Academic literature on the topic 'Insufficient protection'
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Journal articles on the topic "Insufficient protection"
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Knight, K. "Air sacs insufficient for penguin pressure protection." Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.121038.
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Ove-Hansson, Sven, and Linda Schenk. "Protection without Discrimination: Pregnancy and Occupational Health Regulations." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 2 (June 2016): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005808.
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Occupational exposures of pregnant workers can give rise to foetal damage. Two major types of strategies against detrimental effects on the foetus are described: differentiated protection that reduces only the exposure of pregnant workers (or only of female workers) and unified protection that reduces the exposure of all workers to a level that is sufficiently low to protect against detrimental effects on the foetus. The former strategy is shown to be inefficient, as it does not provide the desired protection. Protection only of pregnant workers is insufficient since protection is needed early in pregnancy when it is not known, and in the case of substances that are accumulated in the woman's body even prior to conception. Protection of all women is also insufficient to protect the foetus since evidence indicates that preconception exposure of the father can also give rise to malformations. Furthermore, differentiated protection that requires more costly protective measures for women tends to aggravate the already prevalent discrimination of women on the labour market. It is therefore concluded that unified protection is the only efficient and non-discriminatory strategy against foetal damage.
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Migheli, Matteo. "Income, wealth and use of personal protection equipment in the Mekong Delta." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 29 (March 25, 2021): 39920–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13449-w.
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AbstractBoth in developing and developed countries, farmers often do not protect themselves adequately, especially when applying agrochemicals that are dangerous for their health. The issue is relevant because insufficient protection is between the causes leading to intoxication of farmers and workers who handle these products. The literature suggests that both lack of training and information and low income may explain why, especially in developing countries, protective equipment is under-used. Using data from the Mekong Delta, this study addresses the issue of whether income and household wealth may help explaining the use of incomplete protections against pesticides. The results suggest that income, more than wealth, is a reason why Vietnamese farmers operating in the Mekong Delta fail in using adequate protections. In particular, the data suggest that they may prefer to divert resources to increasing the production of their fields or to buying goods that may be used both as protection and as everyday garments. This behaviour leads to underinvestment in some important protective goods. Possible public interventions to mitigate the problem are suggested; in particular, the promotion of integrated pest management techniques could be useful.
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Ginsberg, Joshua R. "When protected areas prove insufficient: Cheetah and “protection-reliant” species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619817114.
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Bouts, Antonia, Leo Monnens, Jean-Claude Davin, Geertrude Struijk, and Lodewijk Spanjaard. "Insufficient protection by Neisseria meningitidis vaccination alone during eculizumab therapy." Pediatric Nephrology 26, no. 10 (October 2011): 1919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1929-3.
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Boron, Sergiusz. "The Effect of Power Protection Equipment on Explosion Hazards and on the Reliability of Power Supply to Longwall Systems." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0027.
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Abstract Operational safety of electrical machines and equipment depends, inter alia, on the hazards resulting from their use and on the scope of applied protective measures. The use of insufficient protection against existing hazards leads to reduced operational safety, particularly under fault conditions. On the other hand, excessive (in relation to existing hazards) level of protection may compromise the reliability of power supply. This paper analyses the explosion hazard created by earth faults in longwall power supply systems and evaluates existing protection equipment from the viewpoint of its protective performance, particularly in the context of explosion hazards, and also assesses its effect on the reliability of power supply.
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Leibus, Inguna. "FINANCING ISSUES OF ENVIROMENT PROTECTION PROJECTS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2001): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2001vol1.1938.
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The aim of the report is to analyse the financial problems of the environmental protects in Latvia. The main tasks are the following: To become familiar with the formation o f various financial recourses on the environmental protects - the state budget investments, the local budgets sources, the grants and credits from International and other financial institutions. To analyse the structure of expenditures on environmental protection. The monographic method, the analyse statistic dates about environmental protection in Latvia in 1993-2000 are used the research. The main results o f the research are the following. The natural resources tax incomes are insufficient to solve the problems of the environmental protects. It is necessary to increase the base o f taxation. The incomes from ecology taxes must grow up on the summary state budget. It is necessary to increase the part o f natural resources tax to supliment local budgets, to solve local governments’ tasks o f environmental protection (especially garbage department) Till local financial resources are insufficient, it is necessary a supplement from state budgets to tie investments from various financial institutions.
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Belova, Liubov A. "Earth-termination system for onshore wind Turbines." Transaction Kola Science Centre 11, no. 7-2020 (December 30, 2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.7.19.008.
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The earth-termination system for towers of ground-based wind turbines in addition to protective and functional grounding provides lightning protection grounding, which is especially important since the wind turbine is susceptible to lightning strikes. If insufficient protective measures are taken, the risk of damage to a wind turbine due to a lightning strike increases. Therefore, a well-thought-out built-in grounding system for wind turbine towers is needed, which would function as necessary and guarantee long-term mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The configuration of grounding systems for wind turbines is discussed in IEC 61400-24, which deals with the topic of lightning protection for wind turbines, including detailed information on the choice of lightning protection measures and surge protection. It is advisable to create a lightning protection concept at the initial stage of planning a wind turbine in order to avoid later costly repairs and retrofitting.
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Hainz, Ursula, Brigitte Jenewein, Esther Asch, Karl-P. Pfeiffer, Peter Berger, and Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein. "Insufficient protection for healthy elderly adults by tetanus and TBE vaccines." Vaccine 23, no. 25 (May 2005): 3232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.085.
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Papineau, Elisabeth, Fanny Lemétayer, Amadou Diogo Barry, and Jean-François Biron. "Lottery marketing in Québec and social deprivation: excessive exposure, insufficient protection?" International Gambling Studies 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2014.1000355.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Insufficient protection"
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Lantz, Antonia. "The EU-US privacy shield : an insufficient level of data protection under EU fundamental rights standards." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-140685.
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Youssef, Mohammed. "Le contrat d'entreprise et la propriété intellectuelle : étude en droit français et syrien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1028.
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La spécificité de l’objet de la PI imprime une singularité au régime du contrat d’entreprise. L’affirmation se constate aussi bien au sujet de la PLA qu’au sujet de la PIND et appelaient donc la recherche d’une théorie générale. Concernant la PLA, l’existence de droits moraux de l’auteur perturbe la relation contractuelle et justifie la mise en œuvre d’un formalisme important. L’objectif du législateur est alors de tenter de protéger l’auteur, envisagé comme la partie faible face au maître de l’ouvrage. Et quoique certaines exceptions aient été mises en place, elles demeurent insuffisantes. Une telle méthode « principe – exception » se révèle néanmoins alternativement inutile ou préjudiciable, de sorte qu’il conviendrait de convertir les exceptions en règle commune. À titre d’exemple, l’attribution initiale des droits d’auteur au maître de l’ouvrage dans le cadre de l’œuvre collective ou le logiciel devrait être généralisé. Si la protection apportée à l’entrepreneur dans le cadre du droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique apparaît ainsi excessive, elle est au contraire insuffisante dans le cadre du droit de la propriété industrielle. En effet, en dépit de fondements identiques, le contrat d’entreprise relatif aux droits de propriété industrielle est régi par les dispositions du Code civil, lesquelles ne protègent pas l’auteur ou le créateur. Ainsi, dans ce cadre, l’inventeur ne bénéficie pas d’un droit à la rémunération proportionnelle, car l’aspect économique domine toutes les étapes de la relation contractuelle, de l’obtention de la création à son exploitation. Néanmoins, les règles de l’attributions du droit à la création industrielle ne sont pas clairesThe specificity of the subject of intellectual property entitled to a singularity of the contract of enterprise regime. The assertion is evident both on the literary and artistic property as about industrial property and therefore called the search for a general theory.Concerning the literary and artistic property, the existence of moral rights of the author disrupts the contractual relationship and justify the implementation of an important formalism. The aim of the legislator is then to try to protect the author, seen as the weak party to face the project Owner. And although some exceptions have been introduced, they remain insufficient. Nevertheless, such a method "principle - exception" proves alternately unnecessary or harmful, so the exceptions should be converted into common rule. For example, the initial attribution of copyright to the Owner project under the collective work or software should be generalized.If the protection provided to the contractor under the law of literary and artistic property thus appears excessive, it is insufficient otherwise under the law of industrial property. Indeed, despite identical basis, the contract of enterprise for industrial property rights is governed by the provisions of the Civil Code, which do not protect the author or creator. Thus, in this context, the inventor does not have a right to remuneration proportional because the economic aspect dominates all stages of the contractual relationship, obtaining creation to its exploitation. Nevertheless, the rules of the attribution of the right to creation industrial are not clear
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Baruki, Luciana Veloso Rocha Portolese. "Saúde mental do trabalhador: a proteção normativa insuficiente como óbice para um regime jurídico preventivo dos riscos psicossociais." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1011.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-01Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
Mental health problems associated with the work environment have achieved, in the beginning of this century, unprecedented levels. The intensity by which these problems appear, along with the exponentially pattern through which they have been growing, are factors that have transformed mental disorders caused by the exposure to psychosocial risks/hazards at work in such an expressive problem, which can no longer be ignored. In the first part, by addressing the psychosocial called emerging occupational risks, we sought to understand the extent to which they reveal themselves as a category of legal interest. It was thus necessary to find the theoretical basis for a psychosocial approach of the occupational risks so that we could dissect the pathologies increasing afterwards. In a second part, it was developed a legal discussion itself, which was intended to reveal, in specific terms, how insufficient protection stands as an obstacle to the implementation of a framework of preventive psychosocial risks/hazards situations at work. More generally, there was an intention throughout the whole text itself that was not to lose sight of how much suffering and mental illness fall under the Political and Economic Law as a problem that affect primarily the citizenship issues and the construction of a supposed free and fair and society. In this sense,the optics of the psychodynamics of work served as a support for tackling the subject from the viewpoint of work organization instead of the individual approach in coping with stress.
Os problemas de saúde mental relacionados ao meio ambiente do trabalho atingiram, neste início de século, patamares sem precedentes. Seja pela intensidade com que aparecem, seja pela forma exponencial pela qual crescem, os transtornos mentais decorrentes da exposição aos riscos psicossociais no trabalho representam um problema que, de tão expressivo, não pode ser mais ignorado. Em uma primeira parte, através da abordagem psicossocial dos chamados riscos ocupacionais emergentes, buscou-se entender em que medida eles se revelam como categoria de interesse jurídico. Para tanto, foi necessário buscar as bases teóricas da abordagem psicossocial, bem como dissecar as patologias em aumento. Em uma segunda parte, travou-se uma discussão jurídica propriamente dita, a qual pretendeu, em termos específicos, revelar como a proteção insuficiente se coloca como um obstáculo para a implementação de um regime jurídico preventivo dos riscos psicossociais no trabalho. Em termos mais genéricos, objetivou-se nunca perder de vista o quanto o sofrimento e o adoecimento psíquico se inscrevem, no âmbito do Direito Político e Econômico, como um problema essencialmente afeto à problemática da cidadania e à construção de uma pretensa sociedade livre e justa. Para tanto, a ótica da psicodinâmica do trabalho serviu de apoio para o enfrentamento do tema sob o ponto de vista da organização do trabalho, em detrimento do enfrentamento individual do stress.
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Cardoso, Cristina Augusta Teixeira. "A violência doméstica na vertente conjugal ou análoga : será o Direito Penal espanhol um modelo a seguir?" Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/27708.
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O objeto do presente estudo é a violência doméstica na vertente conjugal ou análoga, com relevo para a praticada pelo homem contra a mulher. Especificamente, a análise das respostas que o sistema jurídico-penal e processual penal português dá ao problema, procurando aferir da sua adequação ou desadequação e suficiência ou insuficiência para a resolução ou controlo deste flagelo social, por forma a puderem ser implementadas, se necessárias, alterações futuras. Versa, igualmente, sobre o regime jurídico-penal e processual penal espanhol, considerado paradigmático e inovador, no âmbito da violência sobre a mulher nas relações de intimidade, que denomina de violência de género, com o propósito de averiguar os resultados da política criminal, aí seguida, e da possibilidade de ―importar‖ soluções promissoras. Da investigação, resulta a existência de semelhanças e de deficiências entre os sistemas de combate à violência doméstica português e espanhol, particularmente quanto à irrelevância da vontade da vítima, ao uso e abuso do Direito Penal e à insuficiência deste para resolver problemas sociais de grande complexidade. Conclui-se ser imprescindível que o poder político resista ao populismo punitivo e intervenha sobre a essência do problema, nas áreas educacional, social e assistencial. Enquanto esta transformação estrutural não ocorre e a violência no casal não seja algo do passado, importa implementar modelos de proteção/respeito das vítimas e de punição/tratamento dos agressores, propondo-se que o Direito Penal passe a ouvir a vítima — principal interessada na cessação da violência — e sejam equacionadas alterações legislativas de iure condendo expostas ao longo do estudo, como a eliminação da regra da subsidiariedade expressa; o apoio e assistência à vítima independentemente de denúncia criminal; a consagração de um mecanismo semelhante à ordem de proteção espanhola; a atribuição de natureza pública atípica ao crime de violência doméstica; a previsão da mediação penal como mais uma resposta para algumas vítimas; a implementação de programas para agressores de violência doméstica em meio prisional.El objeto del presente estudio es la violencia doméstica en la vertiente conyugal o análoga, con relieve para la practicada por el hombre contra la mujer. En concreto, el análisis de las respuestas que el sistema jurídico penal y procesal penal portugués da al problema, buscando evaluar su adecuación o inadecuación y suficiencia o insuficiencia para la resolución o control de este flagelo social, de modo a poder implementar alteraciones futuras, si es necesario. Analiza también el régimen jurídico penal y procesal penal español, considerado paradigmático e innovador en el ámbito de la violencia sobre la mujer en las relaciones de intimidad, que denomina de violencia de género, con el propósito de averiguar los resultados de la política criminal y la posibilidad de "importar" soluciones prometedoras. De la investigación resulta la existencia de similitudes y deficiencias entre los sistemas portugués y español con relación a la lucha contra la violencia doméstica, particularmente respeto a la irrelevancia de la voluntad de la víctima, al uso y abuso del Derecho Penal y a la insuficiencia de éste para resolver problemas sociales de gran complejidad. Se concluye que es imprescindible que el poder político resista al populismo punitivo e intervenga sobre la esencia del problema en las áreas educativa, social y de asistencia. Mientras esta transformación estructural no ocurre, y la violencia en la pareja no es algo del pasado, es importante implementar modelos de protección/respeto a las víctimas y de punición/tratamiento de los agresores, proponiéndose que el Derecho Penal pase a escuchar a la víctima — la principal interesada en el cese de la violencia — y se planteen los cambios legislativos de iure condendo indicados a lo largo del estudio, como la eliminación del principio de subsidiariedad; el apoyo y asistencia a la víctima, independientemente de la denuncia criminal; la consagración de un mecanismo similar al sistema de protección español; la atribución de carácter público atípico al crimen de violencia doméstica; la previsión de la mediación penal como una otra respuesta para algunas de las víctimas; la implementación de programas para agresores de violencia doméstica en las prisiones.
The object of this study is domestic violence in the marital aspect or similar, with emphasis to the violence practiced by men against women. Specifically, the analysis of the responses that the Portuguese criminal and procedural system gives to this problem, seeking to assess its adequacy or inadequacy and sufficiency or insufficiency to solve or control this social scourge, so that future changes can be implemented if necessary. It also analyses the Spanish criminal and procedural system, considered paradigmatic and innovative in the context of violence against women in intimacy relationships, and named by the system as gender violence, with the purpose of ascertaining the results of criminal policies and the possibility of "importing" promising solutions. The investigation showed the existence of similarities and deficiencies between the Portuguese and Spanish systems to combat domestic violence, particularly regarding the irrelevance of the victim's will, the use and abuse of Criminal Law and its insufficiency to solve social problems of great complexity. The conclusion is that it is imperative that political power resists punitive populism and intervenes on the essence of the problem, in the educational, social and assistance areas. While this structural transformation does not occur and violence in the couple is not something of the past, it is paramount to implement models of protection/respect towards the victims and punishment/treatment of perpetrators, proposing that Criminal Law should listen to the victim — the main interested in the termination of violence — as well as the de iure condendo legislative changes stated throughout the study, such as the elimination of the subsidiarity principle; the support and assistance to victims regardless of a criminal complaint; the implementation of a mechanism similar to the Spanish protection system; the attribution of an atypical public nature to the crime of domestic violence; the criminal mediation as another response to some victims; the implementation of programs for domestic violence perpetrators in prisons.
Books on the topic "Insufficient protection"
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Troller, Simone. Lost in transit: Insufficient protection for unaccompanied migrant children at Roissy Charles de Gaulle Airport. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2009.
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Clayton, Matthew. Is Ethical Independence Enough? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794394.003.0010.
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Ronald Dworkin’s argument for a general right of ethical independence, in contrast to a special right of religious freedom, represents an important liberal view of the significance of religion within political morality. This chapter seeks to understand and defend Dworkin’s ideal of ethical independence, particularly against those who claim that it provides individuals with insufficient protection to pursue their religious commitments. It does so by integrating ethical independence with other features of Dworkin’s conception of political morality, such as his critique of majoritarianism and his account of equality. In addition, it develops a response to the most prominent version of the insufficiency objection, namely, that the political community ought to give special protection to individuals who seek to honour the dictates of their conscience, or their perceived ethical duties.
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Office, General Accounting. Water pollution: State revolving funds insufficient to meet wastewater treatment needs : report to the chairman, Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1992.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0011.
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This chapter summarizes the overall conclusions to which the findings arrived at in previous chapters lead. The research points to a persistent disregard of the particular position of exiles in relation to pre-border controls. It emphasizes how the general references to human rights and refugee law introduced in each of the instruments analyzed in Part I are insufficient to guarantee the rights identified in Part II. While ‘integrated border management’ (IBM) measures include some recognition of their potential impact on access to asylum in the Member States, no provision is made for adequate procedures and remedies through which compliance with the protection obligations imposed by EU law would be ensured in practice. On this basis, the chapter closes with a final assessment of IBM tools as currently operationalised, suggesting that either these be adapted to the fundamental rights acquis or abandoned as incompatible with the founding values of the EU.
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Hillsdon, Melvyn, and Tim Anstiss. Physical activity and its role in disease prevention. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0337.
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Regular physical activity is one of the most powerful protective and therapeutic factors known to medicine—protecting people from a wide range of health problems and benefitting over 20 conditions and diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. It is also associated with mental well-being and a healthy body weight. Insufficient physical activity, therefore, is a powerful risk factor for a wide range of diseases and health conditions. It is widely prevalent and contributes significantly to burdens of disease and cost. It is detectable and reducible in individuals and groups.
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Williams, Jacqueline, and Paul Martin, eds. Defending the Social Licence of Farming. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104549.
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Issues including climate variability, water scarcity, animal welfare and declining biodiversity have led to increasing demands on farmers to conduct and communicate their farming practices so as to protect their ‘social licence to farm’. Farmers are increasingly expected to demonstrate their social and environmental responsibility as a pre-condition to being allowed to carry out their preferred farming and commercial practices. Current examples include the live animal export trade, battles over protection of aquifers from mining, and contests over rural carbon emissions.
In Defending the Social Licence of Farming, authors from Australia, the USA, Europe and Iceland document the diverse issues associated with the 'social licence to farm'. They provide examples of different sectors’ strategies and experiences, and give specific indications of what is involved in coping successfully with this political and legal dimension of farming.
As resources become scarce and society’s expectations more diverse and demanding, farming can expect that social licence issues will become both more difficult and more important. The book suggests that the old models of response, largely focused on defensive positions, will often be insufficient to protect the interests of both farmers and the community. This book will provide a useful stimulus for innovation and proactive policies to defend the social licence of the farm sector.
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Oliveira, Edinamar Rezende de, and Sônia M. Gomes Sousa. Atendimento Psicossocial às Crianças Vítimas de Abuso sexual. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-412-8.
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This work is the result of a Stricto Sensu Graduate Program research study in psychology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (PUC Goiás). It aimed to capture the methodologies used and the meanings experienced by psychology professionals while performing psychosocial work on child victims of sexual abuse. In this scenario, the referred research was developed seeking to provoke reflections, expressions and co-production of meanings in relation to this theme. This study is based on the vigotskian socio-historical conception and bibliographical, documentary and empirical research was used as methodological support for data collection. The study concluded that, in several aspects of the psychosocial care offered by Creas, there are numerous challenges for the professionals involved, such as: lack of training for the expected performance, lack of physical structure for most units, lack of diverse resources, lack of specialized materials and lack of collaboration between the different parties within the child care and protection network of the city. Failure in family adherence is an obstacle in treatments according to psychologists. In addition, there are insufficient materials, space and human resources to provide quality care. Finally, the collaboration in the network is pointed as a crucial key for efficiency in treatment.
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Beauchamp, Tom L., and David DeGrazia. Principles of Animal Research Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190939120.001.0001.
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This book is the first to present a framework of general principles for animal research ethics together with an analysis of the principles’ meaning and moral requirements. This new framework of six moral principles constitutes a more suitable set of moral guidelines than any currently available, including the influential framework presented in the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique published in 1959 by zoologist and psychologist William M. S. Russell and microbiologist Rex L. Burch. Their “principles”—commonly referred to as the Three Rs—are better described as specific directives than as general moral principles, and they are insufficient as a moral framework of basic values in the context of contemporary biomedical and behavioral research. The framework presented in Principles of Animal Research Ethics is more comprehensive in addressing ethical requirements pertaining to societal benefit (the most important consideration in justifying the harming of animals in research) and features a more thorough, ethically defensible program of animal welfare (the area on which Russell and Burch focus). The present framework is also more likely than the Three Rs to foster extensive agreement between the biomedical and animal protection communities—an agreement deeply needed at the present time. The book features commentaries on the framework of principles written by eminent figures in animal research ethics representing an array of relevant disciplines: veterinary medicine, biomedical research, biology, zoology, comparative psychology, primatology, law, and bioethics. The seven commentators on the authors’ Principles are Larry Carbone, Frans B. M. de Waal, Rebecca Dresser, Joseph P. Garner, Brian Hare, Margaret S. Landi, and Julian Savulescu.
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van der Vossen, Bas, and Jason Brennan. Economic Objections to Open Borders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462956.003.0003.
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The chapter discusses an important set of economic objections to the case for open borders. These objections focus on protecting the wages of domestic workers, maintaining a welfare state, and the effects of admitting migrants who come from illiberal societies. All these objections are shown to be insufficient to overcome the basic case for free movement. They either rely on false empirical claims, or assume—rather than establish—that countries can close their borders to immigrants. As a result, the presumption in favor of free movement, established in the previous chapter, remains undefeated. This concludes the case for open borders.
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Henry, M. Stress fractures. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012017.
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♦ Stress fractures are fractures occurring as the result of repetitive, submaximal loads, in the absence of a specific precipitating traumatic event.♦ These fractures can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of aetiology. Whereas ‘fatigue fractures’ result from the excessive repetitive (i.e. abnormal) loading of normal bone, ‘insufficiency fractures’ are fractures resulting from normal forces acting on abnormal bone.♦ Early diagnosis allows the initiation of effective treatment that can prevent prolonged pain and disability, as well as avoiding the progression to displacement or a non-union.♦ While management decisions are generally focused on activity modification, protection of weight bearing, and immobilization, there is a subset of fractures at high risk for progression to complete fracture, non-union, or delayed union. These high-risk stress fractures, including tension-side femoral neck fractures and anterior tibial cortex fractures, require aggressive treatment to prevent the sequelae of poor healing.
Book chapters on the topic "Insufficient protection"
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Ramana, M. V. "Why Technical Solutions are Insufficient." In Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection, 21–38. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27107-7_2.
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Leisering, Lutz. "Social Protection in the Global South: An Ideational and Historical Approach." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection, 3–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_1.
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AbstractThis chapter is the introduction to the volume on social protection in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa. The Introduction outlines an ideational and historical approach to social protection in the Global South to contribute to a theory of “social policy in development contexts”, which is a desideratum. The Introduction also provides basic data on the four countries (Brazil, India, China, and South Africa) and summaries of all the chapters in the book. Three research gaps are identified: scarcity of historical research; scant attention to ideas and instead a dominant focus on interests; and insufficient use of historical sources. This volume contributes to filling these gaps through a historical, idea-centred, and source-based approach. A multi-layered model of social ideas—the “onion skin model”—is developed that has the “social question” as its pivot.
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Shumilina, Vera, Bogdan Murza, and Aleksandr Shichanin. "Economic and legal support for the activities of an economic entity in the context of a pandemic." In Business security management in modern conditions, 220–28. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60258635e2bf71.25158318.
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current problems are the instability of the regulatory framework; monopolism of large companies and suppression of small businesses; economic crime and corruption; insufficient number of qualified specialists of higher and middle management of enterprises, including security managers; low level of reliability of performance of contractual obligations; illegal activities of competitors, etc. In this regard, the majority of Russian entrepreneurs, scientists and practitioners face an urgent problem of legal support for business activities, finding ways to solve the problems of reliable protection of the legitimate interests and rights of economic entities
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Pap, A. "New Emphasis in the Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency." In Cell Injury and Protection in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 313–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5392-8_31.
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Michenfelder, J. D. "Protecting the Brain During and After Vascular Insufficiency." In Anesthesia, The Heart and the Vascular System, 91–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3295-1_10.
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Seekings, Jeremy. "(Re)formulating the Social Question in Post-apartheid South Africa: Zola Skweyiya, Dignity, Development and the Welfare State." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection, 263–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_8.
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AbstractDemocratisation in 1994 meant that, for the first time, the South African state recognised that all South Africans had claims on and responsibilities to society. To address the racialised legacy of apartheid, the new government sought to expand opportunities for black South Africans—and hence solve the social question—through racially inclusive economic growth and development. The government initially viewed the system of social grants that it inherited as insufficiently developmental and worried about the poor becoming “dependent” on public support. When unemployment and poverty persisted, compounded by HIV/AIDS, reformers—including especially the Minister of Social Development from 1999 to 2009, Zola Skweyiya—reframed the social question in terms of dignity and responsibility and expanded the social grant system.
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Danisi, Carmelo, Moira Dustin, Nuno Ferreira, and Nina Held. "A Theoretical Framework: A Human Rights Reading of SOGI Asylum Based on Feminist and Queer Studies." In IMISCOE Research Series, 51–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_3.
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AbstractSince SOGI considerations have started to inform the interpretation and the implementation of the Refugee Convention (Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_1), a broad range of scholars from different disciplines have explored how questions of sexual orientation and gender identity can be effectively addressed within international, supranational and domestic asylum systems. The debate around aspects of RSD and beyond generated by this theoretical exchange within the same discipline and between different research areas has contributed to the (ongoing) normative movement towards a more inclusive Refugee Convention framework. In an attempt to nurture this continuous debate, we outline the theoretical and analytical frameworks that shape the subsequent analysis. We take advantage of the authors’ diverse experience in different academic fields to apply an interdisciplinary approach, addressing our subject from various perspectives. We start from the recognition that a detailed understanding and application of the Refugee Convention is vital as the floor for addressing SOGI asylum claims, but not in itself sufficient to ensure that these are fairly treated. Section 3.2 therefore looks to human rights to show how interweaving human rights frameworks with refugee law heightens understanding in this field of asylum. To this end, the main body of this chapter develops an approach that addresses the failings from a SOGI asylum perspective of international human rights law (IHRL) and international refugee law (IRL) individually. However, we then argue that, without explicitly recognising the gendered and sexualised nature of SOGI asylum, IHRL is only part of the solution. In Sects. 3.3 and 3.4 below, we claim that feminist and queer theories, and particular threads of debate within these broad disciplines, can help to understand the experiences of SOGI minorities fleeing persecution and, importantly, to explain why, despite improvements to the law and guidance that recognise the right to protection on this basis, there has been insufficient progress on the ground. In this way, combining a human rights-based approach that is largely legal with political and sociological contributions from feminism and queer theories facilitates a more holistic analysis.
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Biernat, Stanisław, and Paweł Filipek. "The Assessment of Judicial Independence Following the CJEU Ruling in C-216/18 LM." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 403–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_16.
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AbstractIn the LM ruling, the Court of Justice developed the Aranyosi and Căldăraru test and indicated it as the one to be applied for the assessment of judicial independence and fair trial guarantees in the context of executing European Arrest Warrants. Although serious threats to the rule of law and judicial independence in some EU countries, like Poland, have been documented over recent years, no warrant has so far been definitely rejected as a consequence of the application of the LM test, although there are cases in which the execution of warrants to Poland has been suspended. This naturally raises questions as to whether the mechanism proposed by the Court responds to the need of protecting the right to a fair trial and safeguarding judicial independence. In this contribution we evaluate the mechanism devised by the Court, taking into account the available judicial practice after the LM ruling. We point out that the almost automatic transfer of a mechanism proposed to evaluate the functioning of a prison system to that evaluating a fair trial and judicial independence has not been fully successful. The mechanism proposed by the Court reveals a number of problematic issues and proves to be insufficient and not entirely adequate to assess judicial independence and guarantees of a fair trial.
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Kordej-De Villa, Željka, and Ivan Šulc. ", Tourism and the UN Sustainable Development : The Case of Croatia." In Future City, 341–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_19.
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AbstractThe chapter analyses the quality of managing cultural heritage sites in Croatia, particularly those inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List, which are under growing pressure of overtourism. The analysis was performed by using qualitative and quantitative data on visitors of the UNESCO heritage and the most important impacts of tourism on destination areas, compared to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on tourism and heritage. The study investigates the state of safeguarding, protecting and valorizing cultural heritage in relevant documents and in practice, focusing on Dubrovnik as a case study area. The analysis revealed the insufficient plans for managing UNESCO World Heritage Sites in relevant documents and in the field, as well as lack of monitoring of tourism impacts. The selected cases in Croatia confirmed that the most common way for heritage valorization is within the framework of tourism (McKercher and du Cros, Cultural tourism. The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, Routledge, New York/London, 2009), where heritage is most often associated with sustainable tourism. However, desirable regenerative tourism, that repairs the harm that has already been done, is still far from the present situation and it will require much effort in its planning, designing tools for its implementation and its management to achieve it in the near future.
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Goligorsky, M. S., C. Chaimovitz, J. Rapoport, A. Kiryati, S. Lach, R. Kol, and J. Yehuda. "The Unique Chemical Composition of Nephrocalcinosis in Experimental Renal Insufficiency, Disturbances of Cellular Calcium Metabolism, and Protective Effect of Verapamil Against Nephrocalcinosis." In Nephrocalcinosis Calcium Antagonists and Kidney, 134–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72857-0_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Insufficient protection"
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Panteli, M., P. A. Crossley, and D. S. Kirschen. "A multi-state model for assessing the impact of insufficient wide-area situational awareness." In 11th IET International Conference on Developments in Power Systems Protection (DPSP 2012). IET, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.0031.
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Bazone, Guna, and Janis Ievins. "Labour protection problems in new forms of employment in Latvia." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.632.
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The aim of the article is to reflect the situation regarding the problems in creating a labour pro-tection system for the new forms of employment in Latvia. It is concluded that in Latvia, as in the rest of Europe, there is no common understanding of what new forms of employment are, nor do the regulatory enactments specifically define what training and instruction procedures are in the field of labour protection at the moment. The research conducted by the authors shows that interest in and understanding of labour protection is low, and people do not know where they can gain information. As a result of the research it was found that people are not ready to invest money in establishing the labour protection system due to the fact that labour protection is perceived as a formal and unnecessary activity. The authors suggest that greater attention should be paid to this issue, particularly taking into account that, in the current digital era, new forms of employment continue developing, while the literature and research available at the moment at a Latvian and European level are insufficient.
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Park, K. W., Y. B. Cho, K. S. Jeon, S. M. Lee, and Y. T. Kho. "Evaluation of Stray Current Effect on the Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipeline." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1850.
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Two types of stray current which affect the cathodic protection of underground pipeline are discussed. One is the stray current by DC transit system and the other is that originated from the nearby cathodic protection system. The popular evaluation methods of the pipe-to-siol potential measurement was undertaken to evaluate the corrosion activity of pipeline. In case when the pipe was affected by the stray current, the measured pipe-to soil potential was significantly deviated from the mean value resulting in normal distribution. Analysis of such distribution pattern has revealed that the pipe under investigation was in the condition of insufficient protection (noble mean potential and high asymmetry coefficient) due to the considerable effect of stray current (high standard deviation value). It was also confirmed that the efficiency of drainage system was so low (<10%) due to the improper selection of drainage point. Simultaneous measurement of the magnitude and direction of the sheath current resulted in information about the place where stray current entered into pipe and escaped to soil. For the second case of stray current problem, it is shown that it has been caused by the combined interference from nearby CP system.
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Paolacci, Fabrizio. "On the Effectiveness of Two Isolation Systems for the Seismic Protection of Elevated Tanks." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28563.
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This paper deals with the effectiveness of two isolation system for the seismic protection of elevated steel storage tanks. In particular the performance of High Damping Rubber Bearings and Friction Pendulum isolators has been analyzed. As case study an emblematic example of elevated tanks collapsed during the Koaceli Earthquake in 1999 at Habas Pharmaceutics plant in Turkey has been considered. A time-history analysis conducted using lumped mass models demonstrated the high demand in terms of base shear required to the support columns and their inevitable collapse due to the insufficient shear strength. A proper design of HDRB and FPS isolator and a complete non-linear analysis of the isolated tanks proved the high effectiveness of both isolation systems in reducing the response of the case tank. Actually, a reduced level of displacements of isolators and a reduced level of convective base shear obtained with the second isolation typology, suggested the used of FPS isolators rather than HDRB.
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Popovich, V. V. "Statistical assessment of state and development level of agricultural territories of the Republic of Crimea." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-150.
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The current and retrospective analysis of the development of agricultural territories using statistical data makes it possible not only to determine the level of agriculture current state in the regions and country as a whole and also identify existing problems and outline ways to solve them. In addition to economic and social indicators, environmental ones are very important nowadays and reflect the level of environmental protection. So in 2019, the current costs on environmental protection in individual administrative districts differed significantly and amounted to 0.77 rubles/ha in Dzhankoy district, 497.4 rubles/ha in Krasnogvardeisky district, and 138.2 rubles/ha in Saki district, and 114.1 rubles/ha in the Republic of Crimea. In general, in the Russian Federation, this figure was 421 rubles/ha. The data indicate insufficient investment in environmental protection in the Republic of Crimea as a whole and its regions in particular.
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Elsner, A. L., C. Kunde, W. Togrund, K. Bobzin, W. Wietheger, and E. Burbaum. "UV-Dual Curing Sealers for Short Cycling Times of Thermally Sprayed Parts." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0346.
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Abstract The advantages of UV-curing polymers are well known and used in various coating and adhesive applications. Curing times of a few seconds and long application windows allowing an increased throughput in series production. The use of UV-curing polymers in sealers is beneficial, but so far insufficient due to only surface curing. With a newly developed dual-cure mechanism in sealers, it is now possible to combine deep penetration curing and surface curing. The hybrid sealers combine radical polymerization with subsequent polyaddition or polycondensation. The development of sealers for thermal sprayed (TS) coatings involves an extensive requirement profile. This includes properties such as corrosion protection, penetration depth and processing times. High penetration depths of the sealant into the coating system are important to ensure a protection over the full lifetime of the TS coatings. The depth of penetration of the developed sealers into various TS coatings was determined by measuring the gas permeability in a specially developed test procedure. The corrosion protection effect in combination with TS coatings was determined by measuring the cell voltage. In summary, two UV dual-cure sealers have been developed to seal TS coatings with deep penetration and corrosion protection.
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Chan, Kwal S., N. Sastry Cheruvu, and Gerald R. Leverant. "Coating Life Prediction Under Cyclic Oxidation Conditions." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-389.
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The hot gas path section components of land based turbines require materials with superior mechanical properties and good hot corrosion and oxidation resistance. These components are generally coated with either a diffusion coating (aluminide or platinum aluminide) or with an overlay coating (MCrAlY) to provide additional hot corrosion and/or oxidation protection. These coatings degrade due to inward and outward diffusion of elements during service. Outward diffusion of aluminum results in formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface. When the protective oxide spalls, aluminum in the coating diffuses out to reform the oxide layer. Accelerated oxidation and failure of coating occur when the Al content in the coating is insufficient to reform a continuous alumina film. This paper describes development of a coating life prediction model that accounts for both oxidation and oxide spallation under thermal mechanical loading, as well as diffusion of elements that dictate the end of useful life. Cyclic oxidation data for aluminide and platinum aluminide coatings were generated to determine model constants. Applications of this model for predicting cyclic oxidation life of coated materials are demonstrated. Work is underway to develop additional material data and to qualify the model for determining actual blade and vane coating refurbishment intervals.
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Windasari, Ike Pertiwi, Jojor Kakanda Purba, Dania Eridani, Risma Septiana, and Manik Mahachandra. "Application Development of Inspection of Fire Protection Equipment, First Aid Kit and Incident Reporting Case Study." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.25.
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Background: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is an important part of the work environment. Both workers and employers are responsible for maintaining a safe environment in the workplace. However, by comparing and mapping the general situation of occupational safety and health legislation in some countries, we found that the current occupational safety and health standards in the retail industry are seriously insufficient or even absent. This study aimed to examine design an application development of inspection of fire protection equipment, first aid kit and incident reporting case study in the Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University. Subjects and Method: Use the Scrum method to develop Android-based occupational safety and health inspection applications. The user of this application is the P2K3 team from each department at the Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University. The study phases used in this research are as follows: meeting with customers, creating user stories and product backlogs, application development. Results: The result of this research is a mobile application to record the condition of the fire extinguisher and first aid kit. Conclusion: The application made has been able to handle the records of K3 inspection tools, namely fire extinguishers and first aid kits and can be used to report incidents. Keywords: Information Systems, APAR, First Aid Correspondence: Ike Pertiwi Windasari. Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java. Email: ike@ce.undip.ac.id. Mobile: 0856400826 52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.25
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Kourakos, Vasilios, Sai¨d Chabane, Patrick Rambaud, and Jean-Marie Buchlin. "Flowforce in Safety Relief Valve Under Incompressible, Compressible and Two-Phase Flow Conditions." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57896.
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The use of relief valves is crucial for the safety of power plants. Indeed, these simple and robust in their design valves are the ultimate protection when all other systems are insufficient. This study is focused on valve opening characteristics which can be concluded through the determination of flowforces applied at the valve disk. A spring loaded safety relief valve (1 1/2″ G 3″) and transparent model of this valve are tested under static conditions. The spring is removed and the forces exerted at the valve disk for different inlet pressures and lift positions are measured. Compressible, incompressible and two-phase flow behaviors are investigated and compared. Inversed force of air and water is noticed above a certain value of valve lift. Numerical simulations are performed to verify experimental findings.
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Chabane, Saïd, François Corbin, Anthony Couzinet, Daniel Pierrat, and Martin Bayart. "Experimental Incompressible Forces Applied in a Safety Valve." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78129.
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Safety valves are crucial devices in the industry. Indeed, these valves are simple and robust in their design. Safety valves are the ultimate overpressure device protection when all other devices are insufficient or failed. The poor design of these devices can be disastrous. A conventional safety relief valve is mainly composed of a disk maintained pressed against a nozzle by a spring. When the pressure forces on the upstream face of the disk are below the force applied to the spring, the valve is closed. If an accidental overpressure event occurs in the process under protection, the pressure forces become high compared to spring elastic forces and the safety valve opens to relief pressure. Thus, the pressure in the process under protection is reduced to an acceptable value. The force exerted by the pressure on a disk of a safety valve is essential for a correct design of the spring and the inner ring. To understand the forces, a safety relief valve was modified and the spring removed; a force measurement tool was mounted in order to measure the forces exerted at different inlet pressure and lift. These tests were made for several ring settings. These measurements were made in incompressible fluid on a water test loop. Finally, inlet and outlet conditions of the safety valves were modeled respectively by thermodynamic 1D-model. The safety valve is described by dynamic 1D-model where the hydrodynamics forces applied to the moving disk are provided by measurements in water.
Reports on the topic "Insufficient protection"
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Busso, Matías, Juanita Camacho, Julián Messina, and Guadalupe Montenegro. Social Protection and Informality in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002865.
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Latin American governments swiftly implemented income assistance programs to sustain families' livelihoods during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. This paper analyzes the potential coverage and generosity of these measures and assesses the suitability of current safety nets to deal with unexpected negative income shocks in 10 Latin American countries. The expansion of pre-existing programs (most notably conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions) during the COVID-19 crisis was generally insufficient to compensate for the inability to work among the poorest segments of the population. When COVID-19 ad hoc programs are analyzed, the coverage and replacement rates of regular labor income among households in the first quintile of the country's labor income distribution increase substantially. Yet, these programs present substantial coverage challenges among families composed of fundamentally informal workers who are non-poor, but are at a high risk of poverty. These results highlight the limitations of the fragmented nature of social protection systems in the region.
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Ruiz, Susana. ¿Quién paga la cuenta? Gravar la riqueza para enfrentar la crisis de la COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Oxfam, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6317.
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Las previsiones de retroceso económico y social en América Latina y el Caribe son alarmantes. La COVID-19 golpea con fuerza la región marcada que tendrá que afrontar una contracción del 9,4%, una de las más severas en todo el planeta. La desigualdad, la informalidad y la insuficiente dotación sanitaria lastran las posibilidades de hacer frente a la pandemia. Pero son los más vulnerables quienes asumen el costo, hasta 52 millones de personas que podrían caer en la pobreza y 40 millones podrían perder sus empleos, un retroceso de 15 años para la región. Pero la COVID-19 no afecta a todos por igual, una élite se mantiene inmune al contagio de la crisis económica. Desde el principio de los confinamientos, hay 8 nuevos milmillonarios en América Latina y el Caribe, personas con un patrimonio superior a los mil millones de dólares. Las personas más ricas han aumentado su fortuna en US$ 48 200 millones desde marzo 2020, lo que equivale a un tercio del total de los paquetes de estímulo de todos los países de la región. Para hacer frente a esta crisis tan profunda, Oxfam propone una serie de reformas que recaigan sobre quienes más tienen y menos han sufrido la pandemia. Entre otros un impuesto sobre el patrimonio neto de las personas más ricas con el que se podría recaudar al menos US$ 14 260 millones, 50 veces más de lo que ahora se estaría recaudando sobre esta élite de grandes fortunas. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasts for economic and social decline in Latin America and the Caribbean are alarming. The region will face a 9.4% contraction in its economy, among the most severe in the world. Coping with the pandemic is hindered by inequality, weak and insufficient social protection and limited public health capabilities. Up to 52 million people could fall into poverty and 40 million could lose their jobs – a 15-year setback for the region. Yet, an elite remains ‘immune’ to the contagion of the economic crisis. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there have been 8 new billionaires in LAC: 1 every 2 weeks since the lockdowns began. The richest people have increased their fortune by $48.2bn since March 2020, equivalent to a third of the total stimulus packages of all countries in the region. In this paper, Oxfam proposes a series of reforms targeting those who have being less affected by the pandemic. They include a net wealth tax that could potentially generate $14.3bn, 50 times more than billionaires in the region pay now in theory, under current tax systems.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.