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Steinfeld, Michael. "Contextual Control Of Instrumental Actions And Habits Following Retroactive Interference." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1041.
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It is commonly accepted that instrumental responses that have been extinguished can return. For example, in a phenomenon known as the renewal effect, extinguished behaviors return upon removal from the extinction context. Another well-accepted notion is that instrumental behaviors can be thought of as goal-directed actions, which form over the course of moderate amounts of practice or training, and habits, which form after extended practice. Despite years of research on both topics, what happens to actions and habits following extinction is poorly understood. The present experiments examined the renewal of actions and habits following retroactive interference paradigms such as extinction and additional training. Experiment 1 examined renewal of an action following its extinction in a separate context, and demonstrated that the extinguished behavior renewed as an action upon return to the acquisition context. Experiment 2 asked the same question about habits, and found that the behavior renewed as a habit after extinction upon return to the acquisition context. Experiment 3 examined renewal of goal-directed responding in one context following extensive training and conversion into habit in another context. It demonstrated that a single response could manifest as a habit in one context, and renew as an action in the original training context. Experiment 4 asked if this effect depends on returning to the acquisition context, or simply removal from the habit training context. The results suggest that mere removal from the habit training context is sufficient to renew the goal-directed properties of a behavior. Together, the results suggest that actions and habits can be inhibited in a context-specific manner by extinction, and that instrumental behaviors can have both action and habit properties that can each renew under the proper circumstances. The results also expand on the notion that habits are especially context specific, while actions can transfer across contexts.
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Schepers, Scott Timothy. "Renewal In The Context Of Stress: A Potential Mechanism Of Stress-Induced Reinstatement." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/780.
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In the animal laboratory, stressors can produce the relapse of drug-seeking behaviors after the behavior has been inhibited by extinction. This type of relapse has been called stress-induced reinstatement, and it models the relapse that is commonly reported in human populations. Interestingly, in the laboratory, stress does not typically reinstate extinguished behaviors that have been reinforced by food. One account of the discrepancy is that drugs of abuse may induce stress; therefore, when organisms learn to respond for drugs, they might learn to make the response in the “context” of stress. If so, then stress-induced reinstatement may be better described as renewal in a stress context. Renewal is the type of relapse that occurs when a behavior is returned to the original training context (or is shifted to a new context) after it has been inhibited or suppressed by extinction. Although renewal has usually been studied with contexts that differ in their exteroceptive cues, interoceptive cues (e.g., mood, food deprivation, and drug states) may also provide contexts. Accordingly, if an interoceptive stress state is present when food-seeking behavior is learned, then extinguished food seeking, like drug seeking, should also renew when the organism is stressed after extinction. In this dissertation, I discuss six experiments that investigated this hypothesis. Experiment 1 found that stressors renew extinguished food-seeking if they are also present during instrumental training. Experiments 2 and 3 then provided preliminary evidence that this effect is not exclusively due to incentive learning. Experiment 4 then suggested that interoceptive stress, and not the particular stressor that produces it, may indeed serve as a general interoceptive context that controls the effect. Experiment 5 found that stressors present for acquisition but not extinction training render behavior susceptible to stress induced relapse. The final experiment found that food-reinforced behavior learned in a context created by a cocaine injection renews after cocaine administration but not after footshock stress. Overall, the results indicate that the presence of interoceptive stress stimuli may play the role of context in a renewal paradigm and promote behavioral relapse when re-encountered after extinction. The implications for relapse that often occur following successful suppression of drug use and overeating behaviors are both discussed.
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Schepers, Scott Timothy. "The Effects of Reinforcer Distribution During Response Elimination on Resurgence of an Instrumental Response." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/280.
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Resurgence is the relapse of an extinguished instrumental behavior that can occur when an alternative behavior that was introduced to replace it is itself extinguished. In a typical resurgence experiment, rats are trained to make a response (R1) for food reinforcers. In a second phase, responses on R1 are no longer reinforced, but a new response (R2) is introduced and responses on it are reinforced. During a third phase, reinforcement for R2 is removed and behavior on R1 often returns (or "resurges") despite remaining on extinction.
The current experiments were designed to examine the effects of the temporal distribution of reinforcers delivered during Phase 2 on later resurgence. The role of these alternative reinforcers is central to theories that have been proposed to account for resurgence. The experiments provided a special opportunity to contrast predictions made by the Shahan-Sweeney Model (Shahan & Sweeney, 2011) and a contextual account of resurgence (Winterbauer & Bouton, 2010).
Experiments 1 and 2 examined resurgence when alternative reinforcement during Phase 2 was delivered according to the same set of daily reinforcement schedules presented in different orders. That is, one group received rich reinforcement rates that were gradually thinned to leaner ones (Group Thinning) and another group received lean rates that were gradually increased to richer ones (Group Reverse Thinning). Both procedures weakened resurgence compared to that in a group that received the richest rate (a variable interval, or VI 10-s schedule that arranged for a reinforcer to be available for a response every 10s on average) during all of the Phase 2 sessions. However, the forward thinning procedure was more effective than the reverse thinning procedure at eliminating the resurgence effect.
Experiment 3 examined resurgence when alternative reinforcement was only available for R2 during every other session. The results indicated that daily alternations of a VI 10-s schedule with an extinction schedule for R2 weakened resurgence compared to groups that either received the same average rate over the entire phase (VI 17.5-s) or that received the same terminal rate (VI 10-s) in every session.
The Shahan-Sweeney model cannot account for several of the current results. Instead, the results are most consistent with a contextual account of resurgence. That is, resurgence can be conceptualized as an ABC renewal effect in which extinguished R1 behavior returns when an animal is removed from an extinction "context" provided by R2 reinforcement. Lean reinforcement rates at any time during Phase 2 allow the animal to learn to inhibit R1 under conditions that generalize to the extinction conditions that prevail during the resurgence test. The results also suggest that experience with alternating extinction sessions or lean reinforcement rates close to the final resurgence test are especially effective at eliminating the resurgence effect.
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Eddy, Meghan. "Exercise in developing rats promotes plasticity in the prefrontal cortex: behavioral and neurobiological indications." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/548.
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Physical exercise has repeatedly been shown to trigger positive effects on brain function including improved learning, memory, and executive functions. In addition, corresponding physiological changes have been observed, such as increased neurotrophic factors, changes in neurotransmitter concentrations, and increased dendritic spines. However, these changes have not been well described outside of the hippocampus, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and have not been directly compared at different points of development. Because the prefrontal cortex is one of the last brain areas to fully mature, considering the age at which intervention, such as exercise, takes place is particularly important. Additionally, in human studies the data suggest that exercise has the most profound effects on prefrontal-mediated cognitive functions, while there is considerably less evidence on how exercise affects these functions in animals. The experiments presented here draw upon several well-established methodologies to explore the behavioral and physiological changes due to exercise that take place during adulthood compared to adolescence, as well as the role of mPFC sub regions in instrumental extinction and renewal.
To that end, these experiments employ conditioning paradigms using appetitive lever-pressing to assess renewal of extinguished instrumental responding following exercise or pharmacological manipulations. Additionally, because there are multiple reports suggesting that early experiences can affect prefrontal neuronal morphology, dendritic length, complexity, and spine density was examined in young or adult male rats that had access to a locked (no exercise) or unlocked (exercise) running wheel for two weeks. Furthermore, norepinephrine transporter (NET) protein expression in the mPFC was examined by Western blot. Collectively, these experiments suggest that exercise in developing, but not adult rats, reduces the expression of instrumental renewal. The precise role of the mPFC and its sub-regions (i.e., prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL)) in instrumental renewal was examined, providing evidence that the behavioral consequences of physical exercise may be due to modifications not only restricted to the mPFC, but also that exercise may have preferential effects on sub-regions, or change the balance of activation. The finding that when juvenile rats exercised they showed less ABA renewal than non-exercisers, paired with the reduction of ABA renewal when the PL was inactivated (and indeed, almost an identical reduction in the two experiments) points to the deduction that exercise is affecting the PL, perhaps more so than the IL or other mPFC regions.
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Nahum, Noemie Nelly. "Projeto urbano: instrumento de di?logo?" Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2017. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/979.
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Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas
It is proposed to reflect the research from the point of view of theory and practice, considering them inseparably related to the process of methodological reconstruction in the applied social sciences, especially in the area of architecture and urbanism. The discussion involves the development of an urban projectc in the Village neighborhood in Campinas, S?o Paulo, understanding it as a political and technical vehicle for dialogue among the social agents involved in it. Urban regeneration of public spaces is privileged, taking into account that, under dialogical conditions, the collective subject can guide the treatment of daily territory.
Prop?e-se refletir a pesquisa do ponto de vista da teoria e da pr?tica, considerando-as indissociavelmente relacionadas ao processo de reconstru??o metodol?gica nas ci?ncias sociais aplicadas, especialmente na ?rea de arquitetura e urbanismo. A discuss?o envolve o desenvolvimento de um projeto urbano no bairro Village em Campinas, S?o Paulo, compreendendo-o como ve?culo pol?tico e t?cnico de di?logo entre os agentes sociais nele envolvidos. Privilegia-se a requalifica??o urbana dos espa?os livres p?blicos, levando em conta que, sob condi??es dial?gicas, o sujeito coletivo possa orientar o tratamento do territ?rio cotidiano.
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Cunha, Kamyla Borges da. "Mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo : evolução do instrumento e suas perspectivas." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263871.
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Orientadores: Arnaldo Cesar Walter, Fernando C. Fernandes ReiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, analisou-se o MDL, delineando-lhe o conceito, objetivos, princípios, procedimento de implantação e os critérios de elegibilidade; o delineamento da inserção do MDL no Brasil; e a investigação da potencialidade do MDL como ferramenta de obtenção de formas renováveis de energia, possibilitando a futura análise da efetividade desse instrumento como ferramenta de promoção de novos padrões de obtenção de energia. Foi realizada ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, a contemplar as bases científicas das mudanças climáticas, o processo de negociação, os objetivos e princípios da CQNUMC, o histórico e aspectos do Protocolo de Quioto; o funcionamento do regime jurídico-político instituído por esses tratados; o MDL, seus objetivos, estrutura, dinâmica e processo de certificação, enfocando-se, de forma crítica, os critérios de elegibilidade. Depois da contextualização do plano teórico do MDL, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a operacionalização do MDL no mercado de carbono, explicitando a teoria econômica subjacente aos mecanismos de flexibilização, assim como o funcionamento do mercado de carbono. Tomando como base a visão geral do MDL, procurou-se focar a inserção do MDL no Brasil, dando-se destaque aos aspectos relacionados ao setor de energia
Abstract: This study has as main objectives the anaIysis of CDM, expIaining its concept, objectives, principIes and procedures, eIigibiIity criteria; the investigation of CDM impIementation in BraziI; and the assessment of the potentiaI to use CDM as a tooI to incentive sustainabIe energy generation. In order to achieve these aims, it was made a bibliographic revision about scientific basis of climate change, intemationaI negotiation process, UNFCCC objectives and principIes, Kyoto Protocol main aspects; dynamics of the cIimate regime impIemented by these treaties; the CDM, its objectives, structure, dynamics and procedures and modalities, a criticaI assessment of its eligibility criteria and the CDM dynamics in the carbon market. After this, and taking into account the main aspects of this anaIysis, it was investigated CDM impIementation in BraziI, focusing the reIated energy aspects
Mestrado
Energia, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Park, Sunjoo. "THE INFLUENCE OF STATE-LEVEL RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY INSTRUMENTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1378981927.
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Fais, Birgit [Verfasser], and Alfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Voß. "Modelling policy instruments in energy system models : the example of renewable electricity generation in Germany / Birgit Fais. Betreuer: Alfred Voß." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074139690/34.
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Abotah, Remal. "Evaluation of Energy Policy Instruments for the Adoption of Renewable Energy: Case of Wind Energy in the Pacific Northwest U.S." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2128.
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The wide use of renewable energy technologies for generating electricity can be seen as one way of meeting environmental and climate change challenges along with a progression to a low-carbon economy. A large number of policy instruments have been formed and employed to support the adoption of renewable energy technologies in the power generation sector. However, the success of these policies in achieving their goals relies on how effective they are in satisfying their targets and thus increasing renewable energy adoption. One measurement for effectiveness of policy instruments can be their contribution to the input of the process of renewable energy adoption and their effect on satisfying regional goal.
The objective of this research is evaluate the effectiveness of energy policy instruments on increasing the adoption of renewable energy by developing a comprehensive evaluation model. Criteria used in this assessment depend on five perspectives that are perceived by decision makers as important for adoption process. The decision model linked the perspectives to policy targets and various energy policy instruments. These perspectives are: economic, social, political, environmental and technical. The research implemented the hierarchical decision model (HDM) to construct a generalized policy assessment framework. Data for wind energy adoption in the Pacific Northwest region were collected as a case study and application for the model. Experts' qualitative judgments were collected and quantified using the pair-wise comparison method and the final rankings and effectiveness of policy alternatives with respect to the mission were identified. Results of this research identified economic feasibility improvement of renewable energy projects as the most influential perspective and that renewable portfolio standards and tax credits are the two most effective criteria to accomplish that. The research also applied sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis to identify the effect of regional perspectives future priority changes on determining the most effective policy for this perspective. Results showed that renewable portfolio standards and tax credits were found to be the two most effective policies among the alternatives assessed. The research model and outcome can serve as policy check tool in policy making for renewable energy development in any region. Based on the overall research findings, policymakers can apply specific policy instruments to support adoption efforts for any given scenario and regional emphasis.
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Almeida, Adriana Ripka de. "Indicadores energéticos: instrumentos de apoio ao desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1606.
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CapesOs indicadores energéticos são instrumentos de apoio a processos decisórios, sobre energia, e com a crescente discussão sobre desenvolvimento sustentável estes instrumentos passaram a incorporar informações socioambientais, além dos tradicionais fatores econômicos. Sendo assim, na busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, torna-se relevante conhecer quais são as contribuições e limitações destes instrumentos. Com este fim, o objetivo geral é analisar as contribuições e limitações dos indicadores energéticos como instrumentos de apoio ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta pesquisa é classificada como descritiva, utilizando levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Como resultado da análise documental foram selecionados 55 indicadores energéticos para o desenvolvimento sustentável (Energy Indicator Sustainable Development – EISD), sendo estes identificados a partir das instituições International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Helio International e World Energy Council (WEC), dentre 19 instituições ligadas à pesquisa sobre energia identificadas na pesquisa. Durante a análise, percebeu-se que a maioria dos indicadores selecionados, 19 EISDs (34,54%), se concentra na dimensão econômica, seguidos de 10 EISDs (18,18%) na dimensão ambiental, 9 EISDs (16,36%) na dimensão social, 7 EISDs (12,45%) são classificados em resiliência, 4 EISDs (7,27%) em governança, 3 EISDs (5,45%) em vulnerabilidade e 3 EISDs (5,45%) em política. Apesar da inclusão de indicadores ligados a outras dimensões, além da econômica, a qualidade da informação gerada pelos indicadores surge como uma limitação destes, pois, identificou-se que, em casos recorrentes, as informações geradas pelos EISDs podem ser interpretadas tanto de forma a favorecer o desenvolvimento sustentável quanto a levar a ações opostas a este objetivo. Ainda, foram identificados EISDs cujos componentes não foram especificados, o que pode possibilitar a geração de informações afastadas do cenário real, caso sejam utilizados componentes que não possuem relação com o EISD, ou mesmo a não utilização de componentes relevantes. Ainda assim, apesar das limitações, a existência de conjuntos de EISDs para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão é um fato que contribui na busca por desenvolvimento sustentável, e que deve ser aprimorado, pois a disponibilidade de informações envolvendo questões socioambientais, como emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, de solo e de água, resultantes de fontes energética, possibilita identificar quais fontes são mais, ou menos, prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Contudo, a dificuldade na coleta de dados, na identificação dos componentes para o cálculo de cada indicador e mesmo na interpretação deste, como destacado, pode não só deixar de contribuir com o desenvolvimento sustentável, como pode protelar a tomada de decisões corretivas ou preventivas.
Energy indicators are tools to support decision-making on energy. The growing debate on sustainable development, contributed to the energy indicators began to incorporate, besides the traditional economic, social and environmental information. Therefore, taking sustainable development into account, it is important to know contributions and limitations of these tools. The overall goal of this study is to analyze the contributions and limitations of the energy indicators as assets to support sustainable development.This study can be classified as descriptive because it relies on bibliographical and documental material. As a result of documental analysis, 55 energy indicators for sustainable development (EISD) were selected. The selection took place by identification of those indicators through the institutions International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Helio International and World Energy Council (WEC), among 19 institutions involved in research on energy identified in the survey. The study stresses that most of the selected indicators focuses on the economic dimension, 19 EISDs (34.54%), followed by 10 EISDs (18.18%) focused on the environmental dimension, 9 EISDs (16.36%) focused on the social issues, 7 EISDs (12.45%) are classified as resilience, 4 EISDs (7.27%) is about governance, 3 EISDs (5.45%) focused on vulnerability and 3 EISDs (5.45%) is about policy. Despite the inclusion of indicators associated with other dimensions than economy, information provided by those indicators emerges as their own limitation. Because, recently, indicators’ information were used to promote sustainable development as well as the opposite. Additionally, the study identified EISDs whose components were not specified. They may enable generation of information far from the real scenario, if components dissociated EISD would be taking into consideration or even the non-consideration of relevant components. Despite limitations, EISDs assisting decision-makers contributes to the pursuit of sustainable development. But they may be improved through information about environmental issues, such as emission of atmospheric pollutants, soil and water, resulting from energy sources, helps identifying which sources are more or less harmful for sustainable development. However, difficulty in collecting data, identifying the components for calculation of each indicator and even interpretation of this, as analyzed, may not only fail to contribute to sustainable development, as can delay taking corrective or preventive decisions.
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Chirambo, Dumisani [Verfasser], Eike [Gutachter] Albrecht, and Bachar [Gutachter] Ibrahim. "Enhancing renewable energy deployment in Malawi through climate finance instruments: policy challenges and prospects / Dumisani Chirambo ; Gutachter: Eike Albrecht, Bachar Ibrahim." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150705531/34.
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Hu, Mengyin. "The transfer of renewable energy policy instruments from Europe to Southeast Asia : A case study of Thailand’s feed-in tariff policy." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272199.
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Climate change is one of the most challenging crises in sustainable development agenda. Tackling the problem requires the global transition towards renewable and sustainable energies. The uptake of these new technologies is often supported by policies and technological know-how that is developed by early adopters, and later spread and transferred to other places. Although renewable technology transfer and diffusion have long been studied, the question of how supporting policies flow from one country to another, and how they are adapted to the local contexts are merely investigated. This paper sheds some light on the process, mechanisms, and dynamics of policy transfer, and investigate the influences of national contextual characters on the adoption of policy from other countries, using Thailand's feed-in tariff policy as an example. The study applies an adapted version of ‘Dolowitz and Marsh model (1996, 2000, 2012)’ as the guiding policy transfer framework to analyse the information gathered through literature study and fieldwork, and to present the results and findings. The study discovers that policy transfer is not a straightforward process with a clear transfer timeline and boundary, but rather a dynamic and complex process that involves interactions with many factors, internal and external, and are continuously shaping the process and outcomes of the transfer. Moreover, the case study proves that Dolowitz and Marsh model is a useful and effective framework to understand and depict the process. However, if to treat policy transfer as an independent variable affecting the process outcomes, it would need to combine other frameworks, for instance, Marsh and McConnell Model (2010), to give an in-depth and comprehensive analysis to measure the success of policy transfer and policymaking.Förnybar energi är en av de viktigaste lösningarna för att ta itu med klimatförändringarna. Utnyttjandet av denna nya teknik stöds alltid av politik, som vanligtvis utvecklas av ett land och överförs till andra länder. Denna avhandling använder ramen för policyöverföring för att analysera hur feed-in tariffpolitik från Europa spred sig och överförs till Thailand. Fallet belyser processen, mekanismerna och dynamiken för att illustrera hur politik som utvecklats av ett land inspirerade andra länder med deras beslutsfattande.
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Chirambo, Dumisani Verfasser], Eike [Gutachter] [Albrecht, and Bachar [Gutachter] Ibrahim. "Enhancing renewable energy deployment in Malawi through climate finance instruments: policy challenges and prospects / Dumisani Chirambo ; Gutachter: Eike Albrecht, Bachar Ibrahim." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-43952.
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Garcês, Pedro Miguel Moreira Lopes. "Incidências territoriais na gestão dos recursos da pesca : instrumentos de análise e de apoio à decisão." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19716.
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Mestrado em economia e gestão do territórioO presente estudo tem como objecto a política de gestão dos recursos da pesca e os seus instrumentos de análise e de apoio à decisão, considerando a sua dimensão espacial. Refere os principais modelos biológicos subjacentes a qualquer modelo bio-económico, explanando a análise estática e dinâmica da exploração óptima de stocks de acordo com o modelo tradicional de Gordon e Schaefer. São explicitados os principais objectivos de uma política de gestão dos recursos da pesca e os instrumentos que podem contribuir para a prossecução dos mesmos. É efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica da aplicação dos modelos de programação multi- objectivo à gestão dos recursos da pesca e explicitada a sua contribuição no contexto do processo de decisão do sector. Realiza-se uma aplicação à gestão de um recurso utilizando um modelo bio-económico e explicita-se uma forma de este instrumento reflectir as diferenças territoriais. Efectua-se ainda uma aplicação da programação por metas para a distribuição da quota nacional do recurso pelas organizações de produtores.
This study aims analysing fishery resources management policies. It also studies its instruments of analyse for supporting decision process within a spatial perspective. It reviews the main stock assessment methodologies which are used in every bioeconomic model. Optimal exploitation of fisheries resources is analysed according to Static and dynamic perspective assuming traditional Gordon and Schaefer hypotheses. The main objectives and instruments of fisheries management policies is presented. A bibliographic review of lhe multiobjective programing applied to fisheries management is made as wcll as its contribution to the decision process within the economic activity. A bioeconomic modellíng is applied to lhe management of a resource, and a form of reflecting the variable spacc to the modelling is referred. An application of goal programming for the distribution of national quota amongst producers organization is carried out in this study.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Kloeck, Dominique Patrice. "The role of market based instruments to promote renewable energies a critical legal comparison between South Africa's REBID and Germany's REFIT scheme." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4480.
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Nonnemacher, Eder. "Uso de instrumentos econômicos para incremento da eficiência na irrigação : aplicação na bacia do Rio Pardo com rizicultura." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17517.
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O crescimento da população mundial tem demandado um aumento na produção de alimentos, fazendo com que avancem as áreas agrícolas e evoluam as tecnologias de produção. O aumento das áreas agrícolas gera uma maior demanda de água para irrigação, causando muitas vezes, conflito entre os diversos usuários deste bem. Dentre as culturas que mais consomem água se encontra a do arroz irrigado, responsável por grande parte dos conflitos nas Bacias Hidrográficas do Rio grande do Sul, pois seu período de plantio se dá justamente nos meses de verão. Então, alguma metodologia se faz necessária para estudar a possibilidade da maximização dos benefícios ou redução dos custos para uma área de cultivo de arroz. Por outro lado, a Economia fornece instrumentos para maximizar os benefícios produzidos através de um bem. Neste trabalho, será aplicada a Teoria Econômica dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, através de um modelo proposto, considerando como Estoque do Recurso Natural a área cultivada com arroz irrigado em cada tempo e para cada sistema de cultivo, tendo como restrição as Vazões de Referência adotadas (Vazões Ecológicas). Desta forma, a água utilizada em excesso será considerada como a externalidade. Para conversão desta externalidade em valores de moeda, ela será multiplicada por um Custo de Oportunidade. Após, seu valor será agregado aos Custos de Produção do arroz. Através de Cenários, obtidos do cruzamento de algumas Vazões de Referência e de algumas Taxas de Juros, pode-se fazer uma análise dos Benefícios Líquidos (W) gerados por esta cultura. Os Resultados mostram que a internalização das externalidades não inviabiliza economicamente a prática desta cultura.Agricultural areas are increasing and production technologies in developing given the global population growth and given the resulting increase of food necessities. Increase in water demands for agricultural also conflicts with other purposes of this scarce source that have its availability reduced. Rice is one of the most water consuming crops, and at the Rio Grande do Sul watersheds, it is responsible of the bigger conflicts between water users because planting takes place, precisely, in the months of summer, when water demands for urban supply are higher. Then, some methodology is needed to study the feasibility of rice cultivation for the area with the maximization of benefits or minimization of the cost. Economics provides tools to maximize benefits produced by different elements. This study applies Renewable Natural Resources economic theory through the previously presented problem by a developed model presented in this study. The Natural Resources Supply is the rice cultivated area in each time step and for each cultivation methodology, where the restrictions are based on references streamflow, as the Ecological streamflow. Thus, water used in excess will be the externality. To convert this externality in monetary values, it will be multiplied by a cost of opportunity. Then, its value will be added to the rice production cost. Several scenarios were tested based on different streamflow reference and interests rate values. Results shown the rice cultivation is economically feasible also with the internalization of externalities.
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Soeiro, Rui Manuel Marques de Sousa. "Os fundos de investimento como instrumento de gestão financeira e urbanística para as autarquias." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1169.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Avaliação ImobiliáriaAs Autarquias têm sofrido, cada vez mais, restrições financeiras que lhes reduzem a capacidade de intervenção na gestão do seu território, o que obriga ao aumento da eficiência na utilização dos fundos públicos. A procura de instrumentos alternativos e soluções baseadas em conceitos integrados, que não afectem a capacidade de endividamento dos municípios, tem levado a que algumas recorram à criação de Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário, para desenvolver projectos imobiliários, construir equipamentos ou, simplesmente, parquear os seus imóveis. As cidades portuguesas têm os seus centros cada vez mais desertificados, não havendo oferta de comércio com qualidade, e neles só permanecem pequenas empresas que não encontraram melhor alternativa e alguns moradores idosos, em más condições de habitabilidade. As causas mais prováveis desta desertificação parecem ser o congelamento das rendas que tem existido, a complexidade do NRAU e o mau funcionamento dos tribunais. A crise energética e a lentidão cada vez maior nos movimentos pendulares têm fomentado um aumento da procura de imóveis bem localizados, sem que a oferta acompanhe estas necessidades. Este conjunto de situações levou a que, através do Método do Estudo de Caso, na acepção qualitativa de Stake (1995) e na mais quantitativa de Yin (2003), esta dissertação procurasse analisar alguns casos contíguos e complementares de implementação de Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário, FII, por parte de autarquias, num modelo de parcerias com agentes do mercado imobiliário. Como modelo de desenvolvimento, os Fundos de Desenvolvimento Urbano poderão vir a trazer os capitais necessários, através do BEI ou do CEB, para fortalecer a reabilitação urbana, quer através de FII, quer através de PPP.
Municipalities have been facing more and more financial cutbacks that reduce their capacity for managing their territory, which stresses the need for efficiency of public funding. The search for alternative instruments and solutions based on integrated concepts that do not affect municipal debt and finance, has led to the creation of Real Estate Investment Funds, that allow the development of real estate projects as well as service infrastructures - health, education, utilities. People have been abandoning the Portuguese city centres because they cannot have a good quality life. There are no good quality shops and only small companies have kept their headquarters there, because they could not afford to settle in a better place. Only elderly people live there in poor housing conditions. This happens because old low rents cannot be raised, the New Law for Urban Rents is very complex and courts work very slowly. The energy crisis and commuting increased the demand for well-located buildings; nevertheless, the offer has remained the same. The aim of this dissertation is to study some embedded cases that involve the Municipalities implementation of Real Estate Investment Funds in partnerships with real estate agents. Our methodology follows both the qualitative approach of Stake (1995) and the more quantitative one suggested by Robert K. Yin (2003). Urban Development Funds can supply capital from BEI and CEB to Real Estate Investment Funds and PPP, in order to allow urban renewal.
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Moraes, Luís Gustavo Sayão de. "Operações urbanas enquanto instrumento de transformação da cidade: o caso da Operação Urbana Água Branca no município de São Paulo (1995-2009)." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/2591.
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
Urban Operations [Operações Urbanas] are a kind of instrument that seek to promote urban redevelopment in strategic locations, throughout cities chosed by the government. The São Paulo Urban Operations origins goes back to the experiences of the 1980‟s decade, which resulted from the employment of the Master Plan Interconnected Operations [Operações Interligadas] elaborated in 1985. Since the 1980‟s, several interpretations and applications were given to this kind of urban instrument. This research presents some experiences that occurred in São Paulo, specifically in the case of the Água Branca Urban Operation [Operação Urbana], aproved by Law nº 11.774, from May 18, 1995. The Água Branca Urban Operation documents the local changes throughout the different phases and periods of the Brazilian national context, and the transformation processes enabled as a result of the Government actions and Private Sectors interests. After 2001, the approval of the São Paulo Statute [Estatuto da Cidade], by the Federal Law 10.257, and the reviewing of the Sao Paulo Strategic Master Plan [PDE São Paulo 2002-2012], confirmed that this kind of instrument is a mechanism of urban spaces management. These facts provided the bases of a new direction of this urban policy and of the Água Branca Urban Operation, and further transformations in this area of the city. This paper reflections concerns to the transformations enabled by the alternative applications of this instrument.
A Operação Urbana constitui um instrumento urbanístico que visa a promover a requalificação de locais definidos pelo Poder Público como estratégicos para a cidade. Na cidade de São Paulo, sua origem remonta às experiências do final da década de 1980, quando das Operações Urbanas contempladas no Plano Diretor elaborado em 1985. Desde aquela década várias interpretações e aplicações foram dadas a esse instrumento. Este trabalho apresenta parte dos percursos vivenciados na cidade de São Paulo, por meio do caso específico da Operação Urbana Água Branca, instituída pela Lei nº 11.774 de 1995, verificando a relação que se estabeleceu em suas diferentes fases. São abordados os processos de transformação possibilitados pela utilização do instrumento, relacionando-se as ações do Poder Público e o foco dos interesses do Setor Privado. A reafirmação deste instrumento como mecanismo de gestão dos espaços urbanos constitui-se após 2001, com a introdução do Estatuto da Cidade, Lei Federal nº 10.257, e da Revisão do Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município de São Paulo em 2002. Esses fatos fundamentaram uma reorientação na política urbana e refletiram-se especialmente em novo direcionamento da Operação Urbana Água Branca, o que tem possibilitado transformações nessa área da cidade, aqui apresentadas como estudo de caso para identificação de parte das transformações constituídas por meio da utilização desse instrumento.
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Otitoju, Afolabi. "Fostering the delivery of wind power : an evaluation of the performance of policy instruments in three European Union member states." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/564.
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Worldwide energy policies are built on three pillars: ‘cost competitiveness’, ‘security of energy supply’, and ‘environmental responsibility.’ This has brought about the integration of renewable energy sources into national systems with the deployment of policy instruments to make renewable energy sources electricity (RES-E) capable of nearly competing on a commercial basis with traditional forms of electricity generation. At the national level within the EU, there has been much experimentation with different policy instruments with varying levels of success. Nevertheless the EU as a whole will not meet its stipulated renewable energy target. This study challenges the theoretical and abstract evaluation presented in the literature about EU wind power delivery systems and has developed an integrative evaluation framework. This evaluation framework is used in this study to present the views of key stakeholders on their experiences with the performance of key policy instruments (feed-in tariff, and renewables obligation) implemented in three EU Member States namely: Germany, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom. It also challenges the EU-wide harmonised renewable energy policy agenda as proposed in Directive 2001/77/EC. The concept of path dependency of the historical institutional approach was adopted in order to explore the diversity of the wind power industry across the three country cases. An indepth semi-structured interview with fifty-five senior wind power policy makers and experts was conducted to explore the historical emergence, the architect, and the outcome of the support and implementation of the policy instruments. Findings showed that the approach to wind power deployment in the three country cases differs significantly and this has affected the pattern of each country’s wind power policy instrument. Also, the role and contribution of the stakeholder groups to the success of the wind power policy instruments differ significantly in each of the country cases. This helps to explain the performance of the different policy instruments adopted. Concerning the harmonisation of EU renewable energy policy instruments which have received much attention in recent times, this study found that harmonisation based on a single policy instrument is not feasible and may ultimately inhibit the growth of the European wind power market. A harmonised system may cause uncertainties amongst willing investors, thereby causing a withdrawal of further investment in the wind power market. If this happens, Europe may also lose its position as the world leader in the wind power market. Furthermore, national histories demonstrates that Member States have different culture, stakeholder groups, political, and business practices that will influence policy instruments and the likelihood of any policy succeeding. Thus, rather than promoting harmonisation and political market for wind power, it is important that Member States adopt and implement, stable, flexible, and transparent policy instruments that enable wind power and other renewable energy sources to emerge, develop, and go through the R&D stage to a point of maturity where they can compete with other energy sources with limited financial support.
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Cetrulo, Tiago Balieiro. "Instrumentos de intervenção governamental e postura ambiental empresarial: uma análise da agroindústria canavieira do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-06052010-085419/.
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O aumento da demanda interna por etanol de cana-de-açúcar e o crescente interesse de outros países em criar parcerias com o governo brasileiro voltadas à exportação do biocombustível, já evidenciam no Estado de São Paulo - responsável por cerca de 60% da produção de cana-de-açúcar no país - prováveis impactos relacionados com os aspectos sociais, ambientais e econômicos. Do ponto de vista do gerenciamento ambiental dessas questões, percebe-se que grande parte dos aspectos e impactos ambientais provenientes da produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar está diretamente nas mãos da agroindústria canavieira, mas que o governo, enquanto ator representante do coletivo, tem papel fundamental na estratégia e aplicação de mecanismos ambientais para gestão da qualidade ambiental. Portanto, o trabalho se propôs a entender como o setor alcooleiro está respondendo, em forma de postura ambiental adotada, aos vários estímulos que o circundam, principalmente, aos estímulos impostos pelo poder governamental e dessa forma: às empresas, servir de orientação para um gerenciamento da produção objetivando tornar sustentável e sustentada sua cadeia produtiva; ao Estado, servir de apoio à (re)formulação de políticas públicas para o setor; e à sociedade civil, dispor subsídios que permitam uma melhor compreensão das questões ambientais do complexo setor alcooleiro permitindo uma consciência coletiva e ações daí coerentes. Através da aplicação de questionários estruturados com 15 grupos corporativos de usinas e entrevistas com os outros atores do processo produtivo do etanol (órgãos governamentais, especialistas, ONGs e associações de produtores) os principais resultados encontrados foram: os mecanismos de intervenção governamental têm influência direta e positiva na postura ambiental tomada pela agroindústria canavieira, sendo um dos principais fatores motivadores para uma postura ambiental responsável do setor; as empresas respondem de forma diferente, em forma de adoção de postura ambiental, para os diferentes instrumentos governamentais utilizados, ou seja, alguns instrumentos têm melhores respostas que outros para o setor; novos instrumentos de intervenção governamental, principalmente instrumentos econômicos, poderiam auxiliar, de forma mais eficiente, a mudança de postura ambiental da agroindústria alcooleira do Brasil.Increased domestic demand for sugarcane ethanol and the growing interest of other countries to build partnerships with the brazilian government\'s export-oriented biofuel, show in the State of Sao Paulo - responsible for 60% of the sugarcane production in the country - likely impacts related to social, environmental and economic. From the standpoint of environmental management of these issues, we can see that most of the environmental aspects and impacts from the sugarcane ethanol production are directly in the hands of industrial sugarcane, but the government, as representative of the collective players plays a fundamental role in the strategy and implementation mechanisms for environmental management of environmental quality. Therefore, the research was to understand how the alcohol industry is responding, in the form of environmental attitude adopted, to various stimulus that surround it, mainly to stimulus imposed by government policies and thus: for companies, serve as guidelines for managing a production chain aiming to become sustainable and sustainable production chain, the state used to support the (re) formulation of public policies for the sector, and civil society, provide subsidies to enable a better understanding of complex environmental issues of the ethanol production industry allowing a collective consciousness actions to be taken. Through structured questionnaires with 15 corporate owners of production plants and interviews with other players in the ethanol production chain (government agencies, experts, NGOs and producer organizations) and the main results were: the mechanisms of government intervention have a direct and positive environmental attitude taken by the sugarcane agro-industry, one of the main motivating factors for a responsible environmental attitude of the sector; firms respond differently to the different government instruments, meaning that some instruments provide better answers to attitude of the sector; new instruments of government intervention, especially economic instruments could help in more efficient ways, the change of the brazilian ethanol agribusiness towards a better environmental attitude.
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Du, Toit Louise. "Promoting renewable energy in South Africa through the inclusion of market-based instruments in South Africa's legal and policy framework with particular reference to the feed-in tariff." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8717.
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Includes bibliographical references.The thesis considers the problem of climate change and identifies that the use of fossil fuels to generate energy since the Industrial Revolution has been a significant factor fuelling the emission of greenhouse gases and the consequent increase in global temperatures. Due to continuing economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions show no signs of abating. The thesis argues that promoting renewable energy would contribute to displacing fossil fuel-generated energy and a consequent decrease in greenhouse gas emissions or, at least, the rate at which such emissions are increasing. However, a significant barrier to the uptake of renewable energy is that it generally has higher initial costs than conventional fossil fuel-generated energy. In recognition of this barrier, a number of market-based instruments have been introduced internationally to support the uptake of renewable energy. Through a discussion of the literature, the thesis identifies that the renewable energy feed-in tariff has thus far been the most effective instrument in promoting renewable energy. It considers international examples of the feed-in tariff with a focus on Germany, which is largely considered to have had the most success with the feed-in tariff. In South Africa, which has a coal-based economy, renewable energy has only started to gain importance relatively recently. The thesis traces the development of renewable energy policy in South Africa through a consideration of the relevant legislation and policy documents as well as the market-based instruments that have been introduced to promote renewable energy. Even though the South African government has chosen to implement renewables tendering in respect of specific quantities of renewable energy, the thesis – in light of the numerous advantages of the feed-in tariff and its effectiveness internationally – argues in favour of a feed-in tariff and examines the elements of a feed-in tariff framework in the South African context.
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Mihailovic, Nemanja. "A Cost Benefit Analysis of Using a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Represented by a Unit Commitment Model." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7548.
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This thesis aims to provide a general overview of a cost and benefit analysis of incorporating a battery energy storage system within unit commitment model.
The deregulation of the electricity market in the U.S. has only been around for the last two decades. With renewable energy and energy storage systems becoming less expensive, a decentralized market scheme is becoming more popular and plausible. The scope of this work is to provide a fundamental understanding of unit commitment and a cost analysis of applying a battery energy storage system to an already established power system.
A battery energy storage system (BESS) was placed within a unit commitment schematic and modeled for a 7 day/168 hour forecast. Three models were generated, two with and one without the battery energy storage device (BESS). The comparison between the three systems was conducted to produce a visual economic justification to the feasibility of a BESS.
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Moraes, José Magno Linhares. "A reclamação no novo Código de Processo Civil: um desafio entre a segurança jurídica e o poder criativo do julgador." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6810.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-10This thesis aims to study the legal institute of Reclamação in two aspects, which should be seen as complimentary to obtain adequate legal certainty to a complex, pluralist and mutant society, namely, as a guarantee instrument of the authority of court decisons and their respective powers, and, on the other hand, as a legal means of promoting the necessary adjustments of paradigma decision to the case. For this purpose, the study of specialized doctrine, case law of our higher courts and the new civil procedure law was fundamental (Law n. 13.105 of 16 March 2015). Since the recognition of reclamação by the Supremo Tribunal Federal case law, as appropriate legal means to ensure the authority of its decisions, based on the theory of implied powers, it became clear that this institute, genuinely Brazilian, would have great utility in our country, deeply marked by cultural and economic contrasts. Court decisions, as legal rules, may give rise to plurality and interpretive inconsistencies. However, in the Democratic Rule of Law, legal certainty is a value of utmost importance. This certainty, in turn, should allow progress on a social reality that suffers daily influx of economic and political events. Therefore, the analysis of legal certainty in the light of systems theory. Also, it is important to highlight the impacts of the discipline of reclamação in the Brazilian legal system. With the possibility of all the country s courts settle legal arguments with binding power through procedural issues, the assumption of jurisdiction and resolution of repetitive demands, reclamação begins to have far-reaching. This new scenario approaches, in a way, our legal system to the world of the stare decisis theory of common law by privileging, now, respect for the determining reasons for the decision. Thus, through reclamação opens a new path to the desired stability, coherence and equality of law and adjudication
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal estudar o instituto jurídico da reclamação sob dois aspectos, que devem ser vistos como complementares para a obtenção de uma segurança jurídica adequada a uma sociedade complexa, pluralista e mutante, a saber: como instrumento de garantia da autoridade das decisões dos tribunais e de suas respectivas competências; e, por outro lado, como meio jurídico para promover os necessários ajustes da decisão paradigma ao caso concreto. Para tanto, foi fundamental o estudo da doutrina especializada, da jurisprudência dos nossos tribunais superiores e da nova legislação processual civil (Lei n. 13.105, de 16 de março de2015). Desde o reconhecimento da reclamação pela jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, como meio jurídico adequado a garantir a autoridade de suas decisões, com base na teoria dos poderes implícitos, ficou evidente que esse instituto, genuinamente brasileiro, teria grande utilidade em nosso país, marcado profundamente por contrastes culturais e econômicos. As decisões dos tribunais, como normas jurídicas, podem ensejar pluralidade e inconstâncias interpretativas. Todavia, no Estado Democrático de Direito a segurança jurídica é um valor de alta importância. Essa segurança, por sua vez, deve permitir avanços diante de uma realidade social que cotidianamente sofre influxo de eventos econômicos e políticos. Por isso, a análise da segurança jurídica à luz da teoria dos sistemas. Também é importante ressaltar os impactos do novo disciplinamento da reclamação no sistema processual brasileiro. Com a possibilidade de todos os tribunais do país fixarem teses jurídicas com poder vinculante, por meio de incidentes processuais da assunção de competência e da resolução de demandas repetitivas, a reclamação passa a ter largo alcance. Esse novo cenário aproxima, de certo modo, o nosso sistema jurídico do mundo dos precedentes do direito, do common law, ao privilegiar o respeito aos fundamentos determinantes da decisão. Assim, por meio da reclamação, abre-se um novo caminho para a desejada estabilidade, coerência e igualdade do direito na prestação jurisdicional
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Larsson, Martin. "Miljöbilsanvändning : En attityd- och beteendeundersökning hos ägare av bilar drivna med förnybara drivmedel." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-579.
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The aim of this report is to give a picture of how attitudes and behaviours of owners of environment cars look like and how they can be influenced. The alignment lies on environmental cars which run on biogas and ethanol which both are renewable fuels. The starting point is to sort out if it is environmental thinking that controls the choice and use of an environmental car. The feeling is that there are many other factors that can be more controlling, for example the price and the quality of the car. The result of the questionnaire survey which is the foundation of the report shows however that those who buy an environmental car do it mostly because of environmental reasons. Also the daily choice of fuel is mainly environmentally influenced; it however shows that there is dissatisfaction with the high fuel consumption, the short reach and above all the high price of ethanol. It also shows that the source of information which had the biggest impact on the choice to buy an environmental car is the mass media and that the most influencing policy instruments is the price, partly the cheaper on renewable fuel and the more costly fossil fuel. In general the environmental car owners are also positively inclined to using policy instruments of various kinds in order to increase the proportion of environmental cars on our roads. The conclusion becomes thus that the original feeling is incorrect and that environment cars have not at all lost credibility, not anyway on the level that has been investigated in this report.
Syftet med den här rapporten är att gen en bild av hur attityder och beteenden hos ägare av miljöbilar ser ut samt hur de kan påverkas. Inriktningen ligger på miljöbilar drivna med biogas och etanol vilka båda är förnyelsebara bränslen. Utgångspunkten är att reda ut om det är miljötänkandet som styr val och användning av en miljöbil. Känslan är att det finns många andra faktorer som kan vara mer styrande, exempelvis pris och kvalitet på bilen. Resultatet av den enkätundersökning som ligger till grund för rapporten visar dock att de som köper en miljöbil gör det till största delen på grund av miljömässiga orsaker. Även det dagliga valet av bränsle påverkas mestadels av miljömässiga orsaker, det visar sig dock att det finns ett missnöje med den höga bränsleförbrukningen, den korta räckvidden och framförallt det höga priset på etanol. Det visar sig också att den källa till information som haft den största påverkan vid valet att köpa en miljöbil är media samt att det mest påverkande styrmedlet är priset, dels det billigare på förnyelsebara bränslen samt det dyrare på fossila bränslen. Generellt är miljöbilägarna också positivt inställda till att använda styrmedel av olika slag för att öka andelen miljöbilar på vägarna. Slutsatsen blir således att den ursprungliga känslan är felaktig och att miljöbilar inte alls tappat i trovärdighet, i alle fall inte på det plan som granskas i denna rapport.
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Sedrisovaitė, Ieva. "Atsinaujinančių energetikos išteklių skatinimo priemonės Europos Sąjungos teisėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110124_124519-88459.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe aptariama bendra ES energetikos politika, Energijos bendrijos santykis su AEI skatinimu ES, jos įtaka bendrų ES valstybių narių ir trečiųjų šalių projektų (pagal AEI skatinimo direktyvoje numatytas bendradarbiavimo priemones) patrauklumui. Taip pat aptariama naujoji ES atsinaujinančios energetikos politika. Analizuojamas AEI skatinimo santykis su ES aplinkos teise. Šio santykio analizė svarbi siekiant išsiaiškinti, koks yra AEI skatinimo teisinis pagrindas ES teisėje. Pažymėtina, kad iki Lisabonos sutarties AEI skatinimas vyko būtent aplinkos teisės nuostatų pagrindu. Darbe taip pat aptariama ir AEI bei aplinkos politikos tikslų kolizija, nagrinėjama ESTT praktika. Taip pat aptariama AEI skatinimo direktyva 2009/28/EB, joje numatytos pavyzdinės skatinimo priemonės bei detali jų analizė. Detaliai aptariamos pagrindinės direktyvoje numatytos priemonės – paramos schemos, statistiniai perdavimai, bendri valstybių narių projektai ir projektai su trečiosiomis šalimis, bendros paramos schemos, informavimas ir mokymas. Be kita ko, aptariamas ir valstybės pagalbos AEI skatinimo atžvilgiu klausimas. Nagrinėjant šią problemą buvo remiamasi labai svarbia šiai sričiai PreussenElektra byla. Taip pat aptarti ir direktyvos trūkumai tokie kaip, sankcijų skyrimo mechanizmo nebuvimas. Tai sąlygoja galimybes valstybėms narėms aplaidžiai vykdyti savo įsipareigojimus, kadangi jokia reali bauda ar sankcija už tai negresia. Čia reikėtų atkreipti dėmesį, kad ES visgi gali... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Renewable energy sources are one of the oldest energy sources known to mankind. It has been widely used until the industrial revolution. Despite all the advantages the use of fossil-fuel has brought to economic and industrial progress, but at the same time it caused massive impact on climate change, energy efficiency. It was the main reason for EU to change its energy policy and return to renewable energy. To promote renewable energy in EU a directive 2009/28/EC was adopted. Directive recommends member states to use these incentives: support schemes, joint projects, joint support schemes, statistical transfers. This thesis analyses these incentives presented in directive, their advantages and disadvantages, legal issues, loopholes. This thesis also analyses Lithuanian RES draft law’s compliance with EU law.
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Elkadhi, Hayfa. "Trois essais sur les investissements dans les energies renouvelables." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD013_ELKADHI.pdf.
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Au cours de ces dernières années, la croissance des investissements mondiaux dans les énergies renouvelables a été rapide. En effet, les énergies renouvelables (ER) sont considérées comme une alternative pour faire face au réchauffement climatique, à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles, à l’augmentation de la demande énergétique, à la volatilité des prix de l’énergie fossile et à la répartition inégale des sources énergétiques. Nous nous proposons dans cette thèse de mener une analyse visant à approfondir les réflexions sur l’investissement dans les ER (IER). Le premier objectif consiste à évaluer le retour sur l’IER. Nous avons choisi d’évaluer théoriquement et empiriquement l’impact de l’IER sur les émissions des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) et sur la Productivité Totale des Facteurs (PTF). Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse vise à évaluer l’impact des instruments de soutien au développement des ER (ISER) sur l’IER. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons montré comment la relation entre les IER et les émissions de CO2 n’est pas linéaire, mais qu’elle prend la forme d’une courbe en U inversé. En d’autres termes, les IER ont un effet positif sur les émissions de CO2 jusqu'à ce que ces investissements atteignent un niveau donné, ou un certain seuil, au-delà duquel, les IER auront un impact négatif sur les émissions de CO2. Cette relation a été testé empiriquement en utilisant la régression en panel à transition brutale (PTR : Panel Threshold Regression model). Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse explore la relation entre l’investissement en énergie renouvelable (IER) et la productivité. En nous référant à la théorie de la croissance endogène, nous avons testé empiriquement notre hypothèse principale qui stipule que l’IER affecte positivement la croissance de la Productivité Totale des Facteurs. L’étude empirique a été réalisée sur un panel de 43 pays développés et en développement, à l’aide de la méthodologie de GMM-système. Au regard des résultats obtenus, cette étude a permis de confirmer notre hypothèse. En effet l’impact positif des IER sur la croissance de la PTF s’explique par le fait que l’IER encourage le transfert technologique et occasionne d'importantes retombées de connaissances (« knowledge spillover »). L’objectif du troisième chapitre consiste à discuter le rôle et l’impact des Instruments de Soutien au développement des ER (ISER) sur l’IER. Nous nous intéressons précisément à l’efficacité des ISER pour attirer les investissements en nouvelles capacité de production d’électricité à partir de sources d’énergie renouvelable. Nous pouvons déduire de notre étude que l’amélioration des IER passe généralement par les instruments de marché, et non pas par les instruments de commande et de contrôle, à l’exception des pays à faible revenu. D’ailleurs, une combinaison entre les instruments du « Market-pull » et du « Market-push » permet de soutenir les IER. Nous remarquons aussi que le soutien des IER passe par les instruments qui affectent indirectement ces investissements. En effet, pour encourager les IER, il vaut mieux agir en amont, en incitant la recherche, de développement et de déploiement (RDD) dans le secteur des ER, et en aval, en stimulant la production d’électricité renouvelable, à travers les tarifs d’achat garanti (les « Feed-in-Tariffs» )Recently, growth in global investments in renewable energy (IRE) has been so rapid. In fact, renewable energy (RE) is considered as an alternative to deal with global warming, with the scarcity of natural resources, with the increase in energy demand, with the volatility of fossil fuel prices and with the unequal distribution of energy sources. This study attempts to shed more light on the IRE. The study’s prime goal is to evaluate the return on the IRE. It analyses theoretically and empirically the impact of the IRE on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and on Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The study’s second goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of the policies that support the development of RE. The first chapter showed how the relationship between IREs and CO2 emissions is not linear, but, rather, it follows an inverted U-shaped curve. In other words, IREs have a positive impact on CO2 emissions until the investments reach a certain level, beyond which the IREs impact on CO2 emissions becomes negative. The current study has analyzed this relationship empirically by means of the panel threshold regression (PTR) model. The second chapter explores the relationship between IRE and productivity. Referring to the theory of endogenous growth, the study empirically tested the main hypothesis, that IRE positively affects the TFP growth. The empirical study was conducted on a panel of 43 developed and developing countries, using the GMM-system methodology. Study’s findings confirm that IRE have a positive affect on the Total Factor Productivity growth. Indeed, this positive impact is theoretically explained by the fact that the IRE encourages technology transfer and it generates significant knowledge spillovers. The third chapter of the thesis discusses the role and the impact of the policies that encourage the development of RE on IRE. Specifically, in this chapter we evaluate the effectiveness of these policies to attract renewable energy investments in electricity-generating capacity. The results show that the market instruments increase the IREs, although command or control instruments have no or a negative effect, with the exception of low-income countries. Moreover, a combination of "market-pull" and "market-push" instruments can supports the IREs. We also note that IRE support goes through the instruments that indirectly affect these investments. Indeed, to encourage IREs, it is better to act upstream, by spurring research, development and deployment (RDD) in the RE sector, and downstream, by stimulating the production of renewable electricity, through Guaranteed Purchase Rates or Feed-in-Tariffs (FIT)
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Gerin-Jean, Marie. "Bureaucratisation néolibérale dans le développement : la gouvernance des partenariats public-privé Euro-Méditerranéens pour les énergies renouvelables au Maroc." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H112/document.
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Cette thèse propose une étude de la transformation de l’État et de l’exercice du pouvoir à partir de l’observation des instruments politiques utilisés pour construire les grandes centrales solaires marocaines. Ce travail s’appuie sur deux longues observations participantes, consistant en une double ethnographie du développement dans l’institution publique bénéficiaire de l’aide ainsi que dans les institutions qui contrôlent cette aide. Je mobilise simultanément la sociologie de l’action publique et les études en sciences de gestion et en sociologie économique sur la finance et les Partenariats Public-Privé. La contractualisation des Partenariats Public-Privé semble devenir un nouveau mode d’action publique pour l’aide au développement. Or, le choix d’un type de contrat, d’un type de mode de financement, sont également des choix politiques. Les politiques euro-méditerranéennes pour les énergies renouvelables étudiées dans cette thèse illustrent un glissement des politiques publiques stato-centrées vers une action publique multiacteurs. L’analyse de la fabrication des outils et instruments du Plan Solaire Méditerranéen met en lumière un mode de gouvernance basé sur le consensus et sur l’expertification. La charpente de l’action publique pour les énergies renouvelables au Maroc est édifiée autant par les acteurs privés que publics et entraîne la diffusion des formalités issues des grandes entreprises et du marché financier. Sous l’impulsion de ces acteurs, le secteur de l’énergie solaire du Maroc s’institutionnalise à partir des années 2009 en s’inscrivant dans un processus de bureaucratisation néolibérale. Lors de cette institutionnalisation, les bailleurs de fonds et les consortiums privés véhiculent, à travers leurs expertises et leur participation à l’action publique, plusieurs instruments politiques. Cette instrumentation passe par les appels d’offres concurrentiels et internationaux, les prêts d’aide au développement économique ou issus des fonds de lutte contre le changement climatique, et enfin les solutions contractuelles comme le Partenariat Public-Privé. La synergie entre les instruments de l’aide au développement et les politiques pour les énergies renouvelables entraîne une transformation des modes de gouvernement et du rôle de l’État. L’utilisation de ces instruments de l’aide au développement et de l’expertise privée permet la régulation et le contrôle bureaucratique, au sens wébérien, du marché de l’énergie solaire. La politique de transition énergétique marocaine participe au renforcement des monopoles dans le secteur de l’énergie marocain et à sa centralisationThis thesis proposes a study of State transformation and of the exercise of power from the observation of political instruments used to develop the big Moroccan solar power plants. This work is based on two long participative observations, which consist of a double ethnography of development in the public institution beneficiary of the aid as well as in the institutions that control this aid. I summon up both public policy sociology and studies in management and in economic sociology on finance and Public - Private Partnerships. The Public – Private Partnership contractualisation seems to become a new mode of public policy in favour of aid to development. Besides, the choice of a type of contract, of a type of mode of financing, are political choices as well. Euro-Mediterranean policies for the renewable energy studied in this thesis illustrate a shift of state-centered public policies towards a multilevel public policy. The analysis of the making of tools and instruments of the Mediterranean Solar Plan highlights a mode of governance based on consensus and expertification. The framing of the public policy for renewable energy in Morocco is erected by private and public actors and leads to the diffusion of the formalities coming from big companies and from the financial market.Compelled by these actors, the Moroccan solar energy market has been institutionalized since 2009, in keeping with a process of neoliberal bureaucratization. In this institutionnalisation, international financial institutions and private consortiums convey, through their expertise and their participation to public policy, many political instruments. This instrumentalization goes through competitive and international calls for tender, loans for economic development aids, or climate change funds, and at last contractual solutions such as Public-Private Partnership. The synergy between aid to development instruments and the policies in favour of renewable energylead to a transformation of the modes of government and of the role of State. The use of these aids to development and private expertise instruments allows bureaucratic regulation and control, as Weber says, of the solar energy market. The Moroccan energetic transition policy takes part to the strengthening of monopolies in Moroccan energy and to its centralization
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Malko, Anastasia. "Stadterneuerung als Mittel der Bewahrung und Weiterentwicklung historischer Stadtzentren." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-227127.
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Die Entwicklung und Bewahrung der historischen Städte ist zu einer großen Herausforderung aktueller Stadtentwicklung in Russland geworden. In diesem Prozess kommt der Stadterneuerung von historischen Stadtteilen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wurden die Übertragungsmöglichkeiten von deutschen Planungs- und Entscheidungsverfahren, Rechtsinstrumenten und Fördermöglichkeiten zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung historischer Bausubstanz auf die Situation in Russland diskutiert. Dabei wurden nicht nur einzelne denkmalpflegerische Aspekte, sondern eine Integration von Aspekten der Stadtsanierung, der Stadtentwicklungsplanung, der Stadtbaugeschichte sowie des Planungs- und Denkmalschutzrechts in einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsweise betrachtet. Städtebauliche, rechtliche, administrative und auch kulturwissenschaftliche Aspekte wurden anhand der Städte Dresden und Irkutsk als „Laborsituationen“ untersucht. Geprägt durch den geschichtlichen Verlust von wertvoller Bausubstanz stellte und stellt sich noch immer in beiden Städten die Hauptfrage: Wie können einerseits historische Gebäude und Ensembles, als Träger und Symbol von Stadtgeschichte und kulturellen Werten erhalten, und andererseits neue funktionale Anforderungen auf angemessene Art und Weise bei der Entwicklung der Stadt berücksichtigt werden? Dabei sind die Gründe zum Verlust der historischen Ortsteile in der Geschichte unterschiedlich. In Dresden wurde historische Bausubstanz durch den zweiten Weltkrieg und in Irkutsk werden aktuell die Quartiere durch Modernisierungsdruck zerstört. Die neu erarbeitete wissenschaftliche Grundlage zum weiteren Diskurs stellt eine übersichtliche Gegenüberstellung deutscher und russischer Planungssysteme mit Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten in Bezug auf Begriffe und angewendete Rechts- und Planungsinstrumente zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung der historischen Bausubstanz dar. Dabei werden einige Ansätze zur Übertragung der deutschen Methoden auf die Situation in russischen historischen Städten in Bezug auf die Erfassung der historischen Quartiere und für die Erarbeitung von geeigneten Rechts- und Planungsinstrumenten am Beispiel von Irkutsk präsentiert. Sie können als Modelle für andere russische Städte benutzt werden. Wichtiges Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit ist die Herausarbeitung, Überprüfung und Bestätigung der These, dass in Russland im Vergleich zu Deutschland der städtische Raum an sich nicht als eigenständiges Element des baukulturellen Erbes geschützt wird. Demzufolge wird eine zu geringe Erfassung der großflächigen historischen Territorien wie Ensembles und Stadtquartiere in Bezug auf Plätze, Straßen, Blickbezüge oder Stadtsilhouette durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit sind auf die wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Arbeitsfelder der Architekten, der Juristen, der Denkmalpfleger und der Kulturwissenschaftler, sowie der kommunalen Gesetzgebung und der Bau- und Planungsbehörden der historischen Städte ausgerichtetThe development and preservation of historical cities has become a major challenge for the current urban-planning development in Russia. In this process, the urban regeneration of historic districts is of crucial importance. In this research work, the possibilities of transferring German urban-planning tools for historical areas, as well as decision-making procedures, legal instruments and funding possibilities for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage to the situation in Russia were/are discussed. Not only individual aspects of the preservation of monuments, but also the integration of aspects of urban regeneration, urban development planning, urban history as well as planning and monument protection law were taken into account in an interdisciplinary approach. Urban, legal, administrative and also cultural-scientific aspects were examined as "laboratory situations" using the examples of the cities of Dresden and Irkutsk. Characterized by the historical loss of valuable urban heritage, the main question for both cities was and still is: How can historical buildings and ensembles be preserved, as a bearer and symbol of urban history and cultural values, and on the other hand, appropriate new functional requirements for the modern urban development of the city be fulfilled/taken into consideration? The reasons for the loss of the historical districts in history of the cities are different. In Dresden, historical urban fabric was destroyed by the Second World War and in Irkutsk the quarters are currently being destroyed by modernization. The newly developed scientific thesis for further discourse represents a clear comparison of German and Russian planning systems considering differences and similarities regarding concepts and applied legal and planning instruments for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage. Various approaches in the practice use of German methods regarding the urban regeneration of historical quarters and the development of appropriate legal and planning instruments, as exemplified by Irkutsk are presented. They can be used as models for other Russian cities. The important result of the research work is the identification, verification and confirmation of the thesis that urban space in Russia is not itself regarded as an independent element of the historical urban heritage deserving preservation as it is in Germany. As a result of this, too few surveys of large-scale historical territories, such as ensembles and city quarters taking into account squares, streets, views, or city skylines are carried out. The results of this research work are orientated towards the scientific and practical fields of work of architects, lawyers, conservationists and cultural scientists as well as municipal legislation and the construction and planning authorities of historical cities
В диссертационном исследовании проведен анализ немецкого опыта градостроительного регулирования, способствующего сохранению ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды. Сформулированы возможности использования и практической реализации изученных правовых и градостроительных инструментов в исторических городах России. На примере городов Дрездена и Иркутска создана система практических рекомендаций, направленная на оценку, сохранение, развитие и управление ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной средой. На основе немецкого опыта расширено понятие историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды с классификацией особо ценных пространств и объектов без статуса памятника. Обоснована научная идея, которая ставит в центр всей системы, пространство, как объект, подлежащий охране
Dans cette thèse est analysée l'expérience de la régulation urbaine allemande, qui permet la préservation du précieux environnement historique et architectural urbain. Ici sont formulés les possibilités d'utilisation et de mise en œuvre pratique, pour les villes russes historiques, des instruments juridiques et urbains étudiés dans cette thèse. Les villes de Dresde et d’Irkoutsk sont pris comme exemples pour la création d’un système pratique visant à l'évaluation, la conservation, le développement et la gestion du précieux environnement urbain historique et architectural. Sur la base de l'expérience allemande, est élargi le concept de l'environnement urbain historique et architectural avec la classification des espaces les plus importants et les bâtiments non-classifiés comme monuments historiques. Comme résultat de l'étude est la mise en place du concept scientifique qui place au centre du système l'espace qui englobe le bâtiment comme un objet à protéger
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Coetzer, Michél. "A legal framework for the promotion of renewable energy in South Africa through fiscal instruments / Michél Coetzer." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/14911.
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South Africa‟s current energy sector places undue reliance on fossil fuels to fulfil the
country‟s energy requirements. The use of these non-renewable energy resources
are unsustainable, as millions of tonnes of harmful emissions are released and
estimates are made that these resources will be depleted within the next 100 years.
Therefore the country has to source alternative energy resources. Renewable
energy resources (for example solar energy) are considered to release little or no
harmful by-products and have an infinite supply. Therefore the South African
government has to promote the use of renewable energy as part of its commitments
to address climate change and to ensure sustainable energy resources.
Some of the most popular regulatory tools that a state uses to control human
behaviour, is through command-and-control instruments and fiscal instruments. The
latter promotes behavioural changes by rewarding desired behaviour which
ultimately advances the user‟s own best interest. Because of the nature of renewable
energy governance, energy users can not be forced or compelled through commandand-
control instruments to use renewable energy. They should rather be encouraged
or persuaded to use this form of energy through market-based instruments. This is
also the central hypothesis of this dissertation.
The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the South African legal
regime makes provision to promote the use of renewable energy resources through
fiscal instruments. Therefore the various energy-related white papers, policy papers
and legislation will be analysed. This study found that South Africa‟s legal regime
only partly makes provision to promote the use of renewable energy resources
through fiscal instruments. The policy part of the legal regime is fairly well developed,
but the statutory regime lacks detail and in its current form, environmental/energyrelated
legislation does not fully correspond with the lofty objectives of the policy
framework.LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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SUN, YI-LING, and 孫一菱. "Economic Analysis of Various Policies Instruments on Renewable Energy Development." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38222367127388106216.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
93
This paper addresses three kinds of renewable energy regulation policies, and takes into account green certificates trading and subsidy measures as well. The purpose of this paper is to compare the various policies which the performance of facilitating the renewable energy development. The results of the research are obtained as the following: (1) sale ratio regulation is the most effectives among the three regulations policies to deploy renewable energy development; (2) increase the price of the green certificates will increase the optimal renewable energy capital stock as well as environmental quality; (3) mixed with high air pollution fee will increase the feasibility of the renewable energy development policies; (4) more stringency regulation ratio will adverse renewable energy capital accumulations;(5) different style of subsidy policies will result in various effect of renewable energy development which decide the depreciation rate and interest rate; (6) implement the capacity regulation will result in over investment of the renewable energy equipment, in other words, will accrue A-J phenomenal.
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Chou, Chi-Yang James, and 周啟陽. "A Research of Taiwan’s Renewable Energy Development: Goals, Technologies, and Policy Instruments." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xzt65n.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立交通大學
科技管理研究所
103
As a densely populated island with scarce natural resources, Taiwan is highly dependent on imported energy, particularly fossil fuels. In order to decrease dependence on imported fossil fuels, it is necessary to develop indigenous renewable energy. Taiwan’s development of renewable energy is in its initial stage, and related green market mechanisms have not been introduced. This study proposes a renewable energy policy analysis framework combining the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and sensitivity analysis to overcome the complicated and challenging policy setting process. This study employs DEMATEL to clarify the relationship and interaction among policy goals, technologies, and policy instruments. According to the results, policy goals dimension is the most important one with direct influence on the other two dimensions. Therefore, the first step of renewable energy policy formation is to set the policy goals. The International Energy Agency (IEA) indicates that renewable energy contributes to improving energy security, environmental protection, and economic development (the three Es). Furthermore, the government announced the Sustainable Energy Policy Principles in 2008 that stated that Taiwan’s renewable energy policy should accomplish the 3E goals. In order to achieve the renewable energy policy goals, this research examines how different policy goals lead to corresponding renewable energy technologies. The relative importance of each goal is evaluated by using AHP. The weight of each policy goal is adjusted separately to construct policy scenarios by the sensitivity analysis. According to the results, non-pumped storage hydropower, wind energy, and solar energy are the three technologies that could meet the three policy goals at the same time. For renewable energy to contribute to the policy goals, it has to improve the efficiency of technologies, reduce the costs and develop stable systems. However, there are several barriers that discourage the technologies to achieve such goals. These obstacles include high project costs, high technology requirements, and lack of information or knowledge about the benefits and development of technologies. Several countries have overcome such difficulties through proper policy instruments. After a cross-national comparison of policy instruments, this study suggests “public ownership and participation”, “renewable portfolio standards (RPS)”, and “government procurement” to be employed for the development of Taiwan’s renewable energy.
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Cheng-tung, Yu, and 于振東. "A Study of the Renewable Energy Policy Instruments of Taiwan: For AHP Approach." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68485394322218131074.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
政治學研究所
96
This paper is to discuss the renewable energy policy of Taiwan, with the purpose to explore and analyze the policy instrument of renewable energy policy of Taiwan. The aim at the following focuses: (1) the development of Taiwan and global experience in renewable energy policy; (2) research the policy by the policy instrument theory, and (3) use the AHP theory to analyze the present renewable energy policy of Taiwan. In contents, first, this study will sum up all laws and treaty about this policy in Taiwan and global experience. Second, find viewpoints of scholars and professors by the AHP theory and statistics these results. Finally, the conclusion is “What are good policy instruments of the renewable energy policy of Taiwan?” All efforts, if properly undertaken, would speed up to achieve the goal of renewable energy development in Taiwan.
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Yu-HengChen and 陳育珩. "Evaluation on the effectiveness of policy instruments for electricity development from new and renewable energy." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82714432375384786949.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
101
Due to energy depletion and global warming, the development of green industry has become a major energy policy issue and seeks to achieve the goals of energy conservation and reduction of carbon emissions. But nowadays, new and renewable energy (RE) investment was still not to achieve the cost-benefit. Therefore, the government must assess the return on investment of its policies in order to determine the effectiveness of those policies. Thus, the development policy of new energy industry would not only yield economic and environmental benefits, but also positively impact new energy policy planning. This study presents a value evaluation model that integrates learning curve model and grey forecasting model on new and renewable energy technologies into real option analysis (ROA) methods. The proposed model evaluates quantitatively the policy value provided by developing new and renewable energy in the face of uncertain fossil fuel prices and new and renewable energy policy-related factors. The economic intuition underlying the policy-making process is elucidated, while empirical analysis illustrates the option value embedded in the current development policy in Taiwan for new and renewable energy. In addition, the study employs learning curve to explore the learning effect of power generation, and examines whether firms can actually boost power generation cost efficiency through government subsidies and R＆D. Due to the difficulty of obtaining data, the grey system is used to ease data collection difficulties. In summary, the proposed policy value evaluation model measures uncertainty and other factors affecting new and renewable energy industry development policy. The evaluation model can shed light on the value of policy implementation. Additionally, the proposed model can forecast cost efficiencies of new technologies when available data are limited, especially in the case of new and renewable energy technologies.
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Freitas, Luís Filipe Fernandes. "Reabilitação urbana : dos instrumentos de incentivo às práticas de reaproveitamento adotadas." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/30340.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia CivilAs questões relacionadas com a reabilitação urbana desde sempre acompanharam as sociedades modernas e na maioria das vezes são de difícil resolução. A par desta problemática urge repensar, à escala global, a forma de construir, tal é a quantidade de resíduos gerados diariamente pelo setor da construção. A perspetiva de que a construção e a sustentabilidade terão de se relacionar intrinsecamente é comummente aceite mas a realidade que se vive neste setor é inequívoca quanto ao longo caminho que há a ser percorrido. Em Portugal, a aprovação do Decreto-Lei n.º 104/2004, de 7 maio, criou a figura das sociedades de reabilitação urbana nas quais se depositaram expetativas substanciais na alavancagem das intervenções de reabilitação urbana. Na verdade, conclui-se que as estratégias, os programas e outras formas de incentivo existentes não revelaram a eficácia esperada, sendo a situação agravada negativamente por um mercado de arrendamento muito pouco dinâmico. Entretanto, a conversão das Áreas Críticas de Recuperação e Reconversão Urbanística em Áreas de Reabilitação Urbana, ditada pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 307/2009, de 23 de outubro, e a atual conjuntura económica fazem renascer a preocupação e o debate em torno das matérias afetas à reabilitação urbana, assistindo-se a um desenvolvimento lento mas estruturado da reabilitação das urbes. É então nesse âmbito que se procedeu ao estudo das práticas de incentivo adotadas por câmaras municipais e sociedades de reabilitação, das estratégias que estes intervenientes nos processos de reabilitação urbana delinearam no ataque à inércia que se vive nos mesmos e ainda o retrato das práticas de reaproveitamento de materiais implementadas.
Issues related to urban renewal have always been present in modern societies and in most cases they are difficult to solve. Alongside this issue, it is urgent to rethink, on a global scale, how to build, due to the huge amount of waste generated daily by the construction sector. The perspective that supports the idea that building and sustainability will have to relate intrinsically is commonly accepted, but the reality is that there is still a long way to go. In Portugal, the approval of Decree-Law no. 104/2004, of 7 May, created the legal concept of urban renewal companies, which was supposed to increase substantially the number of urban rehabilitation interventions. But, in fact, the strategies and incentives did not reveal the efficacy that was expected, which was aggravated in a very negative fashion by a sluggish rental market. Meanwhile, the conversion of the Urban Reconversion and Restoration Critical Areas into Urban Renewal Areas, made by the Decree-Law no. 307/2009, of 23 October, and the current economic climate are source of concern and debate on matters dealing with urban renewal. Yet, it is being carried out a slow but structured development of urban renewal. Taking this into account, it was done an analysis of incentive practices adopted by municipal councils and urban renewal companies, of strategies used by these entities in urban renewal processes to address the existing underlining inertia and, finally, of implemented practices of building material reuse.
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Andrade, Rui Pedro Santos. "Novo instrumento de transformação de mercado para a eficiência energética." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/40404.
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Darmani, Anna. "Who is in the driver's seat? : Insights into the mixed outcomes of renewable policy instruments in the electricity industry." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-179723.
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There is consensus about a need to reduce the amount of green-house gas emission in the electricity industry to be able to deal with the probable consequences of climate change. This necessitates extensive investments in technologies used to generate electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E). To stimulate such investments, governments have enacted several policy instruments. However, the outcomes of these instruments are mixed. This thesis delineates two reasons for the different effects of policies. First, the development of the renewable electricity industry hinges on a set of driving forces that differ across regions, through the years and for different actors. Given that, policy instruments are not only driving forces behind the renewable electricity industry and can thus by themselves not explain its development. Second, RES-E investors comprise a heterogeneous group of actors whose perceptions of business opportunities vary substantially and are also based on a variety of driving forces. Hence, RES-E investors may react differently to changes within the electricity industry, as well as to government policies that aim to create a more sustainable electricity industry. Garnering a better understanding of these reactions is therefore important as they influence the pace of transition to a more sustainable electricity industry. This is an interdisciplinary study that brings together several theories and research areas. First, using the technological innovation system perspective, it identifies systemic driving forces behind the development of the renewable energy industry that will also accelerate the electricity industry transitions to sustainability. To gain a better insight into the role of policy instruments as such as well as in relation to other driving forces, this thesis explores what factors are accounted for in attempts to assess the instruments’ performance. Second, drawing on sustainability transition studies and dynamic capability theories, this thesis seeks to explore which firms are willing to contribute—and capable of contributing—to sustainability transitions in the electricity industry. The thesis argues that good forecast and policy plans need to be built on a solid understanding of the firms that change the structure of the electricity industry through their RES-E investments. This thesis leverages a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Empirical data are collected through two extensive literature reviews on the driving forces of the renewable energy industry development in Europe, a longitudinal case study on a European multinational energy company, and statistical analyses of data on RES-E investors in Sweden. The thesis makes theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions to this area of research. The findings explain what motivates the development of the renewable energy industry; who competes in the renewable electricity industry; and what the future renewable electricity industry may look like. The thesis outlines implications for policies, for managers as well as for renewable energy technologies.This research was conducted within the framework of the “European Doctorate in Industrial Management” - EDIM - which is funded by The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of European Commission under Erasmus Mundus Action 1 programme.
QC 20160119
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Kim, Min Kook. "Does the Green Light from the Government Really Mean "Go"?: Challenges Associated with Canadian Tax Instruments on Renewable Energy Development." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/31282.
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Various levels of governments in Canada have introduced different types of tax instruments in order to encourage the development of renewable energy. This paper will look at the challenges that render those tax instruments inefficient and/or ineffective. For the ease of discussion, I will divide the said challenges by a hypothetical timeline of “before” and “during” the implementation of renewable energy. “Before” the implementation, some of the current tax incentives are criticized to be ineffective because there are better policy substitutes. It is also found that the inherent characteristics of renewable energy sources themselves render policy instruments inefficient. “During” the implementation, the currently existing “unlevel playing field” with the conventional oil and gas industry is found to be the strongest factor that causes tax incentives on renewable energy ineffective; the introduction of a carbon tax is recommended here. Lastly, even the most comprehensive tax measures are found unable to completely address the “exogenous” factors.
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Santos, José Campos Alves Rodrigues dos. "Are the EU´s policies contributing to increased deployment of renewable energy sources? An empirical analysis." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/107442.
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The European Union has placed great importance on energy policy, namelyon renewable energy, as it plans to phase out fossil fuel sources in the coming decades.However, the presence of renewable energy has been a constant since the beginning of themillennium. This thesis aims to assess whether the renewable energy policies introducedin the EU since 2000 were effective in increasing the deployment of these energy sources.We find evidence that feed-in policies (tariffs and premiums) and quotas had a significanteffect on renewable energy deployment, while tenders and tax incentives did not have asignificant effect.
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Malko, Anastasia. "Stadterneuerung als Mittel der Bewahrung und Weiterentwicklung historischer Stadtzentren: Strategien, Methoden und Instrumente der deutschen Praxis am Beispiel von Dresden und ihre Übertragbarkeit auf Irkutsk." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30421.
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Die Entwicklung und Bewahrung der historischen Städte ist zu einer großen Herausforderung aktueller Stadtentwicklung in Russland geworden. In diesem Prozess kommt der Stadterneuerung von historischen Stadtteilen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu.
In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wurden die Übertragungsmöglichkeiten von deutschen Planungs- und Entscheidungsverfahren, Rechtsinstrumenten und Fördermöglichkeiten zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung historischer Bausubstanz auf die Situation in Russland diskutiert. Dabei wurden nicht nur einzelne denkmalpflegerische Aspekte, sondern eine Integration von Aspekten der Stadtsanierung, der Stadtentwicklungsplanung, der Stadtbaugeschichte sowie des Planungs- und Denkmalschutzrechts in einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsweise betrachtet.
Städtebauliche, rechtliche, administrative und auch kulturwissenschaftliche Aspekte wurden anhand der Städte Dresden und Irkutsk als „Laborsituationen“ untersucht. Geprägt durch den geschichtlichen Verlust von wertvoller Bausubstanz stellte und stellt sich noch immer in beiden Städten die Hauptfrage: Wie können einerseits historische Gebäude und Ensembles, als Träger und Symbol von Stadtgeschichte und kulturellen Werten erhalten, und andererseits neue funktionale Anforderungen auf angemessene Art und Weise bei der Entwicklung der Stadt berücksichtigt werden? Dabei sind die Gründe zum Verlust der historischen Ortsteile in der Geschichte unterschiedlich. In Dresden wurde historische Bausubstanz durch den zweiten Weltkrieg und in Irkutsk werden aktuell die Quartiere durch Modernisierungsdruck zerstört.
Die neu erarbeitete wissenschaftliche Grundlage zum weiteren Diskurs stellt eine übersichtliche Gegenüberstellung deutscher und russischer Planungssysteme mit Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten in Bezug auf Begriffe und angewendete Rechts- und Planungsinstrumente zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung der historischen Bausubstanz dar. Dabei werden einige Ansätze zur Übertragung der deutschen Methoden auf die Situation in russischen historischen Städten in Bezug auf die Erfassung der historischen Quartiere und für die Erarbeitung von geeigneten Rechts- und Planungsinstrumenten am Beispiel von Irkutsk präsentiert. Sie können als Modelle für andere russische Städte benutzt werden.
Wichtiges Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit ist die Herausarbeitung, Überprüfung und Bestätigung der These, dass in Russland im Vergleich zu Deutschland der städtische Raum an sich nicht als eigenständiges Element des baukulturellen Erbes geschützt wird. Demzufolge wird eine zu geringe Erfassung der großflächigen historischen Territorien wie Ensembles und Stadtquartiere in Bezug auf Plätze, Straßen, Blickbezüge oder Stadtsilhouette durchgeführt.
Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit sind auf die wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Arbeitsfelder der Architekten, der Juristen, der Denkmalpfleger und der Kulturwissenschaftler, sowie der kommunalen Gesetzgebung und der Bau- und Planungsbehörden der historischen Städte ausgerichtet.The development and preservation of historical cities has become a major challenge for the current urban-planning development in Russia. In this process, the urban regeneration of historic districts is of crucial importance. In this research work, the possibilities of transferring German urban-planning tools for historical areas, as well as decision-making procedures, legal instruments and funding possibilities for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage to the situation in Russia were/are discussed. Not only individual aspects of the preservation of monuments, but also the integration of aspects of urban regeneration, urban development planning, urban history as well as planning and monument protection law were taken into account in an interdisciplinary approach. Urban, legal, administrative and also cultural-scientific aspects were examined as "laboratory situations" using the examples of the cities of Dresden and Irkutsk. Characterized by the historical loss of valuable urban heritage, the main question for both cities was and still is: How can historical buildings and ensembles be preserved, as a bearer and symbol of urban history and cultural values, and on the other hand, appropriate new functional requirements for the modern urban development of the city be fulfilled/taken into consideration? The reasons for the loss of the historical districts in history of the cities are different. In Dresden, historical urban fabric was destroyed by the Second World War and in Irkutsk the quarters are currently being destroyed by modernization. The newly developed scientific thesis for further discourse represents a clear comparison of German and Russian planning systems considering differences and similarities regarding concepts and applied legal and planning instruments for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage. Various approaches in the practice use of German methods regarding the urban regeneration of historical quarters and the development of appropriate legal and planning instruments, as exemplified by Irkutsk are presented. They can be used as models for other Russian cities. The important result of the research work is the identification, verification and confirmation of the thesis that urban space in Russia is not itself regarded as an independent element of the historical urban heritage deserving preservation as it is in Germany. As a result of this, too few surveys of large-scale historical territories, such as ensembles and city quarters taking into account squares, streets, views, or city skylines are carried out. The results of this research work are orientated towards the scientific and practical fields of work of architects, lawyers, conservationists and cultural scientists as well as municipal legislation and the construction and planning authorities of historical cities.
В диссертационном исследовании проведен анализ немецкого опыта градостроительного регулирования, способствующего сохранению ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды. Сформулированы возможности использования и практической реализации изученных правовых и градостроительных инструментов в исторических городах России. На примере городов Дрездена и Иркутска создана система практических рекомендаций, направленная на оценку, сохранение, развитие и управление ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной средой. На основе немецкого опыта расширено понятие историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды с классификацией особо ценных пространств и объектов без статуса памятника. Обоснована научная идея, которая ставит в центр всей системы, пространство, как объект, подлежащий охране.
Dans cette thèse est analysée l'expérience de la régulation urbaine allemande, qui permet la préservation du précieux environnement historique et architectural urbain. Ici sont formulés les possibilités d'utilisation et de mise en œuvre pratique, pour les villes russes historiques, des instruments juridiques et urbains étudiés dans cette thèse. Les villes de Dresde et d’Irkoutsk sont pris comme exemples pour la création d’un système pratique visant à l'évaluation, la conservation, le développement et la gestion du précieux environnement urbain historique et architectural. Sur la base de l'expérience allemande, est élargi le concept de l'environnement urbain historique et architectural avec la classification des espaces les plus importants et les bâtiments non-classifiés comme monuments historiques. Comme résultat de l'étude est la mise en place du concept scientifique qui place au centre du système l'espace qui englobe le bâtiment comme un objet à protéger.