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Carroll, Christopher Ryan. "Cannabis and aggression : differentiating reactive and instrumental aggression." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55857.
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My thesis explored the relation between cannabis use (CU) and two distinct subtypes of aggression. Substantial prior research has examined the association between CU and aggression; however, empirical evidence has not yet provided a clear or complete picture of this relationship. This may be due to the fact that to date no studies have considered the important distinction between instrumental aggression (IA) and reactive aggression (RA). The aim of this study was to differentiate these subtypes of aggression while controlling for covariates such as psychopathy and trait aggression which has the potential to reconcile the apparently contradictory findings in the literature. Also of interest was the role that gender plays in the relationship between cannabis and IA/RA. Samples from three different populations, who all completed a series of self-report questionnaires, were examined for this study. The sample from the university population consisted of 427 participants, the sample from the online population consisted of 434 participants, and the sample from the treatment population consisted of 68 participants. The data were analysed using independent samples t tests, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way ANOVAs. The results from all three samples indicated that there is little to no relation between CU and IA/RA. In cases where a relation was found, it disappeared when accounting for psychopathy and trait aggression. These findings were consistent across all frequencies of CU. Furthermore, the results showed that there was no interaction between gender and any frequency of CU when looking at the relation with IA/RA. Collectively, these findings indicate that CU is not associated with aggressive behaviour and propose answers to the question of why there is such differing findings in the existing literature. The public health impact of CU remains controversial and these findings have important theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications.Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Psychology, Department of (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Clifford, Charity E. "Testing the instrumental and reactive motivations of romantic relational aggression." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32851.
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Doctor of PhilosophySchool of Family Studies and Human Services
Amber Vennum
The literature suggests that aggressive behaviors occur in response to provocation (i.e., reactive aggression) or to achieve a goal (i.e., instrumental aggression). Relational aggression –when an individual harms another’s interpersonal relationships – has been studied from the reactive and instrumental framework in peer-directed contexts, usually with children. However, relational aggression in romantic relationships is yet to be studied from this framework. This dissertation includes a series of studies investigating whether two specific relationally aggressive behaviors found in romantic relationships (i.e., social sabotage and love withdrawal) are 1) motivated by instrumental and reactive aggression, 2) associated with differential characteristics, and 3) predictive of negative outcomes. The Romantic Relational Aggression Motivation (RRAM) scale, which included social sabotage and love withdrawal items with both instrumental and reactive motivations, was created to explore the above research questions. During Study 1a, an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 170 emerging adults tested the factor structure of the RRAM. This resulted in love withdrawal, but not social sabotage, factoring into instrumental and reactive subscales. Using the same sample at a later wave, Study 1b refined the RRAM from Study 1a; the findings confirmed the results of Study 1a. In Study 2, using a sample of 118 emerging adults, the factor structure found in Study 1b was corroborated using a confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 found that social sabotage was more closely related to instrumental than reactive love withdrawal. Reactive and instrumental love withdrawal were clearly differentiated based on their associations with constructs that were emotionally driven (e.g. neuroticism and hostile attribution bias) but not by their associations with constructs that dealt with power (e.g. self-relationship power and trait dominance). None of the romantic relational aggression scales were predictive of the negative outcomes in the study, possibly due to the small sample size (85 emerging adults) in the longitudinal portion of Study 2. As instrumental and reactive love withdrawal were associated with different constructs and combining the two together may cause substantial differences to be lost, the RRAM may be a useful tool for researchers of romantic relational aggression.
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Steadham, Jennifer A. "Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits As Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115167/.
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Aggression has traditionally been subdivided into two correlated, but distinct, subtypes: reactive and instrumental. Reactive aggression (RA) is considered impulsive, emotionally driven behavior, whereas instrumental aggression (IA) is planned and incentive-motivated. This thesis examines the relationships between RA, IA, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms in male and female offenders recruited from a jail in north Texas. Contrary to predictions, psychopathic traits did not account for more variance in aggression than did APD symptoms. Impulsivity demonstrated slight incremental validity over psychopathy for RA, and to a lesser degree, IA. the continued utility of the reactive-instrumental distinction and implications for professional practice in relation to the current study are examined. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Haden, Sara Chiara. "Psychobiological Mechanisms of Aggression in Youth." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27959.
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Recently, models of aggressive behavior have begun to appreciate the influence of both psychological and biological predictors of maladaptive behavior. The aim of the current project was to clarify the roles that the noradrenergic system (i.e., norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyglycol [MHPG]) and characteristics of the rearing environment play in different expressions of aggression (i.e., hostile and instrumental). It was predicted that higher concentrations of MHPG would be related to increased self-reports of aggressive behavior, especially hostile forms, while expressing aggression during an analog aggression task would lead to decreases in MHPG. It was also predicted that concentrations of MHPG would interact with childhood environment characteristics to predict aggressive behavior in youth.
A sample of 68 male youth, aged 7 to 17, were recruited from two agencies in southwest Virginia serving disadvantaged youth. They completed self-report measures on their childhood environment, aggressive and delinquent behaviors, as well as exposure to community violence and negative life events. In addition, youth played a challenging computer game with an alleged â opponentâ and lost. Half of the participants were able to retaliate after the game against their â opponent.â Salivary MHPG was measured once before and three times after the game. A series of ANOVAs and hierarchical regressions were conducted in order to test the main and interactive effects of punitive childhood experiences and baseline MHPG on aggressive behavior. Findings failed to support the primary predictions; however, results of supplemental analyses showed significant associations of aggression with negative mood, negative family atmosphere, and increased baseline MHPG after controlling for negative family atmosphere. Also, parental punishment and rejection significantly predicted delinquency, and a significant interaction effect indicated that higher recovery concentrations of MHPG placed rejected youth more at risk for engaging in delinquent behavior. Results of the present study help to enhance understanding of the differences in biological and psychological correlates of aggression and delinquency in at-risk youth, and inform prevention and intervention efforts.Ph. D.
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Tecce, Marielena P. "Juvenile Psychopathy: Instrumental versus Reactive Aggression in Male and Female Juvenile Offenders." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1396876090.
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Falkenbach, Diana M. "The subtypes of psychopathy and their relationship to hostile and instrumental aggression." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000569.
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Hutton, Erin Lisa. "An examination of the factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist : Youth Version and its association with instrumental aggression among violent female youth." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38314.
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Female youth are a strikingly understudied population within the accumulated forensic literature which is particularly troubling since adolescent females represent a significant and growing population within forensic contexts. The Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003) was created to assess psychopathic traits among adolescents, which include interpersonal deceptiveness, affective deficits, and impulsive, antisocial tendencies. However, to ensure its proper use, the underlying factor structure of the PCL:YV must be determined. The primary purpose of this thesis was to examine whether the two-factor, three-factor, or four-facet model is most appropriate for female youth. This is the first study to simultaneously examine all three of the primary factor models among a North American sample of violent female youth offenders. Results demonstrated that the three-factor model is the best-fitting of the three primary PCL:YV factor models among violent female youth offenders. Further, the extant research has repeatedly demonstrated a relationship between the presence of psychopathic traits and instrumental aggression, however, researchers have only recently begun to examine this relationship among juvenile offenders, and females have often been excluded or represent only a small proportion of mixed samples. A secondary goal of the current thesis was to examine the relationship between psychopathy total, factor, and facet scores and instrumental aggression in a sample of female offenders. Contrary to previous studies on male youth, results revealed that female youth with psychopathic traits were not significantly more likely to use instrumental violence in the commission of their violent crimes. Findings and their respective research and clinical applications are discussed.
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Jansson, Lisa, and Isabel Lundmark. "Instrumentell och reaktiv aggression hos svenska mordbrännare." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för lärarutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19540.
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Denna kvantitativa studie undersökte om det var möjligt att kategorisera mordbrännares aggression som instrumentell eller reaktiv utifrån Cornells (1996) kodningsguide. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien var att tillföra en förståelse om hur teorin gällande reaktivt och instrumentell aggression kan tillämpas när det gäller mordbrännare, och därmed även förhoppningsvis utöka användningsområdet för teorin. Studien bygger på 87 fällande domar från Sveriges hovrätter där gärningspersonerna blivit dömda för försök till mordbrand, mordbrand alternativt till grov mordbrand mellan år 2017-2018 från två av hovrätterna och mellan 2016-2018 från fyra av hovrätterna. Domarna bedömdes av två oberoende bedömare, tillika författarna av denna studie. Med en hög interbedömarreliabilitet visade resultatet av undersökningen att det var möjligt att skilja reaktiva gärningspersoner från instrumentella. Variablerna planering och målinriktning förekom i större utsträckning hos de gärningspersoner som klassades som instrumentella, medan variablerna provokation och känslomässig upphetsning oftare förekom hos reaktiva gärningspersoner. Sambanden mellan variablerna omfattning, relation samt ställning i skuldfrågan och typ av aggression var däremot ej signifikanta. Vidare implikationer av studien visar ett utökat användningsområde för Cornells (1996) kodningsguide, men att det finns skäl till att kritisera den dikotoma klassificeringen. Ett alternativ kan vara att utöka klassificeringen, alternativt att för just mordbrännare använda sig av Canter och Fritzons (1998) kodningsguide som är speciellt framtagen för mordbrännare, men har vissa likheter med Cornells (1996).
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Friedmann, Rebecca. "Praxisrelevante Differenzierung der Handlungsmotive von Gewalttätern." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät IV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17297.
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Die Motive von Gewalthandlungen unterscheiden sich erheblich voneinander. Verschiedene wissenschaftliche Fachrichtungen beschäftigen sich intensiv mit der Differenzierung von Dissozialität, Gewalt und Aggression. Vor allem in der Neurobiologie, der Psychologie und Psychiatrie (dort insbesondere in psychoanalytischen Konzepten), in der Untersuchung von Lebensverläufen und in der Kriminologie werden häufig zwei Handlungsmotive unterschieden: ein affektives Motiv und ein instrumentelles Motiv. Wenngleich viele verschiedene Begrifflichkeiten verwendet werden und fachrichtungsspezifisch jeweils andere Aspekte der Phänomene im Fokus der Betrachtung stehen, werden doch in vielen Publikationen ähnliche Sachverhalte beschrieben. Legt man die Ergebnisse der unterschiedlichen Studien übereinander, ergibt sich ein recht scharf umrissenes instrumentelles Motiv und ein weniger deutliches affektives Motiv. In dieser Arbeit wird deshalb eine weitere Unterteilung des affektiven Motivs in ein reaktives und ein intrinsisches vorgeschlagen, die in einem dimensionalen Bezug zueinander stehen. Diese Dreiteilung ließ sich in einer quantitativen Untersuchung abbilden. Die differenzierende Beschreibung eines reaktiven, intrinsischen und instrumentellen Motivs als Ergebnis vielfältiger Verknüpfung, hat eine hohe Relevanz für die pädagogische Praxis. Fast alle Programme sind für reaktiv motivierte Täter entwickelt und berücksichtigen die Spezifika der anderen Motivlagen kaum oder gar nicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt deshalb mit einer Empfehlung für die Praxis, die den Weg zu passgenauen, für spezifische Motivlagen geeignete Programme ebnen könnte, so dass eine indikative Auswahl auf der Basis einer pädagogischen Diagnostik möglich würde.The motives regarding the acts of violence differ considerably. Various scientific fields closely examine the differentiation of dissociality, violence and aggression. Particularly in neurobiology, psychology and psychiatry (especially within psychoanalytical concepts), in the examination of life courses, and criminology two motives are frequently distinguished: an affective and an instrumental motive. Even though many different terms are used and, depending on the field, other aspects of the phenomena are focused on, scientific publications describe similar circumstances. The comparison of the findings of the different studies results in a well-defined instrumental and a less distinct affective motive. Therefore, this paper suggests a further differentiation of the affective motive into a reactive and an intrinsic one, with a dimensional connection to each other. This tripartition is shown in a quantitative study. The differentiated description of a reactive, intrinsic and instrumental motive as a result of multiple conjunctions is highly relevant for the pedagogical practice. Almost all programs are designed for reactive motivated offenders and hardly consider the specifics of other motives if they consider them at all. Therefore, this paper concludes with a recommendation for the practice, which could initiate the start of adequate programs related to the specific motives and facilitate an indicative selection based on pedagogical diagnostic.
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Rehn, Lise, and Anna Vikman. "Aggression i domar om mord och försök till mord." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1106.
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En uppdelning av aggression i instrumentell respektive reaktiv har bekräftats av tidigare forskning. Föreliggande studie bygger på 40 domar från Svea hovrätt där gärningsmännen blivit dömda för mord eller försök till mord. Huvudsyftet var att undersöka om reaktiva gärningsmän kunde skiljas från instrumentella gärningsmän med avseende på brottskaraktäristika, ålder, påföljd samt brottsrubricering. Syftet var också att undersöka samband mellan gärningsmannens påverkan av alkohol och/eller droger och gärningsmannens grad av planering, målinriktning, arousal, provokation från offret, samt gärningsmannens relation till offret. Två oberoende bedömare (föreliggande studies författare) genomförde kodningar utifrån Cornells kodningsguide för våldshandlingar. Resultatet visade att instrumentella gärningsmän kunde skiljas från reaktiva gärningsmän utifrån deras planering, målinriktning, arousal och relation till offret. Resultatet visade också på en hög interbedömarreliabilitet mellan bedömarna gällande samtliga brottskaraktäristika. Endast ett signifikant samband hittades mellan variabeln arousal och gärningsmannens påverkan av alkohol och/eller droger. En slutsats var att det gick att bedöma gärningsmannens aggression utifrån hovrättsdomar innehållande mord och försök till mord.
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Beck, Christine Ann. "Aggressive care following hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction : analysis of effects on mortality using instrumental variables." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31192.
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Certain regions adopt an aggressive approach (routine cardiac catheterization and frequent invasive revascularization) to care for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), while other regions adopt a conservative approach (selective use of invasive procedures). Administrative data provide a means to estimate the effects of these variations on patient outcomes, but they are limited by their potential for confounding bias due to unobserved case-mix variation as treatment assignment is not random. This study applied instrumental variables, a methodology that can account for this bias, to estimate the effectiveness of aggressive care in a Canadian patient population. The study used administrative data of hospital admissions and health services for all patients admitted for a first AMI in Quebec in 1988 (n = 8674). Incremental (marginal) mortality up to 4 years after admission was measured using distances to hospitals offering aggressive care as instrumental variables.Patients living closer to hospitals offering aggressive care were more likely to receive aggressive care than patients living further away (e.g. 26% versus 19%, respectively, received catheterization within 90 days). However, instrumental variable estimation found that aggressive care was not associated with marginal mortality benefits in comparison to conservative care (e.g. adjusted difference at 1 year: 4%; 95% CI: -11% to 20%).
The aggressive approach to post-AMI care is not associated with marginal mortality benefits in Quebec.
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Machado, Sónia V. "O comportamento agressivo em humanos: Instrumentos de medida, diferenças sexuais & efeito de idade." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/622.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em EtologiaO tema abordado ao longo deste trabalho é a agressividade em seres humanos. Este foi escolhido entre tantos outros possíveis devido à necessidade de dispor de medidas válidas para estudar adequadamente este tipo de comportamento. Espera-se que, em complementaridade com outras técnicas, os instrumentos utilizados nesta dissertação possam contribuir de algum modo para a resolução das necessidades sentidas neste âmbito. Começa-se com uma introdução baseada na literatura acerca do Homo sapiens, pelas dificuldades conceptuais existentes associadas à agressividade, como se manifesta esta e quais são os elementos que a constituem, nomeadamente as suas componentes comportamental, cognitiva, e emocional. Os objectivos do estudo são apresentados no final desta introdução e são eles: - Validar duas escalas de medida do comportamento agressivo para a população portuguesa. - Investigar diferenças entre os sexos na agressividade, e o efeito da idade neste tipo de comportamento. Para isso este trabalho encontra-se dividido em dois estudos. No estudo 1 é tratado o primeiro objectivo, e no estudo 2 investiga-se a existência das diferenças sexuais. Na secção seguinte são expostos os métodos utilizados para operacionalizar estes objectivos, a caracterização das amostras, as variáveis, a recolha dos dados e o procedimento seguido. Na parte III e IV apresenta-se os resultados, a respectiva discussão dos mesmos e algumas conclusões possíveis tentando comparar aqueles com o conhecimento referido na literatura a este respeito. Nesta última secção ficam ainda algumas sugestões consideradas com interesse para a investigação no futuro, e para a reflexão acerca deste ser humano que "estando condenado a ser livre, carrega aos ombros o peso do mundo inteiro: é responsável pelo mundo e por si mesmo enquanto maneira se ser" (Sartre, O ser e o nada, p.678, 1998). Sem mais alongar este pretenso resumo avança-se para o corpo do trabalho propriamente dito.
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Cavaco, Ana Alexandra M. P. "As relações de amizade e a adaptação social ao pré-escolar." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/427.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia EducacionalEste estudo teve como objectivo avaliar em que medida as relações de amizade recíprocas influenciam a aquisição de competências sociais, aumentando o nível de adaptação social das crianças ao pré-escolar. Teve como universo populacional as crianças de três anos que frequentam o primeiro ano de jardim de Infância. A distribuição da amostra varia consoante a temática a avaliar: para a adaptação social, a amostra foi constituída por 115 sujeitos, sendo 52 do sexo masculino e 63 do sexo feminino. Para a sociometria, 93 sujeitos, 40 do sexo masculino e 53 do sexo feminino; por último, 24 sujeitos, 9 do sexo masculino e 15 do sexo feminino. No que diz respeito aos instrumentos, foram utilizados os seguintes: para a avaliação da Adaptação Social, utilizámos o Questionário de Adaptação Psico-Social da Criança - APSE (Strayer & Noel, 1990), para a avaliação das Amizades, utilizámos a técnica sociométrica das nomeações (Moreno, 1943) e por último, para avaliar as competências sociais, utilizámos a Escala, CCQS - Califórnia Child Q-Set (Block & Block, 1980). A análise estatística dos dados, procedeu-se em duas fases. A primeira fase diz respeito à análise individual de cada instrumento e a Segunda fase é relativa à análise correlacionai dos dados. Relativamente à Adaptação Social, procedemos ao cálculo das médias, desvio-padrão e alfas de cada uma das escalas, bem como as diferenças individuais relativas ao género dos sujeitos. No que diz respeito, às Competências Sociais, foram calculadas as médias e desvio-padrão de cada uma das escalas que constituem o instrumento, bem como as diferenças individuais relativas ao género dos sujeitos. Na avaliação das Amizades, foram calculados os valores do Impacto e da Preferência Social, bem como o número de amizades e antipatias recíprocas . Na segunda fase de análise, procedemos ao cálculo das correlações existentes entre as três medidas utilizadas. Relativamente, aos resultados, concluímos que as amizades recíprocas não são um factor determinante, mas facilitador da aquisição das competências sociais, desta forma não se confirma a primeira hipótese do estudo. Contudo, confirma-se que as crianças com amizades diádicas recíprocas têm menos comportamentos de risco, bem como que as crianças que estão mais adaptadas socialmente, têm menos comportamentos de risco, o que confirma a segunda e a terceira hipótese do estudo. Podemos dizer, que a competência social influencia os níveis de adaptação social das crianças, e que as antipatias recíprocas prejudicam a aquisição dessas competências, influenciando negativamente o desenvolvimento social das crianças.
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Berdoulat, Émilie. "Conduite automobile agressive et transgressive : motivation, colère et parcours de vie." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20123.
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L’agressivité au volant est un phénomène déterminant de société, cependant trop peu étudié. En effet, un à deux accidents graves sur trois seraient attribuables à un comportement agressif en automobile (Deffenbacher, 2001). De ce fait, il paraît important d’étudier ce phénomène d’un point de vue psychologique et psychopathologique afin d’enrichir le champ des connaissances dans ce domaine. L’objectif général de cette thèse, se divisant en quatre études, est (1) d’examiner le rôle joué par les motivations, la colère, la forme d’agressivité et le parcours de vie dans l’étiologie du phénomène de conduite automobile agressive et transgressive, et (2) de nous interroger sur l’existence possibles de différents profils de conducteurs agressifs.Les résultats de ces quatre études attestent d’un intérêt à la fois théorique et pratique d’étudier l’étiologie de la conduite agressive et transgressive. Ils nous mettent sur la voie d’une double piste d’intervention : préventive et réadaptativeAggressive driving is of prime importance in our society, nevertheless there is a lack of research in the area. Indeed, 1 to 2 in 3 serious accidents would be due to aggressive driving (Deffenbacher, 2001). As a consequence, focusing on this issue in both psychological and psychopathological areas appears of prime importance. The general aim of the Ph.d dissertation, divided in 4 studies, was to (1) to examine the role of motivation, anger, type of assault and personal history in the etiology of both transgressive and aggressive driving (2) to examine the possible existence of different profiles of aggressive drivers.The results of the fourth studies highlight how interesting and useful theoretical and practical researches of the etiology of aggressive and transgressive driving are. A double intervention is then warranted: preventive and rehabilitative
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Bestbier, Anna Maria. "Effek van musiek op die aggressiewe laerskoolkind vanuit `n gestaltspelterapeutiese raamwerk." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1439.
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Text in AfrikaansThe Gestalt Play Therapeutic approach is used as contextual frame in this research where-in music is applied as an aid for the aggressive emotions of the primary learner. Emotional and behavioral problems in children in primary and secondary schools and even in pre-primary schools, are assuming alarming proportions. From the holistic approach of the Gestalt theory, it has an influence on the development of areas such as the emotional, physical, cognitive and social in the phase of middle childhood. There is a lack of research findings on the effect of music during support to the aggressive primary learner within a Gestalt Play Therapeutic frame. The experimental single system design was used as research method as part of the quantitative investigation. The conclusion is that music was used successfully in the handling of rage and aggressive emotions in the group of child respondents within the context of the Gestalt approach.
Social Work
M.Diac. (Play Therapy)
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Venter, Yolande. "Investigating excessive aggression during the preschool years through multiple data sources." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6027.
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Although aggression as social phenomenon is widely researched, this research study aimed to illuminate the importance of early identification of excessively aggressive children specifically. The aim was to explore and gain an in-depth understanding of excessive aggressive behaviour during the preschool years. A qualitative research methodology was employed consisting of a parent interview, observations of the research participant and numerous play sessions consisting of various activities including free drawings; ‘Draw-a-Person ‘, a family drawing; the ‘Children’s Apperception Test’, and free play activities. The study explored various factors possibly leading to the onset and continuation of excessive aggressive behaviour. It seems clear that no single factor is responsible for the display of excessive aggression, but rather, multiple factors contribute to the problem of aggression as a whole. Play therapy is suggested as an effective method in the assessment and counselling of excessive aggressive behaviour in preschool childrenPsychology
M.Sc. (Psychology)
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Douglass, Melanie Dawn. "Predicting Severity of Violent Recidivism by Aggression Type: What do Risk Instruments, Cognitive and Personality Scales Contribute?" Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18283.
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This study provides an initial analysis of how effective commonly used risk assessment and psychological tests are in postdicting the severity of the index offense and the individual’s most severe offense in a forensic inpatient sample. The study involved a chart review of risk assessment measures, cognitive and personality tests, and criminological data for 65 patients at St. Joseph’s Hamilton Mountain Centre for Mental Health Care. The results found a significant correlation between the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1997) and index offense severity. Moreover, an aggression typology (Nussbaum, Saint-Cyr, & Bell, 1997) showed promising signs in differentiating severity by offender type. The study also suggests that further research is necessary in this area, given the limited relationship found between risk instruments and severity of violence, though the risk assessment measures did show good concurrent validity.
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Lebre, Gabriel José Cerveira. "Os impostos de saída como instrumento de combate à elisão fiscal no contexto da Diretiva (UE) 2016/1164 do Conselho de 12 de julho de 2016." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/63948.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito TributárioA presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal determinar se o mecanismo do imposto de saída, adotado pela Diretiva (UE) 2016/1164 do Conselho de 12 de julho de 2016 que estabelece regras contra as práticas de elisão fiscal que tenham incidência direta no funcionamento do mercado interno, é ou não um bom mecanismo no combate à elisão fiscal. Desde o seu surgimento o imposto de saída sempre foi muito controverso, havendo jurisprudência, no domínio das pessoas singulares, que o proibia, considerando-o, assim, uma restrição à liberdade de estabelecimento, sendo que o combate à elisão fiscal não era tido como justificação válida para permitir tal restrição. Hoje em dia, o imposto de saída deixou de ser um instrumento controverso para se assumir como um instrumento que pretende combater a elisão fiscal. Mas será que efetivamente o faz? Com o objetivo de contextualizar estas matérias, iremos abordar o plano BEPS, a Diretiva em apreço, a transferência da sede societária e as escolhas fiscais (nomeadamente o planeamento fiscal, o planeamento fiscal agressivo e a elisão fiscal) que são visadas tanto no plano BEPS como na Diretiva. Para determinar a eficácia do mecanismo iremos levantar uma serie de questões que vão sendo avançadas no decorrer da contextualização e que irão ser fundamentais para cumprir o nosso objetivo. Por fim, abordar-se-á as alternativas, incluindo, igualmente, uma reflexão crítica.
The main purpose of this master’s dissertation is to assess whether the exit taxation of the Council Directive (EU) 2016/1164 of 12 July 2016 laying down rules against tax avoidance practices that directly affect functioning of the internal market (ATAD), is or it is not a fine rule to fight against tax avoidance. Since the first appearance, some of the exit taxation rules analyzed by the European Court of Justice, concerning exit taxes levied on individuals, was found against the European principles and the restriction that it caused could not be justified by the need to fight tax avoidance. Nowadays, the exit taxation is considered to be a tool preventing tax avoidance, but does it really fight or prevent tax avoidance? To introduce this subject, we will address the BEPS plan, the Directive in question, the transfer of the company’s seat, as well as some of the concepts related to the tax avoidance concept (tax planning, aggressive tax planning and tax avoidance itself) in order to establish which are the tax arrangements that are targeted by the BEPS plan and the ATAD. To assess the effectiveness of the exit taxation we will raise some questions, that we will advance throughout the first chapter and that we found very important to help us fulfill the main objective. In the last chapter we will focus on the alternatives to this tool and we will include our point of view regarding the addressed subjects.