Journal articles: 'Instrumental aggression'

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Wilson, Marc Stewart, and Emma Peden. "Aggression and Hunting Attitudes." Society & Animals 23, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341341.

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Hunting has a long history, and contentious recent past. We examined the relationship between aggression and hunting attitudes, investigating the moderating role of sex. Two studies are presented—a psychometric evaluation of a unidimensional instrument for assessing hunting attitudes, which was then administered to a sample of general population participants to assess the relationship between aggression and hunting attitudes. Finally, university students completed measures of hunting attitudes and instrumental/expressive aggression. Men were more instrumentally aggressive than women and were more supportive toward hunting. The relationship between instrumental (but not expressive) aggression and hunting attitudes was moderated by sex—men’s hunting endorsement increased with instrumental aggression, while women’s endorsement of hunting decreased with increasing instrumental aggression. Expressive aggression was not predictive of hunting attitudes.

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Sherrill, Andrew M., and Lauren T. Bradel. "Contact sport participation predicts instrumental aggression, not hostile aggression, within competition: quasi-experimental evidence." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-01-2016-0207.

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Purpose Findings are mixed with regard to the link between contact sport participation and aggression. One possibility is that contact sport participation may be associated with instrumental aggression but not hostile aggression. The purpose of this paper is to employ a quasi-experimental design to investigate the prediction that young men who regularly participated in contact sports during high school, compared to those who did not, exhibit a greater disposition toward aggression in response to a non-provoking situation (instrumental aggression) and no dispositional difference in response to a provoking situation (hostile aggression). Design/methodology/approach The Taylor Aggression Paradigm was used to manipulate three levels of provocation (no provocation, low provocation, high provocation) and observe aggressive behavior in participants who varied in contact sport participants (yes, no). Findings Results indicated a significant two-way interaction between provocation level and contact sport participation such that contact sport participation positively predicted aggression before provocation was initiated (instrumental aggression), not after (hostile aggression). Originality/value This is one of only a limited number of studies to examine the link between contact sport participation and aggression at varying levels of provocation. Findings suggest the form of aggression associated with contact sport participation is predominately instrumental.

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Little, Todd D., Christopher C. Henrich, Stephanie M. Jones, and Patricia H. Hawley. "Disentangling the “whys” from the “whats” of aggressive behaviour." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 2 (March 2003): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000128.

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We examined the validity of a measurement system for the study of aggression that distinguishes among four principle dimensions of aggressive behaviour: overt and relational aggression (i.e., the “whats”) and instrumental and reactive aggression (i.e., the “whys”). The sample comprised 1723 adolescents (Grades 5 through 10) from Berlin, Germany. The internal validity of the measurement system was strongly supported, revealing four discrete dimensions of aggression: two overriding forms (overt and relational) and two underlying functions (instrumental and reactive). The differential and unique patterns of criterion-related validity strongly supported the distinctions among the constructs. The importance of disentangling these dimensions in understanding the development of aggressive behaviour is discussed.

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Ojanen, Tiina, and Sarah Kiefer. "Instrumental and reactive functions and overt and relational forms of aggression." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 6 (October 2, 2013): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413503423.

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This study examined the development of adolescent self-reported instrumental-overt, instrumental-relational, reactive-overt, and reactive-relational aggression during middle school ( N = 384; 12–14 years; 53% boys). Growth modeling indicated average increases in instrumental-relational aggression, and decreases in reactive-overt and reactive-instrumental aggression over time. Further, overt and relational aggression driven by reactive reasons (functions) predicted gains in aggression driven by instrumental reasons, and overt form of aggression predicted increases in relational form of aggression across time.

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Gustafson, Roland. "Alcohol-Related Aggression: A Further Study of the Importance of Frustration." Psychological Reports 57, no. 3 (December 1985): 683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3.683.

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This experiment investigated aggression as an interactive effect of alcohol and frustration in a situation where frustration was defined as strong and arbitrary and aggression as instrumental. 40 male subjects were randomly assigned to either an alcohol or a placebo group, each group further divided into an aggressive-cue group and a no-aggressive-cue group. Subjects either consumed an alcohol dose of 0.8 ml of pure alcohol per kg body weight or a placebo drink. Intensity and duration of shocks administered by subjects to a bogus partner in a supervision “cover task” were measures of relative aggression and absolute aggression was defined as number of shocks given. The aggressive cue manipulation had no effect, and both absolute and relative aggression increased only when intoxicated subjects were frustrated. Aggression was clearly of an instrumental kind with no ingredients of emotional aggression. The different dependent measures were highly intercorrelated and not associated with different types of aggression. The results were discussed as supportive of a model proposing a shift in attentional processes under alcohol to salient external features.

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Velasco Gómez, Mª José. "Violencia instrumental y sentimientos morales / Instrumental aggression and moral feelings." REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía 22, no. 3 (January 5, 2014): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.22.num.3.2011.11281.

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Peña, Maria Elena, José Manuel Andreu, José Luis Graña, Farzaneh Pahlavan, and Jesus Martin Ramirez. "MODERATE AND SEVERE AGGRESSION JUSTIFICATION INSTRUMENTAL AND REACTIVE CONTEXTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.2.229.

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The main goal of this study was to analyze the justification of interpersonal aggression various situations or contexts. For this purpose, a self-report instrument was employed that measures different kinds of aggressive behaviors in situations in which it may be considered justified: the Cuestionario de Actitudes Morales sobre Agresión (CAMA; Ramirez, 1991), a reliable and valid test to measure the different degrees to which youth and adolescents may justify interpersonal aggression (Ramirez & Andreu, 2006). A large sample (N = 735) of participants from various educational centers of Madrid was utilized. Results revealed that normative beliefs vary as a function of age, sex, and the instrumental-reactive context. Reactive situations elicited higher levels of justification than instrumental situations and higher levels in the justifying beliefs about severe aggression were found among men than among women and in adolescents than in young adults. There were no significant differences in the justifying beliefs about moderate aggression.

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Muñoz, Luna C., and Paul J. Frick. "Callous-Unemotional Traits and Their Implication for Understanding and Treating Aggressive and Violent Youths." Criminal Justice and Behavior 39, no. 6 (March 28, 2012): 794–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854812437019.

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This article reviews the current research literature on the development of aggression and callous-unemotional traits. Research suggests there are two functions to aggression, reactive and instrumental, and each has concomitant cognitive and emotional factors associated. Furthermore, callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., an absence of empathy and guilt) have been shown to be associated with the instrumental type of aggression. Research on CU traits suggests that there are distinct developmental mechanisms operating in the development of aggressive and violent behavior for youths with and without these traits. These distinct developmental mechanisms have important implications for the assessment and treatment of aggressive and violent youths.

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Mulligan, Bryce, and Stanley Koren. "Geopsychology of instrumental aggression: daily concurrence of global terrorism and solar-geomagnetic activity (1970-2018)." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10266.

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Formal scientific study of the geopsychology of human aggression dates back at least a century and has consistently demonstrated a positive association between solar-geomagnetic activity and aggressive behaviour. Advances in the theories, methodologies, and practical applications of geopsychology could therefore contribute to collective efforts to comprehend, to forecast, and to develop interventions for aggressive behaviours such as those seen in terrorism. This requires a rigorous and precise estimate of the magnitude of association between solar-geomagnetic activity and aggression using a representative, contemporary sample of strictly-operationalized behaviour. Here we show that days in recent history (1970-2018) with the lowest levels of instrumental human aggression (number of casualty-associated terrorism incidents) also had the lowest levels of solar and geomagnetic activity, and that stepwise increases in human aggression were mirrored by progressive increases in solar activity. We used Bayesian methods robust to outliers and heterogeneity of variance to analyze the most comprehensive and contemporary global database of terrorism incidents available, which included more than 106,000 unique instances of instrumental aggression spanning 48 years. We conclude that there is a small, nonzero promotional effect of solar-geomagnetic activity on terrorism-related aggression. This may reflect the fact that solar-geomagnetic activity serves as a zeitgeber that coordinates the expression of instrumental aggression across an aggregation of susceptible individuals. We propose that many behaviours – even instrumental acts such as terrorism which are presumed to involve a degree of planning and intention – may be subject to subtle geopsychological induction or suppression.

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Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "New Paradigm: Science on Aggression with Sport in the Background." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 67, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2015-0022.

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Abstract In this work, the author focuses in particular on aggressive behavior in competitive sports (highly ranked professional, spectator, and Olympic sports) and on the behavior of fans accompanying sporting events. Aggression in sports, when considered from the point of view of the regulations in specific disciplines, has two main variants. The first variant is necessary aggression, which is both instrumental and non-instrumental and is potential in the sense that it allows the manifestation of emotions which are not outlined in the rules of the discipline. Thus, aggression is considered necessary when it results from the rules of a given sport. The second form of aggression is a non-instrumental and unpredictable aggression which is of an emotional origin. It is reactive, characterized by anger, and aims to cause harm. It is not stimulated by the rules of a given sport, but on the contrary is restricted and punished by the rules. The author also points out that the aggressive behavior of fans before, during, and outside a sporting event will never be necessary in this respect because the rules, guidelines, or specific regulations of a sport apply to the behavior of players, not fans. Therefore, their aggression is potential, emotional, planned, or spontaneous, but never necessary.

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Fritz, Michael, Franziska Rösel, Hannah Dobler, Judith Streb, and Manuela Dudeck. "Childhood Trauma, the Combination of MAO-A and COMT Genetic Polymorphisms and the Joy of Being Aggressive in Forensic Psychiatric Patients." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081008.

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Aggression and violent offenses are common amongst forensic psychiatric patients. Notably, research distinguishes two motivationally distinct dimension of aggression–instrumental and reactive aggression. Instrumental aggression comprises of appetitive, goal-directed aggressive acts, whereas reactive aggression consists of affective, defensive violence with both their biological basis remaining largely unknown. Childhood trauma and functional genetic polymorphisms in catecholamines converting enzymes, such as mono-amino-oxidase A (MAO-A) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) have been suggested to augment an aggressive behavioral response in adulthood. However, it warrants clarification if these factors influence one or both types of aggression. Furthermore, it remains elusive, if having a combination of unfavorable enzyme genotypes and childhood maltreatment further increases violent behavior. Hence, we set out to address these questions in the current study. First, analysis revealed an overall marginally increased frequency of the unfavorable MAO-A genotype in the test population. Second, each gene polymorphisms together with a traumatic childhood significantly increased the AFAS (Appetitive and Facilitative Aggression Scale) scores for both reactive and appetitive aggression. Third, having a combination of both disadvantageous genotypes and a negative childhood served as a minor positive predictor for increased reactive aggression, but had a strong influence on the joy of being aggressive.

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Gustafson, Roland. "Human Physical Aggression as a Function of Frustration: Role of Aggressive Cues." Psychological Reports 59, no. 1 (August 1986): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.1.103.

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An experiment was performed testing whether aggressive cues are necessary or only facilitative in increasing aggression to a frustration and whether their role is to “pull out” aggression directly or to add to the experience of displeasure. 20 subjects participated and a modified version of the Buss' “aggression machine” was used in which frustration was manipulated within subjects and aggressive cues between subjects. Frustration was of an arbitrary kind and aggression was defined to subjects to have instrumental value in overcoming the frustrative event Results indicated that (1) frustration alone is a weak antecedent of aggression, (2) at low frustration aggressive cues seem to be necessary for aggression to increase, and (3) aggressive cues apparently elicit aggression directly. Results were discussed in terms of Berkowitz' reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

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Ostapenko, A. V., and S. Kolov. "Interrelations between anger and aggression among male veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72782-1.

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ObjectivesCombatants with PTSD show a higher level of aggression and dysfunctional anger influencing clinical picture and determining tolerance to treatment. Interrelations between emotional dysfunctions (anger), symptoms of combat-related PTSD and aggression are not clear.MethodWe studied relations between aggression, anger and PTSD symptoms in the group of 557 males-combatants (109 patients had marked symptoms of PTSD, 448 men showed subclinical symptoms), and in the control group of 234 healthy males. We used the Mississippi Scale for quantitative evaluation of PTSD and authorial methods for assessing anger and aggression.ResultsImpulsive aggression is the main form in veterans with PTSD, exceeding sevenfold indices in the control group (21,17 ± 1,92; 3,18 ± 0,38, P < 0,00001). Indices of this aggression are equal to level of instrumental aggression (3,03 ± 0,27; 3,88 ± 0,19, P < 0,001), in the control group various forms of aggression differed greatly, level of these types of aggressive behaviour was lower (0,45±0,06; 1,88±0,09, P < 0,0000001).Correlation analysis of indices of different aggressive behaviour and anger showed that dysfunctional anger has strong positive interrelations only with indices of impulsive (affective-hostile) aggression (P < 0,01), similar correlation with instrumental aggression was not discovered. In the control group significant correlations between anger and aggressive behaviour were not found.ConclusionsImpulsive aggression is mostly expressed in combatants with PTSD. Anger is the main determining factor for level, strength, intensity and frequency of impulsive aggression. Association between anger and PTSD is unique for combatants with impulsive aggression. Dysfunctional anger serves a general pathogenetic factor for combat-related PTSD and impulsive aggression.

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Belova, Olena. "The study of the instrumental aggression in the junior schoolchildren with the disordered speech development." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5095.

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The article deals with one of the most important problems of modern life − children's aggression, which becomes apparent in passively-aggressive, emotionally-destructive behavior and also as a result of physical and verbal insults at school, social-living space, in the child's close surrounding – family, game surroundings, etc. The presence of aggression in the child's behavior is always the reason of great problems in the process of communication, but the aggressive tendencies aren't to be evaluated only as negative phenomenon. Aggression can rise as well as subside on the background of the child's activity increase. It can become apparent occasionally in all children and it can indicate the kind of child's personal sphere disorder. Thus, aggression can help a child to develop the spirit of initiative. However, it can provoke reticence and hostility as well. The detailed analysis of the scientific theoretical approaches as for the determination of aggression gives the reasons to confirm that the majority of modern and classical scientists have analyzed the concept of aggression from two points of view: "the aggression" is any form of behavior aimed to the insult, doing harm to another living being, or "the aggression" is one of the forms of activeness, which can have positive or negative manifestation. That's why our investigation is dedicated to the analysis of the children's aggression from two points of view: positive phenomenon, which corresponds to the vital interest, self-defense, as well as negative, which corresponds to the cause of some suffering (harm) to any person or oneself. According to the results of the summary of the scientific methods, three types of aggression and six subtypes of aggression, and also their symptoms were found out: self-controlled types of aggression include controlled and completed subtypes of aggression; latent type – protective and depressive; behavioral type – demonstrative and physical. There have been discoveries of sides of aggression and the level of aggression shown in the children with normal physical and psychological development and also in the children with phonetic speech disorders (henceforth we use abbreviation: phonetic speech disorders – PSD), phonetic-phonemic speech disorders (henceforth we use abbreviation: phonetic-phonemic speech disorders – PPSD) and mildly manifested general speech disorders (henceforth we use abbreviation: mild general speech disorders– MGSD). The dependence between the level of speech disorders and peculiarities of different types and subtypes of aggression in the tested junior schoolchildren with normal speech, with PSD, with PPSD and with MGSD is determined. The general level of aggression awareness in junior pupils with normal and disordered speech is studied.

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Fanti, Kostas A., Paul J. Frick, and Stelios Georgiou. "Linking Callous-Unemotional Traits to Instrumental and Non-Instrumental Forms of Aggression." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 31, no. 4 (December 3, 2008): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9111-3.

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Kolov, S., and A. Ostapenko. "Correlation between lipid profile and different types of aggressive behaviour in combatants." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72957-1.

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ObjectivesAt present there is a discussion whether cholesterol level, aggression and violence are connected for they are characteristic behavioral patterns in combatants suffering particularly from PTSD.MethodWith the help of the Aggressive Behaviour Assessment Scale we examined 337 combatants and 116 healthy people, also we held an additional investigation of serum concentration of lipid profile. Reliability of results was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Also the correlation analysis (Spearman rank correlation coefficient) was carried out.ResultsCombatants showed an integrated overall index of aggression twice as much in comparison with the control group (2,44 ± 0,09 and 1,08 ± 0,08, Ð < 0,00001), impulsive aggression was five times greater (2,08 ± 0,12 and 0,39 ± 0,06, Ð < 0,00001), premeditated aggression was 1,7-fold (3,15 ± 0,11 and 1,78 ± 0,13, Ð < 0,00001). The highest points of emotional (impulsive, hostile) aggressive behaviour revealed negative links with concentrations of cholesterol (r = −0,109, Ð < 0,05), LDL total cholesterol (r = −0,109, Ð < 0,05), triglycerides (−0,137 ≥ r ≥ −0,108, Ð < 0,05). Certain positions of premeditated (instrumental) aggression positively correlated with level of total cholesterol (0,140 ≥ r ≥ 0,126, Ð < 0,01), LDL total cholesterol (0,141 ≥ r ≥ 0,161, Ð < 0,01).ConclusionsReduction of cholesterol level and its most atherogenic fractions increases intensity of impulsive aggression and diminishes instrumental aggression of aggressive behaviour whereas increase of lipid profile leads to opposite results. The obtained data can be of great importance for treatment and prophylaxis of cardio-vascular disorders which are so typical for combat veterans.

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Crick, Nicki R. "Relational aggression: The role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type." Development and Psychopathology 7, no. 2 (1995): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400006520.

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AbstractIn recent research a relationally oriented form of aggression has been identified that, in contrast to overt aggression that harms others through physical means (e.g., hitting), harms others through damage to their peer relationships (e.g., angrily retaliating against a peer by excluding her from one's play group). The goal this research was to assess the role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type (relational vs. instrumental) in children's relationally aggressive behavior. A total of 252 third- through sixth-grade children participated as subjects. A hypothetical provocation instrument was used to assess children's intent attributions and feelings of distress for ambiguous relational and instrumental provocation situations. Results showed that, as hypothesized, relationally aggressive children exhibited a hostile attributional bias and reported significantly higher levels of distress than did their nonaggressive peers for relational provocation situations. In addition, girls reported significantly higher levels of distress than did boys for relational provocation situations. Further, a comorbid group of relationally plus overtly aggressive children also exhibited a hostile attributional bias; however, their bias was evident for instrumental provocation situations only.

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Niewiadomska, Iwona, and Leon Szot. "Preference for Religious Coping Strategies and Passive versus Active Coping Styles among Seniors Exhibiting Aggressive Behaviors." Religions 12, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12070553.

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This article is theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part presents issues related to experiencing stress (including ways of coping with experienced problems) and the relationships between preference for various coping strategies and human behavior. The empirical part presents the results of research on the relationship between the frequency of seniors (n = 329) using 13 different ways to deal with experienced difficulties (including the strategy of turning to religion/religious coping) and 11 categories of aggressive behavior (retaliation tendencies, self-destructive tendencies, aggression control disorders, displaced aggression, unconscious aggressive tendencies, indirect aggression, instrumental aggression, self-hostility, physical aggression towards the environment, hostility towards the environment, and reactive aggression). The last part is devoted to a discussion on the obtained research results and the practical implications of using the strategy of turning to religion/religious coping in difficult situations as a factor protecting the elderly from aggressive behavior.

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Antonius, Daniel, Samuel Justin Sinclair, Andrew A. Shiva, Julie W. Messinger, Jordan Maile, Caleb J. Siefert, Brian Belfi, Dolores Malaspina, and Mark A. Blais. "Assessing the Heterogeneity of Aggressive Behavior Traits: Exploratory and Confirmatory Analyses of the Reactive and Instrumental Aggression Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Scales." Violence and Victims 28, no. 4 (2013): 587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00032.

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The heterogeneity of violent behavior is often overlooked in risk assessment despite its importance in the management and treatment of psychiatric and forensic patients. In this study, items from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) were first evaluated and rated by experts in terms of how well they assessed personality features associated with reactive and instrumental aggression. Exploratory principal component analyses (PCA) were then conducted on select items using a sample of psychiatric and forensic inpatients (n = 479) to examine the latent structure and construct validity of these reactive and instrumental aggression factors. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on a separate sample of psychiatric inpatients (n = 503) to evaluate whether these factors yielded acceptable model fit. Overall, the exploratory and confirmatory analyses supported the existence of two latent PAI factor structures, which delineate personality traits related to reactive and instrumental aggression.

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Rascle, Olivier, Geneviève Coulomb, and Richard Pfister. "Aggression and Goal Orientations in Handball: Influence of Institutional Sport Context." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1347.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of goal orientations with aggression in male adolescent handball across three institutional sport contexts, Physical Education, Interscholastic, and League (clubs). 30 handball games were videotaped (10 per context) and observed on monitor by means of a grid allowing the distinction between Instrumental (nonemotional and task-oriented) and Hostile (an emotional response which is an end in itself) aggression. 240 players also completed the “Questionnaire de Perception du Succès en Sport.” A main effect of context emerged from 2 separate one-way multivariate analyses of variance for goal orientations and aggression. Univariate F tests and Newman-Keuls post hoc analyses indicated that Ego-goal orientation and Instrumental aggression were significantly higher in the League context than in the other two. Statistically significant positive correlations between measures of Ego-goal orientation and aggression were observed. Discriminant function analysis indicated that strongly Ego-goal classified players displayed more Instrumental aggression than lower Ego-goal classified players.

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Rascle, Olivier, and Genevieve Coulomb. "AGGRESSION IN YOUTH HANDBALL: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GOAL ORIENTATIONS AND INDUCED MOTIVATIONAL CONTEXT." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.1.21.

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This study examined the effects of the interaction between young male handball players'goal orientations (13-15 years of age) and induced motivational context (individual vs. collective performance) on observed aggression. 10 handball games, 5 under each induced motivational context, were videotaped and observed on monitor by means of a grid allowing the distinction between instrumental and hostile aggression. The results indicated (a) significant effects of the Induced motivational context and the Motivational Profile; and (b) an interaction between Induced motivational context and Motivational Profile on observed instrumental aggression. In a collective performance-induced context, players classified as being strongly both task- and ego-goal oriented displayed more instrumental aggression compared with those classified as having strong task-goal orientation and low ego-goal orientation.

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Nelson, Terry A., Kori Callison, L. A. Witt, Benjamin Farmer, Sophie Romay, and Amanda Palmer. "Instrumental Aggression and Abusive Supervision: A Test of Theory." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 16889. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.16889abstract.

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Glenn, Andrea L., and Adrian Raine. "Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (July 2009): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.002.

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Atkins, Marc S., and David M. Stoff. "Instrumental and hostile aggression in childhood disruptive behavior disorders." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 21, no. 2 (April 1993): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00911314.

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Toro Tobar, Ronald Alberto, Juan García-García, and Flor Zaldívar- Basurto. "Factorial Analysis and Invariance Testing for Age and Gender of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ)." International Journal of Psychological Research 13, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4190.

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Reactive aggression is characterized by high emotional activation, impulsivity, and hostility, while proactive aggression presents a cold, instrumental, and planned strategy. The aim was to perform a psychometric analysis of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire [RPQ]. A non-probability sample of 502 people between 18 and 40 years old was formed, grouped by sex (n=297, 59.2% women and n=205, 40.8% men) and age (n = 224, 44.62% under 25 years old and n=278, 55.38% over 25 years old). The instruments were the RPQ, the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), and an affective scale (PANAS) in printed format. In this instrumental psychometric study, we found that the RPQ fits better in a model of two factors interrelated with residual covariances (CFI = .928, RMSEA = .044), presenting significant correlations with negative affect and anger rumination, as evidence of validity of concurrent criterion, especially with reactive aggression (anger rumination r = .542, and negative affect r = .359). Also, the test was not invariant between sexes and ages, given that the best fit was in the male sex and those under 25 years of age (∆CFI < 0.01, ∆RMSEA < 0.015). We concluded that women and adults over the age of 25 have a different aggressive response profile. These findings represent new directions of research around the measurement of aggressive behavior and the development of gender differentiated interventions for adolescents and young adults.

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Graña Gómez, José Luis, Jose Manuel Andreu, Heather Lynn Rogers, and Juan Carlos Arango Lasprilla. "STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SOCIAL REPRESENTATION OF AGGRESSION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.3.223.

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The principal aim of this study was to analyze the structural dimensions of social representation of aggression through the Expressive Representations of Aggression Scale – EXPAGG (Campbell, Muncer, & Coyle, 1992). This scale is used in many studies of aggressive behavior among youth and in adolescent populations. Moreover, the EXPAGG is one of the self-report techniques most commonly used in the field of aggression research to measure expressive and instrumental attributions. This study uses various statistical procedures to analyze the data from a representative sample of adolescents in the community of Madrid to conclude that the EXPAGG is a reliable and valid test to measure different attribution styles of aggression in youth and adolescents. In addition, a tridimensional structure of social representation of aggression and a significant effect of age and gender were found.

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Persson, Gun E. B. "Developmental perspectives on prosocial and aggressive motives in preschoolers’ peer interactions." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 1 (January 2005): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000423.

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Preschoolers’ prosocial and aggressive behaviours were explored longitudinally, with a focus on the inferred underlying motives of these behaviours. Forty-four children (initially 22–40 months of age) were observed in naturalistic interactions with peers, during a 2-month period, for each of three consecutive years. Three categories of prosocial behaviour (requested, altruistic, and nonaltruistic) and three categories of aggressive behaviour (reactive, proactive instrumental, and proactive hostile aggression) were explored for: (1) internal consistency; (2) developmental changes; (3) individual stability; (4) gender differences; and (5) interrelations. Internal consistency was moderately high for aggression and low for prosocial behaviour. All types of prosocial behaviour were enacted with increasing frequency as children grew older, whereas no developmental changes were revealed for the enactment of aggressive behaviour. Individual stability was found for aggression and for prosocial altruistic behaviour. A single gender difference was found: Girls outperformed boys on altruistic behaviour at the end of the preschool period. Patterns of intercorrelations indicated that (1) prosocial requested behaviour was unrelated to aggression; (2) prosocial altruistic behaviour was negatively related to aggression, in particular to proactive hostile aggression; (3) prosocial nonaltruistic behaviour was sometimes positively related to aggression. The theoretical significance of focusing on underlying motives rather than on behavioural forms is discussed.

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Strassberg, Zvi, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit, and John E. Bates. "Spanking in the home and children's subsequent aggression toward kindergarten peers." Development and Psychopathology 6, no. 3 (1994): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400006040.

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AbstractAlthough spanking of children is almost universal in U.S. society, its effects are not well understood. We examined the longitudinal relation between parental spanking and other physical punishment of preschool children and children's aggressive behavior toward peers later in kindergarten. A total of 273 boys and girls from diverse backgrounds served as subjects. The findings were consistent with a socialization model in which higher levels of severity in parental punishment practices are associated with higher levels of children's subsequent aggression toward peers. Findings indicated that children who had been spanked evidenced levels of aggression that were higher than those who had not been spanked, and children who had been the objects of violent discipline became the most aggressive of all groups. Patterns were qualified by the sexes of the parent and child and subtypes of child aggression (reactive, bullying, and instrumental). The findings suggest that in spite of parents' goals, spanking fails to promote prosocial development and, instead, is associated with higher rates of aggression toward peers.

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Fite, Paula J., Kirstin Stauffacher, Jamie M. Ostrov, and Craig R. Colder. "Replication and extension of Little et al.'s (2003) forms and functions of aggression measure." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 3 (May 2008): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408089273.

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The goal of the current study was to replicate the confirmatory factor analysis of Little et al.'s (2003) aggression measure in an American sample of 69 children (mean age = 12.93 years; SD = 1.27). Although an exact replication of the original model could not be estimated given the small sample, a modified model representing a conceptual replication provided a good fit to the data. Findings suggest that this child self-reported aggression measure can be used with American samples to distinguish four domains of aggressive behavior (relational, overt, instrumental, and reactive).

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Cooke, David, Christine Michie, Stephane Alexandre De Brito, Sheilagh Hodgins, and Lynda Sparkes. "Measuring life-long patterns of instrumental aggression: a methodological note." Psychology, Crime & Law 17, no. 4 (May 2011): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10683160903203953.

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Campbell, Anne, Steven Muncer, I. C. McManus, and David Woodhouse. "Instrumental and expressive representations of aggression: One scale or two?" Aggressive Behavior 25, no. 6 (1999): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1999)25:6<435::aid-ab4>3.0.co;2-q.

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Atkins, Marc S., David M. Stoff, Mary L. Osborne, and Kirn Brown. "Distinguishing instrumental and hostile aggression: Does it make a difference?" Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 21, no. 4 (August 1993): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01261598.

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Stafford, Ed, and Dewey G. Cornell. "Psychopathy Scores Predict Adolescent Inpatient Aggression." Assessment 10, no. 1 (March 2003): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191102250341.

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This prospective study found that psychopathy scores predicted aggressive behavior among 72 adolescent psychiatric inpatients, even after controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, length of hospital stay, and independent self-report measures of impulsivity and conduct problems. Psychopathy was assessed within 3 days of hospital admission by clinical raters trained in the use of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Aggressive behavior was recorded by clinical staff members who were unaware of psychopathy ratings. Adolescents rated higher in psychopathy exhibited higher frequencies of both reactive and instrumental aggressive behavior than adolescents rated lower in psychopathy. Post hoc regression analyses revealed that psychopathy had incremental validity in predicting aggression beyond the contribution of clinical diagnosis or scores on the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory.

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Lagerspetz, Kirsti M. J. "Theories of male and female aggression." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 2 (April 1999): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99391810.

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Sociobiology has ignored the results of psychology, which is the discipline between biology and society. Campbell's target article fills some of the gaps beautifully, but the fact that women's direct and physical aggression has increased during the past 20 years, undermines Campbell's evolutionary explanation of female aggression. The two classical types of theoretical explanations of aggression are that (1) aggression is a drive and (2) aggression is instrumental behavior. Expressive aggression, assumed to be typical of women, is no more drive aggression than is men's aggression.

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Rowell Huesmann, L., and Leonard D. Eron. "Individual differences and the trait of aggression." European Journal of Personality 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410030204.

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Aggression, as a variable of psychological study, has the hallmarks of a deeply ingrained personality trait. It is related to genetic and physiological factors; it emerges early in life but is influenced and shaped by a chilďs life experiences; it is consistently associated with gender and is stable or predictable over time and across situations. However, it does not follow that aggression must be viewed as a drive. On the contrary, in this article we argue that aggression is best represented internally as a collection of specific 'scripts' for social behaviour, emphasizing aggressive responding, and the associative structure relating these scripts to each other, to external cues, and to outcome expectancies. The construction and maintenance of these scripts obey well‐understood principles of human information processing. Once established, these networks of scripts may be extremely resistant to change. The result is a set of cognitive structures that promote consistent forms of instrumental and hostile aggression over time and across situations.

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Reidy, Dennis E., Amos Zeichner, Joshua D. Miller, and Marc A. Martinez. "Psychopathy and aggression: Examining the role of psychopathy factors in predicting laboratory aggression under hostile and instrumental conditions." Journal of Research in Personality 41, no. 6 (December 2007): 1244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.001.

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Murray-Close, Dianna, Nicki R. Crick, Wan-Ling Tseng, Nicole Lafko, Casey Burrows, Clio Pitula, and Peter Ralston. "Physiological stress reactivity and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of victimization, type of stressor, and child gender." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941400025x.

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AbstractThe purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between physiological reactivity to peer stressors and physical and relational aggression. Potential moderation by actual experiences of peer maltreatment (i.e., physical and relational victimization) and gender were also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol during which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships) and an instrumental stressor (e.g., threats to physical well-being, dominance, or property) were assessed. Teachers provided reports of aggression and victimization. In both boys and girls, physical aggression was associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stress and heightened physiological reactivity to instrumental stress, particularly among youth higher in victimization. In girls, relational aggression was most robustly associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stressors, particularly among girls exhibiting higher levels of relational victimization. In boys, relational aggression was associated with heightened physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at higher levels of peer victimization and blunted physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at lower levels of victimization. Results underscore the shared and distinct emotional processes underlying physical and relational aggression in boys and girls.

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Gupta, Maya. "Functional Links Between Intimate Partner Violence and Animal Abuse: Personality Features and Representations of Aggression." Society & Animals 16, no. 3 (2008): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853008x323385.

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AbstractActs of intimate partner violence (IPV) and abuse of nonhuman animals are common, harmful, and co-occurring phenomena. The aim of the present study was to identify perpetrator subtypes based on variable paths hypothesized to influence physical violence toward both partners and nonhuman animals: (a) callousness and instrumental representations of aggression and (b) rejection-sensitivity and expressive representations of aggression. Strong associations emerged between callousness and instrumental representations and between rejection-sensitivity and expressive representations. For males, callousness directly predicted both IPV and animal abuse. For females, rejection-sensitivity predicted IPV. Instrumental representations mediated the relationship between callousness and animal abuse for females but not for males. Results suggest that IPV and animal abuse functionally interconnect, that perpetration of animal abuse may differ in function across gender, and that identifying distinct pathways to violence may facilitate violence prediction and prevention.

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Testa, Maria, Laura T. Petrocelli, Cory A. Crane, Audrey Kubiak, and Kenneth E. Leonard. "A Qualitative Analysis of Physically Aggressive Conflict Episodes Among a Community Sample." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (June 21, 2017): 4393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517715023.

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Intimate partner aggression among community couples has been conceptualized as representing an occasional, situationally provoked response to a conflict. Yet, relatively few studies have considered the situational factors that contribute to the occurrence of an aggressive episode. The present study used thematic analysis to understand how episodes of physical aggression come about from the participant’s perspective. We examined narrative descriptions of relationship conflicts that included physical aggression to gain insight into the types of aggressive incidents experienced, the reasons and motives behind the aggression, and the meaning of these events. Married and cohabiting couples (ages 18-45 at baseline) were recruited from the community to participate in a longitudinal study of relationships. Heavy drinking couples were oversampled. At Wave 3, participants were asked to describe the most severe conflict they had experienced over the past year and to answer questions about severity and impact. Narratives that described use of partner physical aggression by one or both partners were subject to thematic analysis. Using narratives provided by 27 male and 29 female respondents (representing 51 different couples), we identified three primary motives or reasons for aggression: Expressive, Instrumental, and Punishment. Narratives suggested as a primary theme that participants view partner violence as unusual, undesirable, and hence, meaningful. This was particularly true for male-to-female violence, which appeared objectively and subjectively different from female-to-male violence. Findings provide unique insight into the function and meaning of partner violence, including its gendered nature, within a community sample. Implications for measurement of partner aggression are also discussed.

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McDermott, Barbara E., and Brian J. Holoyda. "Assessment of aggression in inpatient settings." CNS Spectrums 19, no. 5 (June 17, 2014): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000224.

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The threat of violence is a major concern for all individuals working or receiving treatment in an inpatient psychiatric setting. One major focus in forensic psychology and psychiatry over the past several decades has been the development of risk assessments to aid in the identification of those individuals most at risk of exhibiting violent behavior. So-called second- and third-generation risk assessments were developed to improve the accuracy of decision making. While these instruments were developed for use in the community, many have proven to be effective in identifying patients more likely to exhibit institutional aggression. Because the purpose of risk assessment is the reduction of violence, dynamic factors were included in third-generation risk instruments to provide opportunities for intervention and methods for measuring change. Research with these instruments indicates that both static factors (second-generation) and dynamic factors (third-generation) are important in identifying those patients most likely to engage in institutional aggression, especially when the aggression is categorized by type (impulsive/reactive, organized/predatory/instrumental, psychotic). Recent research has indicated that developing a typology of aggressive incidents may provide insight both into precipitants to assaults as well as appropriate interventions to reduce such aggression. The extant literature suggests that both static and dynamic risk factors are important, but may be differentially related to the type of aggression exhibited and the characteristics of the individuals exhibiting the aggression.

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Louise von Borries, Anna Katinka, Inge Volman, Ellen Rosalia Aloïs de Bruijn, Berend Hendrik Bulten, Robbert Jan Verkes, and Karin Roelofs. "Psychopaths lack the automatic avoidance of social threat: Relation to instrumental aggression." Psychiatry Research 200, no. 2-3 (December 2012): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.026.

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Fontaine, Reid Griffith. "Disentangling the psychology and law of instrumental and reactive subtypes of aggression." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 13, no. 2 (2007): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.13.2.143.

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Hay, Dale F., Sarah-Louise Hurst, Cerith S. Waters, and Andrea Chadwick. "Infants’ Use of Force to Defend Toys: The Origins of Instrumental Aggression." Infancy 16, no. 5 (February 28, 2011): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00069.x.

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Steadham, Jennifer A., and Richard Rogers. "Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression in Jail Detainees: An Initial Examination." Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 13, no. 5 (October 2013): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2013.847350.

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Panasiuk, Martyna, Alexandra Hertz, and Oliver Gale-Grant. "Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Receptor 1 Expressing Neurons Are Instrumental in Appetitive Aggression." Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 34 (August 21, 2019): 6610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0772-19.2019.

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Hoptman, Matthew J. "Impulsivity and aggression in schizophrenia: a neural circuitry perspective with implications for treatment." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852915000206.

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Elevations of impulsive behavior have been observed in a number of serious mental illnesses. These phenomena can lead to harmful behaviors, including violence, and thus represent a serious public health concern. Such violence is often a reason for psychiatric hospitalization, and it often leads to prolonged hospital stays, suffering by patients and their victims, and increased stigmatization. Despite the attention paid to violence, little is understood about its neural basis in schizophrenia. On a psychological level, aggression in schizophrenia has been primarily attributed to psychotic symptoms, desires for instrumental gain, or impulsive responses to perceived personal slights. Often, multiple attributions can coexist during a single aggressive incident. In this review, I discuss the neural circuitry associated with impulsivity and aggression in schizophrenia, with an emphasis on implications for treatment. Impulsivity appears to account for a great deal of aggression in schizophrenia, especially in inpatient settings. Urgency, defined as impulsivity in the context of strong emotion, is the primary focus of this article. It is elevated in several psychiatric disorders, and in schizophrenia, it has been related to aggression. Many studies have implicated dysfunctional frontotemporal circuitry in impulsivity and aggression in schizophrenia, and pharmacological treatments may act via that circuitry to reduce urgency and aggressive behaviors; however, more mechanistic studies are critically needed. Recent studies point toward manipulable neurobehavioral targets and suggest that cognitive, pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and neurofeedback treatment approaches can be developed to ameliorate urgency and aggression in schizophrenia. It is hoped that these approaches will improve treatment efficacy.

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Wann, Daniel L., and Michelle R. Sherman. "The Verbal Aggression of Spectators at Youth Baseball Games: Investigating the Impact of Competition Level, Team Identification, and Fan Dysfunction." Journal of Amateur Sport 5, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i1.6761.

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Previous research had found that level of team identification was positively associated with aggression at youth sporting events (Wann, Weaver, Belva, Ladd, & Armstrong, 2015). The current investigation was designed to extend this work by incorporating fan dysfunction into the model (i.e., fans who are confrontational and frequently complain). Spectators at either a recreational or select (i.e., travel) youth baseball game completed a survey packet assessing demographics, team identification with their favorite Major League Baseball team, identification with the youth team, fan dysfunction, and hostile and instrumental verbal aggression directed toward officials and opponents. Results indicated that, contrary to expectations, team identification was not a unique predictor of verbal aggression. Rather, fan dysfunction predicted each form of aggression, aggression toward both targets, and total aggression.

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Vigil-Colet, Andreu, Fabia Morales-Vives, and Jordi Tous. "The Relationships between Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity and Aggression across Different Samples." Spanish Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (November 2008): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004480.

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E. S. Barratt proposed the term impulsive aggression to define a kind of aggression that is characterized by acting without thinking because of high levels of impulsivity. Previous research using psychometric measures has shown that impulsivity and aggression are related as far as psychometric measures are concerned. Nevertheless, most of the research has been done with samples of university students. Our research tests whether this relationship is stable across different samples; university students, teenagers and workers. Our results show that impulsivity and aggression have a consistent pattern of relationships across these samples, with impulsivity being specially related to emotional and instrumental aspects of aggression. Furthermore, the effects of anger on aggression seem to show a pattern of relationship that depends on age, with a tendency to physical aggression in young people and verbal aggression in adults.

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Grady, Melissa D., and Roderick A. Rose. "The Empathy Index." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 18 (December 2011): 3790–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260511403755.

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This article examines the analysis of the psychometric properties, including the validity and reliability, of the Empathy Index (EI), a new instrument designed to measure empathy deficits of sex offenders. The EI was tested with a sample of 158 sex offenders incarcerated in North Carolina prisons. An exploratory factor analysis yielded three subscales: social aggression; instrumental (proactive) aggression; and justification. Social aggression was an unexpected finding, given this type of aggression is more commonly found in young females rather than adult male sex offenders. The instrument demonstrates promising construct and concurrent validity as well as strong internal reliability. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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Fox, Robin. "Defending the young: Female aggression, resources, dominance, and the emptiness of patriarchy." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 2 (April 1999): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99341819.

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Points of criticism of the target include: the extreme violence of females in defence of young despite high potential cost, the reality of female dominance striving, differences in male and female ritualization of aggression, the real existence of institutionalized female instrumental aggression, and the uselessness of “patriarchy” as defined as a category for differential analysis. It is concluded that it may in fact be the decline of patriarchy in the strict sense that leads to the female use of exculpatory explanations for aggression, thus reversing Campbell's proposed causal sequence.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Instrumental aggression'

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