Relevant bibliographies by topics / Instrumental improvements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Instrumental improvements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Instrumental improvements"

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Chauvineau, B., A. Journet, G. Vigouroux, J. Kovalevsky, G. Billaud, R. Boche, and M. Furia. "CERGA Photoelectric Astrolabe — Computational and Instrumental Improvements." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 156 (1993): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900173097.

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The compilation of three years of observations by the improved photoelectric astrolabe of CERGA has provided a star catalogue with an internal precision of 0.03″ in right ascension and 0.04″ in declination for 47 stars and a similar precision for 82 other stars solved only for right ascension (Vigouroux et al., 1992). The classical group reduction was used. External comparisons with preliminary HIPPARCOS positions showed that these numbers represent the accuracy of the catalogue. However, many changes in the instrument and in the reduction procedures are contemplated that should bring new significant improvements in these results.
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Clays, K., J. Jannes, Y. Engelborghs, and A. Persoons. "Instrumental and analysis improvements in multifrequency phase fluorometry." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 22, no. 5 (May 1989): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/5/006.

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Carpenter, P. "Microanalysis Standards and Instrumental Calibration: Practical Improvements in Analytical Confidence." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, S2 (July 2011): 844–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611005095.

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Rickly, Pamela S., Lu Xu, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, and Andrew W. Rollins. "Improvements to a laser-induced fluorescence instrument for measuring SO<sub>2</sub> – impact on accuracy and precision." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 2429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2429-2021.

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Abstract. This work describes key improvements made to the in situ laser-induced fluorescence instrument for measuring sulfur dioxide (SO2) that was originally described by Rollins et al. (2016). Here, we report measurements of the SO2 fluorescence emission spectrum. These measurements allow for the determination of the most appropriate bandpass filters to optimize the fluorescence signal, while reducing the instrumental background. Because many aromatic species fluoresce in the same spectral region as SO2, fluorescence spectra were also measured for naphthalene and anisole to determine if ambient SO2 measurements could be biased in the presence of such species. Improvement in the laser system resulted in better tunability, and a significant reduction in the 216.9 nm laser linewidth. This increases the online/offline signal ratio which, in turn, improves the precision and specificity of the measurement. The effects of these improvements on the instrumental sensitivity were determined by analyzing the signal and background of the instrument, using varying optical bandpass filter ranges and cell pressures and calculating the resulting limit of detection. As a result, we report an improvement to the instrumental sensitivity by as much as 50 %.
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Patsan, Alexandr V., and Aelita V. Shaburova. "CONCEPT OF ACCELERATION OF THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC PRODUCTION AT THE INSTRUMENTAL ENTERPRISE." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 6, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-6-2-41-47.

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The article considers the reasons for improving the concept of lean production at an instrument-making enterprise. For a visual representation of the state of the organization, a comparison of methods and tools of lean production with the current situation of lean production at JSC "NIP" is presented. A set of organizational measures is presented, consisting of several stages for sorting equipment, cleaning equipment, standardizing and performing improvements, systematization and continuous offer of improvements and their implementation. On the example of two parts manufactured at an instrument-making plant, the principle of technological measures to improve the implementation of lean production is presented. The result after technological measures is shown in detail per shift. A plan of improvement of all enterprises of the instrument-making industry is considered, according to the developed organizational and technical measures for JSC «NIP»
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Fujara, Franz, Danuta Kruk, and Alexei F. Privalov. "Solid state Field-Cycling NMR relaxometry: Instrumental improvements and new applications." Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 82 (October 2014): 39–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.08.002.

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Sinha, Prabha, Anita Dutta, and Kate Langford. "Instrumental delivery: how to meet the need for improvements in training." Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 12, no. 4 (October 2010): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1576/toag.12.4.265.27619.

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Kachel, Volker. "Investigations into Coulter Sizing of Biological Particles; Theoretical Background and Instrumental Improvements." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 3, no. 2 (July 1986): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19860030202.

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Chen, Ke, Vivian Wei Qun Lou, and Selina Siu Ching Lo. "A Tablet-Based Volunteer-Mediated Intervention for Cognitively Impaired Older People: A Pretest–Posttest." Research on Social Work Practice 30, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731519863103.

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Purpose: This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of a tablet-based, volunteer-led intervention (Lok Chi In-home Training) for cognitively impaired older people in improving cognitive and emotional health. Method: A one-group pretest and posttest design was adopted, involving 57 community-dwelling older people with cognitive impairments (Montreal Cognitive Score between 13 and 22, without neuropsychiatric behavioral problem). Trained volunteers performed eight in-home training sessions using a tablet to facilitate. Outcome measures include cognitive function, depression, activity of daily living, and instrumental activity of daily living. Results: A paired sample t test indicated that after receiving Lok Chi In-home Training, participants showed significantly large improvements on cognitive ability, moderate improvements on depression, and small improvements on instrumental activity of daily living. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility and potential benefits of Lok Chi intervention for improving cognition and emotion.
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Solodova, Rozaliia F., Vladimir V. Galatenko, Eldar R. Nakashidze, Sergey G. Shapovalyants, Igor L. Andreytsev, Mikhail E. Sokolov, and Vladimir E. Podolskii. "Instrumental Mechanoreceptoric Palpation in Gastrointestinal Surgery." Minimally Invasive Surgery 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6481856.

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Background and Aims. Small gastric or colorectal tumours can be visually undetectable during laparoscopic surgeries, and available methods still do not provide a 100% localisation rate. Thus, new methods for further improvements in tumour localisation are highly desirable. In this study, we evaluated the usage of the Medical Tactile Endosurgical Complex (MTEC) in gastrointestinal surgery for localisation of tumours. The MTEC provides the possibility of instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation, which serves as an analogue of conventional manual palpation.Methods. Ninety-six elective surgeries were performed, including 48 open surgeries, 43 laparoscopies, and 5 robot-assisted surgeries. The 20 mm version of the MTEC tactile mechanoreceptor was used in open surgeries, and the 10 mm version in laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgeries.Results. The mean time of instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation was 3 minutes 12 seconds for open surgeries, which constituted the early stage of the learning curve, and 3 minutes 34 seconds for laparoscopic surgeries. No side effects or postoperative complications related to instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation were observed, and this procedure provided data sufficient for tumour localisation in more than 95% of cases.Conclusion. Instrumental mechanoreceptoric palpation performed using MTEC is a simple, safe, and reliable method for tumour localisation in gastrointestinal laparoscopic surgery.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Instrumental improvements"

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Weaver, William Lancaster. "Instrumental improvements in MHz amplified ultrafast laser systems with applications to picosecond transient vibrational spectroscopy /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487779439846564.

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Johnson, Charles Clifford. "Fourier transform infrared spectrometric detection of chromatographic effluents: instrumental and methodological improvements using a flow cell interface." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54450.

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The Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR) has been used increasingly as a detector for various forms of chromatography. Clearly the most established marriage has been that of the Gas Chromatograph (GC) with the FTIR. GC-FTIR has been developed well beyond other forms. The main objective of this thesis, however, is to extend the FTIR as a detector to previously untested forms of chromatography using a flow cell interface. These forms of chromatography include High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), both normal-phase and reversed-phase, and packed-column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Normal phase HPLC-FTIR was demonstrated on not only analytical scale columns, but semi-preparative and microbore scales as well. Significant advantages, particularly with respect to the low solvent consumption, were found in the microbore HPLC-FTIR experiment. This led to the development of a chromatographically improved flow cell, the Zero Dead Volume (ZDV) HPLC-FTIR interface. The ZDV cell shows superior chromatographic characteristics and has unique spectrometric characteristics because of its unusual cross-section. Detection limits as low as 40 ng were observed. Extension to reversed-phase HPLC-FTIR required incorporation of the Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) technique of low-dispersion flowing extraction. The compounds separated by HPLC are extracted into an infrared-transparent solvent, and the extracted compounds are detected by similar means to normal-phase HPLC-FTIR. Investigation of SFC-FTIR incorporated a high-pressure, gold-lined lightpipe flow cell to detect the components separated by the supercritical C0₂/packed-column chromatograph. Several unusual spectrometric characteristics were noted. Detection limits as low as 50 ng were observed with SFC-FTIR.
Ph. D.
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Cecconi-Roberts, Lecia Anne. "Effects of practice strategies on improvement of performance of intermediate woodwind instrumentalists /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012957.

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Wong, Chiu Ho. "Color-filter LCOS microdisplay with space dithering algorithm for virtual resolution improvement /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202009%20WONGC.

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Alieu, Sanyang Famara. "Are patient satisfaction surveys tools for quality improvement or mere symbolism? : The case of Østfold Hospital Trust in Norway." Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3240.

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In 1997 and 2002 the Østfold Hospital Trust conducted patient satisfaction surveys. This study presented the results of the 2002 survey and compares them with the 1997 results. This is done to ascertain if there are any changes with regards to the dimensions the hospital scored poorly on in 1997. The purpose of this study is to find out if the patient satisfaction survey conducted at the Østfold Hospital Trust in 1997 was a serious attempt to improve the quality of the health care provided or only a symbolic act. The concepts of innovation, rational choice and institutional theory were used as spectacles to analyse how the Østfold Hospital Trust acted on the results of the 1997 patient satisfaction survey. The choice of study design is not an "either / or" situation between the quantitative and qualitative approach, since both methods can strengthen each other. This study has therefore employed a form of methodological triangulation. The finding of the study showed that the Østfold Hospital Trust can be termed as innovative, when they implemented the patient satisfaction survey in 1997. This because there was no coercive forces from the hospital owners to implement such surveys. There were only signals in the form of strategy documents. In spite of the hospitals innovative action in implementing the non-mandatory survey in 1997, the hospital leadership did not use the results to improve quality. Based on the findings, the study can conclude that the implementation of the patient satisfaction survey in 1997 was more symbolic, rather than a quality improvement act. Looking further than 1997, it’s important to remark that the hospital leadership resolved a number measures to improve quality, based on the 2002 patient survey. At the time of writing the issue of patient feedback as a quality improvement tool is high on the agenda at the Østfold Hospital Trust. The development point in the direction of a paradigm shift
I 1997 og 2002 gjennomførte Sykehuset Østfold to pasienttilfredshetsundersøkelser. Dette studiet har presentert resultatet av undersøkelsen fra 2002 og sammenlignet det med resultatet fra 1997. Dette for å se om det er forskjell på dimensjonene sykehuset har scoret dårlig på i de to forskjellige undersøkelsene. Hensikten med studiet er å undersøke om pasienttilfredshetsundersøkelsen gjennomført ved Sykehuset Østfold i 1997 var et kvalitetsforbedringstiltak eller en symbolskhandling. Fra organisasjonsteori ble begreper som innovasjon, ”Rational Choice” og institusjonsteori brukt som briller for å analysere det som har skjedd. Valg av metode var ikke en enten eller situasjon i forhold til kvantitativ eller kvalitativ metode, siden metodene kan styrke hverandre. Studiet legger vekt på metodetriangulering Funnene fra studiet har vist at Sykehuset Østfold kan betegnes som en innovativ organisasjon da organisasjonen gjennomførte undersøkelsen i 1997. Dette fordi det ikke var krav fra omgivelsene for å gjennomføre undersøkelsen, kun signaler i form av strategidokumenter fra sentrale myndigheter. Selv om organisasjonen er innovativ hva gjelder initiering og implementering av pasienttilfredshetsundersøkelsen, har sykehusledelsen ikke brukt resultatet til kvalitetsforbedringstiltak. Ut fra funnene kan studiet konkludere med at gjennomføringen av pasienttilfredsundersøkelsen i 1997 var mer preget av en symbolskhandling enn et kvalitetsforbedringstiltak.Ser en utover 1997 er det viktig å nevne at sykehusledelsen har vedtatt flere kvalitetsforbedringstiltak basert på undersøkelsen fra 2002. Akkurat nå er pasienttilfredshetsundersøkelser som kvalitetsforbedringstiltak satt høyt på dagsorden av sykehusledelsen. Utviklingen kan betegnes som et paradigmeskifte

ISBN 91-7997-135-0

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Buckingham, J. K. ""Time for health" : the development, validation and comparison of instruments to value improvements in health." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=122011.

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This work begins by describing a general theory of value which embraces many of the commonly used valuation techniques that have been developed by economists (the time tradeoff, the standard gamble and willingness to pay). These techniques share the common characteristic that each expresses value in terms of a sacrifice that people are prepared to make in order to achieve the benefit being valued. Here, those benefits comprise improvements in health. In the time tradeoff, the sacrifice used to express the value people would attach to an improvement in health, is the amount of time they would give up to obtain it. Hitherto this technique has usually asked people to accept a premature death as the payment for better health. In the standard gamble, the most commonly used sacrifice that people are asked to make is a risk of death in exchange for better health. With 'willingness to pay', people are asked to value health in terms of the amount of money they would exchange for better health. Empirical evidence is produced from three major studies, involving 4739 respondents. These studies confirm that two health valuation techniques (the standard gamble and the time tradeoff) do indeed appear to be more closely related to each other than to other valuation methods, not based within the economic theory. Further work establishes the validity of an adaptation of the time tradeoff technique to overcome some of the principal disadvantages of the method as it has usually been applied hitherto. This adaptation asks people to value health by giving up time during much shorter and more immediate time intervals.
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Nussbaum, Carolyn. "The Flute: the Mechanical Improvements on the Body of the Orchestral Instrument since 1847." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277877/.

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This thesis uniquely explains the mechanical improvements which have occurred to the flute over the last 147 years. Theobald Boehm revolutionized the flute by changing many of its components culminating with the 1847 model flute. Since that time other improvements have been made which enhance the flute's capabilities in terms of pitch, tone, timbre, and simplification offingeringpassages. Among those improvements which are discussed in the following pages are the Dorus G-sharp key, the gizmo key, the Cooper scale, and The Brogger Mekanik as well as the makers behind the various improvements including Vincent Dorus, George Barrere, and Albert Cooper.
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Brkanlić, Sandra. "Marketing Mix Instruments as factors of improvement of image of Higher Education institutions and student satisfaction." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667028.

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The main focus of the study is the analysis of the effects of marketing mix instruments in higher education institutions in building the image of higher education institutions and the satisfaction of students, all from the perspective of service users, which in turn, leads to a more successful positioning of a higher education institution in the higher education market. Therefore, the goal was to reach insight regarding marketing mix instruments which need to be improved in order to improve the image of higher education institutions and student satisfaction. The research conducted on a complete sample from higher education institutions in the Republic of Serbia and Spain, as well as on research subsample from higher education institutions in each country, led to the results which, matched to theoretical perspectives in this area, produced very useful and widely applicable conclusions, which serve as a contribution to the scientific and practical perspective.
El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el análisis de los efectos que las estrategias de Mlarketing tienen en la construcción de la imagen de las instituciones de educación superior, así como la satisfacción de sus estudiantes, todo desde la perspectiva de los usuarios del servicio, lo que, a su vez, las conduce a un posicionamiento más exitoso en el mercado de la educación superior. En definitiva, el objetivo es llegar a averiguar cuáles son las estrategias de marketing que deben optimizarse para mejorar la imagen de las instituciones de educación superior y la satisfacción de los estudiantes.La investigación realizada eu una muestra completa en dos instituciones de educación superior en cada uno de los dos países analizados (Serbia y España), así como en una submuestra de las instituciones de educación superior en cada país, ha dado resultados que, combinados con las perspectivas teóricas previas de esta área de investigación.
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Kloppers, Magdalena Maria. "Die invloed van Feuerstein se instrumentele verrykingsprogram op die ontwikkeling van denkvaardighede by onderwysstudente / Magdalena Maria Kloppers." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2865.

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This study was undertaken in an attempt to establish the cognitive development of student teachers and to determine the impact of Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment programme on the development and/or improvement of the cognitive skills of student teachers. A literature study was undertaken to highlight the importance and nature of thinking abilities necessary for learning, as well as the role of Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment programme in this regard. Explanatory mixed method research by means of testing, as well as a narrative analysis was employed. An empirical study with a pre-experimental research design in which intervention research was incorporated was conducted over a period of twelve weeks with twenty four second-year student teachers majoring in Mathematics. The students were randomly assigned to two groups. A pretest with the DAT-L test was administered to both groups to determine the extent of their thinking skills development. After the pre-test group 1 was exposed to intervention with the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment programme for a period of six weeks in an attempt to develop and/or improve thinking skills. After the intervention program group 1 was tested again with the DAT-L test in order to determine if the intervention programme had developed and/or improved thinking skills or not. After this, group 2 was exposed to intervention with the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment programme for a period of six weeks. After the six week period both groups were tested again with the DAT-L test to determine the impact of the intervention programme on the thinking skills of group 2 and to establish what happened to the thinking skills of group 1 during the period in which they were not exposed to the intervention. In support of the data gained through the test results, participants were requested to write up their perceptions of and experiences related to the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment programme in a narrative. The narratives were analysed and the results were utilized to support the data obtained with the quantitative study. Results indicated that room exists for improving the thinking skills of student teachers and that Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment programme possesses the latent potential to improve and develop thinking skills. The study is concluded with recommendations on how to develop and improve thinking skills.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.
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Ethington, Kalene Mears. "Developmental Stages Associated with Organizational Learning: An Instrument Development Study." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8287.

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Background: Previous research has identified four distinct developmental stages associated with organizational learning in high-performing hospital units: identity and ownership, team and respect, accountability and support, and reliability and sustainability. We designed a research instrument to measure these constructs. The purpose of this thesis was to establish the content and predictive validity of this instrument.Methods: The Organizational Learning Development Instrument (OLDI) consists of a total of 35 items in Likert-scale format. Item-level and instrument-level content validity were assessed using three cycles of cognitive interviewing with 28 nurses, and eight expert ratings. The OLDI was administered to nurses in Magnet® hospitals via a web-based survey. National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) reports were used for comparison of hospital performance. Predictive validity was tested using multiple linear regression. Based on a power analysis for multiple linear regression, reaching 80% power, with a medium effect size of 0.15, an alpha of 0.05, and five predictor variables, the target sample size was 92 hospital units.Results: Results from 63 inpatient units in 11 Magnet® hospitals were used. The scale- level content validity for this instrument was 0.95 and item-level content validity index scores ranged from 0.86 to 1.0, suggesting excellent content validity. No significant relationships were found between OLDI results and NDNQI measures. Significant correlations (P<.05) were found between several OLDI constructs and HCAHPS composites.Discussion: Correlations with HCAHPS scores help validate the OLDI, as well as the theory underlying the instrument. The OLDI may not have predicted NDNQI measures due to a lack of instrument sensitivity or because NDNQI results are strongly influenced by other factors. Nurse managers can use the OLDI to predict unit performance related to patient satisfaction and to determine actions that may improve unit performance. Replicating this study with a larger sample size and more diverse hospital performance and more uniform unit type could further validate this instrument.
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Books on the topic "Instrumental improvements"

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Majer, Katalin, and Luigi Sirianni, eds. Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-140-9.

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The Clinical-Scientific Report of the Meyer University Hospital is a precious tool for the sharing and dissemination of information that synthesises the method of working, the results and the paths for improvement to which particular efforts need to be devoted. It is therefore an evaluation tool aimed at both the interior and the exterior of the Hospital. It is a dynamic instrument, which ought to be refined in parallel with the improvements pursued by the Hospital itself.
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Mayer, Abby. A pamphlet for self improvement on the horn. Cornwall, NY (Box 388, Cornwall 12518): A. Mayer, 1997.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Medical Device Improvements Act of 1988: Report (to accompany H.R. 4640) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Instrumentation, National Science Foundation (U S. ). Office of College Science. Instrumentation for undergraduate science and engineering instructional improvement: Summaries of FY 1985 and FY 1986 college science instrumentation awards. Washington, D.C: National Science Foundation, 1987.

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Office, United States Government Accountability. Medicare: Improvements needed to address improper payments for medical equipment and supplies : report to the Ranking Minority member, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: United States Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC-Soft Open Method of Coordination from Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-246-2.

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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
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Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC-Metodo Aperto e Semplificato di Coordinamento da Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-254-7.

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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
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Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC – Sanfte offene Koordinierungsmethode – Soft Open Method of Coordination von Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-263-9.

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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
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Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC – Método Abierto de Coordinación de Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-267-7.

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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Improvements needed in the identification of inappropriate hospital care : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Instrumental improvements"

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Chauvineau, B., A. Journet, G. Vigouroux, J. Kovalevsky, G. Billaud, R. Boche, and M. Furia. "CERGA Photoelectric astrolabe - Computational and instrumental improvements." In Developments in Astrometry and Their Impact on Astrophysics and Geodynamics, 131. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1711-1_25.

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Almeida, Marcio de Souza Soares de, Mario Vicente Riccio Filho, Iman Hosseinpour Babaei, and Dimiter Alexiew. "Instrumented embankments on GEC." In Geosynthetic Encased Columns for Soft Soil Improvement, 49–68. London ; Boca Raton : CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa Business, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315177144-4.

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Schmidt, Yven. "IMPACT: Instrument for Supporting Improvement Process Activities." In Informationsmanagement — Herausforderungen und Perspektiven, 127–36. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84798-0_10.

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Niazi, Mahmood. "An Instrument for Measuring the Maturity of Requirements Engineering Process." In Product Focused Software Process Improvement, 574–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11497455_44.

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Feldhoff, Tobias, Katharina Maag Merki, Arnoud Oude Groote Beverborg, and Falk Radisch. "Concept and Design Developments in School Improvement Research: General Discussion and Outlook for Further Research." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 303–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_13.

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AbstractThis book aimed to present innovative designs, measurement instruments, and analysis methods by way of illustrative studies. Through these methodology and design developments, the complexity of school improvement in the context of new governance and accountability measures can be better depicted in future research projects. In this concluding chapter, we discuss what strengths the presented methodologies and designs have and to what extent they do better justice to the multilevel, complex, and dynamic nature of school improvement than previous approaches. In addition, we outline some needs for future research in order to gain new perspectives for future studies.
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Maag Merki, Katharina, Urs Grob, Beat Rechsteiner, Andrea Wullschleger, Nathanael Schori, and Ariane Rickenbacher. "Regulation Activities of Teachers in Secondary Schools: Development of a Theoretical Framework and Exploratory Analyses in Four Secondary Schools Based on Time Sampling Data." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 257–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_12.

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AbstractPrevious research has revealed that teachers’ regulation activities in schools are most relevant for sustainable school improvement. However, previous studies have severe methodological and theoretical shortcomings. This paper presents the results of a mixed-method case study at four lower secondary schools, in which we developed a framework for understanding regulation activities and processes in schools and analyzed teachers’ regulation activities by using time sampling data of teachers’ performance-related and situation-specific day-to-day activities over 3 weeks. Our results revealed that teachers engage in regulation activities only relatively seldom. Significant differences between teachers were found that are systematically related to the teachers’ specific roles in the school. Teachers rated their regulation activities as especially beneficial for teaching, student learning, and teachers’ learning but as less beneficial for team and school development. Small differences between schools were identified. Further, the results revealed significant correlations between teachers’ perceived benefit of the daily activities and teachers’ daily satisfaction. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the newly developed method appears to be suitable for recording teachers’ daily regulation activities in a (relatively) valid manner and, consequently, for use as a complement to existing instruments. Limitations are discussed, and the need for further research is described.
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Qu, Xiaofei, Xiangyang Lin, and Mu Li. "Research on Infrared Image Quality Improvement Based on Ground Compensation." In 5th International Symposium of Space Optical Instruments and Applications, 335–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27300-2_34.

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Spillane, James P., and Anita Zuberi. "Designing and Piloting a Leadership Daily Practice Log: Using Logs to Study the Practice of Leadership." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 155–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_9.

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AbstractThis article aims to validate the Leadership Daily Practice (LDP) log, an instrument for conducting research on leadership in schools. Using a combination of data sources—namely, a daily practice log, observations, and open-ended cognitive interviews—the authors evaluate the validity of the LDP log. Formal and informal leaders were asked to complete the LDP log for 2 weeks; observers shadowed a subsample of leaders in each school, 1 day per week. Using the three sources of data, the authors analyzed interview responses (specifically, the participants’ interpretations of the log); they matched log entries with observer recordings; and they compared (a) the characteristics of the social interactions that were entered into the log with (b) the overall sample of interactions that occurred while observers shadowed participants. The study shows that LDP log entries capture school leadership interactions as recorded by independent observers; it also demonstrates that study participants, with some exceptions, were not biased toward reporting certain types of interactions over others. Still, some log terminologies were problematic for participants, as was the limited sampling period of 2 weeks. The authors propose ways to (a) change the LDP log to reflect the concerns raised by participants in the cognitive interviews and (b) alter the sampling scheme to capture leadership around the school year. The LDP log is less costly and time-consuming than in-depth ethnographic studies, and it is an important tool for researchers who aim to collect data in schools, one that reaches beyond surveys.
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Gorgol, Andreas. "Housing Improvement Districts (HIDs): Ein neues Instrument für die Quartiersentwicklung?" In Quartiersforschung, 315–36. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-19963-4_15.

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Oude Groote Beverborg, Arnoud, Maarten Wijnants, Peter J. C. Sleegers, and Tobias Feldhoff. "Recurrence Quantification Analysis as a Methodological Innovation for School Improvement Research." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 219–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_11.

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AbstractSchool improvement and educational change can be facilitated by learning through reflection, as this allows teachers to discover ways to develop and adapt to change. Higher levels of engagement in reflection have been found to be beneficial, but it is unclear from which everyday routine in engagement in reflection higher levels arise, and thus whether occasions to make knowledge explicit should be organized with a certain constancy. In this study, we therefore used a conceptualization of teacher learning through reflection as a situated and dynamic process in which available environmental information, learning activities, and professional practices are interconnected, and co-develop. Seventeen Dutch Vocational Education and Training teachers participated over a period of 5 months. We explored the use of daily and monthly logs as measurement instruments and Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) as the analysis technique applied to the time-series generated from the daily logs. The findings indicated that teachers who make information from their working environment explicit more are also able to make new insights explicit more. The routine with which teachers make information explicit was found to be mostly unrelated to making new insights explicit. To reach their levels of engagement in reflection, some teachers organized opportunities to reflect with determined intervals, others seemed to recognize those opportunities as the working environment provided them, and some used a combination thereof. Moreover, the use of daily and monthly logs seemed to fit better to some participants than others. Only sometimes does organizing constancy in engagement in reflection seem to relate to the levels thereof. This study provides an example of how logs and RQA can be adopted to tap into professional learning as a dynamic and situated process in support of school improvement and educational change.
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Conference papers on the topic "Instrumental improvements"

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Gomes Perini, L. A., P. Bleuet, B. Buijsse, L. F. Tz Kwakman, and W. Parker. "Towards laboratory x-ray nanotomography: instrumental improvements on a SEM-based system." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Stuart R. Stock, Bert Müller, and Ge Wang. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2235993.

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Berg, H. P., and I. A. Beckmerhagen. "Experiences With Implementation, Application and Improvement of an Integrated Management System." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75639.

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An integrated management system encompasses all management and assessment activities. The organizational structure of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) quality management system is able to merge existing and future requirements. In this context the BfS management system encompasses quality management and radiation protection requirements as well as safety management, mining requirements and those of testing and calibration laboratories. Its structure allows the integration of function-specific management systems as well as specific requirements. The quality management system has taken into account the existing structure of documents to improve acceptability for the extended approach. Integrating management systems should enhance managerial and operational effectiveness. Whether or not this goal can or has been achieved is still a lingering question. A well-proven method to assess the effectiveness of any management system is auditing. Audits are designed to determine adequate compliance with applicable standards and guidelines. Moreover, they can and should be instrumental in identifying problem areas and potential improvements, along with corrective and preventive actions.
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Buzanowski, Mark A., and Dani Fadda. "Optimized Ammonia Injection for Power Plant SCR Systems." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22141.

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Ammonia injection grid (AIG) is used to introduce vaporized ammonia (NH3) into an exhaust gas stream for nitrous oxide (NOx) reduction in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. Computational and experimental studies on the AIG resulted in significant improvements in the turbulence mixing between the injected ammonia and the exhaust gas. Improved mixing is instrumental to maximize catalyst performance, extend catalyst life time, minimize catalyst volume, decrease system pressure drop, minimize reagent use and ammonia slip, minimize the overall size of the SCR system, and minimize risks associated with designing the SCR system. It is found that an AIG with a turbulence-generating edge dramatically increases the mixing efficiency and, therefore, reduces the mixing distance required to obtain acceptable distributions of the NH3 to NOx ratio. Results indicate over 50% reduction of the required mixing distance due to the turbulence generating edge. This work summarizes the obtained results from computational CFD simulations for two-dimensional and three-dimensional models, however the proposed arrangement of the injection grid has been successfully tested in laboratory experiments and applied to several commercial power generating systems. The commercial performance results will be reported in the subsequent publications.
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Anson, D., W. J. Sheppard, and W. P. Parks. "Impact of Ceramic Components in Gas Turbines for Industrial Cogeneration." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-393.

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A development thrust for the adoption of ceramic components in industrial gas turbines, now being sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, may have a considerable impact on the growth rate and ultimate capacity of the cogeneration sector. The economic justification for cogeneration rests on the ability to undercut the cost of purchased power after taking credit for the useful heat recovery, and it is frequently marginal after consideration of fuel, maintenance, and pollution control devices. After reviewing briefly the factors contributing to the economic viability of cogeneration systems, this paper presents arguments to show how the use of ceramics in industrial gas turbine can be instrumental in reducing installation and operating costs. Improved gas turbines based on ceramic materials technology also will provides means for meeting environmental protection requirements without the use of back end flue gas treatment, and will be able to utilize byproduct industrial gaseous and liquid fuels more effectively. These improvements can increase substantially the economic return from cogeneration systems, and are expected to result in increased cogeneration capacity and a sustained market for industrial gas turbines. Predictions are made of the size of the U.S. industrial gas turbine cogeneration market. The annual fuel savings resulting from displacement of utility generation capacity could amount to 2 × 1017 joules (2 × 1014 Btu’s) by the year 2010.
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Black, R. Steven, Aaron J. Hussey, and Randall L. Bickford. "Instrument Health Monitoring for Extending Calibration Intervals of Safety Related Instruments." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60102.

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The ability to extend calibration intervals for nuclear plant instrumentation has multiple benefits for improving productivity and reducing operating costs at nuclear plants. Benefits include fewer calibrations inside containment during an outage and associated reduced critical path time and ALARA exposure, reduced risk of calibration error or instrument damage during removal and replacement, and reduced operations and maintenance cost for instrument removal, calibration and replacement. A good instrument calibration program ensures instruments are checked frequently enough to provide a high level of confidence that they are performing within acceptable limits, but no more frequently. Over-testing of plant instruments and equipment should be avoided for two reasons: valuable resources are expended on maintenance that might not measurably improve plant safety, reliability, or efficiency; and the potential exists for adjustment errors or equipment damage each time an instrument is removed from service for testing. Over-testing increases the risk of errors or damage being introduced without a justifiable improvement in reliability. This paper discusses the regulatory framework for extending calibration intervals of safety related instruments for U.S. based nuclear power plants. Necessary changes to licensing, plant processes and procedures, training, and configuration management are summarized. An example application of pattern recognition modeling is provided to highlight the analytical support for the processes provided by active monitoring to confirm on-going instrument heath. The paper concludes with a listing of recommended steps to implement a practical program for extending calibration intervals of safety related instruments within the U.S. nuclear regulatory environment.
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Hoyle, Mike J. R., John J. Stiff, and Rupert J. Hunt. "Jack-Up Site Assessment: The Voyage to an ISO." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50056.

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As a mobile offshore unit, a jack-up can float, self-elevate and then impose proofing loads on the seabed to establish a safe working envelope for subsequent drilling or construction activities. Jack-up site assessment has seen significant advances over the 50 or more years that jack-ups have been deployed offshore. The advances have occurred as a result of both the improvements that have been seen in the analytical tools and also as a result of the many significant strides in our understanding of the physics of the jack-up and the ocean environment. Jack-ups, due to their semi-compliant nature, pose particularly difficult challenges to the designer and operator — more so than most offshore structures. This requires cutting edge technologies to assure that practical solutions can be reached without either too much conservatism or too little safety. These advances have often occurred, or been encouraged, as a result of the engagement of the operators hiring the jack-ups and their technical overseers such as Jan Vugts. Jan was instrumental in initiating the Shell study into jack-up site assessment that resulted in a follow-up JIP which developed the SNAME Recommend Practice. Since then ISO 19905-1 has been under development and Jan has provided both encouragement and also very detailed review comments. This paper charts the voyage from the early days of jack-up site assessment through to the development of the ISO and highlights some of the key technical developments.
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Bramwell-Dicks, Anna, Helen Petrie, and Alistair Edwards. "Can Listening to Music Make You Type Better? The Effect of Music Style, Vocals and Volume on Typing Performance." In The 22nd International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2016.029.

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Music psychologists have frequently shown that music affects people’s behaviour. Applying this concept to work-related computing tasks has the potential to lead to improvements in a person’s productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. This paper presents two quantitative experiments exploring whether transcription typing performance is affected when hearing a music accompaniment that includes vocals. The first experiment showed that classifying the typists as either slow or fast ability is important as there were significant interaction effects once this between group factor was included, with the accuracy of fast typists reduced when the music contained vocals. In the second experiment, a Dutch transcription typing task was added to manipulate task difficulty and the volume of playback was included as a between groups independent variable. When typing in Dutch the fast typists’ speed was reduced with louder music. When typing in English the volume of music had little effect on typing speed for either the fast or slow typists. The fast typists achieved lower speeds when the loud volume music contained vocals, but with low volume music the inclusion of vocals in the background music did not have a noticeable affect on typing speed. The presence of vocals in the music reduced the accuracy of the text entry across the whole sample. Overall, these experiments show that the presence of vocals in background music reduces typing performance, but that we might be able to exploit instrumental music to improve performance in tasks involving typing with either low or high volume music.
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Wang Kun, Wang Jie, and Shu Tao. "Improvement of Fission Bootstrap Particle Filtering." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2011.6037863.

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Wang Yunye, Li Yong, Song Jun, and Pan Rimin. "Improvement of liquid viscous coefficient experiment instrument." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2011.6037992.

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Cronin, James A., Mary Frecker, and Abraham Mathew. "Design of a Compliant Endoscopic Suturing Instrument." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34832.

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This paper outlines the development and initial optimization of a compliant endoscopic suturing instrument. The developing field of Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery requires innovative instruments to meet the size limitations inherent in this type of minimally invasive surgery; using compliant mechanisms is proposed as one method of meeting this requirement. Three initial compliant designs were created, modeled, and compared for a distal opening of 10 mm. Restricting these designs so that they must fit within a 3.3 mm working channel is currently unique in endoscopic suturing instruments. A design that utilizes contact for stress relief and intertwining parts for added deflection was selected from the three. ANSYS® was used to aid in graphical optimization to maximize the jaw opening and maximize the puncture force of the selected design. The best geometry has a distal opening of 13.8 mm at the tips and can supply a puncturing force of 6.33 N. A prototype has been machined using the optimized dimensions and is ready to be tested. This initial study in compliant suturing instrument designs has revealed response patterns for the chosen geometries that will lead to further refinements and improvements in future models.
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Reports on the topic "Instrumental improvements"

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Dreyer, J. G., M. T. Burks, and Y. Ham. SPG (Spectroscopic Planar Germanium) Field Tests and Instrument Improvements Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1179421.

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Goodsell, Alison Victoria, Martyn Thomas Swinhoe, Vladimir Henzl, Kiril Dimitrov Ianakiev, Metodi Iliev, Carlos D. Rael, and David J. Desimone. Differential Die-Away Instrument: Report on Neutron Detector Recovery Performance and Proposed Improvements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1159063.

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Newman, Richard L., and Randall E. Bailey. Improvement of Head-Up Display Standards. Volume 5. Head Up Display ILS (Instrument Landing System) Accuracy Flight Tests. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada194602.

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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО РЕЖИМА РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В ОБЛАСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ. DOI CODE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0106-5647-2019-26026.

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In the article shows the importance of the global nuclear safety regime, reveals the role of legal instruments (international nuclear conventions and safety standards) as its constituent elements, highlights and discusses the key stages of development and improvement of international legal regulation of nuclear safety, reflects the latest changes and trends in the field. It is noted that the lack of independence and transparency of the regulatory authority, non-compliance of the requirements of laws, regulations and technical standards with international standards leads to tragic consequences. An example of the consequences of non-compliance with nuclear safety principles, in particular, is the accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant. Therefore, it is important to create not only a system of safety standards, but also the conditions necessary to ensure its application by all participants of activity in the field of atomic energy usage.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.

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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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