Journal articles on the topic 'Instruments, utensils'

There is global recognition that waste plastic is a ubiquitous pollutant in the built and natural environments. A component of plastic litter and debris is single-use, expanded polystyrene (EPS) food service ware. Reducing the consumption of EPS food service ware is challenging because reuse is not feasible, recycling is not economically viable, and composting is not possible. In the absence of national action to reduce EPS in the USA, local governments have taken the lead on enacting ordinances to eliminate or reduce EPS food service ware. This paper examined the variety of policy instruments that can or have been used by local governments in the USA to reduce EPS food service ware. Because of the inabilities to reuse, recycle, and/or compost EPS, the most frequently used policy instrument has been a ban. As of December 2019, there were 249 local bans in the USA covering 12.85% of the nation’s population: of these bans, 9.6% were partial bans restricting distribution only on government and public property, 65.9% were narrow bans that ban distribution by restaurants and food providers, 8.8% were full bans that include the narrow ban and also ban using EPS food packaging by grocery stores, and 15.7% adopted an expanded ban that includes the full ban and also baned other single-use plastic food ware related items including the selling or distributing of EPS coolers and single-use plastic utensils, straws, stirrers, lids, cups, plates, and containers.

Portion control utensils and reduced size tableware amongst other tools, have the potential to guide portion size intake but their effectiveness remains controversial. This review evaluated the breadth and effectiveness of existing portion control tools on learning/awareness of appropriate portion sizes (PS), PS choice, and PS consumption. Additional outcomes were energy intake and weight loss. Published records between 2006–2020 (n = 1241) were identified from PubMed and WoS, and 36 publications comparing the impact of portion control tools on awareness (n = 7 studies), selection/choice (n = 14), intake plus related measures (n = 21) and weight status (n = 9) were analyzed. Non-tableware tools included cooking utensils, educational aids and computerized applications. Tableware included mostly reduced-size and portion control/calibrated crockery/cutlery. Overall, 55% of studies reported a significant impact of using a tool (typically smaller bowl, fork or glass; or calibrated plate). A meta-analysis of 28 articles confirmed an overall effect of tool on food intake (d = –0.22; 95%CI: –0.38, –0.06; 21 comparisons), mostly driven by combinations of reduced-size bowls and spoons decreasing serving sizes (d = –0.48; 95%CI: –0.72, –0.24; 8 comparisons) and consumed amounts/energy (d = –0.22; 95%CI: –0.39, –0.05, 9 comparisons), but not by reduced-size plates (d = –0.03; 95%CI: –0.12, 0.06, 7 comparisons). Portion control tools marginally induced weight loss (d = –0.20; 95%CI: –0.37, –0.03; 9 comparisons), especially driven by calibrated tableware. No impact was detected on PS awareness; however, few studies quantified this outcome. Specific portion control tools may be helpful as potentially effective instruments for inclusion as part of weight loss interventions. Reduced size plates per se may not be as effective as previously suggested.

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are well-established composites applied on commercial, laboratory, and even industrial scales, including pottery for decoration, glass–ceramics-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs), commercial cooking utensils, high-temperature laboratory instruments, industrial catalytic reactors, and engine turbine blades. Despite the extensive applications of CMCs, researchers had to deal with their brittleness, low electrical conductivity, and low thermal properties. The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcement is an effective and efficient method to tailor the ceramic structure at the nanoscale, which provides considerable practicability in the fabrication of highly functional CMC materials. This article provides a comprehensive review of CNTs-reinforced CMC materials (CNTs-CMCs). We critically examined the notable challenges during the synthesis of CNTs-CMCs. Five CNT dispersion processes were elucidated with a comparative study of the established research for the homogeneity distribution in the CMCs and the enhanced properties. We also discussed the effect of densification techniques on the properties of CNTs-CMCs. Additionally, we synopsized the outstanding microstructural and functional properties of CNTs in the CNTs-CMCs, namely stimulated ceramic crystallization, high thermal conductivity, bandgap reduction, and improved mechanical toughness. We also addressed the fundamental insights for the future technological maturation and advancement of CNTs-CMCs.

Abstract The turquoise objects of the Neolithic Age in China are mainly unearthed in the seven regions: the Central Plains, the Haidai cultural zone, the Gansu-Qinghai-Ningxia region, the Northern Frontier Zone, the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the lower reach of the Yangtze River and the South China. Their main functions are ornaments and burial objects, and their distribution was expanding constantly from the early to the late Neolithic Age: in the early period, they were only seen in the Central Plains and the Northern Frontier Zone; down to the late period, they were found in all of the seven regions. The forms and types of the turquoise objects were changing from simple to complex and from single object to parts and adornments inlayed or attached to other objects. At the beginning, the manufacturing techniques were relatively simple, but the engraving skill appeared. The turquoise objects were mainly unearthed from burials; when they just emerged, they were not the symbols of the statuses, positions and the wealth as well as genders and ages of the tomb occupants. However, during the Longshan Age, in some regions the turquoise was attached to some exquisite utensils or implements which might be used as ritual instruments, and began to become symbols of statuses and ranks, which was the most obvious in the Haidai area. As for the resources of the turquoise, it is still to be explored that they were imported from the peripheral area of present-day China or obtained locally.

O pescado é considerado uma excelente fonte proteica com alto valor nutritivo, por outro lado, possui alta perecibilidade, sendo necessárias condições sanitárias ideais em todo o processo produtivo, a fim de que seja oferecido ao consumidor um produto seguro e de boa qualidade. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a condição higiênico-sanitária da feira livre, que comercializa pescados, no município de Macapá, Estado do Amapá. A pesquisa foi realizada através da aplicação de um Checklist adaptado da resolução da RDC nº 216, para os critérios edificação, equipamentos/instrumentos, utensílios e higienização, vestuário, hábitos higiênicos, equipamentos de proteção individual e qualidade de matéria-prima. Após o cálculo dos resultados, a feira se enquadrou no grupo 3, de 0 a 50% de atendimento dos itens. A comercialização de peixes apresentou índices críticos de inadequação à legislação, existindo graves problemas higiênico-sanitários, que comprometem a qualidade dos peixes e coloca em risco a saúde do consumidor, principalmente, a veiculação de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs), tendo em vista a precariedade na manipulação deste alimento. Palavras-chave: Perfis Sanitários. Saúde Pública. Alimentação.Abstract Fish is considered an excellent source of protein with high nutritional value, on the other hand, it has high perishability, and ideal sanitary conditions throughout the production process are necessary in order to offer the consumer a safe and good quality product. In this context, this work had as objective to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary condition of the free fair that trades fish in the municipality of Macapá, Amapá state. The research was carried out through a checklist application adapted from Resolution no. 216, for the criteria edification, equipment / instruments, utensils and hygiene, clothing, hygienic habits, personal protection equipment and raw material quality. After the results calculation, the fair was in group 3, from 0 to 50% of compliance to the items. The fish commercialization presented critical indexes of inadequacy to the legislation, with serious hygienic-sanitary problems that compromise the fish quality and endanger the consumer’s health, especially the transmission of food-borne diseases (DTAs), in view of the the fish precariousness, regarding the manipulation of this food.Keywords: Sanitary Profiles. Public Health. Feeding.

Introduction / background / objectives The Tattoo sector is still little addressed in the context of Occupational Health. There are many documents about Risk for tattooed clients, but the information is scarce in relation to the Tattooist. The bibliography found in this sense is not exhaustive, it just gives a general idea of ​​some Labor Risks, with no quantitative assessment, much less hierarchical. Methodology After conducting a Review related to Risk Assessment methods and after the elaboration of a Risk Letter from a Tattoo studio, three methods were selected: MARAT (Methodology for Assessment of Risks and Accidents at Work) , William Fine (WF) and MIAR (Integrated Method for Risk Assessment), due to the ease of access to information on how to use them, suitability for the sector and facility; these were applied to 68 risk factors included in the highlighted work tasks. Content The main tasks considered in the Tattoo workstations observed were: making the drawing on paper or on the skin; or select the design to put on the skin, from the computer; insert the design on decal sheets; shave the skin; disinfect/ sterilize the skin; transfer the design of the decal sheet to the skin; prepare the workbench with the necessary utensils and products; paint the skin using the tattoo machine; wipe off uninjected and excess ink from the skin; placing various chemicals on the skin during the tattoo (variable among professionals); help the client in case of lipothymia or syncope (if necessary); as well as cleaning/ disinfecting/ sterilizing surfaces and work instruments. Conclusions Although the three methods value different aspects, it was very interesting to verify the homogeneity of the results, that is, the MARAT technique marked eight items as belonging to the category of highest risk; the WF methodology and MIAR highlighted seven and nine, respectively. Among the three methods, there were six risk factors that were included in the highest risk category, namely the eventual contact with chemical agents, sharp objects and blood potentially contaminated with relevant microorganisms during the act of inserting pigment in the skin, as well as during the cleaning of the skin (of the excess pigment, between injections). Only the MIAR method indicated two items that the other techniques did not include in this category (namely the eventual contact with blood during the cleaning/ disinfection/ sterilization of work surfaces and work instruments), which the MARAT and William Fine technicians both placed in the second and third category, respectively. The method that most valued the worker’s risk factors in general was MIAR (nine items in the highest risk category and thirty-seven in the lowest risk category), the opposite being William Fine (seven items in the risk category) highest and forty-six in the lowest risk).

Abstract The early Qin Culture refers to the Qin Culture from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring-and-Autumn Period. Considering its cultural composition, we will realize that it has three main sources, namely the Shang, Zhou, and Western Rong (Western Barbarian) Cultures. The elements derived from the Shang Culture comprised the furniture of waist pits and the custom of dog burial in graves, the use of human sacrifice, the interment of chariots and horses, the Shang-style pottery wares and the tradition of constructing huge-scale mausoleums. These elements reflect that the Qin people initially came from the east and had strong ties with the Shang Dynasty and were deeply influenced by the Shang Culture, and belonged to the Yin people (after the fall of the Shang Dynasty) in the broader sense. The elements absorbed from the Zhou Culture comprised the architectural types of ancestral temples and palaces, the adoption of the ritual vessels, the suspended musical instruments, the Zhou style pottery wares and the writing system. These elements indicate that the Qin people adopted the ritual and musical culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which had a great political significance at the early stage of Qin’s history. The factors derived from the cultures of the Western Rong ethnic group or the northern steppes included the flexed burial position, the golden body ornaments and chariots and horses, iron wares, animal motifs on utensils, recesses on the walls of the burial pits and the ditches around the graves, the use of bronze cauldrons and swords (daggers). Such elements reflect that during the development process in the Longyou region, the Qin people absorbed the cultures of the adjacent Western Rong ethnic group, the Eurasian steppes and farther beyond. The first kind of elements continued to predominate the Qin Culture down to the middle Western Zhou, then the second and the third ones arose from the late Western Zhou to the early Spring-and-Autumn Period, and simultaneously, the first were only present in the aristocratic burial activities. Based on the remnants of the Shang Culture, the early Qin Culture came into being by widely absorbing elements of the Zhou and Western Rong Cultures.

Background: Cleanliness of toddler feeding utensils that have low immune system / susceptibility to the exposure of disease is a very important part and influences the quality of food and drinks. Cutlery sanitation aims to kill vegetative microbial cells left on the surface of the appliance. Washing and cleaning utensils are very important in food processing and inseparable part of the principles of food preservation. The use of cutlery that is determined or determined by the Ministry of Health in 2004 is the total number of tableware germ that is ≤ 100 colonies / cm2 from the surface of the equipment being examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and management of eating utensils with the number of germs counts in toddler cutlery in Blawong I Sub-village, Bantul. Methods: The type of this research is analytic observational research with laboratory tests and cross-sectional research designs. The sampling technique used in the study is probability samples or random samples. The sample in this study were mothers who have children under five in Blawong I Sub-village, Bantul. The research instrument used was a laboratory test and a research questionnaire. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis and the Fisher's Exact Test as an alternative test. Results: There was found the relationship between the level of knowledge with the number of germs in the tableware of Blawong I Bantul sub-village with a value of p = 0.011 (

El estudio de los instrumentos de pesca atendiendo al contexto arqueológico donde quedaron sepultados es una línea de investigación de gran interés para reconstruir los diferentes usos y funciones que tuvieron este tipo de artefactos durante la Antigüedad. En este trabajo se presentan una serie de evidencias de instrumental pesquero procedentes de diferentes contextos funerarios excavados en las necrópolis de Gadir/Gades, estableciéndose una categorización de los ambientes donde fueron hallados (niveles deposicionales, estructuras relacionadas con el funcionamiento interno de las necrópolis y tumbas). Se tratará de explicar el papel que jugaron las artes de pesca en las necrópolis gaditanas en clave diacrónica, valorándose la importancia de la figura del pescador en las ceremonias funerarias. Por otro lado, la presencia de material pesquero formando parte de los ajuares de los difuntos permitirá aproximarnos a los ritos y tipos de tumbas utilizados en los enterramientos de los pescadores.

La epistemología acerca de la noción de instrumento en el siglo XVI novohispano destacaba la idea de herramienta, utensilio, medio para producir o transformar bienes, aparato musical y órgano de la sensibilidad. De manera explícita, las referencias aparecen recurrentemente en obras como Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España , de Bernardino de Sahagún, y Antigüedades de la Nueva España de Francisco Hernández, entre otras. Los diversos sentidos del empleo de la noción de instrumento en la centuria de la conquista confluyeron en su consolidación como categoría de interpretación al ser considerada un medio fundamental para coadyuvar a la comprensión de la realidad americana tanto en sus manifestaciones materiales como en las socioculturales.

The Electronic Laboratory Information and Management Utensil for Molecular Diagnostics (ELIMU-MDx) is a user-friendly platform designed and built to accelerate the turnaround time of diagnostic qPCR assays. ELIMU-MDx is compliant with Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines and has extensive data-import capabilities for all major qPCR instruments by using the RDML data standard. This platform was designed as an open-source software tool and can be accessed through the web browser on all major operating systems.

Stainless steel has been the most demanded material for surgical utensil manufacture due to superior mechanical properties, sufficient wear, and corrosion resistance. Surgical grade 420A stainless steel is extensively used for producing sophisticated surgical instruments. Since these instruments are used under bright light conditions prevalent in operation theatres, the reflection from the material is significant which causes considerable strain to the eye of the surgeon. Surgical instruments with lower reflectance will be more efficient under these conditions. A low reflective thin -film coating has often been suggested to alleviate this inadmissible difficulty. This paper reports the development of an optimum parametric low reflective magnetite coating on the surface of SS 420A with a black color using chemical hot alkaline conversion coating technique and its bioactivity studies. Coating process parameters such as coating time, bath temperature, and chemical composition of bath are optimized using Taguchi optimization techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to identify the composition of elements and the chemical condition of the developed coating. Surface morphological studies were accomplished with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). When coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), compositional information can also be collected simultaneously. Invitro cytotoxicity tests, corrosion behavior, the effect of sterilization temperature on adhesion property, and average percentage reflectance (R) of the developed coating have also been evaluated. These results suggest adopting the procedure for producing low reflective conversion coatings on minimally invasive surgical instruments produced from medical grade 420A stainless steel.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of food as an instrument in expressing and experiencing HIV/AIDS stigma by HIV-positive women and their families, with the goal of reducing discrimination. It goes beyond willingness to share utensils, which has been identified in HIV/AIDS research. As part of an ongoing capacity-building HIV/AIDS stigma project in South Africa, 25 focus groups and 15 key informant interviews were conducted among 195 women and 54 men in three Black communities. Participants were asked to discuss how they were treated in the family as women living with HIV and AIDS, and data was organized using the PEN-3 model. Findings highlight both the positive and negative experiences HIV-positive women encounter. Women would not disclose their HIV status to avoid being isolated from participating in the socio-cultural aspects of food preparation, while others that have disclosed their status have experienced alienation. The symbolic meanings of food should be a major consideration when addressing the elimination of HIV/AIDS stigma in South Africa.

La publicación de interesantes estudios respecto al fundus instructus sirve como una ocasión para reflexionar sobre el problema en relación a un jurista determinado y a su trabajo, Neracio Prisco. La opinión de Neracio sobre el argumento se encuentra en Ulpiano, libro vicesimo ad Sabinum en D. 33.7.12.35 y D.33.7.12.43, en Ulpiano, libro trigesimo secundo ad edictum en D. 19.2.19.2, in D. 33.7.23, en Paulo, libro secundo ad Vitellium en D. 33.7.18.2, libro tertio ad Neratium en D. 33.7.24, libro quarto ad Sabinum en D. 33.7.13 pr.-1 y Ulpiano, libro vicesimo ad Sabinum en D. 33.7.12.4. Estudié varios problemas, por ejemplo: fundus cum instrumento, domus instructa y el instrumentum tabernae.

ABSTRACT Microbiological contamination of food during preparation and storage is a risk factor in institutional kitchens. In this Belgian study, hygiene practices in 40 institutional kitchens from four public sectors (10 hospitals, 10 schools, 10 retirement homes, and 10 child care centers) were evaluated to determine whether differences in these practices exist between these sectors. Contamination levels were also analyzed at several critical contact points. A data collection instrument and microbiological analysis of hand contact surfaces, food contact surfaces, and kitchen utensils were used. Hand washing resulted in only a slight reduction in total aerobic bacteria counts (TACs), and all microorganisms evaluated except E. coli were still present at countable levels. Enterobacteriaceae were found on one-third of the cleaned cutting boards. Cleaned work surfaces had the highest average TAC of all cleaned surfaces. Only slight improvements in TACs and Enterobacteriaceae and B. cereus counts were observed between used and cleaned work surfaces. The results from the data collection instrument revealed that child care centers had the lowest hygiene scores, whereas the other three sectors were fairly similar, with hospitals scoring highest. The low hygiene score for the child care centers was verified by comparing the results for cleaned surfaces among the sectors. The average TAC on surfaces was highest for child care centers and lowest for hospitals. Child care centers also had the second highest total mean counts and the highest number of total surface samples positive for Enterobacteriaceae. The highest number of surface samples positive for Staphylococcus aureus was also found in child care centers. This study highlights some areas of concern for hygiene improvement in institutional kitchens, differences between public sectors, and similarities in conclusions about hygiene based on the scores from the survey instrument and the results of the microbiological analyses. HIGHLIGHTS

Hasta ahora la atención arqueológica se ha enfocado principalmente en la arquitectura monumental, la distribución de edificios y plazas, el sistema constructivo o la decoración en general, en donde se destacan elementos constructivos en fachadas, cresterías, frisos, bóvedas, entre otros. Sin embargo, se han dejado de lado los instrumentos y utensilios que fueron empleados en el proceso de trabajo y en los acabados finales de tales edificaciones, tanto ceremoniales como habitacionales, que resultan de interés para conocer su elaboración. En este estudio se presenta un resumen de diversos ejemplares de este tipo de artefactos reportados en el área maya y una reflexión sobre sus implicaciones en la evaluación de la arquitectura prehispánica.

En este trabajo se presentan los grupos tipológicos de las gubias, los escoplos y los cinceles. Los mismos se suman a la lista tipológica que tiene por marco el “Ensayo para una clasificación morfológica de artefactos líticos” (Aschero 1975, 1983). A tales efectos se lleva a cabo la caracterización morfológico-funcional de cada uno de los grupos tipológicos abordados, siguiendo criterios desarrollados para tal fin y se presentan elementos de discriminación entre ellos y con ciertos utensilios definidos previamente que pueden llevar a una incorrecta clasificación. Finalmente, se realizan algunas consideraciones sobre los grupos tipológicos como categoría analítica y las características de performance del instrumental.

Los pintores instalados en América durante el siglo XVI requirieron ciertos materiales o instrumentos de España necesarios para el desarrollo de sus oficios. Su demanda se centró fundamentalmente en los que era difícil obtener en los territorios de ultramar, los que no podían ser sustituidos por productos similares autóctonos o, simplemente, los que imprimían a sus obras una impronta metropolitana. Al igual que todas las mercancías solicitadas por el mercado americano, esos materiales y utensilios se expidieron por las vías del comercio regular, es decir, a través de las flotas que anualmente partían de los muelles a Sevilla y, por ello, su tráfico quedó consignado en los registros de los cargamentos que, con fines fiscales, realizaba la Casa de la Contratación de Indias.

El estudio del coste de la vida y los precios de los productos en el Magreb y al-Andalus, por el momento, es una cuestión difícil y compleja debido a la escasez de datos relacionados con esta parte de la situación histórica, pues necesitamos conocer minuciosamente el precio de las cosas que necesita y utiliza normalmente la gente para vivir, como: los bienes inmuebles (casas, huertas, tierras, etc.), el ajuar y los utensilios domésticos, como el mobiliario de la casa y el menaje de la cocina, además, la ropa y los tejidos, los instrumentos de trabajo, el oro y las joyas, el ganado y los productos alimenticios. Este trabajo es bastante largo, por eso vamos a dividirlo en tres partes y publicarlo en tres artículos seguidos.

Se estudió el conocimiento y el uso de las palmas por parte de las comunidades indígenas Angostura, Curare y Yukuna, cercanas a la cabecera del corregimiento de La Pedrera, Amazonia colombiana. Entre junio y julio de 2010 se registró información etnobotánica mediante entrevistas estructuradas realizadas a 53 personas informantes de dichas comunidades. Los datos se analizaron aplicando los índices de importancia relativa de categoría de uso (IR(c)), importancia cultural relativa (IC(s)) e importancia relativa de cada especie (IR(s)). Se encontraron 34 especies de palmas útiles y nueve categorías de uso. Según el IR(c) las categorías de uso más importantes fueron Alimentación humana, Construcción y Utensilios y herramientas. Dentro de estas se destaca el consumo directo de los frutos, la elaboración de bebidas, la utilización de la palma entera o de las hojas para la construcción de viviendas y la elaboración de instrumentos de caza y utensilios para el uso cotidiano. Según el IR(s) e IC(s) las especies más importantes fueron el chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), el canangucho (Mauritia flexuosa), el milpesos (Oenocarpus bataua) y el asaí (Euterpe precatoria). Se confirma que las palmas juegan un papel importante en las tres comunidades y se evidencia una disminución del conocimiento en los usos asociados a la cultura y a las ceremonias rituales. Por otra parte, según los índices de importancia relativa y cultural coinciden las mismas especies de palmas registradas en otras comunidades amazónicas colombianas.

AbstractFrancis Hauksbee (1660–1713) is well known for his double-barrelled air-pump. However, the origin of this pump, and Hauksbee's background, are often described as a mystery. This text seeks to dispel the riddle. It is argued that Hauksbee's competence as an exceptional maker of air-pumps was developed between 1699 and 1703 as a result of his experiences with the construction, manufacturing and sale of cupping-glasses. His cupping utensils embodied a new design, where syringes were used to evacuate the glasses, instead of the traditional way by fire or mouth suction. These syringes, which in fact were small air-pumps, were perfected between 1699 and 1701. A larger syringe, introduced in 1701, served as a transition from the cupping-syringe to his first air-pump for use in natural philosophy. This syringe was described as a ‘combined engine’, which could serve as an air-pump, a condensing engine and a syringe for injecting air, wax or mercury into pathological specimens. Hauksbee's first air-pump was a single-barrelled model introduced in 1702, based on the combined engine. Its various features, such as easy and convenient leak-tightening, exact pressure measurements by an in-built barometer and an air-inlet function for readmission of air into the receiver, are discussed. Finally, it is shown that these activities gave Hauksbee the reputation of being an outstanding instrument-maker, years before the double-barrelled air-pump was in sight.

This paper presents a study of vibrations appearing in a vehicle in the process of its operation. The authors describe the primary source of the vibrations and their propagation in the entire structure. The observations were performed on the passenger cars with vari-ous gasoline and diesel engines. The aim was to examine the level of damping factor in the different locations in the car, precisely speci-fied for the purpose of this studies. The secondary goal was to develop an effective method of obtaining and analyzing signals generated during the engine operation. The chosen instrument was Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV), which is used as the non-intrusive measure-ment utensil to detect velocity variations in designated places. The signals are gathered and collected as group of sinusoidal characteris-tics in the time domain. In order to achieve specific information about every component of the original signal, the authors apply Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) as the analyzing method. It allows to distinct the basic sinusoidal characteristics in the frequency domain through the spectral analysis. Based on the results, the authors are able to distinguish the dominant modes from the complex signal and indicate their impact on the car.

La caries es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa multifactorial. Su formación y desarrollo están condicionados al modo y estilo de vida de las personas. El Estreptococo mutans es un microorganismo que tiene un rol principal en la caries dental y su cuantificación en saliva es un indicador del riesgo cariogénico. La familia alberga dentro de sí un conjunto de fuerzas positivas y negativas que afectan el comportamiento de cada miembro, haciendo que éste funcione bien o mal. En investigaciones anteriormente realizadas, se demostró que es posible la transmisión del E. mutans a través de instrumentos contaminados con saliva tales como los utensilios que se comparten en la convivencia familiar. En el presente estudio, se determinó si los miembros de una familia presentaban un recuento similar de E. mutans mediante el método de Matsukubo. Para tal objetivo, se seleccionaron 10 familias de 4 ó 5 miembros cada una, compuestas por padres e hijos de 3 a 20 años de edad. Los resultados mostraban que en un 90% las familias presentaban un recuento similar de Estreptococos mutans dentro de un mismo rango en cada uno de sus miembros.

À partir de l'étude d'un ensemble d'inventaires des biens des défunts, rédigés à Barcelone pendant la première décennie du XIVeme siècle, la présent travail prétend découvrir les objets quotidiens des barcelonais issus de la classe moyenne de la population. On trouve, d'abord, une grande diversité de caisses qui servaient à contenir des objets. Il y a aussi beaucoup d'étoffes, que ce soient celles qui servaient pour la confection de vêtements ou pour l'usage ménager et, plus particulièrement, celles que l'on utilisait pour la literie. À part les lits -composés de lattes ou de planches, d'une paillasse et d'un matelas-, dans les maisons les tables souvent pliables ne manquaient pas; pour s'asseoir, on utilisait des chaises, mais surtout des bancs et dessièges. On remarque, quoiqu'en nombre plus restreint, des utensiles de cuisine (des grils, des chaudières, des poêles et des broches; des cuillères, des écuelles et des assiettes). Les armes sont toujours présentes et forment tout un éventail qui va des simples lances aux trébuchets. On trouve aussi fréquemment des tables d'observation, pour connaître la position de la lune. Les garrots pour saigner n'étaient pas rares et, chez les gens riches, il y avait même des baignoires. Les objets de luxe étaient cependant beaucoup plus courants, spécialement les bagues en or serties de pierres précieuses ainsi que des cuillères et des coupes en argent. Les instruments de musique étaient, par contre, pratiquement inexistants, tout comme les objets de dévotion. Les livres étaient extrêmement rares, on n'a recensé que quelques livres de compte. Bien au contraire, les gens ne manquaient pas de bougies ni de lanternes, et l'on trouve aussi des ciseaux, des faux ou des tenailles et, surtout, des balances. L'attirail pour les mules, tels que des bâts, des arçons, des mors et parfois même des bastes, était très courant.

ABSTRAK : Permasalahan yang terjadi dalam pengembangan kemampuan pada anak usia dini terkait kemampuan motorik halus anak terkait koordinasi jari tangan dalam kaitannyan dengan kelenturan jari tangan menyebabkan anak mengalami kesulitan dalam menggengam alat tulis serta alat makan. Untuk membantu permasalahan tersebut kegiatan bermain meremas koran menjadi alternatif solusi pembelajarannya. Pemanfaatkan koran bekas sebagai alternatif akan menstimulasi perkembangan motorik halus . Tujuan dari penelitian untuk memaparkan kegiatan bermain meremas koran untuk mengembangkan kemampuan motorik halus pada anak. Desain penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik penilaian observasi, dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah anak Kelompok Bermain Ceria Desa Kudu Kecamatan Kertosono Kabupaten Nganjuk yang berjumlah 10 siswa, dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data sebanyak 8 anak mendapat predikat berkembang sangat baik, dan 2 anak mendapat predikat mulai berkembang. Hasil penelitian ini direkomendasikan supaya kegiatan bermain meremas koran dikembangkan untuk aspek lain supaya seluruh aspek bisa berkembang dengan kegiatan beragam dan menarik. ABSTRACT : Problems that occur in developing abilities in early childhood are related to children's fine motor skills related to finger coordination in relation to finger flexibility which causes children to experience difficulty in holding stationery and eating utensils. To help with this problem, playing squeezing newspapers is analternative learning solution. Using old newspapers as an alternative will stimulate fine motor development. The purpose of this research is to describe the activity of playing squeezing newspapers to develop fine motor skills in children. Descriptive qualitative research design with assessment techniques,observation and documentation. The research instrument used was the observation and interview guidelines which were analyzed descriptively by the analysis of the Miles and Hubermen model. The subjects of this study were 10 children of the Cheerful Play Group in Kudu Village, Kertosono District, Nganjuk Regency. The results showed that 8 children received the predicate of developing very well, and 2 children received the title of starting to develop. The conclusion in this study is the activity of squeezing newspapers can develop the motor skills of early childhood.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pentingnya mempertahankan tradisi, adat-istiadat, dan bahasa daerah yang merupakan kekayaan suatu bangsa. Anyaman bambu merupakan salah satu tradisi yang masih bertahan saat ini dalam himpitan kehidupan modern sangat penting untuk dilestarikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui leksikon anyaman bambu yang ada di Kecamatan Pacet Kabupaten Bandung. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif melalui pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian adalah para pengrajin anyaman bambu di Kecamatan Pacet Kabupaten Bandung. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah wawancara dan observasi. Data yang sudah diperoleh dianalisis berdasarkan kajian etnolinguistik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang sudah dilaksanakan, terdapat 19 leksikon anyaman bambu yang ada di kecamatan Pacet Kabupaten Bandung. Leksikon anyaman bambu tersebut diklasifikasikan berdasarkan fungsinya, yaitu (1) alat dapur, (2) alat rumah tangga, (3) alat pertanian, (4) alat perikanan, dan (5) alat bangunan rumah. Sedangkan berdasarkan kajian etnolinguistik, terdapat istilah-istilah anyaman awi yang mengandung nilai-nilai budaya yang tinggi yang erat hubunganna sistem kepercayaan yang ada pada masyarakat. AbstractThis research is motivated by the importance of maintaining traditions, customs, and regional languages, which constitute national property. Bamboo woven, one of the traditions that still survive today though under the pressure of modern life is very important to be preserved. This study aims to find out bamboo woven lexicon in Pacet of Bandung district. The method used was the descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The source of the research data is bamboo woven craftsmen in Pacet, Bandung District. The instrument used to collect data was interviews and observations. The data obtained was analyzed based on ethnolinguistic studies. Based on the results of the research, there are 19 woven bamboo lexicons. The lexicon of woven bamboo is classified based on its functions, i.e. (1) kitchen utensils, (2) household appliances, (3) agricultural tools, (4) fishing equipment, and (5) house building tools. Whereas based on ethno-linguistic studies, there are woven terms that contain high cultural values that are closely related to the belief system that exists in society.

Lo crudo, lo cocido y lo finamente picado: Saberes y sinsabores de mujeres en prisión. Recetario de cocina recoge el trabajo realizado por el equipo de Mujeres en Espiral: sistema de justicia, perspectivas de género y pedagogías en resistencia, un proyecto académico de intervención en instituciones penitenciarias situado en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), con mujeres reclusas del Centro Femenil de Reinserción social de Santa Martha Acatitla (CEFERESO SMA) en la zona suroriental de la Ciudad de México. Este recetario ha supuesto un registro de memorias, olores, imágenes y recuerdos, articulados en recetas como mecanismos de protesta, testimonio, pero sobre todo de archivo (“archiva”) de condiciones, demandas y reclamaciones posicionadas desde el lugar de mujeres presas, pero también de mujeres cuidadoras y atrapadas en sistemas que las restringían, aún antes de entrar en prisión. Es desde la cocina, desde el lugar más tradicionalmente femenino, que llevan a cabo un trabajo de crítica a esta situación de subordinación, elemento fundamental en la comisión de los diferentes delitos que se les imputan. El artículo se trenza “a fuego lento” con intervenciones críticas feministas que también nacen en la cocina. A partir de recetas cocinadas en colectivo, que involucran tiempos de cocción tanto de sus procesos jurídicos como familiares y sociales, nos hacen comprender las maniobras y estrategias para sobrevivir al encierro. The raw, the cooked and the finely sliced: Recipes from women in prison represents the work carried out by the academic project Mujeres en Espiral [Women in Spiral] based at the National Autonomous University in México, with women inprison at Santa Martha Acatlita in Mexico City. The cook book is an instrument of representation and construction of a critical collectivity, made during 2019, through artistic and pedagogical workshops held in the prison. It functions as a record, an archive, a manual and a protest mechanism, testimony of their conditions, demands and claims emanated in one of the places more rapidly understood as feminine and non intelectual: the kitchen We present the cook book along some of the most recognized Anglo and Latin American feminist productions. Through recipes and narratives which evoque former and current memories of their smells, experiences, forms of submission and resistance, and their utensils, cooking strategies and ingredients, women in prison along with recognized feminist artists and writers narrate their maneuvers to survive in different forms of confinement, constructing a daily, creative, frequently festive and critical communal activity.

Various kinds of health problems that commonly occur in restaurants include food poisoning and diarrhea outbreaks caused by negligence in the process of organizing food. Therefore, the fulfillment of food hygiene and sanitation is needed in testing the feasibility of organizing food according to the provisions stipulated based on Permenkes RI No. 1096 / Menkes / PER / VI / 2011 concerning Jasaboga Sanitation Hygiene. This research was conducted to assess the feasibility of serving food in a restaurant. The study was conducted descriptively through an experimental and observational design. The instrument used was a physical test by interview and observation as well as laboratory test of food samples and tableware. Physical test includes requirements for food hygiene and sanitation consisting of building elements, sanitation facilities, personnel / handlers, equipment and food. The results of the feasibility assessment at the Jibsteak Restaurant were 70.08%, where the eligibility standard for the A3 class restaurants was 74%. This means that the restaurant has not met the feasibility of physically organizing food. Likewise, the results of laboratory tests on eating utensils and food were still found to be contaminated with E. coli bacteria. This means that the restaurant also has not met the eligibility standards by laboratory tests which require the E. coli germ count 0 / gr of food samples. ABSTRAK Berbagai macam masalah kesehatan yang biasa terjadi di rumah makan diantaranya adalah keracunan makanan dan wabah penyakit diare yang diakibatkan karena kelalaian dalam proses penyelenggaraan makanan. Oleh karena itu terpenuhinya higiene dan sanitasi makanan sangat diperlukan dalam uji kelaikan penyelenggaraan makanan sesuai ketentuan yang diatur dalam Permenkes RI No. 1096/Menkes/PER/VI/2011 tentang Higiene Sanitasi Jasaboga. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kelaikan penyelenggaraan makanan di rumah makan. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara deskriptif melalui pendekatan analisa kualitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah pemeriksaan fisik dengan wawancara dan observasi serta pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap sampel makanan dan peralatan makan. Hasil: Pemeriksaan fisik meliputi persyaratan higiene dan sanitasi makanan yang terdiri atas unsur bangunan, fasilitas sanitasi, ketenagaan/penjamah, peralatan dan makanan. Hasil penilaian kelaikan pada Rumah Makan Jibsteak sebesar 70,08% dimana standar kelaikan untuk rumah makan golongan A3 sebesar 74%. Hal ini berarti rumah makan tersebut belum memenuhi kelaikan penyelenggaraan makanan secara fisik. Begitu pula hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium pada peralatan makan dan makanan masih ditemukan kontaminasi bakteri E. coli. Hal ini berarti rumah makan tersebut juga belum memenuhi standar kelaikan secara pemeriksaan laboratorium yang mensyaratkan angka kuman E. coli 0/gr sampel makanan.

This article deals with two designations of agricultural instruments in Aranese Gascon: the rake and the harrow. As expected, to know the names of this type of instruments related to traditional life, we must begin with with Joan Coromines’ research on Aranese. But in this case, we check insufficient data as well as very important gaps, even contradictions. After having carried out numerous dialectological surveys in the Val d’Aran, we can establish the inventory of forms that refer to these utensils and to specify their geographical distribution, which is certainly complex. We count up to a half dozen denominations, some of which do not even appear in Coromines’s work. We are able to make some considerations on the linguistic position of the Aranese languages and on the relations they maintain with the Gascon dialects located on the other side of the political border.

Objective: Monitoring and evaluation of air environmental quality, waste water and medical waste management activities in some hospitals in the Central Highlands. Research Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive survey was deployed in 6 provincial hospitals of the Central Highlands in 7th- 8th months every year for 3 years, 2011, 2012, 2013. Observing the process of waste management in hospitals, weighing the medical solid waste generated daily, sampling and environmental monitoring of air, water waste samples after treatment of hospitals. Findings: The percentage of substandard sample of radioactive 2011 was 5.88%, in 2012 was 5%, 2013 was 0.02%. Mainly in dose laboratories, rinse the nuclear medicine department, hatch covers radioactive waste storage. 100% of the air sample of wastewater treatment areas have NO2 target and 60% of SO2 target sample have not reached allowed regulations. The atmosphere at the garbage area hospitals in Kon Tum and Lam Dong provinces through 2 years of monitoring in 2012, 2013 exceeded SO2 target standards. Monitoring results incinerator emissions sample at 3 hospitals: Kontum, Gia Lai, Dak Nong in 3 years reached Regulations allow. The observation sample treated waste water of the hospital in 2013 with low contamination rate than in 2011 and 2012 in terms of physics and chemistry. Particularly criteria Total coliforms 3 years are from 40-50% of samples exceeded standards. Regarding waste management, the results of monitoring in 2013 showed that 60% of faculties have sharps instruments and 20% of the faculties have satisfactory utensils anatomical waste. 59.48% of the faculties have the guidelines for waste separation. Condition misclassified not many and occur in two hospitals Gia Lai, Dak Lak. Only Lam Dong hospitals have waste transportation vehicles secured closed during transport. The amount of waste / beds / 24 hours is 1.097kg. In particular infectious waste is 0.26kg. Only two hospitals in Daklak, Lam Dong has generated radioactive waste with a total of 0.9 kg/day. Key words: Medical waste, medical waste management.

In this paper we will try to conserve the dirty water or the water that is we are wasting daily in small amount but when gathered can be a big volume. Yes, we will use the aqua guard waste water which generally comes out when the water is purified. We will use that time into useful form. The idea is to design a system in a way such that when the water full of impurity comes out of the aqua guard rather than wasting that water, we can think of reusing it in many forms like a container will be attached to the supply which will have this water. As the container will be full then the water will be given to plants as in small amount through direct supply. As we know that the supply of water to plants is very less so as to accommodate less water, we can use it in other household works like washing clothes and utensils and we can not only use it in household works rather we can try to pure it too in this way not only water will be saved from being finished but also as water is very less on earth only, 3% we can save it for future generation

Introduction: From Quran, dogs were mentioned several times in different perspectives. Surah al-Maidah , informs that a hunting dog’s catch is lawful to be eaten. An authentic hadith about a prostitute who gave water to a dog and her sins were forgiven and was promised heaven. Case report: MrJ, 35 years old gentleman, sustained 3cm x 2cm over left leg following a dog bite. Patient underwent emergency operation and appropriate antibiotic given. After operation, the nurse had washed entire surgical instruments with taharah soap, washed it again six times with water and followed by enzymatic detergent before sending for autoclaving. Discussion: The status of dog impurities and how to clean it derived from hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah: ‘Rasulullah PBUH said: ‘Cleaning a utensil that has been licked by a dog is by washing it seven times and one of the washing cycle is mixed with soil”. Majority Muslims in Malaysia follow Shafi'i sect, where dog’s saliva and all its body are considered ritually mughallazah. Thus, if touched, they are required to cleanse the body part that came into contact with a specific Islamic ritual as mentioned. Up to date, there is no official guideline from KKM or JAKIM related to this. Surgical instruments used for the operation related to dog bite injury were not in direct contact with the dog. This practice imposes unnecessary steps for staffs. Apart from that, there are no study done on the effect of commercially manufactured soil-based soap to surgical instruments. The information regarding content also unclear. Surgical instruments are sensitive and expensive, thus improper handling can expedite damage to the instruments. Conclusion: KKM and JAKIM are recommended to produce SOP regarding this issue. Effort should be done to produce medical grade soil-based cleansing agent. Study should be done to evaluate the safety to surgical instruments.

What is a machine? As part of his answer to this, historian and philosopher of technology Lewis Mumford cites a classic definition: "a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinant motions" (Reuleaux [1876], qtd. in Mumford, Technics and Civilisation 9). Mumford's own definition is focussed on machines as part of a technological continuum between human body and automaton: Machines have developed out of a complex of non-organic agents for converting energy, for performing work, for enlarging the mechanical or sensory capacities of the human body, or for reducing to a mensurable order and regularity the processes of life. The automaton is the last step in a process that began with the use of one part or another of the human body as a tool. (9-10) The tool and the machine can be distinguished along this technological continuum, with the tool more dependent on "the skill and motive power of the operator", subject to "manipulation", and potentially more flexible in its uses, whereas the machine lends itself more to "automatic action" of a specialised kind. However, it is difficult to ultimately separate them, since the embodied skill of the tool-user becomes more mechanical and reflexive with practice (Technics and Civilisation 10), while the machine also evolves along increasingly organic lines (367), and there are common examples of hybrid machine-tools like the lathe or drill, which combine "the accuracy of the finest machine ... with the skilled attendance of the workman" (10). A powerfully attractive feature of the computer is that it is an effective hybrid of machine and tool: like a machine it performs many specialised functions at super-human speed and accuracy on command, but like a tool it is flexible and adaptable (through add-on software and plug-in peripherals) to a seemingly endless variety of users and uses. Fascinating Assemblages The automatic machine ... involves the notion of an external source of power, a more or less complicated inter-relation of parts, and a limited kind of activity. From the beginning the machine was a sort of minor organism, designed to perform a single set of functions. (Mumford, Technics and Civilisation 11) The autonomy of the machine is perhaps its most fascinating aspect. That the machine is an assemblage of parts and restricted functions -- a "minor organism" as Mumford puts it -- suggests to us a body. There is something ineluctably erotic about scenes of lubricated pistons moving in and out of cylinders, or greased gear wheels moving around each other, and a masturbatory energy seems to be involved in the machine that repetitively and by itself performs the same limited actions over and over and over. While there are parallels between masculine masturbation and machinic repetition, there are also associations with femininity. As Andreas Huyssen pointed out, the modern machine became associated with a dangerous female sexuality and took the place of the early moderns' untamed Mother Nature as the principal representative of non-human forces with autonomy and agency that could evade human control. But arguably, expressed fears of machinic autonomy are the flip side of a wish for it, arising from masculine reproductive fantasies that have been played out in technoscience by generations of fictional and real-life Frankensteins fanatically seeking to create artificial life in the form of technoscientific brainchildren (who are nevertheless often neglected and left to run wild at birth). At a conscious level, machines express what may be interpreted as anal-sadistic desires for order, regularity and control, but unconsciously there is an element of masochistic pleasure in being passive, in yielding up control to the machine, in letting it set the scene and determine the actions and roles for the humans as well as non-humans (Sofia, "Contested Zones", and "Mythic Machine" 44-8). Machinic Zeal What is the use of conquering nature if we fall a prey to nature in the form of unbridled men? What is the use of equipping mankind with mighty powers to move and build and communicate, if the final result of this secure food supply and this excellent organisation is to enthrone the morbid impulses of a thwarted humanity? (Mumford, Technics and Civilisation 366) With his emphasis on the social context and drives towards technology, Mumford (Technics and Civilisation 364-5) suggests that while some kinds of machines have existed for thousands of years, what we have come to think of as the mechanical age only arose with the widespread adoption of the machine as a way of securing order, regularity and calculability of physical and human resources, coupled with the ideological shift which made the machine into "a goal of desire" and an object of almost obsessive veneration from the mid-18th century to the early 20th century. Now, he said (writing first in the early 1930s) faith in the machine has been somewhat shaken, and it is no longer seen as "the paragon of progress" but as "merely a series of instruments" to be used when useful; yet despite this loss of faith the machine in capitalist contexts continues to be "over-worked, over-enlarged, over-exploited because of the possibility of making money out of it" (Technics and Civilisation 367). Almost seventy years after Mumford was writing, the obsessive zeal for the machine still has not completely disappeared, but has been displaced from giant smoke-puffing steel assemblages, whirling cogs and gearwheels, or the motors driving trains, cars and planes, and onto the silicon, plastic and light of computers (whose machineries of production and assembly are largely hidden off-shore to the bulk of users, thereby producing the illusion of "post-industrial" societies). The computer is now the paragon of progress and has become the "defining technology" of our age (Bolter), its place reinforced by an actively boosterist popular press (e.g. popular computing magazines; regular computer supplements in newspapers). Sociotechnical Not Posthuman Mumford continually makes the point that questions posed by/in technology are never answerable only technologically. It always comes down to human choices, and even when the results of these "are uncontrollable they are not external" to human culture: Choice manifests itself in society in small increments and moment-to-moment decisions as well as in loud dramatic struggles; and he who does not see choice in the development of the machine merely betrays his incapacity to observe cumulative effects until they are bunched together so closely that they seem completely external and impersonal. (Mumford, Technics and Civilisation 6) In a certain way Mumford's perspective anticipates actor-network theory, which looks at artefacts -- including machines -- as parts of sociotechnical networks that involve human decisions, including about the distribution of agency to non-humans. Even in the most automated machine, Mumford argues "there must intervene somewhere, at the beginning and end of the process ... the conscious participation of a human agent" (10). Actor-network studies of the development of scientific and technological artefacts aim in part to critique the sense of the external, impersonal or inevitable in scientific and technical 'progress' by insisting that "things might have been otherwise" (Bijker & Law 3), not just at the beginning and end, but all the way through the process of an artefact's development and use. The artefact is studied as a particular outcome of a set of decisions and performances made in the midst of contingencies affecting human and non-human actors with conflicting goals and contested powers within a dynamic sociotechnical network. Although actor-network theory is very interested in non-human agents, it does not, as do some recent participants in and theorists of cyberculture, celebrate the so-called post-human. There can be no agentic machines without there having been human competencies downloaded into them; there can be no technical order that is not also social and cultural. As Latour argues, the modernist work of purification has tried vainly to impose a separation between the social and technical, denying their mutual inextricability. From this Latourian perspective, the notion of the "post-human" is not, as it appears to be, post modern, but thoroughly modern. It carries through the quintessentially modernist project of denying after the fact the human agency and capacities that have been invested in producing hybrid artefacts which are then proclaimed as extra-human; it denies the cumulative effects of sociotechnical choices and instead represents the machinic imperative as somehow impersonal and external to human affairs. The notion of the posthuman can readily reinforce the pervasive popular cultural myths of technological inevitability and dominance, conveniently for those humans and corporations who actually do profit from decisions they make about developing and marketing machines of increasing autonomy, intelligence and subtlety. Machines and Provision The role of the machine has been overemphasised in histories of technology, according to Mumford. For aside from tools and machines which perform dynamic actions, there are technologies of containment and supply, which he categorizes as utensils (like baskets or pots), apparatus (such as dye vats, brick kilns), utilities (reservoirs, aqueducts, roads, buildings) and the modern power utility (railroad tracks, electric transmission lines). Some of the most effective adaptations of the environment came, not from the invention of machines, but from the equally admirable invention of utensils, apparatus, and utilities. ... But since people's attention is directed most easily to the noisier and more active parts of the environment, the role of the utility and the apparatus has been neglected ... both [tool and utensil] have played an enormous part in the development of the modern environment and at no stage in history can the two means of adaptation be split apart. Every technological complex includes both: not least our modern one. (Technics and Civilisation, 11-2). The development of various utensils and apparatus for storage (urns, granaries) and flow (irrigation, aqueducts) was essential for the emergence of settled agricultural communities in the neolithic period (Mumford, Technics and Human Development 140-1). As I explore in a related article (Sofia, "Container"), Mumford finds a prudish sexism in the relative neglect of technologies evocative of the female organs of storage, nutrition and transformation, compared with the overemphasis on technologies that are extensions of the muscular masculine body (Technics and Human Development, 140). However, the contrast between dynamic, noisy, active and autonomous machines, and passive, quiet, backgrounded containers cannot be sustained. For one the utensil even in its most basic form, has something machinic about it: a container can perform its function autonomously, without needing manipulation like a tool. Further, it is arguable that holding or containing is not simply a property of a shaped space, but a form of action in itself. Moreover in practice there are many hybrids of machine and utensil or utility, for example in domestic technologies like the food processor, a container with a machine-driven blade, or the washing machine, featuring a tub with mechanical agitation and rotary motion. Although Mumford is primarily interested in the machine, he observes that as modern "neotechnics" proceeds to develop ever more sophisticated machinery, so does it evolve more complex technologies of containment, as described in this passage which depicts both machines and utilities as active agents: Behind the façade [of the crisp lines of steel and glass that define the modern built environment] are rows and rows of machines, weaving cotton, transporting coal ... [etc.], machines with steel fingers and lean muscular arms, with perfect reflexes, sometimes even with electric eyes. Alongside them are the new utilities -- the coke oven, the transformer, the dye vats -- chemically cooperating with these mechanical processes, assembling new qualities in chemical compounds and materials. Every effective part in this whole environment represents an effort of the collective mind to widen the province of order and control and provision. (Technics and Civilisation, 356) Another way of getting the over-emphasised machine back into proportion is to look more closely at what it is used for, what purposes it serves. Mumford writes of the machine as part of the effort to produce "order and regularity" into the processes of life (10); to "widen the province of order and control and provision" (356) or to produce a "secure food supply and ... excellent organisation" (366). In other words, the machine is serving the goals typically associated with utensils, utilities and apparatus: smoothing out fluctuations in supply and distributing resources more evenly. Likewise Mumford suggests that in the back of developments of machine and tool is the effort to adapt by extending the body's powers and/or by altering the environment, so that, for example, instead of a physiological adaptation to cold through hair growth or hibernation, "there is an environmental adaptation, such as that made possible by the use of clothes and the erection of shelters" (10). These technologies are not machines, but container technologies, in the province of what philosopher of technology Don Ihde would call "background technics". We can think of the shift in emphasis here in relation to the example of road works. The large machines for bulldozing a path and laying down layers of road surface are very impressive in their size, power and technical capacity. But the road surface could not be laid down without there being technologies (including hybrids of machine and container, like the pick-up truck) for transporting, storing and mixing the materials used. And when it is done, the big machines lumber off elsewhere, and what we have before us is a road, a utility which facilitates orderly communication, transport and the supply of people and materials. In other words, these machines have served the goal of provisioning. The machine can enthral us with its autonomy, its alterity, its thingness, but as Heidegger has claimed, even such a powerful and seemingly stand-alone machine as a plane on a runway ready for take-off is ultimately just a "completely unautonomous" element when considered as part of a global system ordered "to ensure the possibility of transportation" (17). Like other modern machines, its own objectness and machinic resistance is dissolved as it becomes part of the "standing reserve", which can be understood as a macro-technology of provisioning through a matrix of mobilisable human and non-human resources. In the broader project of which this piece is a fragment, I want to investigate more closely the role and relative importance of machines compared to other kinds of equipment, especially for containment, supply or provisioning in contemporary technoculture, on the suspicion that it is apparatus and utilities rather than machines that define our contemporary lifeworld. References Bijker, Wiebe E., and John Law. General Introduction. Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. Eds. Bijker and Law. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1992. Bolter, Jay David. "The Computer as a Defining Technology." Computers in the Human Context: Information Technology, Production, and People. Ed. Tom Forester. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Heidegger, Martin. "The Question Concerning Technology." The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. Trans. William Lovitt. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. Andreas Huyssen. "The Vamp and the Machine: Technology and Sexuality in Fritz Lang's Metropolis." New German Critique 24-25 (1982), 221-37. Also in Huyssen. After the Great Divide. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1986. Ihde, Don. Technology and the Lifeworld: From Garden to Earth. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1990. Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1993. Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilisation. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1962 [1934]. ---. Technics and Human Development. New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1966. Sofia, Zoë. "Container Technologies." Hypatia, Spring 2000 (forthcoming). ---. "Contested Zones: Futurity and Technological Art." Leonardo: Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology 29.1 (1996): 59-66. ---. "The Mythic Machine: Gendered Irrationalities and Computer Culture." Education/Technology/Power: Educational Computing as a Social Practice. Eds. Hank Bromley and Michael W. Apple. Albany NY: SUNY, 1998. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Zoë Sofoulis. "Machinic Musings with Mumford." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.6 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9909/mumford.php>. Chicago style: Zoë Sofoulis, "Machinic Musings with Mumford," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 6 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9909/mumford.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Zoë Sofoulis. (1999) Machinic musings with Mumford. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(6). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9909/mumford.php> ([your date of access]).

The purpose of this study aims to determine how the motor development of children aged 5-6 years in the new normal era. Six indicators are used as a description of fine motor skills in children aged 5-6 years. The method used in this research is the questionnaire method with the instrument used in the form of a questionnaire seen from the google form which is distributed through social media. The results of this study take subjects from the community who have children 5-6 years. The results showed the highest value of the six indicators was using writing utensils and cutlery correctly which reached an average value of 96% which was included in the percentage of excellent development. Then the indicator with the lowest score is drawing according to the idea which only contributes an average value of 76% into the percentage of expected development. Overall, the fine motoric development of children aged 5-6 years has a percentage of 84.6% that is included in the expected development criteria.

Al realizar una consulta dental, se debe prestar una rigurosa atención al cumplir todas las normas referentes a Bioseguridad Odontológica. Por lo tanto el profesional el paciente tiene que estar protegido frente a cualquier infección. Muchas veces el operador al no seguir la acción rigurosa mencionada, es quien arrastra microorganismos en las manos hacia la boca y el cuerpo del paciente, denominándose "Infección Cruzada". El riesgo que puede existir en el ambiente laboral puede causar daño tanto a la salud del operador como del paciente, por eso se recomienda tomar medidas preventivas para evitar la transmisión de enfermedades, mismas que pueden darse a través de la sangre, secreciones respiratorias y orales del paciente a los profesionales y asistentes y de estos al paciente y entre pacientes. El acto quirúrgico no debe ser causa o vía de entrada de una infección para el paciente por lo que se debe tomar en cuenta una serie de normas preventivas tanto en los profesionales, los pacientes y el equipamiento (instrumentos, mobiliario, utensilios). El uso de barreras protectoras para la atención clínica, como son las técnicas asépticas, el procedimiento de esterilización y desinfección del instrumental, serán tomadas en cuenta ya que existe una variedad de microorganismos fácilmente transmisibles, como: la Hepatitis B, SIDA, sífilis, etc. 1Como bien es sabido que debemos de tener cierta precaución con los pacientes que llegan a la clínica de odontología y sobre todos los riesgos que se pueden presentar; uno de los virus más comunes y que tal vez no podamos detectar como personal del área de la salud, es el virus de la hepatitis B. Un paciente con antecedentes de algún tipo de hepatitis viral, en particular la de tipo B, obliga al clínico dental a indagar sobre tres aspectos fundamentales: - Confirmación del diagnóstico.- Daño hepático acumulado - condición funcional.- Hepática, metabólica , hemostática y potencial infectante.

En el registro arqueológico del Holoceno temprano del noroeste de la provincia de Santa Cruz se identificó una modalidad peculiar de manufactura de instrumentos líticos unifaciales. En su secuencia de reducción las formas-bases se preformaron con lascados unifaciales-parcial o totalmente extendidos- y se las finalizaba con retoques escamosos cuya profundidad normalmente no excede los ~10 mm. Con el propósito de profundizar en el conocimiento de su manufactura se efectuaron experimentos replicativos y análisis diacríticos de los especímenes experimentales y arqueológicos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los lascados total o parcialmente extendidos corresponden a una acción preconcebida y deliberada tendiente a la formatización del soporte y no son accidentales ni resultan de las reactivaciones. Así, se refuerza la posición de que esta manera de confeccionar utensilios correspondería a un estilo técnico compartido por las ocupaciones del Holoceno temprano en la Patagonia centro-meridional.

Este trabajo presenta las primeras normas categoriales para el español rioplatense1. Con esta finalidad, se evaluó a estudiantes universitarios por medio de una tarea de fluencia semántica escrita que incluyó 20 categorías: animales, frutas, verduras, partes del cuerpo, árboles, flores, profesiones, herramientas, utensilios de cocina, instrumentos musicales, mediosde transporte, muebles, indumentaria, electrodomésticos, útiles escolares, deportes, lugares de la casa, juegos, países y piedras preciosas. Se obtuvieron datos del número total de ejemplares que se produjeron por categoría semántica, el promedio de respuestas por categoría, la frecuencia de aparición de los ítems activados más tempranamente, los ítems más evocados para cada categoría y el rango de aparición de cada ejemplar. No se encontraron trabajos previos de normas categoriales para esta población hispanoparlante, aunque sí para el español de otras r egiones, por lo que se espera que estos datos sean de utilidad tanto para el desarrollo de investigaciones dentro del campo de la psicolingüística y la neurolingüística, así como también para la selección de estímulos en la evaluación y el tratamiento de p acientes con lesiones cerebrales.

O estudo da memória constitui-se um importante instrumento para compreendermos a heterogeneidade cultural das comunidades tradicionais. O objetivo deste ensaio foi descrever as memórias, tradições e estratégias dos quilombolas da Serra da Bocaina, Mato Grosso. Para isso, realizamos entrevistas informais, semiestruturada e observação participante. Para o registro utilizamos o diário de campo e fotografias. As narrativas mostram a história da comunidade, as suas festas tradicionais, a fabricação artesanal de redes de algodão, de utensílios de barro, a construção de casa de sapé com cobertura de palha, assim como a sua roça. Ao fim, podemos considerar que as tradições são realizadas no dia a dia pela comunidade, demonstrando a resistência da comunidade às adversidades da sociedade e do lugar onde vivem.Palavras-chave: População Tradicional. Cerrado. Etnoconhecimento.We were evicted here: Tradition and memory as strategies of reproduction between the Quilombola communities of Bocaína, MT.AbstractThe study of memory constitutes an important tool for understanding the cultural heterogeneity of the traditional communities. The objective of this paper was to describe the memories, traditions and strategies of the Quilombolas of Serra da Bocaina, Mato Grosso. To do this, we conducted semi-structured interviews, participant observation. For the record we use the field journal and photographs. The narratives show the history of the community, its traditional fiestas, the artisanal cotton networks, clay utensils, building house thatched with straw, as well as his farm. At the end, we can consider that the traditions are carried out on a daily by the community, demonstrating the community resistance to adversity of society and the place where they live.Keywords: Traditional people. Cerrado. Ethnoknowledge.

Ingredients: Men, Women, Modern Kitchens, and the Gender Culture For working couples, the end of the day brings to the middle-class family with children the need to prepare the evening meal. Beyond an instrumental task to be performed, the kitchen space is hereafter the locus where the gender culture becomes visible. Who cooks? How does he/she cook? How good does he/she cook? In answering these questions, two main variables of context have to be clearly addressed. Firstly, contemporary gender culture promotes both men and women as “equal potential cookers.” Claims for gender equality are pervasive in the kitchen space, traditionally occupied by women, whose socialisation to be a “perfect housewife” served as a guarantee that they would “naturally” be good cooks, as well as good wives and mothers (Parsons and Bales). Currently, however, because individuals are now less defined by the traditional gender roles (Beck, Giddens, and Lash), one can expect either the man or the woman, or both, to prepare meals. From “sacrifice to gift” (Kaufmann), the possibilities are as numerous as the individuals who carry with them different and multiple socialisation processes that they differently mobilise in distinctive settings (Lahire). Secondly, the space of the kitchen has never been so technologically advanced as today. Contrary to images of a tiring, time-consuming, and demanding family workspace, the contemporary kitchens are equipped with such machinery assuring for efficiency, time domain, and aesthetic appeal (Daly, Gillis, Kaufmann, and Silva). Moreover, a paraphernalia of highly sophisticated equipment promises to help even the most awkward to be a successful and impressive chef. Nonetheless, the kitchens’ space has not ceased to be a profound and complex arena of family life, intimacy, and sociability (Southerton). Additionally, tradition, cultural heritage, knowledge, expertise, tenderness, pleasure, love, passion, and even sex: those are some of the “ingredients” with which media and popular culture socially construct the kitchen’s space (see for instance, the films Woman on Top, and Eat Pray Love, and television series Hell’s Kitchen featuring chef Gordon Ramsay). In this paper, I analyse the exploitation of the cookbook as an instrument used by some women aiming to encourage a greater participation rate among men in the cooking task. To study this topic was not an initial aim of research. Instead, it has emerged in the broader context of a previous sociological research devoted to the study of family practices (Morgan, Family Connections and Rethinking Family Practices), specifically family rituals within Portuguese middle-class families (Costa). Data was collected through episodic interviews (Flick) applied to both men and women with at least one child between the age of 3 and 14 years old. In this major study, a theoretical sample (Glaser and Strauss) of 30 individuals (with a mean age of 38 years old) were asked to describe in detail their “normal” and “special” moments or days. Through a subsequent content analysis (Bardin) carried out with the qualitative software NVivo (developed by QSR ©International), the cooking task has emerged from the data as a meaningful category. Findings presented and discussed hereafter are based upon the interviewees’s accounts that focus on a very circumscribed phase of their daily life, namely when they arrive home at the end of the day and need to prepare a “good,” “quick” meal. Particularly, in the case of the men’s accounts, the mention to the ways women urge men to participate (more) in the cooking tasks become prominent when talking about the use of the Bimby and it’s correlated recipe book. The Bimby (Thermomix) is a multi-function food processor intended for domestic use, commercialized by German company Vorwerk since the 1970s, yet only more recently having gained wide popularity in Portugal (Truninger). In short, this text focuses on the cookbook and related “mundane practices” (Martens) within the context of the appropriation of high-tech equipment in the kitchen to discuss the power of the socialisation of gender. Our argument is that cookbooks can be a way to dissipate the old difficulties that men, particularly, face in the kitchen; and at the same time, their use (and misuse) reinforces the persistence of some gaps due to previous and unequal socialisation regarding cookery as a skill. Preparation: Places, Spaces, Tasks, and (Traditional) Social Roles When arriving home early in the evening, both men and women usually occupy different spaces and perform different tasks, thus assuming distinctive social roles (Costa). Notwithstanding some recent changes causing a greater participation of men in domestic life (Wall, Aboim, and Cunha), Portuguese families still experience a very unequal household division of labour. At the same time that Portuguese women participate strongly in the paid work economy, especially on a full-time basis, they also undertake the majority of the household chores—both in number and time spent in doing so—such as the regular tasks of cooking, washing, and cleaning (Aboim, Wall and Amâncio). In most cases analysed in this study, there also remains a clear division of tasks concerning the preparation of the daily evening meal. Whereas the woman frequently prepares the evening meal, the man more often performs complimentary tasks such as setting the table for dinner and, afterwards, putting the dishes in the dishwasher and removing them once washed. Underlying this, couples seem to have negotiated an “agreement of exchange,” where women are responsible for a particular task, while men preferably “assume” or “choose another one.” Hence, insofar as women assume the task of cooking on a regularly basis, the participation of men in the preparation of meals is far more episodic (for example, at the weekend, for parties, at Christmas time or on some other special day or occasion). This can explain why men more often refer to the exact content of the daily meals they prepare as relatively “simple” and “fast”—dishes such as “grilled,” “tidbits,” “fries,” or precooked food for microwave are common. The “unpreparedness” or “lack of practice” of men and, consequently, the “greater experience” and/or “preparation” of their wives/partners are, coincidentally, evoked to justify why men do not participate more in the meal preparation. Both men and women refer either to the “tradition” or to a certain “naturalisation” of the women’s skills as the main arguments for the way they share tasks around the evening meal. Actually, most of the men who were interviewed admitted not being “ready” or “prepared” to perform specific tasks once married or living with a partner. The “blame” seems to be in the fact that they were not socialised to clean, wash, or cook when unmarried. When living with their parents, they were responsible for only minor tasks like tidying up their rooms, making their beds, or taking out the garbage. At other times, they may have “aided” their parents, yet only when “asked to do so.” In fact, when compared to women, these men were not domestically socialised as children or teenagers. Let us also remember that many came directly from their origin families into a procreation family. Thus, when they entered into a marital status, the task of cooking passed “automatically and intuitively” from their mothers into the hands of their wives/partners. Only with the (rare) deliberate refusal of the woman to cook does the male’s unpreparedness to cook become an issue and (may be) regarded as a problem in the couple’s relationship. The unpreparedness of males to cook is particularly evident in the absence of women, notably in post-divorce situations. Those who had performed cooking tasks previously or during the marriage were usually better prepared. For others, carrying out these tasks, either by choice or by imposition (for example, due to financial difficulties in the post-divorce period), meant facing many internalised social constraints. The support from close female figures (mother, friends, girlfriend, or colleagues) seems to be crucial in the path of self-instruction. The cookbook is both a new and old instrument that (also) serves this purpose. Variation: Bringing Men into the Kitchen with Cookbooks At this point, a variation is introduced in the gender division of labour related to the food preparation noted above. It is true that the generalisation of technology for cooking has followed in time the entry of men into the kitchen. In this context, I now turn upon specific accounts of men when referring to the use of the Bimby (Thermomix) in association with its recipe book. This food processor combines the functions of various utensils and small kitchen appliances: “it minces, chops, purees, weighs, stirs, grates, grinds, blends, cooks and simmers; in fact, it does the work of at least twelve kitchen devices and practically cleans itself when food preparation is done” (Vorwerk). Additionally, in order to be exploited to the fullest, the Thermomix comes with a cookbook whose instructions should be, it states, strictly followed. With this appliance, offering 12 functions in one single product, one can cook “everyday meals or elaborate menus, European or Asian specialties” (Vorwerk), with the guarantee that including soups, main courses and desserts, “everything turns out delicious” (Vorwerk). Pedro is 35; he has been married since 2000 and is the father of two boys, one 7 and the other 4 years old. His wife offered him this machine and corresponding cookbook with the aim of “encouraging” him to undertake some cooking tasks. However, he admits, “the result was only partially achieved.” He points out: “I can cook with the Bimby ... and even more through the Bimby; I admit, than with pots and all that.” Although strictly following the cookbook, Pedro recognises that he always “needs more time [than his wife] to make things work well in the kitchen.” Pedro feels that he lacks the “experience” and “training” that enables his wife to cook everything “very fast”: “Cooking very [emphasis added], very fast, honestly: I can’t! She can do it even when she is in a hurry ... If I have to read the recipes ... I have to take enough time to read and interpret them! And she ... she usually does it ... she doesn’t even have to think about it!” The gift of the Bimby was a purposeful means of trying to overcome some of the difficulties Pedro has in the kitchen. Metaphorically, I envisage it as a kind of “sugar” aimed to sweeten Pedro’s lack of cooking skills: “She [his wife] offered me the Bimby but ... the problem, I already told her ‘I could cook, but you have to give me enough time to cook!’”. Surprisingly in relation to such a piece of equipment that promotes itself as “the most superior kitchen appliance” (Vorwerk), using it is not simple for Pedro. The explanation, again, seems to be in the fact that his wife—in his perspective—does everything so “routinely” and in such an “intuitive” way that he can’t follow her example, despite using the cookbook. Additionally, his “inexperience,” “uncertainty,” and “slowness” sometimes rouses a lack of patience in his wife who, in turn, embodies all the opposite attributes. Sometimes, he says, the situation comes to a point where she tells him: “at this pace, it’s not worth it!” These are the cases where the kitchen overflows to an arena of tension, eventually even conflict, between knowing and doing (Casimiro). Pedro then “gets annoyed,” especially when his wife wants to set a pace he cannot keep up with: “Often I tell her ‘if you want to explain things to me, you have to waste some time with it.’ If you do not want to waste time, it [my cooking] is not worth it!”. Rui is 34, lives in a de-facto union and is the father of two boys, one four years of age and the youngest one-year-old. His example adds to the case of Pedro. The Bimby is also the “only cooking experience” Rui has beyond the grill. He admits he uses it, especially to cook soups for his youngest child, but still he prefers to leave his wife responsible for that task while he performs others. He recognises that using the Bimby, the task of cooking the soups is “fairly easy.” However, not everything runs smoothly: “Once I forgot to add water [laughs]; nonetheless, it went well [laughs]; it was not so bad! [laughs]”. The irony is that Rui reveals how he generally prefers to leave the kitchen to this wife: I have a script for kitchen because we have the famous Bimby, you’ve heard about it, right? Ok! I have a cookbook with a script of how to make the soup ... Honestly, I have done it four or five times, no more than that. I’d rather clear up the kitchen, wash the baby bottles, clean up the room, to put one of the kids to bed; these are my evening’ tasks. Not the soup because I ... I ... I even strive to do it ... but the true is that it does not always run smoothly. Both Pedro and Rui reveal the tensions some men face when appropriating kitchen appliances in the context of the contemporary couple’s relationships claiming of equality. Purposely used by some women as a dose of “sugar,” it eventually ends up to “spicing” rather than “sweetening” the relationship. At first sight, the use of the cookbook enables even the most unprepared individual to succeed in the kitchen. Nonetheless, as in the above cases, some men carry with them the (absence) of a socialisation for cooking that strongly shapes their use (and misuse) of the cookbook. The evoked arguments strongly emphasise the “tradition,” “experience,” “training,” “practice” and “mastery” they lack when compared to women. While this can be the epicentre of existing tensions between the couple, it underlines subtle yet profound socialisation processes, internalised values, and social roles. In questioning these complex relations, the transforming power of the cookbook has to be put in relative terms, since it allows—at least sometimes—for only a skin-deep change. Serving: The Cookbook—Sugar or Spice? Notwithstanding the several possible approaches to gendered culture in the kitchen, this text had no quantitative, generalisation, class, or culture comparative purpose. Instead, through a qualitative and in-depth approach, its main goal was to explore both the power and the limits of the cookbook as an instrument sometimes used by women aiming a greater participation of men in the cooking tasks. This arises as a particularly interesting issue in a context where men admitted that they were not domestically socialised as children or teenagers to clean, wash, or cook and, additionally, many of them went directly from their origin families into a procreation family. Summing up, cookbooks are not magical devices that can erase, at once, the complex and profound socialisation processes, internalized values, and social roles. In context, the cookbook can be either “sugar” or “spice” at the top of the gender culture. While, at the forefront, it can be purposely used by women to overcome some of the hardships men face at the kitchen; in the background its use (and misuse) reinforces the persistence of some gaps (still) unveiled through a previous and wider socialisation for cooking. More and more visible in contemporary society as either family or cultural heritage artefacts, media products or scientific outputs, cookbooks remain a site of endless interest, and this is also true in the sociological enquiry. In this article, analysing the use of a specific cookbook by men provides a forum through which the gender cultures can be examined in a simultaneously creative and fruitful way. As in the kitchen, one just has to “light the stove”. References Aboim, Sofia. “Gender Cultures and the Division of Labour in Contemporary Europe: A Cross-national Perspective.” The Sociological Review 58.2 (2010): 171–96. Bardin, Laurence. L’Analyse de Contenu. Paris: PUF, 1977. 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