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1
Ehrlich, Y., I. Levy, and M. Fraenkel. "Calibration of image plate and back illuminated charge coupled device detectors at the thermal emission band of high Z target laser produced plasmas (80–800 eV)." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (2022): 083510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098781.
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We present a systematic method to absolutely calibrate detector efficiency vs photon energy using a laser produced plasma broadband x-ray source, a gold standard calibrated detector, and transmission gratings (TGs) as dispersive elements. Calibration uses one calibrated TG and a calibrated gold standard detector on one channel and a second calibrated TG and a detector to be calibrated on the other channel. Both channels simultaneously view the laser-produced plasma x-ray source from the same angle with respect to the laser beam and the planar target normal. Image plate detectors are calibrated for the first time at photon energies below 700 eV. Single shot simultaneous calibration of several detectors is possible, making this method an efficient and practical way to periodically calibrate detectors, using in-house capabilities of laser laboratories.
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Smith, Paul, John Gannon, and Frank Eggert. "New Technologies for Microanalysis and Element Imaging in THJ Scanning Electron Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 884–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003049x.
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RÖNTEC’s UHV Dewar detectors have established new standards for high resolution, lowmaintenance, low operating cost, and reliability in Si(Li) X-ray detectors. Now, the recently introduced XFlash® series X-ray detectors are enabling new methodologies for microanalysis and element imaging in the SEM. These detectors are compact, liquid-nitrogen-free semiconductor Xray detectors that are based on Silicon Drift Diode (SDD) technology. XFlash detectors produce extraordinarily high count rates with excellent energy resolution and have introduced ultra-fast microanalysis and element mapping to the SEM world. The addition of color to SEM images enables easy visualization of element distributions and allows the microstructural features and compositional variations of different materials to be more readily identified. Persons unfamiliar with electron microscopy can more readily interpret color images than black and white or gray scale images. This new technology has great potential to revolutionize electron microscopy.RÖNTEC’s UHV Dewar Detector offers the highest long-term stability and best energy resolution ever specified for a commercial Si(Li) detector (less than 129 eV). The UHV design leads to small size and weight (for reduced column loading) along with extremely low nitrogen consumption and low susceptibility to microphonics. The UHV detector never ices up and thus never requires defrosting or warm-ups. It is available with a variety of entrance windows for light element analysis.
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Zhang, C., G. Wu, Z. Li, et al. "The response of an Al-10B4C coupled neutron detector based on PIPS technology to Cf-252." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 11 (2023): P11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11005.
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Abstract After decades of discussions, it has been firmly established that detectors made of silicon-based semiconductor materials can be effectively used for neutron detection by simply coating them with suitable substances. The incident thermal neutrons interact with the coating neutron-sensitive materials such as 10B and 6LiF, resulting in the production of secondary charged particles which can be effectively detected in the sequencial silicon substrate. In this article, the detector system was designed with a coupled neutron detector structure which combined a silicon detector with a 10B4C film in various forms. The 10B4C layer was deposited on the substract with electron beam evaporation method. Two kinds of structrue were discussed: (1) one was the direct contact neutron detector by depositing 10B4C directly onto the front surface of silicon-based detectors; (2) the other was the coupled neutron detectors by depositing 10B4C onto substrates made from different materials such as Al and glass which then coupled with silicon-based detectors. The responses of these neutron detectors to neutrons (Cf-252) were measured individually. It's showen that the detection capability of direct contact neutron detectors was lower than the coupled neutron detectors. For the coupled detectors, the detector by depositing 10B4C on the aluminum substrate was found to be superior than that by depositing 10B4C on the glass substrate.
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Meleshenkovskii, I., A. Borella, K. Van der Meer, et al. "Instrumentation effects on U and Pu CBNM standards spectra quality measured on a 500 mm3 CdZnTe and a 2×2 inch LaBr3 detectors." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007007.
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Nowadays, there is interest in developing gamma-ray measuring devices based on the room temperature operated medium resolution detectors such as semiconductor detectors of the CdZnTe type and scintillators of the LaBr3 type. This is true also for safeguards applications and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has launched a project devoted to the assessment of medium resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy for the verification of the isotopic composition of U and Pu bearing samples. This project is carried out within the Non-Destructive Assay Working Group of the European Safeguards Research and Development Association (ESARDA). In this study we analyze medium resolution spectra of U and Pu standards with the aim to develop an isotopic composition determination algorithm, particularly suited for these types of detectors. We show how the peak shape of a CdZnTe detector is influenced by the instrumentation parameters. The experimental setup consisted of a 500 mm3 CdZnTe detector, a 2×2 inch LaBr3 detector, two types of measurement instrumentation – an analogue one and a digital one, and a set of certified samples – a 207Bi point source and U and Pu CBNM standards. The results of our measurements indicate that the lowest contribution to the peak asymmetry and thus the smallest impact on the resolution of the 500 mm3 CdZnTe detector was achieved with the digital MCA. Analysis of acquired spectra allowed to reject poor quality measurement runs and produce summed spectra files with the least impact of instrumentation instabilities. This work is preliminary to further studies concerning the development of an isotopic composition determination algorithm particularly suited for CZT and LaBr3 detectors for safeguards applications.
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Ulbricht, Gerhard, Mario De Lucia, and Eoin Baldwin. "Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062671.
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In recent years Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have emerged as one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. Their unrivaled scalability makes them very attractive for many modern applications and scientific instruments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of how and where MKIDs are currently being used or are suggested to be used in the future. MKID based projects are ongoing or proposed for observational astronomy, particle physics, material science and THz imaging, and the goal of this review is to provide an easily usable and thorough list of possible starting points for more in-depth literature research on the many areas profiting from kinetic inductance detectors.
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Bilhorn, R. B., P. M. Epperson, J. V. Sweedler, and M. B. Denton. "Spectrochemical Measurements with Multichannel Integrating Detectors." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (1987): 1125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447518.
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This is the second article in a two-part series describing the operation, performance characteristics, and spectroscopic application of charge transfer devices (CTDs) in analytical chemistry. The first article in the series describes the new generation of integrating multichannel detectors, the charge injection device (CID), and the charge-coupled device (CCD). The first article also discusses the spectroscopically pertinent characteristics of these detectors and presents performance data for representative devices. This article covers three major topics related to the optimum use of integrating detectors in analytical spectroscopy. The advantages of employing integrating multichannel detectors in analytical spectroscopy, rather than a single detector in a wavelength scanning system or an interferometer, are discussed. Included are detector read noise considerations which have not been considered in previous performance comparisons. When one is employing an integrating detector in luminescence, absorption, and emission applications, achievable sensitivity is dependent on differing detector parameters. In the first case, quantum efficiency and read noise are of the greatest importance, whereas in the later two cases, dynamic range is most significant. The calculation of minimum detectable analyte signal for these three techniques illustrates the differences between integrating detectors and detectors which produce a photocurrent. This discussion also illustrates the great sensitivity that can be achieved with a modern CTD detector. Factors pertaining to the optical design of spectrometers which efficiently use CTDs are presented, along with examples of linear and two-dimensional dispersive polychromators employing CTDs. Low-light-level imaging and a nonconventional method of using a CCD for rapid scanning spectrophotometry are also discussed.
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Abramowicz, H., A. Abusleme, K. Afanaciev, et al. "Forward instrumentation for ILC detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 5, no. 12 (2010): P12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/5/12/p12002.
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Patt, B. E., J. S. Iwanczyk, and C. R. Tull. "Characterization of Large-Area Silicon Drift Detectors at High Count Rates." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036138.
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Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) are being developed for analytical x-ray spectrometry having large active area, high-energy resolution and capability of operating at high counting rates. The development derives from the charged coupled device (CCD) for light-signal imaging, utilizing the extremely low capacitance of the detector and readout electronics and subsequent developments of silicon drift detectors for high-energy physics applications and more recently, x-ray spectroscopy applications. The now well-known advantage of the drift detector design is that, unlike traditional planar detectors, it allows for relatively large active area while still maintaining a very low anode capacitance (60 fF). This low value of detector capacitance results in a lowering of the series-noise component and hence the overall inherent electronic noise. Additionally, the reduction of the series noise leads to faster optimal shaping time, and as a consequence this provides for extremely high count rates.
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Hou, Qingfeng, Tianning Wang, Rui Zhao, et al. "Fast time response detectors of alpha particles fabricated using CVD diamonds." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (2023): T06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/t06012.
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Abstract Diamond with extraordinary properties, such as fast response, and extremely high thermal conductivity, is an ideal choice for the next generation radiation detectors. In this paper, a radiation detector based on a single crystal CVD diamond (3 mm × 3 mm × 200 μm) with (100) orientation is proposed to detect α radiation. The detector employs gold films on the diamond as an electrical contact, and the origin-symmetric current-voltage characteristics demonstrated excellent Ohmic contact behavior. At an electric field of 0.4 V/μm, a current dark value of 4 nA was measured. The detector's pulse speed was tested using 5.486 MeV 241Am sources. The time response of the detector to α particles is fast, with a rise time of 260 ps, a fall time of 650 ps, and a pulse width of 1.6 ns. These findings indicate that the detector can be used as a sensor for α radiation.
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Kim, Sungjoon, Vikas Berry, Jessica Metcalfe, and Anirudha V. Sumant. "Thin film charged particle detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (2023): P07047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07047.
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Abstract Silicon tracking detectors have grown to cover larger surface areas up to hundreds of square meters, and are even taking over other sub-detectors, such as calorimeters. However, further improvements in tracking detector performance are more likely to arise from the ability to make a low mass detector comprised of a high ratio of active sensor to inactive materials, where dead materials include electrical services, cooling, mechanical supports, etc. In addition, the cost and time to build these detectors is currently large. Therefore, advancements in the fundamental technology of tracking detectors may need to look at a more transformative approach that enables extremely large area coverage with minimal dead material and is easier and faster to build. The advancement of thin film fabrication techniques has the potential to revolutionize the next-to-next generation of particle detector experiments. Some thin film deposition techniques have already been developed and widely used in the industry to make LED screens for TVs and monitors. If large area thin film detectors on the order of several square meters can be fabricated with similar performance as current silicon technologies, they could be used in future particle physics experiments. This paper aims to review the key fundamental performance criteria of existing silicon detectors and past research to use thin films and other semi-conductor materials as particle detectors in order to explore the important considerations and challenges to pursue thin film detectors.
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Shilpa, A., S. Singh, and N. V. L. Narasimha Murty. "Spectroscopic performance of Ni/4H-SiC and Ti/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diode alpha particle detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (2022): P11014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11014.
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Abstract Advancement in the growth of 4H-SiC with low micropipe densities (∼ 0.11 cm-2) in achieving high pure epitaxial layers, enabled the development of high-resolution 4H-SiC alpha particle Schottky radiation detectors for harsh environments. In particular, the study considers two types of 4H-SiC radiation detectors having Ni and Ti as Schottky contacts. They are fabricated by depositing Ni and Ti on 25 μm thick n-type 4H-SiC by epitaxially growing on 350 μm thick conducting SiC substrates. Electrical characterization and alpha spectral measurements performed on Ni/4H-SiC and Ti/4H-SiC SBDs are reported in this work. The spectral measurements were carried out using 241Am alpha emitting radioactive source. Ni/ 4H-SiC Schottky detector showed a better spectral response with 22.87 keV FWHM (∼ 0.416%) at a reverse bias of 150 V for 5.48 MeV alpha particles while Ti/4H-SiC Schottky detector achieved a resolution of 38.25 keV FWHM (∼ 0.697%) at 170 V reverse bias. This work presented spectral broadening analysis to understand the various factors affecting the energy resolution of the detectors. The extracted charge collection efficiencies (CCEs) are approximately 99% in both the detectors. In addition, polarization effects are not noticed in any of the fabricated detectors. The diffusion length of minority carriers (Lp ) is computed based on the drift-diffusion model by fitting the CCE curve as a function of applied bias, and the values are close to 9 μm and 7 μm for Ni/4H-SiC SBD and Ti/4H-SiC SBD detectors, respectively. Annealing at 400°C for 5 minutes in N2 ambient resulted in resolution of 23.98 keV FWHM (∼ 0.436%) for Ni/4H-SiC SBD detector at -170 V and 36.21 keV FWHM (∼ 0.661%) for Ti/4H-SiC SBD detector at -150 V. Overall Ni/4H-SiC SBD detectors showed superior spectral characteristics and superior resolution when compared to Ti/4H-SiC SBD detectors. However, the Ti/4H-SiC SBD detector fabricated in this work performed better than the previously reported work on a similar device structure. Hence, future work aimed at improving resolution of radiation detectors could also consider Ti/4H-SiC SBDs along with Ni/4H-SiC SBDs.
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Kurucova, N., A. Šagátová, M. Pavlovič, et al. "Experimental analysis of the electric field distribution in semi-insulating GaAs detectors via alpha particles." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (2024): C03049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03049.
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Abstract Semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI GaAs) detectors offer a promising alternative to commercially available silicon detectors. They demonstrate superior radiation hardness and provide improved efficiency for gamma and X-ray detection, primarily attributed to their higher density. In this study, we examined 350 μm thick SI GaAs detectors featuring front-side Ti/Pt/Au Schottky contacts with varying contact areas, complemented by back-side Ni/AuGe/Au ohmic contacts spanning the entire area. First, the reverse current-voltage characteristics of the prepared detectors were measured. The dependence of the reverse current and the breakdown voltage on the Schottky contact area was revealed. As the contact area decreases, the reverse current decreases and the breakdown voltage increases. The detection performance of the detectors was evaluated by alpha spectrometry using an 241Am source. After irradiation of the detectors from the Schottky electrode, the measured alpha spectra show an increasing CCE with decreasing Schottky contact area. Finally, the correlation between the applied bias voltage and the extent of the active detector area from the edge of the detector contact was investigated.
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Chakraborty, A., R. Kshetri, and A. S. Patra. "Modeling of U-shaped composite detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (2021): T12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/t12006.
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Abstract We have investigated the basic operation of a composite detector comprising of elements arranged in the shape of an U-shaped rectangular well. Considering an isotropic scattering of gamma-rays and partial energy absorptions in up to four detector modules, expressions for the addback factor and the peak-to-total ratio have been obtained in terms of only one probability amplitude. We have compared the performance of two U-shaped detectors having different geometries and observed negligible gain in addback due to the longer arms. For completeness, comparisons have been made with composite detectors like the two element stacked detector and the two level pyramidal detector, both being embedded inside the U-shaped detector. Our pen-on-paper approach could be used to understand the operation of modern arrays having detector elements arranged in various sophisticated ways.
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Angelone, M., and P. Raj. "Practical considerations in developing nuclear detectors for tokamak harsh environments." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 07 (2022): C07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/c07004.
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Abstract Fusion tokamaks (FT) and hybrid fusion-fission reactors (HFFR) present harsh working conditions characterized by intense neutron and gamma fluxes (>1012 cm−2 s−1), high working temperatures (up to 600 °C) and corrosive environment. The breeding blanket region (BB) of these plants are resulting very hostile to the detectors used to monitor/measure fundamental nuclear parameters such as neutron/gamma fluxes and energy spectra, and tritium production. Presently no detectors are ready for being hosted in the harsh environment of the BB and R&D activity is needed to develop and test the candidate detectors. Some important lessons can be learned from past activities carried out in the EU and devoted to studying and realizing nuclear detector prototypes for the European Test Blanket Modules (TBM) of ITER. Amongst the other, these studies pointed out the need for intense neutron fields and calibration facilities closely reproducing the expected working environments to be used for reliable testing and calibration of the prototypes. Accurate simulation by Monte Carlo technique of the proposed detectors allows to mimic and foresee the response and performances of the detectors pointing out several fundamental and critical aspects on the physical response of the detector so helping in understanding the detectors response. This can help in selecting the best performing detector. The selection is based upon a multi-step procedure. The lesson learned for ITER-TBM can be helpful to study and develop nuclear detectors to be used in HFFR reactors and in next fusion machines like DEMO this because, despite the difference, the ITER-TBMs and the BB of fusion devices and HFFR reactors experience a number of similarities in terms of radiation level, temperature and nuclear quantities to be measured. In this paper, after discussing the requirements to be fulfilled by the nuclear detectors that must operate in the harsh environments we will discuss an example of detector development by considering the case of a self-power neutron detector (SPND) with chromium emitter studied and developed for ITER-TBM. The detailed Monte Carlo analysis is also reported and the many issues not yet solved are highlighted and the possible follow up to HFFR instrumentation discussed.
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Bilhorn, R. B., J. V. Sweedler, P. M. Epperson, and M. B. Denton. "Charge Transfer Device Detectors for Analytical Optical Spectroscopy—Operation and Characteristics." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (1987): 1114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447680.
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This article is the first in a two-part series describing the operation, characteristics, and application of a new class of solid-state multichannel UV-visible detectors. In this paper, charge transfer devices (CTDs) are described. Detector characteristics pertinent to spectroscopic application—including quantum efficiency, read noise, dark count rate, and available formats—are emphasized. Unique capabilities, such as the ability to nondestructively read out the detector array and the ability to alter the effective detector element size by a process called binning, are described. CTDs with peak quantum efficiencies over 80% and significant responsivity over the wavelength range of 0.1 nm to 1100 nm are discussed. Exceptionally low dark count rates, which allow integration times of up to many hours and read noises more than two orders of magnitude lower than those read by commercially available PDA detectors, contribute to the outstanding performance offered by these detectors.
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Somlyo, Andrew P. "The Impact of Biological Microanalysis on Analytical Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020973.
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Advances in energy-dispersive detector technology were largely responsible for electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) becoming a valuable tool for biologists, while development of EPMA received much impetus from the special needs of biological research. Solid-state energy-dispersive detectors placed in close proximity to specimens in transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) provided the necessary geometric detection efficiency, hence sensitivity and higher spatial resolution, and the reasonably good energy resolution of these detectors permitted reliable separation of overlapping peaks, such as the Kα peak of the biologically important messenger, calcium, and the Kβ peak of another, biologically much more abundant element, potassium. Improvements in the pole-piece design of TEMs to allow closer access of the X-ray detector to the specimen and interfacing the software of one company with detectors provided by another also helped progress, and EPMA, in conjunction with rapid freezing of cells, was ready to address important biological problems, such as the dynamics of the composition of intracellular organelles in situ.
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Uyar, E., G. Aksoy, H. Ünlü, and M. H. Bölükdemir. "Investigation of the effect of copper contact pin on efficiency in HPGe detectors using Monte Carlo method." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 11 (2021): T11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/t11003.
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Abstract The full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) determined by experimental or Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods is a very important parameter in HPGe detectors. Since FEPE depends on the detector's geometric parameters, the parameters provided by the manufacturer are of great importance in modeling the detector with the MC method. The most important reason for the discrepancy between MC and experimental calculations is the lack of accurate information about the detector's geometric properties. The thickness of the copper contact pin in the middle of the detector hole is not given by the manufacturer. In this study, the effect of copper contact pin thickness on detector efficiency was investigated by using the PHITS 3.24 MC simulation program both at different copper contact pin radii and at different detector-source distances. The efficiency values were calculated for photons in the energy range of 59.5 keV-1408 keV, at 4 different distances, namely 5 cm, 13.25 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm and for the radii of copper contact pins increased from 1 mm to 3.5 mm at 0.5 mm intervals. According to the results, it has been determined that the presence of copper contact pins causes a change in detector efficiency up to 1.9%, especially in the high energy region, and has no effect on the detector efficiency in the low energy region. In addition, it has been observed that the effect of copper contact pin thickness on detector efficiency is almost independent of the source-detector distance.
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Natal da Luz, H., F. A. Souza, M. Moralles, et al. "Characterization of multilayer Thick-GEM geometries as 10B converters aiming thermal neutron detection." EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817401012.
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Boron-based thermal neutron detectors have recently regained some attention from the instrumentation community as a strong alternative to helium-3 detectors. From the existing concepts exploiting boron layers in position sensitive detectors, the Cascade [1] is the one that takes full advantage of the 2D capabilities of gaseous detectors, with the position resolution not limited by the architecture of the detector. In this work, a proposal for the Cascade detector, based on Thick-GEMs is presented, together with some preliminary studies of the suitable pitch that optimizes the neutron conversion efficiency, while keeping the collection efficiency intact. The characterization of Thick-GEM prototypes produced in Brazil with hole pitch from 0.75 to 3 mm shows that these devices already present a stable performance at low gains, also resulting in fair energy resolution, when cascaded with a standard KaptonTM 50 µm GEM. Results of the first attempts of boron film depositions with Ion Beam Assisted Deposition and characterization by Ion Beam Analysis are also presented.
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Jirsa, J., J. Gecnuk, M. Havranek, et al. "Characterization of 3.2 Gbps readout in 65 nm CMOS technology." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (2023): C01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01055.
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Abstract A new class of photon-counting pixel detectors allows for capturing of an image in several photon energy bins in one shot. A decreased pixel pitch and an increased number of energy bins are needed to enhance the spatial and spectral resolution of the detector. This led to new requirements for the readout systems and their bandwidths, as more data is generated for the same detection area. Fast differential serial communication enables high-speed data rates, thus providing an ideal solution to transfer large amounts of data generated by the detector’s front-end electronics. However, its implementation provides extra challenges. This work introduces a novel high-speed serial readout designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology that will be used in the future photon-counting X-ray imaging detectors. The design of the serial transmitter is presented together with the characterization of jitter and channel performance.
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Salzmann, Hans, Per Nielsen, and Chris Gowers. "Digital single-photon-avalanche-diode arrays for time-of-flight Thomson scattering diagnostics." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (2022): 083517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095252.
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The collection optics of Thomson scattering systems for plasma devices are designed with maximum possible étendue to keep the required laser energy low. If the spatial resolution along the laser beam is performed by a time-of-flight method, then the detectors, in addition to a large sensitive area, must offer a high frequency bandwidth. Up until now, only microchannel-plate photomultipliers meet these requirements. Here, we investigate the potential use of digital avalanche photodiode arrays operated in the Geiger mode as alternative detectors. In this mode of operation, each array will serve as a fast, sensitive detector. The use of these detectors will lead to significant improvements of the Thomson scattering diagnostic. Most important of these will be a better spatial resolution, down to about 2 cm without deconvolution. Furthermore, the lifetime of the detectors will be increased; the detectors will cover the whole blue wing of the scattered spectrum when using a single wavelength laser, and this will enable measurements of electron temperature and density profiles at kHz repetition rates.
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Dudas, D., V. Kafka, M. Marcisovsky, et al. "Radiation hardness of PantherPix hybrid pixel detector." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (2021): P12007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12007.
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Abstract Hybrid pixel detectors (HPD) are nowadays well known and widely used in fundamental research, e.g. in high energy physics experiments. Over the last decade, segmented semiconductor detectors have also found use in medicine. The total doses received by medical radiation detectors often reach a significant level (up to several hundreds of kGy per decade), especially in applications such as transmission portal in-vivo dosimetry. Such doses might affect detector properties. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their performance after absorbing a significant radiation dose. PantherPix is a novel 2D hybrid pixel detector which is designed specifically for use in radiation therapy. As was concluded in earlier studies, it is suitable for radiotherapy quality assurance (QA) and portal dosimetry. In this paper, the PantherPix radiation hardness is investigated using a 60Co source. The dependence on dose of the full depletion voltage, leakage current, detector power consumption and detector response are provided. The PantherPix radiation tolerance has been shown to be adequate for common cumulative doses delivered to radiation detectors in radiotherapy over several decades and its performance has been verified for doses up to 3000 kGy.
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Delcourt, A., and G. Montémont. "GPU-accelerated CZT detector simulation with charge build-up effects." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (2023): P02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/p02005.
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Abstract The simulation of semiconductor detectors is a key tool for developping and studying their behavior. In general, simulations of CZT detectors assume the crystal to be perfect, meaning that its properties are uniform. However, structural defects appearing in the crystal during growth modify these properties. Moreover, dynamic phenomena like polarization can appear. In particular, the electric field inside the detector can be disturbed by bulk charges, which creates uncertainties on measurement of incident photon energy and on interaction position estimated by sub-pixel positioning. One of the main issues of a simulation considering these non-uniformities is its complexity, especially if multiple or evolving electric field distributions have to be considered. Hence, we have developed a model accepting electric field modifications and allowing to observe quickly the detector's response modifications with the electric field. We leveraged GPU to address such computational burden. Indeed, we can afford to consider more complex simulations as the computation time is reduced. In this study, we introduced different types of spatial defects which may be found in real CZT crystals (point-like, planar, etc.) to observe quickly and easily their impact on the detector's measurement, on both spatial and spectral response.
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Svatos, Jakub, Josef Vedral, and Tomas Pospisil. "Advanced Instrumentation for Polyharmonic Metal Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 5 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2015.2507780.
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Zareef, F., A. Oblakowska-Mucha, and T. Szumlak. "Silicon detectors beyond LHC — RD50 status report." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (2022): C11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11004.
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Abstract The last decade showed the leading role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments in particle physics. To fully exploit its physics potential, the significant increase of LHC luminosity is planned. At the High luminosity Phase-II Upgrade (HL-LHC), foreseen for 2027, a peak instantaneous luminosity of 5 × 1034 cm−2, with an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 is expected. The experiments will be subjected to radiation levels up to 2 × 1016 neq/cm2 at the innermost layers of the detectors. Since more than a decade the RD50 collaboration has been conducting a significant R&D program across experimental boundaries to create silicon sensors with adequate radiation tolerance for HL-LHC trackers. HV-CMOS sensors, 3D detectors, and low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) are important areas of detector research and development. We will discuss the current state of research and development in numerous silicon detector domains, with a focus on 3D and LGAD detectors. We will also discuss the alternatives for detector selection experiments outside of the LHC, using the FCC as an example.
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Bormett, Richard W., and Sanford A. Asher. "2-D Light Diffraction from CCD and Intensified Reticon Multichannel Detectors Causes Spectrometer Stray Light Problems." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 1 (1994): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944027561.
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Intensified diode arrays and charge-coupled detectors (CCD) which are used as multichannel detectors for spectroscopy exhibit strong 2-D diffraction of light due to the micro-channel plate intensifier and the CCD surface microelectronic structures. The strong 2-D diffraction of light by the intensified diode arrays shows hexagonal symmetry due to the hexagonal packing of the hollow glass fibers of the micro-channel plate intensifier. The 2-D diffraction of light from the CCD detectors shows square symmetry due to the almost square symmetry of the individual surface microelectronic structures. Light incident on the detector surfaces is diffracted into numerous angles which depend upon the incident angle and the light wavelength. This diffracted light can be redispersed and/ or reflected and scattered by optical elements inside the spectrometer. This diffracted light can then contribute to spectrometer diffuse stray light or it can be directly reimaged onto the detector to cause spectral artifacts. Backthinned CCD detectors do not show 2-D light diffraction and thus avoid these 2-D diffraction stray light limitations.
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Oh, Seokwon, Seungjun Yoo, Hubeom Shin, Junho Lee, Dong Uk Kim, and Ho Kyung Kim. "Signal and noise analysis of a metal oxide transistor-based flat-panel detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 10 (2023): C10016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/10/c10016.
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Abstract Recently, metal-oxide thin-film transistor (TFT)-based flat-panel x-ray detectors have attracted attention owing to their fast readout times and low noise characteristics. We empirically analyzed the signal and noise characteristics of an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) TFT-based detector in comparison with those of a conventional hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFT-based detector. We compared the large-area signal transfer functions of the detectors as a function of air kerma at their entrance surfaces. Signal and noise performances were evaluated by measuring the modulation-transfer function, noise-power spectrum, and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The low-dose imaging capability of the detectors was assessed by investigating the large-area or zero-frequency DQE as a function of air kerma. Herein, we evaluated the value of the IGZO detector in terms of dose efficiency in comparison to the conventional a-Si:H detector.
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Chandler, G. A., C. L. Ruiz, G. W. Cooper, et al. "Neutron time-of-flight detectors (nTOF) used at Sandia’s Z-Machine." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (2022): 113531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101544.
Full textAbstract:
Neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detectors have been used on Sandia National Laboratories’ Z-Machine for inertial confinement fusion and magnetized liner fusion experiments to infer physics parameters including the apparent fuel-ion temperature, neutron yield, the magnetic-radius product (BR), and the liner rho-r. Single-paddle, dual-paddle, and co-axial scintillation nTOF detectors are used in axial lines-of-sight (LOS) and LOS that are 12° from the midplane. Detector fabrication, characterization, and calibration are discussed.
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Mancini, Edoardo, Lorenzo Mussolin, Giulia Morettini, et al. "Collection of Silicon Detectors Mechanical Properties from Static and Dynamic Characterization Test Campaigns." Instruments 7, no. 4 (2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040046.
Full textAbstract:
Physics research is constantly pursuing more efficient silicon detectors, often trying to develop complex and optimized geometries, thus leading to non-trivial engineering challenges. Although critical for this optimization, there are few silicon tile mechanical data available in the literature. In an attempt to partially fill this gap, the present work details various mechanical-related aspects of spaceborne silicon detectors. Specifically, this study concerns three experimental campaigns with different objectives: a mechanical characterization of the material constituting the detector(in terms of density, elastic, and failure properties), an analysis of the adhesive effect on the loads, and a wirebond vibrational endurance campaign performed on three different unpotted samples. By collecting and discussing the experimental results, this work aims to fulfill its purpose of providing insight into the mechanical problems associated with this specific application and procuring input data of paramount importance. For the study to be complete, the perspective taken is broader than mere silicon analysis and embraces all related aspects; i.e., the detector–structure adhesive interface and the structural integrity of wirebonds. In summary, this paper presents experimental data on the material properties of silicon detectors, the impact of the adhesive on the gluing stiffness, and unpotted wirebond vibrational endurance. At the same time, the discussion of the results furnishes an all-encompassing view of the design-associated criticalities in experiments where silicon detectors are employed.
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Krzyżanowska, A., R. Szczygieł, P. Gryboś, J. Koczwara, K. Cisło, and A. Stasiak. "Charge sharing simulations and measurements for digital algorithms aiming at subpixel resolution in photon counting pixel detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (2023): C02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02024.
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Abstract Hybrid pixel detectors are segmented devices used for X-ray detection that consist of a sensor attached to the readout electronics. Detectors working in single-photon counting mode process each incoming photon individually, have essentially infinite dynamic range, and by applying energy discrimination they provide noiseless imaging. To improve the resolution of the detector and allow operation with high-intensity photon fluxes, the pixel size is reduced. However, with decreasing pixel size, a charge sharing effect is more prominent. This leads to false event registration or omitting the event, and degradation of the energy resolution of the detector. Algorithms aiming at reducing the influence of charge sharing have already been implemented on-chip. However, the spatial resolution of the detector can be increased beyond the physical size of the pixel if the charge proportions collected by neighboring pixels are analyzed.The simulations show that charge cloud size referred to pixel size and noise are the key parameters that determine the accuracy of the subpixel algorithm. The article shows the concept of subpixel algorithm and the simulations for different detector parameters and approximation algorithms. The slanted-edge method was implemented to quantify the resolution of detectors consisting standard readout architecture. The chips were simulated and tested to verify the influence of different bias voltages, sensor materials, and thicknesses on charge sharing and as a consequence on the detector resolution. The simulated and measured edge spread functions were compared. The results show that the simulator can be used to describe the spatial resolution of the detectors, and can be used for further studies of the resolution of detectors with subpixel algorithm implemented.
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Häußler, Matthias, Robin Terhaar, Martin A. Wolff, et al. "Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 1 (2023): 013103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114903.
Full textAbstract:
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10−18 W/[Formula: see text]. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.
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Balkova, Y., M. Urbaniak, A. Makhnev, et al. "New beam position detectors for NA61/SHINE experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (2022): C08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/c08019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract NA61/SHINE is a multi-purpose fixed-target experiment located at the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN. The main goals of the experiment include studies for physics of strong interactions, neutrino physics, and cosmic-rays physics. After the upgrade of the detector system, the experiment will collect data up to 1 kHz event rate. The development of new detectors, used to measure the positions of incoming beam particles in the transverse plane, is a crucial part of the upgrade. Two new kinds of beam position detectors are prepared and tested. One of them is the scintillating fiber detector with a multi-anode photomultiplier readout. It is built of two perpendicularly arranged ribbons, each consisting of two shifted layers of green-emitting scintillating fibers with a diameter of 250 μm. The second type of detector is based on single-sided silicon strip detector (Hamamatsu S13804). The paper gives an overview of both detectors’ design and readout concepts.
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Kim, Jeongho, and Byungdo Park. "Feasibility of SiPM and CsI(Tl) based radiation detector with light guide for measurement of radioactivation in a linear accelerator." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 09 (2023): T09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/t09005.
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Abstract In this work, a prototype radiation detector was developed using SiPM, a large-sized CsI(Tl) scintillator, and various lengths of light guides, and its performance was evaluated. The conducted studies show that the tested prototype exhibited an enhanced energy resolution improved energy resolution when a 20 mm light guide was used, with respect to the case in which no light guide was employed. Additionally, the radiation detector demonstrated higher detection efficiency compared to other radiation detectors fabricated in this work. The radiation detector prototype under test and equipped with a 20 mm light guide, was used to perform a series of LINAC radioactivation measurements. These measurements resulted in the successful determination of the gamma energy peaks corresponding to W-187 and Mn-56, alongside the accurate measurement of the annihilation peak. These results suggest that the radiation detector employing a light guide for LINAC radioactivation measurements could be a viable alternative to conventional HPGe detectors or scintillation detectors without light guides.
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Friedrich, S., C. A. Mears, B. Nideröst, et al. "Superconducting Tunnel Junction Array Development for High-Resolution Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, no. 6 (1998): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192769898059x.
Full textAbstract:
Cryogenic energy-dispersive X-ray detectors are being developed because of their superior energy resolution (10 eV FWHM for keV X-rays) compared to that achieved in semiconductor energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) systems. So far, their range of application is limited because of their comparably small size and low count rate. We present data on the development of superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detector arrays to address both of these issues. A single STJ detector has a resolution of around 10 eV below 1 keV and can be operated at count rates of the order 10,000 counts/sec. We show that the simultaneous operation of several STJ detectors does not dimish their energy resolution significantly, and it increases the detector area and the maximum count rate by a factor given by the total number of independent channels.
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Fanelli, C., and A. Mahmood. "Artificial Intelligence for imaging Cherenkov detectors at the EIC." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 07 (2022): C07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/c07011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Imaging Cherenkov detectors form the backbone of particle identification (PID) at the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). Currently all the designs for the first EIC detector proposal use a dual Ring Imaging CHerenkov (dRICH) detector in the hadron endcap, a Detector for Internally Reflected Cherenkov (DIRC) light in the barrel, and a modular RICH (mRICH) in the electron endcap. These detectors involve optical processes with many photons that need to be tracked through complex surfaces at the simulation level, while for reconstruction they rely on pattern recognition of ring images. This proceeding summarizes ongoing efforts and possible applications of AI for imaging Cherenkov detectors at EIC. In particular we will provide the example of the dRICH for the AI-assisted design and of the DIRC for simulation and particle identification from complex patterns and discuss possible advantages of using AI.
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Wollman, D. A., Dale E. Newbury, S. W. Nam, et al. "Microcalorimeter EDS: Benefits and Drawbacks." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 738–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036187.
Full textAbstract:
The commercial introduction of high-count-rate, near-room-temperature silicon drift detectors (presently available) and high-energy-resolution cryogenic microcalorimeters (forthcoming) is an exciting development in x-ray microanalysis, in which detector choices and capabilities have been essentially stable for many years. Both of these new energy-dispersive detectors promise improved capabilities for specific applications, e.g., faster EDS mapping (silicon drift detectors) and nanoscale particle analysis (microcalorimeters). In this paper, we briefly examine some of the important benefits and drawbacks of microcalorimeter EDS (μcal EDS) for x-ray microanalysis.The primary benefit of μcal EDS over conventional semiconductor EDS is the factor of ∼ 20 improvement in energy resolution (∼ 4 eV, real-time analog signal processing), as shown in Figure 1.
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Mazon, D., D. Colette, E. Soudet, et al. "Using low voltage ionization chamber (LVIC) in current mode for energy spectrum reconstruction: Experiments and validation." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (2022): 113544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105345.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) radiative environment, in particular during high D–T power phase, classic x-ray detectors, such as semiconductor diodes, might be too fragile and are thus not viable. Instead, robust detectors, such as gas-filled detectors, are nowadays considered. The Low Voltage Ionization Chamber (LVIC) is one of the most promising candidates for x-ray measurement during the ITER nuclear phase. A complete model of the detector, recently developed at IRFM (Intitute for Research on Magnetic Fusion), now requires experimental validation. Experimental testing at the IRFM laboratory of an ITER industrial LVIC prototype and comparison with modeling are presented. In particular, an original approach to extract information on the x-ray spectrum from current-mode LVIC measurement is validated experimentally.
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Zaluzec, Nestor J. "Detector Solid Angle Formulas for Use in X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 2 (2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090217.
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AbstractWith the advent of silicon drift X-ray detectors, a range of new geometries has become possible in electron optical columns. Because of their compact size, these detectors can potentially achieve high geometrical collection efficiencies; however, using traditional approximations detector solid angle calculations rapidly break down and at times can yield nonphysical values. In this article we present generalized formulas that can be used to calculate the variation in detection solid angle for contemporary Si(Li) as well as new silicon drift configurations.
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Gorordo, Thomas, Simon Knapen, Benjamin Nachman, Dean J. Robinson, and Adi Suresh. "Geometry optimization for long-lived particle detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 09 (2023): P09012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/p09012.
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Abstract The proposed designs of many auxiliary long-lived particle (LLP) detectors at the LHC call for the instrumentation of a large surface area inside the detector volume, in order to reliably reconstruct tracks and LLP decay vertices. Taking the CODEX-b detector as an example, we provide a proof-of-concept optimization analysis that demonstrates the required instrumented surface area can be substantially reduced for many LLP models, while only marginally affecting the LLP signal efficiency. This optimization permits a significant reduction in cost and installation time, and may also inform the installation order for modular detector elements. We derive a branch-and-bound based optimization algorithm that permits highly computationally efficient determination of optimal detector configurations, subject to any specified LLP vertex and track reconstruction requirements. We outline the features of a newly-developed generalized simulation framework, for the computation of LLP signal efficiencies across a range of LLP models and detector geometries.
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Barbot, Loïc, Jean-François Villard, Stéphane Fourrez, Laurent Pichon, and Hamid Makil. "The Self-Powered Detector Simulation ‘MATiSSe’ Toolbox applied to SPNDs for severe accident monitoring in PWRs." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817008001.
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In the framework of the French National Research Agency program on nuclear safety and radioprotection, the ‘DIstributed Sensing for COrium Monitoring and Safety’ project aims at developing innovative instrumentation for corium monitoring in case of severe accident in a Pressurized Water nuclear Reactor. Among others, a new under-vessel instrumentation based on Self-Powered Neutron Detectors is developed using a numerical simulation toolbox, named ‘MATiSSe’. The CEA Instrumentation Sensors and Dosimetry Lab developed MATiSSe since 2010 for Self-Powered Neutron Detectors material selection and geometry design, as well as for their respective partial neutron and gamma sensitivity calculations. MATiSSe is based on a comprehensive model of neutron and gamma interactions which take place in Selfpowered neutron detector components using the MCNP6 Monte Carlo code. As member of the project consortium, the THERMOCOAX SAS Company is currently manufacturing some instrumented pole prototypes to be tested in 2017. The full severe accident monitoring equipment, including the standalone low current acquisition system, will be tested during a joined CEA-THERMOCOAX experimental campaign in some realistic irradiation conditions, in the Slovenian TRIGA Mark II research reactor.
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McLean, Ian S., Ding-Qiang Su, Thomas Armstrong, et al. "Commission 9: Instrumentation and Techniques: (Instrumentation et Techniques)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 1 (2000): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00003266.
Full textAbstract:
The last triennium, and coincidentally the last few years of the 20th century, has been a most remarkable time for Commission 9, and for astronomy in general. Ground-based astronomy in particular has received an enormous boost due to the arrival of an astonishing array of new telescopes, novel instruments and innovative techniques. For those of us closely involved in developing new observatories, instrumentation or detectors, the last few years have been rather hectic! As an astronomer with a long-time interest in the development of new instruments, what amazes me is the breadth of technology and the visionary scope of all these incredible new achievements. Many of the very large 8-10 meter class telescopes are now coming into full operation – yet, just as this is happening, numerous smaller “survey” telescopes are providing a wealth of new sources. Adaptive optics is being practiced at many sites and diffraction-limited imaging from the ground is now a reality. Several optical-IR interferometers are now working and more are coming along very soon. Detectors continue to get bigger and better, especially for the infrared, and instrumentation is increasingly more sophisticated, complex and efficient. Remote observing, robotic telescopes and global networks of telescopes are common, and international collaborations are larger and stronger than ever before.
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Higinbotham, D. W. "EIC detector overview." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (2022): C02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Electron Ion Collider will have two interaction regions that can be instrumented with detectors. The first region will be instrumented as part of the project and needs to be capable of delivering the physics that has been outlined by the National Academy of Sciences and ready at the start of beam commissioning near the end of this decade. Plans for a second complementary detector to be located at a second interaction region are already in progress and will hopefully come to fruition just few years after the first detector comes online. While the basic parameters of these detectors are being selected using conventional approaches, the optimization of the detectors is already being enhanced by making use of advanced optimization techniques.
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Bressan, A., S. Carrato, C. Chatterjee, et al. "The high voltage system the novel MPGD-based photon detectors of COMPASS RICH-1 and its development towards a scalable HVPSS for MPGDs." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (2023): C07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/c07014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The COMPASS RICH-1 detector underwent major upgrade in 2016 with the installation of four novel MPGD-based photon detectors. They consist of large-size hybrid MPGDs with multi-layer architecture composed of two layers of Thick-GEMs and bulk resistive Micromegas. A dedicated high voltage power supply system, realized with commercial devices, has been put in operation to protect the detectors against errors by the operator, monitor and log voltages and currents at a 1 Hz rate, and automatically react to detector misbehavior; it includes also the HV compensation for the detector gas pressure and temperature variations. The needs posed to the high voltage power supply systems by the operation of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors pushed the development of a novel single channel HV system able to overcome the performance of the commercial devices in terms of high-resolution diagnostic features and intelligent dynamic voltage control. In this talk the COMPASS HV system and its performance are illustrated, as well as the stability of the novel MPGD-based photon detectors during the physics data taking at COMPASS. The performance of the novel single channel power supply system when connected to a single photon Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector is presented in realistic working condition during a test beam with the preliminary results of multiple channels operation.
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Jash, A., L. Moleri, and S. Bressler. "Electrical breakdown in Thick-GEM based WELL detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (2022): P11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The occurrence of electrical discharges in gas detectors restricts their dynamic range and degrades their performance. Among the different methods developed to mitigate discharge effects, the use of resistive materials in the detector assembly was found to be very effective. In this work, we present the results of a comparative study of electrical discharges in Thick-GEM-based WELL-type detectors — with and without resistive elements. We present a new method to measure discharges in the resistive-detector configurations; it allows demonstrating, for the first time, the occurrence of discharges also in the Resistive-Plate WELL detector configuration. It also provides direct evidence for the Raether limit.
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Miller, M. K. "A Transparent Anode Array Detector for 3d Atom Probes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020523.
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In a three dimensional atom probe, the identity and spatial coordinates of the atoms field evaporated from the specimen are determined. Their identity is calculated from the flight time from the specimen to the single atom detector. The x and y coordinates of the atom in the specimen are determined from the coordinates of its impact position on the position-sensitive detector and the z coordinate is determined from its position in the evaporation sequence. These data may then be reconstructed to visualize and quantify the distribution of all the elements in the specimen. Several types of position-sensitive detectors have been used including a wedge-and-strip detector (position-sensitive atom probe), a 10 by 10 array of anodes (tomographic atom probe), and a gateable CCD camera (optical atom probe). The wedge-and strip and the CCD camera detectors both suffer from the limitation that if more than one atom strikes the detector on a field evaporation pulse then the impact positions cannot be determined in many cases.
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Friel, John J. "EDS from then Till Now—A Chronology of Innovation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020948.
Full textAbstract:
Since its introduction in 1968 on both the EPMA and SEM, the energy-dispersive spectrometer has become widely used from research laboratories to production testing. It has become the mainstay for microanalysis in many scientific disciplines. A discussion of energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) logically divides into two lines of development: X-ray detector/hardware and X-ray analyzer/software. Of the several types of EDS detectors, only Si(Li) and intrinsic germanium detectors (IG) will be covered in this review, as they are the most common on electron microscopes.The 1960s— The use of a solid state EDS detector on an EPMA was first described by Fitzgerald, et al. in 1968.1 They realized at the time that the high collection efficiency of about 80% permitted analysis at lower beam current for the same counting statistics and electron dose on the specimen. The first installation of a Si(Li) detector on an SEM came later the same year.
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Wan, S., H. Yang, J. Zhu, et al. "Design and characterization of multichannel front-end electronics for detectors at HIRFL and HIAF." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 11 (2023): C11006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A multichannel front-end readout electronics (MFEE) has been designed for readout in detectors in the heavy ion facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility (HIAF). With 40 different adjustable gains, this MFEE can meet the need for most of the experiment. One MFEE can read and process the output signals of 128 channels of a detector at the same time. MFEE is based on the AD8488 chip and uses Xilinx Kintex 7 series FPGA, combined with the periphery circuits design, to complete the detector's output charge signal readout. This paper will discuss the design and performance of the MFEE.
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Pfeiffer, D., F. Brunbauer, V. Cristiglio, et al. "Demonstration of Gd-GEM detector design for neutron macromolecular crystallography applications." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 04 (2023): P04023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's most powerful thermal neutron source. The Macromolecular Diffractometer (NMX) at the ESS requires three 51.2 × 51.2 cm2 detectors with reasonable detection efficiency, sub-mm spatial resolution, a narrow point-spread function (PSF), and good time resolution. This work presents measurements with the improved version of the NMX detector prototype consisting of a Triple-GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) detector with a natural Gd converter and a low material budget readout. The detector was successfully tested at the neutron reactor of the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC) and the D16 instrument at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble. The measurements with Cadmium and Gadolinium masks in Budapest demonstrate that the point-spread function of the detector lacks long tails that could impede the measurement of diffraction spot intensities. On the D16 instrument at ILL, diffraction spots from Triose phosphate isomerase w/ 2-phosphoglycolate (PGA) inhibitor were measured both in the MILAND Helium-3 detector and the Gd-GEM. The comparison between the two detectors shows a similar point-spread function in both detectors, and the expected efficiency ratio compared to the Helium-3 detector. Both measurements together thus give good indications that the Gd-GEM detector fits the requirements for the NMX instrument at ESS.
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Richardson, Robert L., Husheng Yang, and Peter R. Griffiths. "Effects of Detector Nonlinearity on Spectra Measured on Three Commercial FT-IR Spectrometers." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 4 (1998): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943897.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of the nonlinear response of mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detectors has been evaluated on three commercial Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers. The greater the photon flux and the photon flux density, and the smaller the area of the detector on which the source image is focused, the greater are the effects of the nonlinearity. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spectra measured with an MCT detector under conditions of high photon flux and, especially, high photon flux density is significantly less than the SNR calculated by using the manufacturer's D* value. Detector nonlinearity usually leads to negative deviations in Beer's law plots. An empirical correction algorithm has been applied to Beer's law spectra acquired with the use of photoconductive MCT detectors and has been found to work well.
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Gonzalez-Sevilla, S. "The new monolithic ASIC of the preshower detector for di-photon measurements in the FASER experiment at CERN." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (2023): C02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02002.
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Abstract The ForwArd Search ExpeRiment (FASER) is an experiment searching for new light and weakly-interacting particles at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. FASER is composed of different sub-detectors, including silicon microstrip detectors, scintillator counters and an electromagnetic calorimeter. In this paper, a new preshower detector for the FASER experiment is presented. The new detector, based on monolithic pixel ASICs, will provide excellent spatial and time resolutions and a large charge dynamic range. First results from a prototype chip produced by IHP in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology are shown.
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Boyarintsev, A., A. De Roeck, S. Dolan, et al. "Demonstrating a single-block 3D-segmented plastic-scintillator detector." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (2021): P12010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Three-dimensional finely grained plastic scintillator detectors bring many advantages in particle detectors, allowing a massive active target which enables a high-precision tracking of interaction products, excellent calorimetry and a sub-nanosecond time resolution. Whilst such detectors can be scaled up to several-tonnes, as required by future neutrino experiments, a relatively long production time, where each single plastic-scintillator element is independently manufactured and machined, together with potential challenges in the assembly, complicates their realisation. In this manuscript we propose a novel design for 3D granular scintillator detectors where O(1 cm3) cubes are efficiently glued in a single block of scintillator after being produced via cast polymerization, which can enable rapid and cost-efficient detector construction. This work could become particularly relevant for the detectors of the next-generation long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiments, such as DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande and ESSnuSB.