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Marhia, Natasha. "Some humans are more Human than Others: Troubling the ‘human’ in human security from a critical feminist perspective." Security Dialogue 44, no. 1 (February 2013): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010612470293.
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This article develops critical feminist engagement with human security by interrogating the taken-for-granted category of the ‘human’ therein. Failure to reflectively deconstruct this category has contributed to human security’s reproduction of dominant norms and the emptiness of its apparent radical promise. The article shows how the ‘human’ has historically been constructed as an exclusionary – and fundamentally gendered – category, and examines its construction in human security discourse and the capabilities approach in which the latter is rooted, as well as its discursive effects. The article troubles the model of the autonomous, rational human subject who is the bearer of capabilities, which human security inherits from the liberal humanist tradition of thought, and which obscures the matrices of power through which individuals become socially differentiated. It then considers the implication of human security in demarcating differences as ‘morally relevant’, including its instrumentalization in the ‘war on terror’.
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Džihić, Vedran. "Failing Promises of Democracy: Structural Preconditions, Political Crisis and Socioeconomic Instability in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Southeastern Europe 36, no. 3 (2012): 328–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03603003.
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This paper departs from the thesis that the notion of democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been damaged dramatically during the 17 years after the war. The paper explores major factors that contribute to the crisis of democratic rule in Bosnia and thus focuses on a) structural problems of the constitution agreed to at Dayton and the resulting dysfunctional government, b) a permanent political crisis based on the instrumentalization of ethno-nationalism paired with c) prolonged socio-economic problems. As the paper shows the combination of all these factors results in a hybrid form of governance best described as electoral democracy or electoral ethnocracy. Such a system has a specific kind of its own logic and functionality; it is able to satisfy certain needs of constituencies while neglecting others, thus creating a permanent crisis in the country and leaving it in limbo.
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Huhtala, Hanna-Maija. "Anti-theodicies – An Adornian approach." Human Affairs 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2021-0018.
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Abstract The question of why bad things happen (to good people) has puzzled individuals over generations and across different cultures. The most popular approach is to turn the issue into a question about God: Why does he allow bad things that lead to the suffering of often innocent bystanders? Some have drawn conclusions that there can be no God. These attempts that seek to find meaning in suffering are called theodicies. Thus, theodicies promise that the torment of the innocent is not in vain. In this article, I argue that theodicy as a viewpoint, independent of its intention, does injustice to the experience of the sufferer. Furthermore, an Adornian approach to suffering avoids the instrumentalization of others’ suffering and that instead of relating to another person’s suffering through theodicy, Adorno’s notion of non-identity opens up an alternative, non-coercive avenue.
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Verdú Delgado, Ana Dolores, and Carmen Mañas Viejo. "Masculinities and Emotional Deficit: Linkages between Masculine Gender Pattern and Lack of Emotional Skills in Men who Mistreat Women in Intimacy." Masculinities & Social Change 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2017.2589.
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This paper explores violence against women in the context of partner relationships, through testimonies of professionals from Social Services in five towns in the province of Alicante (Spain), and also of the psychologists who participate in the coordination and implementation of two intervention programs for inmate aggressors in Valencia and Alicante (Spain). Our analysis focuses on the linkages between gender and certain emotional deficits in men who mistreat women in intimacy. Among these deficits, we have stressed: lack of sense of responsibility for one’s own actions, lack of empathy, cognitive distortions related to a sexist system of values, convergence of violence as a strategy and lack of personal abilities, troubled view of the world and of the relationships with others, and emotional constriction. We suggest that the non-development of basic emotional abilities by these men, while connected with their gender socialization, requires particular attention for the purpose of treatment and prevention of this type of violence. Regarding relationships with gender-based violence, other relevant issues are raised, such as instrumentalization of women and dependence.
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Messmer, Marietta. "Toward a Declaration of Interdependence; or, Interrogating the Boundaries in Twentieth-Century Histories of North American Literature." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 118, no. 1 (January 2003): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081203x59531.
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The instrumentalization of nineteenth-century literary historiography in the project of literary and cultural nation building has become a critical commonplace, as Claudio Guillén (6) and David Perkins (4), among many others, have outlined. Beginning with John Neal's American Writers (1824–25), nineteenth-century histories of North American literature emphatically embraced this nationalist paradigm, striving to identify and defend the “American” qualities in America's newly emergent national literature. But when called on, at the beginning of the twentieth century, to justify the establishment of American literature departments in universities across the country, literary histories were, especially during the 1920s and 1930s, under even greater pressure to prove the extent to which American literature is indeed American (Vanderbilt 186–91). Although the rise of New Criticism and the influence of Russian formalism after World War II saw a temporary setback to American historiographical nationalism (Spengemann, Mirror 154), the subsequent institutionalization of American studies took place in the context of the cold war, and the 1960s, in particular, brought a renewed emphasis on the (for the most part nationally oriented) sociopolitical and historical contextualization of American literature. And even the shift to intra-American cultural pluralism in the wake of trans- and subnational challenges to traditional notions of the nation-state throughout the past few decades has all too frequently been accompanied by renewed attempts to establish a revised version of historiographical nationalism.
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Milenković, Miloš. "James Clifford's Influence on Bronislaw Malinowski: The Moral Implications of Intertemporal Heterarchy." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 4, no. 3 (December 10, 2009): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v4i3.1.
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Drawing on the explanation already offered for the confusion of positivism with realism in the epistemological imagination of the author and founder of postmodern anthropology, the paper analyzes the moral implications of dealing with problems characteristic of the philosophy of science by literary-theoretical means. The transdisciplinary migration of "realism" from literary theory to social science methodology has produced a whole new history of anthropology. The history of pre-postmodern anthropology constructed in this manner can be said to fit the register of some sort of comparative-cultural theory of retroactive moral judgement, complementing postmodern anthropology as a general theory of writing by political subjects, so that the theoretical-methodological dilemmas of postmodern anthropology do not constitute proof of the legitimacy of a holistic interpretation of the discipline’s founders’ intentions, but rather lead to neo-pyrrhonic, formalistic endeavours to uphold, by respecting academic trappings, the academic authority of the discipline whose subject, method and purpose, as a rule, even colleagues from adjacent departments for various reasons fail to understand. In the paper, evidence for this is derived from Clifford's writing of Malinowski, and the moral implications of the unfortunate analogy between the writing of political subjects and the writing of disciplinary founders are followed through. The paper then goes on to explain that the critique of the possibilities of misuse, particularly through political instrumentalization, of anthropological fictions as evidence of Others did not have to come at the cost of sacrificing the semblance of continuity in the establishment of anthropology as a proper academic discipline.
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Al-Zo’by, Mazhar. "Social media and power in the Arab world: From dominant ideology to popular agency." Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jammr_00003_1.
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Conceptualizing the social and political possibilities of digital mass-mediated communication in modern societies has generated a critical debate, ranging from proponents who conceive of its promising profound potential to sceptics who dismiss it as a trivial sociopolitical vacuity. For some observers in the field, social media has been mobilized to maintain hegemonic structures through a ‘weaponization’ of popular narratives on behalf of the dominant political elite. For others, social media discourse has signalled the end of grand narratives of political ideology, and has ultimately ushered in the age of subjective digital narcissism not unlike that of consumer culture in late capitalist societies. Beyond these two broader frameworks of inquiry, this article seeks to investigate the critical agency, popular sovereignty and transformative possibilities in socio-digital discourse in the modern Arab Gulf region. Recognizing the dominant and residual ideology within social media narratives, the article deploys Raymond Williams’ critical and insightful concept of ‘structures of feeling’ in order to critically assess the alternative emergent collective expressions that diverge from, yet respond to, hegemonic and dominant discourse. One of the main goals of this article, therefore, is to go beyond the conventional analysis of ‘utopian versus dystopian’ binary instrumentalization of social media in the region, to challenge the claim that media (both as technology and as technique) determine social and political consciousness. More specifically, and in contrast to McLuhan’s famed dictum that ‘the medium is the message’, this article contends that digital and social media virtues and contributions are not confined to the instrumental communication that serves practical purposes. Rather, and more fundamentally, digital and social media involve the practices and lived experiences of individuals, culture and society, especially those that constitute the formations of collective and emergent identities.
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Kiss, Endre. "Ferdinand Tönnies és a korai társadalomtudományok, I. rész." Kaleidoscope history 10, no. 21 (2020): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2020.21.232-241.
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The theory of society-community stands in the centre of the „social” life. It however also stands in the centre of Tönnies’s positive work itself. This potentiation gives this theory a vitality that is looking for its equivalent and to which little is changed if its presence is not perceived accordingly in every corresponding context. Tönnies is one of the first most important social scientists, who was primarily concerned with being able to investigate society with a strictly scientific character. So he was already therefore much more interested in the optimal way of knowledge than in the diverse concrete results or even in the theoretical possibility of generalization of these results. The society-community theory is an epochal achievement, its result one of the bases of the social existence. It is certainly there, that the rare „open relationship structure” of both these categories is playing. Like many others, we decide to campaign against the political instrumentalization of the society-community theory, there is by no means any denying the fact, that it has extremely deeply secured this dichotomy in the structure-building principles of the political discourse. We see the force of the debate on the ideal level: diabolization and idealization are alternating in symmetrical order obvious. The first social scientists were in multiple paradoxical situations. The first paradox consisted in the fact, that had a very clear idea of a „science” of the society. Because however, such a „science” was not yet existing, they were constrained to make „philosophically” the first steps, but of course not how the „right” philosophers would have done them. The other paradox and eternally opened question are why the „society” as the object remained temporally so much behind the „nature” as an object. It is also hardly less interesting, why the new social sciences did not already emerge in Marx’s environment. The historically belated social science experiences in the medium of this situation a vocation to become a pioneer. Simmel also adheres consistently to his often formulated youth insight that a „new science” will emerge in any case around the society.
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SCHERZINGER, MARTIN. "The Ambiguous Ethics of Music’s Ineffability: A Brief Reflection on the Recent Thought of Michael Gallope and Carolyn Abbate." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 145, no. 1 (May 2020): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rma.2020.1.
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Michael Gallope’s book Deep Refrains is an in-depth study of the ineffable core of musical experience.4 But it engages ineffability without eliminating the pragmatic material of music’s economic, technological and even ethical mediations; and it posits a synergistic relationship between these realms. Gallope casts equal doubt on the determinism that construes music’s ineffability as wholly absorbed in mediation and on the vitalism that construes it as radically open. Framed by and theoretically grounded in the thinking of four twentieth-century philosophers (Ernst Bloch, Theodor W. Adorno, Vladimir Jankélévitch and Gilles Deleuze), the book deftly steers between the Scylla of music’s irreducible sensuous materiality (and its attendant invitation to decipherment) and the Charybdis of its elusive ineffability (and its attendant vanishing act in the face of decipherment). The book begins by reflecting on the fascinations and prohibitions of the harmoniaia in ancient Greek philosophy. Already here, Gallope revises the standard interpretation of these founding texts, demonstrating the ways in which Socrates, Glaucon, Aristotle and others in fact consider music as at once deeply mysterious and also strictly rule-governed. This conception of music’sperplexing precision is shown to be shared in ‘global’ contexts less available to music history, including (for example) the Ikhwan Al-Safa, an eleventh-century priesthood of Islamic scholars. At the same time, Gallope draws attention to the continuity between simplified taxonomies of the ancients and the instrumentalization of their axioms for contemporary engagements with affect, so rampant in the era of emerging neuromedia. Instead of recoiling from music’s indeterminacy (retreating to silence, say, or insisting on music’s unspeakable mystery), Gallope attempts to unpack the critical potential at the heart of auditory experience. On the other hand, he argues, such potential is not harnessed by marking the movements of music’s conceptual nomenclatures alone. Noting that music ‘never speaks like a language, nor is it entirely nonlinguistic’, Gallope seeks to account for the specificity of its ‘vague impact’.5 In other words, while there is a residue of conceptual mediation at work in all sonic encounter, music’s ‘sensory impact’ cannot be subsumed by that residue.
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Shaikh, Ameer U. "The Unthought in Contemporary Islamic Thought." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i1.1814.
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Mohammad Arkoun’s eight essays appearing in The Unthought in ContemporaryIslamic Thought are gates leading into a city. In this case, thecity is the deeply multifarious metropolis called Islam – a source of identityand pride for its adherents and, equally, a source of concern andcuriosity for those outside of its periphery. Throughout his life, Arkounhas placed himself on the ramparts and straddled the walls, leading someto call him an enemy spy and others to think of him as a brave pioneerinto the unknown. The past few years have seen an unheralded evaluationof Islam’s role in this globalized world. Arkoun’s eight essays, reflectinga lifetime in the field of Islamic studies, concern themselves with a hostof issues enveloping the world of Islam: Qur’anic studies, revelation,belief, authority, power, law, and civil society.The idea of unthought is a creative encapsulation of those diseases thathe believes are plaguing Islam. He defines unthought as the power employedby the traditional ulama and ideological Islamic states in order to guaranteethat a deeply dogmatic and unapproachable version of Islam is protectedfrom all intellectual and scientific analysis. Arkoun uses unthought to referto “an Islam that is isolated from the most elementary historical reasoning,linguistic analysis or anthropological decoding” (p. 308).The first essay, “A Critical Introduction to Qur’anic Studies,” is a sort ofoutline of his ideas. It expresses Arkoun’s suggestion that “we need to artic -ulate the cognitive, critical strategies used by social sciences of the ‘metamodern’sort to analyze, in thorough fashion, the structure and form of theQur’an, the ‘differentiated corpora of Meccan and Medinan revelation, the‘psychology of knowledge,’ the notions of sin, virtue, and interpersonal rela -tions, and finally everything from society, law, culture to warfare, commerceand children” (p. 44). The scope is indeed overwhelmingly broad. Arkounwants the preferred current mode of analytic evaluation in the social sciences– deconstruction, hermeneutics, and their various poststructuralist relatives– to be applied to Islamic studies. The Qu’ran, he argues, has becomeheavily loaded by “legalistic instrumentalization, and the ideological manipulationsof contemporary political movements” (p. 45).On the one hand, he is concerned about the loss of critical Qur’anicreading; however, he is equally wary of carte-blanche dismissals of Islam ...
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Nirello, Laura, and Lionel Prouteau. "The French Nonprofit Sector: A Literature Review." Voluntaristics Review 3, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 1–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24054933-12340023.
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Abstract This article deals with the literature on the French nonprofit sector (NPS). A preliminary part is devoted to presenting and discussing the characteristics that shape the approaches to this sector in France. We stress the strong influence of legal categories on the sector’s definition and, in this context, the importance of the status inherited from the 1901 Act on contracts of association. This raises a problem for a more analytical approach to the sector, because the diversity of the nonprofit organizations (NPOs) regulated under this Act risks being overshadowed. Indeed, not all NPOs regulated under the 1901 Act are voluntary associations as understood by English-speaking people. The largest NPOs are voluntary agencies, usually with paid staff, and lacking memberships (Smith, 2015a, 2015b). In this first part, we also underline the primacy accorded in France to the concept of the social economy, which has today become the social and solidarity economy (SSE), over that of the nonprofit sector. The SSE, whose recognition from the public authorities has increased over the last few decades, includes, but is not limited to, the NPS, since cooperatives and mutuals (mutual aid groups) have to be added. In the second part, the article outlines some landmarks in the history of the French NPS. French NPOs were for many years objects of suspicion, arbitrariness and repression on the part of the public authorities and this persisted until the 1901 legislation on contracts of association was enacted. However, this hostile context did not prevent the sector from having a richer existence than is sometimes admitted. The 1901 Act marked a very significant moment in the history of the French NPS, since it finally enshrined freedom of association in French law. Although the history of the French NPS since this Act is yet to be written, our literature review highlights some aspects of its contemporary development and it addresses a topic that merits particular attention in France—namely the interpenetration between certain NPOs and the public authorities. Indeed, such an interpenetration may affect the autonomy of the former by rendering them instruments of the latter. The fear of an instrumentalization by government is a recurring problem among NPOs. This literature review also focuses on empirical studies of the sector, placing a particular emphasis on the more recent ones. These French studies basically adopt two types of approach. The first is concerned essentially with the NPOs and focuses its attention on their economic importance, whether measured in terms of financial resources, employment, or, less frequently, added value. This is undoubtedly the dominant approach in the literature on the subject. In doing so, a great deal of emphasis is placed on large organizations. Voluntary associations managed solely by volunteers are treated as insignificant and the less formal part of the NPS is unaddressed. The second approach investigates the kinds of individual participation the sector engenders by examining the various forms it takes, such as membership of NPOs or voluntary work. In this respect, research shows a relative stability of association membership over the past three decades but volunteering is still only partially documented, as are cash donations. This review ends with the analysis of the challenges that NPS faces in a context characterized by the increasing constraints on public funding, changes in the nature of such funding with a substitution of contracts for subsidies, an increased competition among NPOs as well as between NPOs and for-profit enterprises. Such a context has forced NPOs to increase their degree of organizational professionalization and certain NPOs increasingly use management instruments applied in for-profit enterprises. This raises questions about their specificities and their raison d’être, and these questions lead researchers to pay more attention to the governance systems of NPOs. The article concludes that, despite the advances in research on the French NPS, some aspects—like formal volunteering and the role of voluntary associations—are still understudied, while others—like informal groups and informal volunteering—are almost totally ignored.
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Alberto Gironés-Muriel, Ana Campos Segovia, Laura Alvargonzález Slater, and Severino Fernández. "Revisión de Programas hospitalarios para tratar la ansiedad quirúrgica infantil." Revista Electrónica AnestesiaR 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.30445/rear.v10i6.714.
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RESUMEN La OMS define la salud como el estado de bienestar físico, mental y social, y no solamente la ausencia de enfermedad. Es por ello que hay que cuidar las implicaciones de la actividad quirúrgica más allá de las físicas. Algunos autores defienden que únicamente la inducción anestésica produce niveles de ansiedad clínicamente visibles en un 40-60% de los pacientes que son sometidos a una anestesia. Este hecho es más evidente en la población infantil donde los mecanismos de protección frente a situaciones estresantes no están desarrollados. Para abordar este tema hay que ofrecer al personal hospitalario herramientas que funcionen, y parece, que los programas de preparación preoperatoria y algunas técnicas de distracción funcionan, todas con sus limitaciones y sus beneficios particulares Cuando se quiere implantar un programa que ayude a los niños a afrontar el proceso quirúrgico hay que hacerlo bajo un prisma basado en la evidencia científica. El principal problema al que nos enfrentamos sobre la utilidad de estos programas e iniciativas es la gran heterogeneidad que existe entre los distintos estudios, originado por la gran cantidad de variables implicadas en el proceso psicológico del ser humano. Los autores tratan de buscar respuestas a la efectividad y al origen de los programas de preparación quirúrgica que existen actualmente mediante la búsqueda y el análisis de los estudios existentes en las bases de datos: MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, COCHRANE, EMBASE hasta diciembre de 2016 sin año de restricción. Se incluyeron aquellos trabajos que evaluaban la ansiedad perioperatoria infantil y fueran estudios randomizados, con una puntuación 4-5 en la escala de JADAD. TITLE: Hospital programs to treat childhood anxiety. Review of evidence ABSTRACT There are still few hospitals that consider it important to include in their services a program that helps to decrease the level of anxiety in the patients. However, recently it is possible to find different initiatives and programs in the pediatric area for this purpose. Initiatives born under the current "humanization of hospitals" trying to achieve, with greater or lesser fortune, a closeness and better assimilation of the surgical protocols present in a hospital. Personally we believe that there is nothing more human than to exercise our office. Exercising medicine and curing a disease implies humanity in itself, even if it is applied under scientific evidence and seeking an adequate effectiveness. There is nothing more human than the fact of healing others, although in that way science is prioritized over comfort and closeness. Therefore, the authors are in favor of the new, and poorly called, humanization of health but, first ensuring, proper care. We are therefore witnessing the birth of proposals and initiatives that try to reduce the anxiety level of our smaller patients, who try to bring our medical activity closer to the daily life and try to transform the instrumentalization and modernization of medicine into something understandable to all. Something positive and desirable. However we can not forget that medicine is based on the scientific method, and that without it, these initiatives can remain in a mere superficial marketing. They may even endanger the performance and health outcomes of the health care activity itself. This does not mean in any way that the aspects that concern the psyche and the emotional part of the patient are not important. In fact they are a fundamental part of the medical activity but always from a scientific and consensual point of view. That is why it is always desirable to quantify results and evaluate aspects that aim to improve our work. In the case of childhood preoperative anxiety, initiatives and protocols have been developed that try to alleviate the causes and their consequences. The development of stories, toys, the presence of parents in anesthetic induction and other actions seem to be a current trend developed by some hospitals concerned about this issue. But what is the truth about it? How are these initiatives properly developed? And above all ... What is true in all this?
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Ziegler, Katja S. "Criminal Victims/Witnesses of Crimes: The Criminal Offences of Smuggling and Trafficking of Human Beings in Germany, Discretionary Residence Rights, and Other Ways of Protecting Victims." German Law Journal 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 605–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013833.
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In the crusade against organized crime, it has become more and more accepted that the often trans-border crime cannot sufficiently be tackled by enhanced enforcement and cooperation between states alone. An alternative tool may be what can be termed the instrumentalization of the victims to enable the prosecution of organized criminals. This brings to the fore the dilemma that the victims are often themselves offenders, as a rule, breaching provisions of immigration law. Therefore, it is typically not in their interest to bring offences of trafficking and smuggling, of which they are the victims, to the attention of the authorities. Initiatives at the international and EU/EC level, which grant limited residence rights to those victims who collaborate in the prosecution of the offenders, attempt to deal with this conflict of interest. This implies at least a partial recognition of the status of the victim.
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Hanoosh. "In Search of the Iraqi Other: Iraqi Fiction in Diaspora and the Discursive Reenactment of Ethno-Religious Identities." Humanities 8, no. 4 (October 6, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8040157.
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In Iraqi fiction, the prerogative to narrate the experience of marginal identities, particularly ethno-religious ones, appeared only in the post-occupation era. Traditionally, secular Iraqi discourse struggled to openly address “sectarianism” due to the prevalent notion that sectarian identities are mutually exclusive and oppositional to national identity. It is distinctly in post-2003 Iraq—more precisely, since the sectarian violence of 2006–2007 began to cut across class, civil society, and urban identities—that works which consciously refuse to depict normative Iraqi identities with their mainstream formulations became noticeable. We witness this development first in the Western diaspora, where Iraqi novels exhibit a fascination with the ethno-religious culture of the Iraqi margins or subalterns and impart a message of pluralistic secularism. This paper investigates the origins of the taboo that proscribed articulations of ethno-religious subjectivities in 20th-century Iraqi fiction, and then culls examples of recent diasporic Iraqi novels in which these subjectivities are encoded and amplified in distinct ways. In the diasporic novel, I argue, modern Iraqi intellectuals attain the conceptual and political distance necessary for contending retrospectively with their formative socialization experiences in Iraq. Through a new medium of marginalization—the diasporic experience of the authors themselves—they are equipped with a newfound desire to unmask subcultures in Iraq and to write more effectively about marginal aspects of Iraqi identity inside and outside the country. These new diasporic writings showcase processes of ethnic and religious socialization in the Iraqi public sphere. The result is the deconstruction of mainstream Iraqi identity narratives and the instrumentalization of marginal identities in a nonviolent struggle against sectarian violence.
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Dunlap, Alexander, and Sian Sullivan. "A faultline in neoliberal environmental governance scholarship? Or, why accumulation-by-alienation matters." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 552–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619874691.
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This article identifies an emerging faultline in critical geography and political ecology scholarship by reviewing recent debates on three neoliberal environmental governance initiatives: Payments for Ecosystem Services, the United Nations programme for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and carbon-biodiversity offsetting. These three approaches, we argue, are characterized by varying degrees of contextual and procedural – or superficial – difference, meanwhile exhibiting significant structural similarities that invite critique, perhaps even rejection. Specifically, we identify three largely neglected ‘social engineering’ outcomes as more foundational to Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and carbon-biodiversity offsetting than often acknowledged, suggesting that neoliberal environmental governance approaches warrant greater critical attention for their contributions to advancing processes of colonization, state territorialization and security policy. Examining the structural accumulation strategies accompanying neoliberal environmental governance approaches, we offer the term ‘accumulation-by-alienation’ to highlight both the objective appropriations accompanying Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and offsetting and the relational deficiencies accompanying the various commodifying instrumentalizations at the heart of these initiatives. We concur with David Harvey’s recent work proposing that understanding the iterative and consequential connections between objective/material and subjective/psychological dimensions of alienation offers ‘one vital key to unlock the door of a progressive politics for the future’. We conclude (with others) by urging critical geography and political ecology scholars to cultivate research directions that affirm more radical alternatives, rather than reinforcing a narrowing focus on how to improve Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and offsetting in practice.
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Lah, Nataša. "Vrijednosni opisi umjetnosti." Ars Adriatica, no. 6 (January 1, 2016): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.190.
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Taking into account the fact that, throughout history, certain artworks have been considered as “worth of watching” (according to the Greek etymon ἀξιοϑέατος / aksioteatos), preservation, or theorizing, while others were not, one is led to investigate the various types of evaluative descriptions. Those artworks that are more valuable than others, or simply valuable in themselves on the basis of rather specific features, have always represented the paradigmatic model for the evaluator, thus revealing the identitary nature of value as different from one epoch to another. Our aim has been to discern, with regard to this starting point, the way in which the process of evaluating artworks fits the general matrix of the universal theory of value, with its clearly distinguished levels of evaluation, beginning with value descriptions, continuing through the features of evaluation or abstract qualities of values extracted from these descriptions, and ending with value norms or systems of accepted generalizations in evaluation. Value standpoints in such an evaluation matrix represent dispositions or preferences in procedures, which reflect the norms or signifying concepts of the time. Corresponding procedures, or applications of the hierarchicized signification of artworks, are manifested in all known forms of artwork assessment: attribution, institutionalization, and setting of priorities in terms of exhibition, conservation, acquisition, restoration, and so on. Research in the history of European art-historical ideas has corroborated the hypothesis that, prior to the late 18th century, clear normative patterns were applied when it came to the evaluation of artworks. However, with the emergence of early Romanticism, this could no longer be done in the traditional way. Before the period in question, visual art was created (regardless of some stylistic discrepancies between individual authors) and classified according to well-defined thematic areas and functions. Such qualifications made it possible to distinguish clearly between major stylistic periods, creating the impression of development regardless of the later evaluative classifications of individual cycles in historical production thus understood. A comparison between the axiological matrix and the features of individual historical periods has revealed, on the one hand, a stable relationship between the functionally nomological features of artistic productions and the cultural instrumentalizations of art, and on the other a stable relationship between the overtly semantic conceptualizations in the epoch of modernism and the ostensibly structural mode of artistic expression. In the postmodern period, all that was once understood as the stylistic language of form, or the autonomy of the artefact, has been transformed in the evasive media multiplication of the postindustrial epoch into a whole series of reproductive languages, replicas, transfers, copies, or simulacra, and forced into a relationship of permanent detachment with regard to the “original” (source). Thus, instead of an artwork in context, the context itself is now presented as an artwork, structured all over again according to some of the possible principles in the theoretical choice of interpretation. The impossibility of defining precisely the boundaries of the medium, and its increasing dematerialization, have made it more difficult to apply universal evaluative criteria to a particular artwork, which has led to a conflict between cultural evaluation and the subjection of experience to the semantic functions of evaluations. Nevertheless, recent research on perception in the field of neuroscience has indicated that the sensory perception of the external world and the assignation of meaning to those perceptions indeed happen simultaneously, and that these processes cannot take place separated from one another. The conclusion shows that the modern evaluation conflicts are largely a consequence of an irreversible and entropic state of culture in the 21st century. We should therefore aim at a revision, not so much of the hitherto accepted and standardized values, but rather of the present systems of evaluation and the ensuing evaluative descriptions of art.
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Ziltener, Patrick, and Daniel Kunzler. "Impacts of Colonialism: A Research Survey." Journal of World-Systems Research, August 26, 2013, 290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2013.507.
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The impacts of colonialism in Africa and Asia have never been compared in a systematic manner for a large sample of countries. This research survey presents the results of a new and thorough assessment of the highly diverse phenomenon - including length ofdomination , violence, partition, proselytization, instrumentalization of ethno-linguistic and religious cleavages, trade, direct investment, settlements, plantations, and migration -organized through a dimensional analysis (political, social, and economic impacts). It is shown that while in some areas, colonial domination has triggered profound changes in economy and social structure, others have remained almost untouched.
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Brázda, Radim. "Indignation as a political dynamics category." Human Affairs 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2017-0005.
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AbstractT. H. Macho defended the claim that politics is a system for organizing attention and for arranging relationships of visibility. One way of attracting and holding the attention of others and maintaining one’s visibility is the instrumentalization of indignation. Another way is to instigate and maintain social stress and unrest. The article explores the concepts of indignation and social stress as introduced by P. Sloterdijk. These concepts are part of a model of political dynamics that describes 1) the relationship between indignation and stress in political super-units and 2) the fact that they are compensated for by means of a specific conception of individual freedom (
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Eichberg, Henning. "Leg, latter og produktion – fra historie og sociologi til filosofiske spørgsmål." Forum for Idræt 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ffi.v28i1.31623.
Full textAbstract:
The historiography of play is manifold. It treats among others the roots and traditions of games, the carnivalistic culture of laughter and its repression, and the sportization of play in modern society as well as its pedagogization. Underexposed are the parcellation and technologization of play, new games and the recent instrumentalization of play in connection with health concerns and obesity panics. The sociology of play is – or should be – manifold, too. As sociology includes social stratification, difference and distinction, the oppositional dimension of popular laughter and its repression, tensions between idealized play and “dark play”, gender differences, play and social movements, and play and aging deserve attention. This implies that history is not just one, and sociology ditto. Their overlaps and interlacing hint towards combined historical-sociological humanist studies, which are interested in human bodily practice and movement culture both under the aspect of change and distinction. This leads to critical questions about some established terms and interpretations – and it is here that philosophy enters the scene. While history may be oriented towards answers about change, and sociology towards answers of differentiation and distinction, philosophy is steered by the need of fundamental questions. Play research can be a challenging case.
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Henrique Manfre, Ademir. "ESTÁ ME CHAMANDO DE DOENTE? O DISCURSO MEDICALIZANTE DO TDAH NA ESCOLA: UMA REVISÃO." COLLOQUIUM HUMANARUM, June 20, 2018, 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2018.v15.n2.h358.
Full textAbstract:
This article is the result of a bibliographical review on the topics: medicalization, instrumentalization of thought, and school education. The questions that promote this debate are: What set of institutional knowledge and practices have led us to think that medicine administration in our children solve the educational problems? Are we transforming behaviors such as disobedience, distraction, restlessness, impulsivity, and socially undesirable hyperactivity in pathologies? It is, therefore, a theoretical essay in which we elaborate some critics to the medicalization of the complaint of behavior in Brazilian school context. We ground our analysis on the interweaving of the theoretical contributions coming from the criticism of the medicalization of the school complaint. Theorists who support the critical argumentation of medicalization are: Moysés & Collares (1996), Garrido (2010), Signor & Santana (2016), Furtado (2014), Leonardi (2010), among others. At first, we draw a theoretical track in order to place the way in which the school medicalization presented in the context of the Brazilian educational debate. Next, we stress the limits of the medicalization of life in such context. Finally, we emphasize the importance to think about a type of school that problematizes the so-called "learning problems", adopting a critical position in relation to the Brazilian bibliographic production that relates "learning problems" of the "disease". Our proposal entails to rethink the way that the relationship between institutionalized knowledge and the other is made in a way of elaborating pedagogical strategies that accommodate the multiplicity of modes of being that make up each individual.