multidimensional, professional utility and its unique contributions when leveraged in classroom settings.
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Leese, Mark R. "Exploring Titan with Huygens surface science package and the Huygens atmospheric structure instrument accelerometers." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582758.
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The Huygens Surface Science Package and the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument Accelerometers were instruments operating on the successful Huygens probe descent through the atmosphere of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, on 14th January 2005. This thesis describes the analysis of these instrument designs, test, calibration and cruise data in order to prepare for the encounter with Titan. These essential analyses enabled the interpretation of these scientific measurements at Titan. The HASI Accelerometers made measurements during the probe entry phase, when the aerodynamic entry shield decelerated the probe from 6 km S-l to the ~340 m S-l required for safe parachute deployment. The entry accelerometer data were used to determine the density, pressure and temperature of Titan's atmosphere from ~1500 to 155 km altitude. Several measurements were made from both instruments during the probe descent, under parachute, through the Titan atmosphere. Analysis of these measurements provided evidence for a cloud layer between altitudes of 30 and 20 km. Measurements were made of the temperature, speed of sound and thermal conductivity in the lower atmosphere, and estimates were made of the methane mole fraction. The mission data were analysed in order to determine the physical nature of the surface of Titan at the Huygens probe landing site. At the Huygens landing site, the sensors measured a soft solid surface comprised of coarse sand-like particles, defined by the Udden-Wentworth scale (Wentworth, 1922), supporting pebbles. A 7 mm thick layer of very soft material covered the surface at the penetrometer location. The surface bearing strength was in the range from 50 to 250 kPa. There was evidence for a wet layer approximately 150 mm below the surface.
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Gibbons, Beatrice Lowney. "Supporting elementary science education for English learners: An evaluation instrument to promote constructivist teaching." Scholarly Commons, 2002. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2543.
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The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation instrument to be used by elementary school administrators in the promotion of constructivist teaching of elementary science for English Learners using a qualitative and quantitative design that identified effective instructional strategies to be included on the evaluation instrument. This study was conducted in fifth grade classrooms of predominately English Learners whose teachers are CLAD-certified, tenured teachers with at least three years of teaching experience. The classroom observations took place within a multicultural school district with predominantly Hispanic and Filipino students in the Southern San Joaquin Valley of California. The evaluation instrument was used to observe these teachers teach elementary science lessons to classrooms of predominately English Learners. The frequency of the use of the ELD/SDAIE instructional strategies were noted on the evaluation instrument with a check mark, indicating the fact that an instructional technique was employed by the teacher. These observation visits revealed what type of instructional strategies were being utilized in the teaching of science to fifth grade English Learners, whether these CLAD-certified teachers were using ELD strategies, and whether the incidence of ELD/SDAIE constructivist instructional techniques increased with the repeated use of the evaluation instrument. As a result of this study, an evaluation instrument to be utilized by school administrators in the evaluation of elementary science instruction to English Learners was developed. The repeated use of this evaluation instrument coupled with preobservation and postobservation conferences may result in the increase in frequency of ELD/SDAIE methodology and constructivist strategies listed on the evaluation instrument in the elementary science classroom.
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Wagner, Jessyca B. "Validating an Instrument for Gathering Faculty Perceptions of Online Education in Radiologic Science Programs." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703407/.
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The purpose of this quantitative study was to provide a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to collect radiologic science faculty members' perceptions of online education. Using a survey modified from an existing study, data were collected concerning faculty perceptions of online education in radiologic sciences. R was used to analyze the survey data through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, short form optimization, and weighted multiple regression analysis to produce an instrument that exhibits both content and construct validity, is reliable, and is a shortened, optimized version of the original instrument. The findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided to begin work broadening this under-researched area in the field of radiologic sciences.
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Lu, Chen David. "High speed handheld instrument for ophthalmic optical coherence tomography." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79233.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-contact, high resolution biomedical imaging technique that uses low coherence interferometry to generate cross-sectional images of tissue. OCT has become a standard tool in ophthalmology for imaging the retina to detect or monitor pathologies. Recent research advances in swept source lasers have allowed swept source OCT (SS-OCT) to have 5-50x faster imaging speeds when compared to SD-OCT commercial systems. This thesis describes the design of a handheld SS-OCT instrument to screen for retinal diseases. Many retinal diseases are asymptomatic in their early stages and remain undetected until they advance to cause irreversible vision loss. Early detection and treatment of these diseases can prevent permanent damage to the retina. While OCT has been proven effective at diagnosing retinal pathology, most commercial systems are bulky and table mounted, limiting their screening capabilities. The compact and easy to use handheld device can be used to quickly screen patients outside of the ophthalmology clinic in primary care, pediatrics applications, or in the field in developing countries. A custom motion registration algorithm corrects for the additional operator motion in the images. The wide scanning angle combined with the high imaging speeds used in SS-OCT allows screening of pathology with a single volumetric data set spanning the areas of interest on the retina.
by Chen David Lu.
S.M.
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Yeang, Chen-Pang. "Analysis of intermodulation interference to the instrument landing system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38127.
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tariq, tariq. "GUI Application for measuring instrument. : Noise measurement system." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Informationssystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208326.
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The always growing demands on the electronics design of modern electron microscopes cause increased requirements to the measurement tasks in the electronics development of these systems. In this thesis, we report the findings of designing noise measurements setup in Carl-Zeiss, Oberkochen. The aim of this thesis was to explore the design setup for noise measurement and to provide an interface which help us analyze these measurements using C# and agilent multimeter. This was achieved by the construction and evaluation of a prototype for a noise measurment application. For this purpose Design Science Research (DSR) was conducted, situated in the domain of noise measurement research. The results consist of a set of design principles expressing key aspects needed to address when designing noise measurement functionality. The artifacts derived from the development and evaluation process each one constitutes an example of how to design for noise measurement functionality of this kind.
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Scheid, Robert Jon. "Ancillary Scientific Instrument Attachment (ASIA): A Distributed Hitchhiker Payload Carrier." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83365.
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As more spacecraft reach more locations in the solar system, and with increasing residual capability of those spacecraft, an opportunity exists to improve scientific return at low cost to the satellite operator and minimal effect on its primary mission, regardless of the nature of that mission. The practicality of permanently attaching a small, mass-produced, non-deployable hitchhiker payload to modern spacecraft buses is investigated, and a case study of one such payload is presented. The Ancillary Scientific Instrument Attachment (ASIA) is a modified CubeSat bus that can be mass produced, independently tested, and delivered to spacecraft manufacturers with the design, analysis, integration, test, and software development already complete. All it requires are single-string power and data connections, and a location to mount the bus structure. The unit includes power regulation; data collection and storage; command processing; thermal control; and structural support. As many as five small scientific instruments can be included, all of which increase scientific value of the host spacecraft's primary mission without significantly interfering with that mission. Generally, ASIA would operate independently, with a minimum of interaction from the host spacecraft operations team; only routine data dumps for scientific return need be executed. Scientific data processing, distribution, and bus subsystem troubleshooting are offloaded to an independent facility. One possible scientific instrument loadout is described, designed to collect data about the space environment at any location in the solar system. Recommended forward steps for designing, testing, demonstrating, and implementing such a space-based system and its ground elements are presented.Master of Science
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Heitz, Layne. "The Validation of a Short-cycle Formative Assessment Observation Protocol for Science and Mathematics Instruction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407820/.
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Over the years, teachers, administrators, and policy makers have been concerned with optimizing learning for all students. The No Child Left Behind Act put an emphasis on summative assessments, which measure what students have learned. In contrast, formative assessment has been shown in many studies to improve student achievement and motivation because it is applied while students are learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate, for middle and high school mathematics and science instruction, the validity and reliability of a newly developed observation instrument called AssessToday, which is used in a single class period to assess a teacher’s use of short-cycle formative assessment. The content validity of the instrument was supported through an extensive literature review, feedback from experts in the field of formative assessment, and an examination of 98 classroom observations. For assessing reliability of the instrument, inter-rater reliability coefficients were calculated using data collected by trained observers who independently rated teachers during the same class period using three measures: percentage of agreement between raters, Cohen’s kappa, and Fleiss kappa. Cohen’s kappa (N = 36 pairs) ranged from .62 to 1.00 for all observer pairs with an average kappa of .75 for mathematics (n = 16 pairs) and .76 for science (n = 20 pairs). The recommended threshold for kappa is k = .70. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the observation data and the determined factors related to the theoretical framework established in the literature. The results affirmed that the instrument is a tool to be utilized in short-cycle formative assessment with middle and high school science and mathematics teachers.
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Lawson, Ian. "Robert Hooke's microscope: the epistemology of an instrument." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13324.
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Robert Hooke's Micrographia of 1665 displayed the intricacies of tiny nature as they had not been seen before, and in doing so it represented a novel idea of the relationship between humans and the natural world. As this relationship shifted, so too did ideas about effective ways to gain knowledge, and even about the nature of knowledge itself. This epistemology is the topic of this thesis. I focus on Hooke's microscope examine his indelible contribution to the meaning of experiment and instrument use in natural philosophy. This approach complements existing Hooke scholarship, which focuses largely on his achievements with instruments, rather than his physical practice with them or his view of the knowledge his instruments themselves articulated. Micrographia was born of Hooke's ingenuity and skill at manipulating everything from lenses to light to insects, stabilised into a printed artifact. In 1665, the microscope was a relatively new instrument, and its use for natural philosophers was not obvious. To unpack the philosophical import that Hooke attached to his construction of knowledge, I examine his instrument in two main ways. First, I take his microscope apart to look into the materials that composed it and Hooke's techniques in manipulating them. Second, I discuss concepts of the microscope as they appeared in the writing of contemporaries such as Henry Power and Margaret Cavendish. From here I take a broader view, and situate Hooke's work both in a philosophical and an institutional context. Hooke was working in the wake of the revolution in optics sparked by Kepler and Descartes, at the height of the popularity of mechanical philosophy, and within the collaborative ideal of Baconian natural philosophy. These general themes, focused to a point by his microscope, revealed to Hooke the contingency of human experience, and the necessity to observe nature from contrived perspectives to approach philosophical knowledge.
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Zhou, William W. (William Wei). "Statistical simulation of FM interference to the instrument landing system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36041.
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Ahn, Andrew In-Kyun 1979. "Fast Phase Dispersion Microscope : a new instrument for cellular biology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87867.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-144).
by Andrew In-Kyun Ahn.
M.Eng.
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Song, Jamie 1977. "Optimization of data acquisition system for novel DNA sequencing instrument." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86500.
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Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 61).
by Jamie Song.
S.B.and M.Eng.
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de, Haas Marcel. "Moskaus nützliches Instrument? : Russland und die Shanghai-Gruppe." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5004/.
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Russland sieht in der Shanghai-Gruppe ein wichtiges außen- und sicherheitspolitisches Instrument. Damit sollen sowohl das internationale Profil verbessert als auch militärische Interessen (Waffenexporte) umgesetzt werden. Obwohl sich das Verhältnis zu China deutlich verbesserte, ist es russisches Interesse, mittels der SCO Chinas Einfluss in Zentralasien zu begrenzen. Angesichts der strategischen Differenzen zwischen Moskau und Peking stellt sich das Problem des möglichen Bruchs der Shanghai-Gruppe.
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Ginn, William Thomas. "Philosophers and artisans : the relationship between men of science and instrument makers in London 1820-1860." Thesis, University of Kent, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281045.
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Gee, Brian. "The place and contribution of the instrument maker in scientific development, 1820-1850, with special reference to electromagnetism and the diffusion of science." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278789.
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Tyulmankov, Danil. "Time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy: instrument prototype, preliminary measurements, and theoretical modeling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113444.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 86-91).
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging diffuse optical imaging tool with both clinical and academic applications such as functional brain imaging, breast cancer detection, and cerebral health monitoring. Due to its non-invasiveness, high spatial and temporal resolution, and portability, it has been rapidly growing in popularity over the last 40 years. The technique relies on near-infrared light to measure optical properties { scattering and absorption { which can then be used to infer details of the underlying tissue physiology. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a complimentary optical technique that relies on long-coherence laser light, also in the near-infrared range, to measure dynamical properties of a medium { in the biomedical context, blood ow. While NIRS and DCS can be used in conjunction to provide even more powerful information, they require separate instrumentation, resulting in reduced portability and difficulty in bedside monitoring. In brain imaging applications, both NIRS and DCS suer from confounds due to layers surrounding the brain, such as the scalp and skull. While this issue has been addressed in NIRS using time-resolved instrumentation known as time-domain (TD) NIRS, it has been largely ignored in the context of DCS. In this work, we demonstrate a novel time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-DCS) technique embodied in a single instrument capable of simultaneously measuring optical and dynamical properties. Along with maintaining portability, the instrument reduces error by directly measuring the absorption and scattering values necessary for precise ow estimation, and removes a major confounding factor by suppressing unwanted signal from superficial layers through time-gating. We describe the construction of the first instrument prototype and demonstrate the depth resolution proof-of-concept with measurements of multi-layer media. We further discuss the theoretical considerations of modeling the light interaction with tissue, necessary for reliable estimates.
by Danil Tyulmankov.
M. Eng.
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Wang, Larry(Larry Z. ). "Algorithmic design of wind instrument shape via 3D FDTD and deep learning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123116.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-60).
Traditional design of wind instruments centers around simple shapes such as tubes and cones, whose acoustic properties are well understood and are easily fabricated with traditional manufacturing methods. The advent of additive manufacturing enables the realization of highly complex geometries and new wind instruments with unique sound qualities. While simulation software exists to predict the sound of wind instruments given their shape, the inverse problem of generating a shape that creates a desired sound is challenging given the computational cost of 3D acoustic simulations. In this work we create a fast 3D acoustic wind instrument simulator using GPU acceleration. In addition, we use deep learning to solve the inverse problem of generating a 3D shape that roughly approximates a desired sound when played as a single-reed instrument. Finally we develop an automatic method for determining pitch hole locations for a given shape to generate playable instruments.
by Larry Wang.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Schram, Asta Bryndis. "Validating an Icelandic Version of the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation Inventory." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64155.
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Students' motivation generally declines during the middle school years, a period of time when important foundations for further studies are laid. There is a move in many countries to improve science education, especially science literacy that is inadequate according to international research (Halldorsson, Olafsson, and Bjornsson, 2007, 2013). The subject of this dissertation is the translation and validation of the MUSICSM Model of Academic Motivation Inventory (MMAMI; Jones, 2012) from English into Icelandic. The purpose for the translation is to provide Icelandic educators with a tool to assess students' motivation in the science classroom. Motivation in the classroom is a complex issue in which both cognitive and contextual factors are involved. The information gained from the inventory responses could be used to guide the development or modification of the classroom strategies employed. The inventory measures students' perceptions of the five components of the MUSICSM Model of Academic Motivation: eMpowerment, Usefulness, Success, Interest and Caring, components that have been found to be influential to student motivation (Jones, 2009). The model is based on a thorough analysis of motivation theories and research. The inventory was developed for middle school students in science classes, although it can easily be modified to fit any subject. Back-translation followed by expert meetings was used to gain semantic equivalence. Participants were 458 middle school students in science classes in five public schools in Iceland. To obtain translation invariance in the first version of the translation, I used an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on one data set, using Principal Axis Factoring with Promax Rotation, to examine the translated items. Subsequently, I implemented a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on a second data set to test for model fit. The results replicated the findings obtained with the original version and confirmed the five-factor structure of the MMAMI. All factor loadings were significant. The reliability analysis, using Cronbach's alpha, also replicated the good and acceptable alpha ratings of the original instrument. These findings provide validity evidence for the scores produced by using the Icelandic version of the MMAMI with middle school Icelandic students in science classesPh. D.
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Johnston, David. "Assessing The Visiting Public's Perceptions Of The Outcomes Of Their Visit To Interactive Science And Technology Centres." Thesis, Curtin University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/61.
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This study investigated the problem of how to assess the visiting public's perceptions of the outcomes of their visit to an Interactive Science and Technology Centre. The study was carried out in several phases. First the researcher immersed himself as a participant observer over 15 months in the day-to-day activities of a science centre. Second, data to describe perceptions of visit outcomes were collected from one-to-one interviews with randomly selected visitors and professional staff, and four focus groups of explainers and visitors. Third, these data were used to structure the collection of further descriptions, in visitors' own words, about the visit experience. In the fourth and fifth stages, data from the second and third stages were pooled to develop two new instruments, the Perceptions of Visit Impact Instrument, a semantic differential survey designed to be administered at the point of exit from a science centre, and the Profile of Visit Outcomes Instrument, a nine part survey designed to be administered several weeks after the visit. The two instruments were refined through local review and field testing, and replication using data from large samples of randomly selected visitors at five and three centres, respectively, in Australia and New Zealand. Staff at these centres found the instruments easy to use and considered that they provided valuable data. Implications are drawn for future use of the instruments for evaluation and research.
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Gayral, Thibault. "Étalonnage d'un instrument d'observation spatial actif." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950898.
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Une nouvelle architecture robotique parallèle de télescope d'observation spatial actif a été développée préalablement à cette thèse. Afin de pouvoir améliorer le réglage optique du télescope, la structure robotique doit pouvoir être auto-étalonnée dans l'espace, à partir des informations disponibles (mesures proprioceptives, images, etc). Dans un premier temps, les hypothèses nécessaires pour assurer le bon déroulement de l'étalonnage sont analysées. Cette étude théorique, appuyée par des exemples, permet de définir des conditions nécessaires à l'étalonnage. Ces conditions permettent de déterminer les précisions nécessaires sur les paramètres du modèle et l'amplitude maximale du bruit de mesure admissible pour l'étalonnage. Avec ces valeurs, un critère d'arrêt pour les algorithmes d'étalonnage ayant une réelle signification physique peut être obtenu. De plus, une normalisation de la matrice d'identification est proposée, ce qui permet l'analyse de ses valeurs singulières pour détecter les problèmes d'identifiabilité des paramètres. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation du télescope d'observation. Plusieurs modèles de déformation des articulations flexibles du télescope sont proposés, en considérant par exemple les équations de la théorie des poutres ou l'équilibre statique de la plate-forme. Ces modèles sont ensuite comparés expérimentalement par une analyse des résultats d'étalonnage photogrammétrique. Cette analyse permet aussi d'observer une déformation de la plate-forme mobile qui peut être approchée par l'intermédiaire de deux modèles.
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Lombard, Elsa Helena. "Identifying the need for the development of an instrument to determine senior phase teachers' science-assessment competence." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/100.
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The focus of this study is the competences expected of teachers in the senior phase to assess the Natural Sciences learning area. In order to be in line with the new developments, the South African science teacher will need relevant assessment training in order to utilise appropriate techniques that are in line with the new educational philosophy. The question arises: What competences do teachers need for assessing science in the senior phase? An ethnographic case study was implemented as research methodology in the descriptive research paradigm. The investigation comprised observing the classroom practices of a sample of three senior phase science teachers in two primary schools and in one secondary school in the Port Elizabeth region. The data obtained from the observations were triangulated with related artefacts produced by both the teachers and the learners in each case. In order to establish these expected competences a document analysis was done from a selection of South African documents. The descriptions of the real life assessment practices of the sample of science teachers were then compared with the competences expected by the South African education system. The comparison between the real-life assessment practices and the expected practices concurred with Shepard’s (2000, p.12) belief that the abilities needed to implement classroom assessment “are daunting”. The classroom-based assessment practices of the sample of teachers revealed a variety of assessment beliefs, practices and competence. The needs of these teachers are so diversified and intense that individualised professional development is needed if sustained implementation of the new curriculum and accompanying assessment competences is to be facilitated. The research established the need to develop an instrument that the science teachers can use to assess their own competence. There should be training modules drawn up in line with this instrument. Teachers should be able to choose the professional development modules that would address their own unique needs
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Singh, Abhishek. "Mobile Crowd Instrumentation: Design of Surface Solar Irradiance Instrument." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1491777121026468.
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Kreofsky, Tess Marie. "Isn’t Citizen Science a Hoot? A Case-study Exploring the Effectiveness of Citizen Science as an Instrument to Teach the Nature of Science through a Local Nocturnal Owl-Monitoring Project." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2645.
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Citizen science projects present a distinctive opportunity for professional and volunteer scientists to coordinate their efforts to gather unique sets of data that can benefit the scientific and local communities. These projects are assumed to be an effective educational tool to teach nature of science (NOS) to participants (Brossard, Lewenstein, Bonney, 2005). This case study evaluates the effectiveness of participation in a citizen science project as a way to learn about NOS. Through enhancement of the Tryon Creek Owl Monitoring Project the researcher reviewed the characteristics of a citizen science project that were thought to be necessary to impact the volunteers' knowledge of NOS. The study also explored the benefits and limitations to organizing the citizen science protect using the principles of action research. Analysis of participants' knowledge and the effectiveness of active research theory, was evaluated through pre- and post- questionnaires and interviews. Although volunteers were able to explore the core themes of NOS through actively engaging in the scientific process, they did not experience a statistically significant change in their demonstration of understanding. For a multitude of reasons, participants had a positive experience with the presence of an embedded researcher within the project. This case study supports the use of active research as a guide to ensure that within each project the needs of both the scientific community and the volunteer scientists are met.
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Kolli, Johanna. "Cyberkonflikten i Ukraina : Cyberattacker som instrument i tvingande diplomati." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-154147.
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This paper aims to describe and explain the Russian use of cyberattacks in the Ukrainian conflict. Two major cyber events, BlackEnergy in 2015 and NotPetya in 2017, are analysed by the theoretical framework of coercive diplomacy developed by Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, as well as the theory of cyber coercion made by Daniel R. Flemming and Neil C. Rowe. This paper concludes that the Russian use of cyberattacks could be understood as an extension of their already widespread practice of coercive diplomacy as a foreign policy tool. The cyberattacks were developed to pressure the Ukrainian energy and economic sector, through destabilisation of the economic powerbase and the country as a whole. The cyber offenses are developed to push the Ukrainian politics from western influence back towards the Russian political orbit. This due to the political, economic, and power interests Russia finds in the post-soviet state of Ukraine.
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Yuan, Tsz-Ching. "An Automated Reflectance Color Meter Instrument for Microbiological and Enzymic Assays." DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5382.
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The development of an automated instrument employing reflectance colorimetry was described. Several models were designed, assembled, and programmed to perform microbial and enzymic tests automatically. Samples were prepared manually or automatically by a Zymate™ II robot. These samples were incubated during the tests to maintain an optimum temperature for reactions and microbial growth. During incubation, color changes of appropriate indicator dyes in the sample/reagent mixtures were measured intermittently, recorded, and compared to previously defined end points. The computer-controlled instrument received data that related time of color changes with the initial numbers of microorganisms or the enzyme activity of the samples. Traditional pH and oxidation/reduction dyes were used. Suitable dyes and media were selected for fast estimation in the different assays studied . Applications of the instrument to evaluate raw milk for the total viable microbial count, abnormality, broad spectrum antibiotics, and coliforms were emphasized. The automated colorimeter system successfully quantitated total and coliform microflora in raw milk. Correlations between reflectance colorimetry and the spiral plate count method were .932 (using .12% TIC as indicator), .922 (using BCP as indicator), and .681 (using .04% TTC as indicator). A coefficient of correlation of .874 was obtained when reflectance colorimetry was compared with coliform numbers on violet red bile agar. The reflectance colorimetry system provided better precision than current reference methods. Preliminary incubation or larger sample volumes were required to estimate low numbers of microflora . Antibiotic residue detection was also evaluated using Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris UC 310+ with the automated colorimeter system. The following concentrations (ppb) could be detected: penicillin G:::;; 5, ampicillin ≤ 5, tetracycline ≤ 250 , sulfamethazine ≤ 30, streptomycin ≤ 1000, kanamycin ≤ 500, and chloramphenicol ≤ 500. Abnormal milk could be screened out by measuring the NAGase activity and chloride ion content in milk samples. Both methods had been integrated into the automated colorimeter system. The coefficient of correlation between somatic cell count and the NAGase activity as measured with the colorimeter was .802; a correlation of .792 could be obtained when chloride ion content was measured.
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Zeller, Markus. "Die Relevanz der Gastronomie als Instrument der Markenkommunikation." Wiesbaden Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/992846390/04.
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Johnston, David. "Assessing The Visiting Public's Perceptions Of The Outcomes Of Their Visit To Interactive Science And Technology Centres." Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 1999. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17039.
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This study investigated the problem of how to assess the visiting public's perceptions of the outcomes of their visit to an Interactive Science and Technology Centre. The study was carried out in several phases. First the researcher immersed himself as a participant observer over 15 months in the day-to-day activities of a science centre. Second, data to describe perceptions of visit outcomes were collected from one-to-one interviews with randomly selected visitors and professional staff, and four focus groups of explainers and visitors. Third, these data were used to structure the collection of further descriptions, in visitors' own words, about the visit experience. In the fourth and fifth stages, data from the second and third stages were pooled to develop two new instruments, the Perceptions of Visit Impact Instrument, a semantic differential survey designed to be administered at the point of exit from a science centre, and the Profile of Visit Outcomes Instrument, a nine part survey designed to be administered several weeks after the visit. The two instruments were refined through local review and field testing, and replication using data from large samples of randomly selected visitors at five and three centres, respectively, in Australia and New Zealand. Staff at these centres found the instruments easy to use and considered that they provided valuable data. Implications are drawn for future use of the instruments for evaluation and research.
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Radtke, Adrienne M. (Adrienne Michelle) 1977. "A novel instrument to measure visual field loss in glaucoma patients using pupil perimetrty." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87167.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-99).
by Adrienne M. Radtke.
S.M.
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Herak, Patrick James. "Construction and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Problem-Solving Skills of Suburban High School Physical Science Students." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291233672.
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Van, der Walt Angelique. "Stakeholder perceptions of science communication at the University of Pretoria Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60525.
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In current turbulent times, sustainable relationships hinge on the mutual understanding created by a clear communication strategy between a business unit and its stakeholders. The purpose of this research was to develop a corporate communication strategy model for the University of Pretoria Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP CSMC).
Purposive sample testing was conducted to determine the stakeholder perceptions of the main variables of this study, being: communication management, social media, stakeholder relationships and the corporate communication strategy. Objectives were achieved, the hypotheses stated duly tested and the results applied towards the development of a conceptual framework for a more formal and sustainable corporate communication strategy with a specific focus on communication about science related matters.
This study contributes to effective stakeholder communication between the organisation and its stakeholders through the introduction of communication mediums like social media and traditional media.
This research proposes a corporate communication strategy with integrated social media platforms, which helps organisations manage the relationships with their stakeholders. It suggests that when communicating about science, the UP CSMC should aim to communicate through different forms of interpersonal communication such as one-on-one engagements, events, seminars, exhibitions and other presentations. The Centre's corporate communication strategy should also include objectives to improve communication about science through interpersonal communication with stakeholders.
The new model proposes concepts that focus on an analysis of the environment, identification of strategic issues, development of communication hierarchy, communicating an effective communication strategy, developing a strategic communication plan and monitoring complete embedment.
The new proposed model is founded on an empirical study that comprises a descriptive study based on 45 developed questionnaires developed specifically for this study and answered by stakeholders of the UP CSMC. The standard corporate communication model presented by Steyn and Puth (2000) was analysed, evaluated and tailored to fit the organisation's requirements. The proposed model developed in this study includes critical components relevant to the establishment and maintenance of sustainable relationships and can be adopted by any organisation with similar communication challenges as covered in this study.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Communication Management
MCom
Unrestricted
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Metzner, Christiane. "Freiwilligenmanagement als Instrument zur Förderung Bürgerschaftlichen Engagements in Nonprofit-Organisationen." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7218/.
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Diese Arbeit untersucht, was passiert, wenn in Non-Profit-Organisation (NPO) der Anspruch des Bürgerschaftlichen Engagements auf Praktiken des Freiwilligenmanagements trifft. Ausgangspunkt dieser Fragestellung ist eine doppelte Diagnose: Zum einen setzen NPOs aufgrund mehrerer Faktoren - u.a. Ressourcenknappheit, Wettbewerb und Nachahmungseffekten – vermehrt auf Freiwilligenmanagement. Mit dieser von der BWL inspirierten, aber für NPO entwickelten Personalführungsmethode wollen sie mehr und bessere Freiwillige gewinnen und deren Einsatz effizienter strukturieren. Zum anderen haben sich gleichzeitig viele NPO dem Ziel des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements verschrieben. Damit reagieren sie auf den aus Politik und Wissenschaft zu vernehmenden Anspruch, die Zivilgesellschaft möge die knappen Kassen der öffentlichen Hand kompensieren und das wachsende Partizipationsbedürfnis weiter Teile der Bevölkerung durch eine neue Kultur der Teilhabe der Bürgerinnen und Bürger befriedigen. Bei näherer Betrachtung zeigt sich jedoch: Während Freiwilligenmanagement einer ökonomischen Handlungslogik folgt, ist bürgerschaftliches Engagement Ausdruck einer Handlungslogik der Zivilgesellschaft. Beide sind unter gegenwärtigen Bedingungen weder theoretisch noch praktisch miteinander vereinbar. Um beide Entwicklungen miteinander zu versöhnen, muss Freiwilligenmanagement unter dem Banner des Bürgerschaftlichen neu gedacht werden.
Dieses Argument unterfüttert die Arbeit sowohl theoretisch und empirisch. Der Theorieteil gliedert sich in drei Teile. Zunächst wird der Begriff der NPO näher eingegrenzt. Dazu wird die bestehende Literatur zum Dritten Sektor und Non-Profit-Organisationen zu einem operationalisierbaren Begriff von NPO kondensiert. Daran anschließend werden aktuelle Trends im Feld der NPO identifiziert, die zeigen, dass NPO tatsächlich oft von widerstreitenden Handlungslogiken gekennzeichnet sind, darunter eine ökonomische und eine bürgerschaftliche. Die beiden folgenden Kapitel untersuchen dann jeweils eine der beiden Logiken. Zunächst wird das Leitbild des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements als Ausdruck einer zivilgesellschaftlichen Handlungslogik näher definiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass dieser Begriff oft sehr unscharf verwendet wird. Daher greift die Arbeit auf die politiktheoretische Diskussion um Zivil- und Bürgergesellschaft auf und schmiedet daraus eine qualifizierte Definition von bürgerschaftlichem Engagement, die sich maßgeblich am Ideal von gesellschaftlich-politischer Partizipation und bürgerschaftlicher Kompetenz orientiert. Dem wird im dritten und letzten Kapitel des Theorieteils die ökonomische Handlungslogik in Form der Theorie des Freiwilligenmanagements gegenübergestellt. Bei der Darstellung zeigt sich schnell, dass dessen Grundprinzipien – anders als oft vorgebracht – mit den qualifizierten Idealen von Partizipation und Konkurrenz im Konflikt stehen.
In der empirischen Analyse wird dann in den 8 Interviews den Widersprüchen zwischen bürgerschaftlichem Engagement und Freiwilligenmanagement in der Praxis nachgegangen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung lassen sich in 5 Punkten zusammenfassen:
1. Freiwilligenmanagement orientiert sich erstens im wesentlichen an einer Zahl: Dem Zugewinn oder Verlust von freiwilliger Arbeit.
2. Freiwilligenmanagement installiert ein umfassendes System der Selektion von „passenden“ Freiwilligen.
3. Positiv hervorzuheben ist die institutionalisierte Ansprechbarkeit, die im Rahmen von Freiwilligenmanagement in NPO Einzug erhält.
4. Freiwilligenmanagement ist eng mit dem Anspruch verbunden, die Arbeit der Freiwilligen zu kontrollieren. Der Eigensinn des Engagements, die Notwendigkeit von Spielräumen, die Möglichkeit des Ausprobierens oder der Anspruch der Freiwilligen, an Entscheidungen zu partizipieren bzw. gar selbstorganisiert und -verantwortlich zu handeln, rückt dabei in den Hintergrund.
5. In den Interviews wird eine starke Ökonomisierung des Engagements sichtbar. Freiwillige werden als Ressource betrachtet, ihr Engagement als „Zeitspende“ statistisch erfasst, ihre (Dienst-)Leistung monetär bewertet. Im Zuge dessen erhält auch der Managerialism verstärkt Einfluss auf die Arbeit in NPO und begründet ein stark hierarchisches Verhältnis: Während die Freiwilligenmangerin aktiv handelt, wird die freiwillig Engagierte zum Objekt von Management-Techniken. Dass dies dem Anspruch der Partizipation entgegenläuft, ergibt sich dabei von selbst.
Angesichts dieser Diagnose, dass real-existierendes Freiwilligenmanagement nicht mit dem Ideal des bürgerschaftlichen Engagement im engeren Sinne zusammenpasst, formuliert das Fazit Vorschläge für ein bürgerschaftlich orientiertes, engagement-sensibles Freiwilligenmanagement.This thesis examines what happens when the claim of civic engagement meets the practice of volunteer management. The starting point for this analysis is a dual diagnosis in non-profit organizations (NPO): First, due to several factors (resource scarcity, competition and imitation effects and others) NPOs increasingly employ techniques of volunteer management. Inspired by business administration, but adapted to NPO, this personnel management method promises to acquire more and better volunteers and restructure their work more efficiently. At the same time, many NPOs subscribe to the goal of civic engagement. They respond to the public claim that civil society should compensate for the tight budgets of the public sector and to the idea that there is a demand for increasing participation within the civil society that needs to be satisfied. The in-depth analysis of both concepts reveals: While volunteer management follows an economic logic of action, civic engagement reflects a logic of action that has its origins in the ideals of the civil society. Both are neither theoretically nor practically compatible with one another under present conditions in nonprofit organizations. In order to reconcile both developments, volunteer management needs to be rethought under the banner of the Civic (Civic Culture). The thesis underpins this argument both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical part is divided into three parts. First, the concept of NPO is explored. For this purpose, the existing literature on the third sector and non-profit organizations is condensed into an operationalized concept of NPO. Subsequently, current trends in the field of NPOs are identified, showing that NPO are actually often characterized by conflicting logics of action, including an economic and a civic. The following two chapters then examine each of these two logics. First, the model of civic engagement is further defined as an expression of the civic action logic. It turns out that this term is often used in a very blurred way. Therefore, the work draws on the theoretical discussion of civil politics and civil society, merging it into a qualified definition of civic engagement, focusing on the ideal of social and political participation and civic competence. The third chapter contrasts this civic logic with the economic logic of action in the form of volunteer management. It is shown that its basic principles - other than often argued - conflict with the ideal of participation. The empirical analysis then draws on 8 interviews to elucidate the contradictions between civic engagement and volunteer management in practice. The results of this study can be summarized in five points: 1. Volunteer management focus mostly on the gain or loss of voluntary work. 2. Volunteer management installs a comprehensive system of selection which seeks to match vorlunteers with the goals of the organization. Among other "interviews" and training are used to screen out those volunteers that do not fit into the organization. Notwithstanding, though, these decisions are not based on professional criteria, but on an elaborate set of criteria for „feeling cosy". 3. On the positive side stands institutionalized responsiveness, which surfaces as an effect of volunteer management in NPOs. 4. Volunteer management is closely connected to the aim of controlling the work of volunteers. This is also reflected in the practice of NPO. Volunteers are committed in contracts to show binding and predictable behavior. And they are administered as part of a personnel management. This hinders the obstinacy of commitment, the necessity of leeway, the possibility of trying out, or the volunteers’ demand to participate in decisions and to act even self-organized and self-responsible. 5. The interviews show a strong economization of commitment. Volunteers are viewed as a resource. Their commitment is statistically recorded as "time donation", their (business) performance is measured in monetary terms. NPOs that use volunteer management are also often marked by a growing managerialism which establishes a strong hierarchical relationship: While the volunteer manager is active, the volunteer is the object of management techniques. This is the opposite of the idea of participation. Given this diagnosis, it becomes apparent that existing volunteer management does not match the ideal of civic engagement in the narrower sense. The conclusion formulated proposals for a citizen-oriented, engagement-sensitive volunteer management.