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Journal articles on the topic 'Insulin – Mechanism of action – Research'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Petersen, Max C., and Gerald I. Shulman. "Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 4 (2018): 2133–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00063.2017.

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The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pa

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Yu, Qiu-Jun, Rui Si, Ning Zhou та ін. "Insulin inhibits β-adrenergic action in ischemic/reperfused heart: a novel mechanism of insulin in cardioprotection". Apoptosis 13, № 2 (2007): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10495-007-0169-2.

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Laekeman, Gert. "Spathodea Campanulata: Een Antidiabetisch Geneesmiddel?" Afrika Focus 8, no. 2 (1992): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00802004.

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Decoctions of the stem back of Spathodea campanulata (SC) are currently used in Rwanda to treat insulin- and non insulin-dependent diabetics. In order to confirm and farther examine hypoglycemic activity of this plant we set up a research project with as final objective a possible standardisation of Spathodea in antidiabetic therapy in Rwanda. Up to now we were able to confirm the blood sugar lowering effect of SC in hyperglycemic mice (hyperglycemia provoked by streptozotocin = SZ). Also hyperglycemia in glucose loaded mice (glucose tolerance test = GTT) could be tempered by SC. Despite these

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Bonen, Arend, G. Lynis Dohm, and Luc J. C. van Loon. "Lipid metabolism, exercise and insulin action." Essays in Biochemistry 42 (November 27, 2006): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0420047.

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Skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of body mass and takes up 80% of a glucose load. Therefore, impaired glucose removal from the circulation, such as that which occurs in obesity and type 2 diabetes, is attributable in large part to the insulin resistance in muscle. Recent research has shown that fatty acids, derived from adipose tissue, can interfere with insulin signalling in muscle. Hence, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface is impaired, and therefore, the rate of glucose removal from the circulation into muscle is delayed. The mechanisms provoking lipid-mediated insulin

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Vitali, Valerio, Florian Horn, and Francesco Catania. "Insulin-like signaling within and beyond metazoans." Biological Chemistry 399, no. 8 (2018): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2018-0135.

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Abstract Insulin signaling is pivotal in controlling animals’ lifespan and responses to environmental changes and, when altered, it may lead to pathogenic states. Despite its importance and relevance for biomedical research, insulin’s mechanism of action and the full range of its pathophysiological effects remain incompletely understood. Likewise, the evolutionary origin of insulin and its associated signaling components are unclear. Notwithstanding the common view that insulin signaling originated within metazoans, experimental evidence from non-metazoans suggest a more widespread distributio

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Blyth, Andrew J., Nicholas S. Kirk, and Briony E. Forbes. "Understanding IGF-II Action through Insights into Receptor Binding and Activation." Cells 9, no. 10 (2020): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102276.

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The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system regulates metabolic and mitogenic signaling through an intricate network of related receptors and hormones. IGF-II is one of several hormones within this system that primarily regulates mitogenic functions and is especially important during fetal growth and development. IGF-II is also found to be overexpressed in several cancer types, promoting growth and survival. It is also unique in the IGF system as it acts through both IGF-1R and insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A). Despite this, IGF-II is the least investigated ligand of the IGF system. This revi

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Cardoso, Naiane Silva, Julia Rosental de Souza Cruz, Ramon Alves de Oliveira Paula, Stella Maris da Silveira Duarte, Maria Rita Rodrigues, and Fernanda Borges de Araújo Paula. "Unsaturated fatty acid as functional food for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 2." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (2021): e41410917231. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17231.

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Several studies have been demonstrating to a relationship between unsaturated fatty acids, improvement of pancreatic function and insulin secretion. In this context, this review presents the most recent findings on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the action mechanism of unsaturated fatty acids on pancreatic function, and clinical studies in diabetic patients. We evaluated here articles from MedLine/PubMed and the Science direct database, published between 2014 and 2020. Of the 637 results, 13 were selected. From their analysis, we could observe that mono and polyunsaturated fa

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Plum, L., F. T. Wunderlich, S. Baudler, W. Krone, and J. C. Brüning. "Transgenic and Knockout Mice in Diabetes Research: Novel Insights into Pathophysiology, Limitations, and Perspectives." Physiology 20, no. 3 (2005): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00049.2004.

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Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are serious public health threats. Although enormous research efforts have been focused on the pathogenesis of these diseases, the underlying mechanisms remain only partly understood. Here we review mouse phenotypes resulting from inactivation of molecules responsible for the control of glucose metabolism that have led to novel insights into insulin action and the development of insulin resistance. In addition, more sophisticated strategies to manipulate genes in mice in the future are presented.

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Dimova, Rumyana, and Tsvetalina Tankova. "The Role of Vaspin in the Development of Metabolic and Glucose Tolerance Disorders and Atherosclerosis." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/823481.

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In recent years, most research efforts have been focused on studying insulin-sensitizing adipokines. One of the most recently discovered adipokines is vaspin, a visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor. Vaspin levels have been found significantly increased in mice with obesity and insulin resistance. It has been assumed that vaspin serves as an insulin sensitizer with anti-inflammatory effects and might act as a compensatory mechanism in response to decreased insulin sensitivity. Most studies in humans have shown a positive correlation between vaspin gene expression and serum

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Gatford, K. L. "059. POOR GROWTH BEFORE BIRTH IMPAIRS INSULIN SECRETION - WHAT WE HAVE LEARNT ABOUT THE MECHANISMS FROM THE PLACENTALLY-RESTRICTED SHEEP." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs059.

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Diabetes occurs when insulin secretion fails to increase sufficiently to compensate for developing insulin resistance. This implies that the increased risk of diabetes in adults who were small at birth reflects impaired insulin secretion as well as their well-known insulin resistance. More recently, direct evidence has been obtained that adults and children who were growth-restricted before birth secrete less insulin than they should, given their level of insulin resistance. Our research group is using the placentally-restricted (PR) sheep to investigate the mechanisms underlying impaired insu

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Pollak, Michael N., Marie-Jose Blouin, Carol-Ann Vasilevsky, et al. "Metformin and biomarkers relevant to neoplasia in nondiabetic patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (2013): e14615-e14615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e14615.

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e14615 Background: Use of the anti-diabetic drug Metformin has been associated with reduced risk or improved prognosis of several cancers in both lab models and retrospective population studies of diabetics. Plausible mechanisms of action include (1) reduction in serum levels of insulin or inflammatory cytokines and (2) direct effects on target cells due to action of the drug as an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, including activation of AMPK. Methods: Non-diabetic subjects (n = 47) consented to bloodwork and sigmoid biopsy at screening colonoscopy, metformin administration (500 mg TID)

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Myers, Stephen A., Alex Nield, and Mark Myers. "Zinc Transporters, Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Utility: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/173712.

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Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a vital role in maintaining many biological processes and cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional zinc signaling is associated with a number of chronic disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes. Cellular homeostasis requires mechanisms that tightly control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc. This is achieved through the coordinated actions of zinc transporters and metallothioneins. Evidence on the role of these proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is now emerging. Zinc plays a key role

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Li, Huiying, Linhua Zhao, Bo Zhang, et al. "A Network Pharmacology Approach to Determine Active Compounds and Action Mechanisms of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian Decoction for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/495840.

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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal formulae can be valuable therapeutic strategies and drug discovery resources. However, the active ingredients and action mechanisms of most TCM formulae remain unclear. Therefore, the identification of potent ingredients and their actions is a major challenge in TCM research. In this study, we used a network pharmacology approach we previously developed to help determine the potential antidiabetic ingredients from the traditional Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction (GGQLD) formula. We predicted the target profiles of all available GGQLD ingredients to infer the

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Weinstein, Doron, Rive Sarfstein, Zvi Laron, and Haim Werner. "Insulin receptor compensates for IGF1R inhibition and directly induces mitogenic activity in prostate cancer cells." Endocrine Connections 3, no. 1 (2014): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-13-0086.

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Hyperinsulinemia is a major complication associated with the development of insulin resistance. In addition to its normal spectrum of metabolic effects, insulin can act as a growth factor and has the ability to promote mitogenic activity. Thus, hyperinsulinemia is regarded as a potentially important cancer risk factor among diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms of action of insulin in the specific context of prostate cancer (PCa) and, in particular, the specific receptor that mediates its actions have not been elucidated yet. The aims of this study were to investigate whether insulin can

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Alessi, D. R. "Discovery of PDKI, One of the Missing Links in Insulin Signal Transduction." Biochemical Society Transactions 29, no. 2 (2001): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0290001.

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Historically, two strategies have been used to dissect the insulin signal transduction pathway. One was to start at the insulin receptor and work down the signal transduction pathway from the plasma membrane. The other was to select a physiological action of insulin, namely the mechanism by which insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis, and then work backwards towards the receptor. The hope was that eventually the groups working down from the top of the insulin signalling pathway would meet up with those working upwards from the bottom of the pathway. This has now happened, and in this lecture I

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Pichette, Jennifer, and Jeffrey Gagnon. "Implications of Hydrogen Sulfide in Glucose Regulation: How H2S Can Alter Glucose Homeostasis through Metabolic Hormones." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3285074.

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Diabetes and its comorbidities continue to be a major health problem worldwide. Understanding the precise mechanisms that control glucose homeostasis and their dysregulation during diabetes are a major research focus. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important regulator of glucose homeostasis. This is achieved through its production and action in several metabolic and hormone producing organs including the pancreas, liver, and adipose. Of importance, H2S production and signaling in these tissues are altered during both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review first examines how

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Khoram, Somayeh A. H., and Huzwah Khaza’ai. "Transcriptional and Non-transcriptional Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity through Vitamin D." Current Nutrition & Food Science 17, no. 6 (2021): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401317666210111105905.

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Enormous progress in the investigation of vitamin D is currently being made from the perspective of basic science to clinical medicine. The typical view of vitamin D function limited to calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis has undergone extensive revision and it has been revealed that vitamin D receptors exist in most tissues of the body. Nowadays, one of the most popular aspects of vitamin D in research area is its role in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. The functional mechanism of vitamin D in metabolism includes genomic and rapid non-genomic actions that are discussed in this

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Jiang, Baoping, Liang Le, Wenting Wan, et al. "The Flower Tea Coreopsis tinctoria Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Regulates Hepatic Metabolism in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet." Endocrinology 156, no. 6 (2015): 2006–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1015.

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AbstractAn infusion of Coreopsis tinctoria (CT) flowering tops is traditionally used in Portugal to control hyperglycemia; however, the effects of CT protection against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic insulin resistance have not been systematically studied and the precise mechanism of action is not clear. The metabolomic profiles of insulin-resistant rats fed a HFD and a CT-supplemented diet (HFD supplemented with CT drinking) for 8 weeks were investigated. Serum samples for clinical biochemistry and liver samples for histopathology and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabol

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Sharma, Anu, Ron T. Varghese, Meera Shah, et al. "Impaired Insulin Action Is Associated With Increased Glucagon Concentrations in Nondiabetic Humans." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103, no. 1 (2017): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01197.

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Abstract Context Abnormal glucagon concentrations contribute to hyperglycemia, but the mechanisms of α-cell dysfunction in prediabetes are unclear. Objective We sought to determine the relative contributions of insulin secretion and action to α-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic participants across the spectrum of glucose tolerance. Design This was a cross-sectional study. A subset of participants (n = 120) was studied in the presence and absence of free fatty acid (FFA) elevation, achieved by infusion of Intralipid (Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, IL) plus heparin, to cause insulin resistance. Set

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Craig, Sarah L., Nigel Irwin, and Victor A. Gault. "Xenin and Related Peptides: Potential Therapeutic Role in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders." Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes 14 (January 2021): 117955142110438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795514211043868.

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Xenin bioactivity and its role in normal physiology has been investigated by several research groups since its discovery in 1992. The 25 amino acid peptide hormone is secreted from the same enteroendocrine K-cells as the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), with early studies highlighting the biological significance of xenin in the gastrointestinal tract, along with effects on satiety. Recently there has been more focus directed towards the role of xenin in insulin secretion and potential for diabetes therapies, especially through its ability to potentiate the i

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Szymczak-Pajor, Izabela, and Agnieszka Śliwińska. "Analysis of Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Insulin Resistance." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040794.

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Recent evidence revealed extra skeleton activity of vitamin D, including prevention from cardiometabolic diseases and cancer development as well as anti-inflammatory properties. It is worth noting that vitamin D deficiency is very common and may be associated with the pathogenesis of insulin-resistance-related diseases, including obesity and diabetes. This review aims to provide molecular mechanisms showing how vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the insulin resistance formation. The PUBMED database and published reference lists were searched to find studies published between 1980 and 2019

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Yu, Yi-ding, Yi-ping Xiu, Yang-fan Li, Juan Zhang, Yi-tao Xue, and Yan Li. "To Explore the Mechanism and Equivalent Molecular Group of Radix Astragali and Semen Lepidii in Treating Heart Failure Based on Network Pharmacology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (July 3, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5518192.

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Radix Astragali and Semen Lepidii (HQ-TLZ) is a commonly used herbal medicine combination for treatment of heart failure, which has a good clinical effect. However, its active components and mechanism of action are not clear, which limits its clinical application and development. In this study, we explored the mechanism of action of HQ-TLZ in the treatment of heart failure based on network pharmacology. We obtained 11 active ingredients and 109 targets from the TCMSP database and SwissTargetPrediction database. Next, we constructed the action network and carried out enrichment analysis. The re

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Stephens, Francis B., and Kostas Tsintzas. "Metabolic and molecular changes associated with the increased skeletal muscle insulin action 24–48 h after exercise in young and old humans." Biochemical Society Transactions 46, no. 1 (2018): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170198.

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The molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying the increase in insulin sensitivity (i.e. increased insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake, phosphorylation and storage as glycogen) observed from 12 to 48 h following a single bout of exercise in humans remain unresolved. Moreover, whether these mechanisms differ with age is unclear. It is well established that a single bout of exercise increases the translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. Previous research using unilateral limb muscle contraction models in combination with hyperinsulinaemia has demo

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Sekar, Natesampillai, Jinping Li, and Yoram Shechter. "Vanadium Salts as Insulin Substitutes: Mechanisms of Action, a Scientific and Therapeutic Tool in Diabetes Mellitus Research." Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 31, no. 5-6 (1996): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10409239609108721.

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Borsuk, Anna, Weronika Biernat, and Dorota Zięba. "Multidirectional action of resistin in the organism." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 72 (May 5, 2018): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8252.

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In recent years obesity is treated as a civilization disorder. It is believed that it is the cause of diseases of many system; moreover, moreover obesity can promote the development of many types of cancers and is a major health hazard for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the development of obesity are not completely known. Over many years of experiments different factors contributing to the formation of obesity have been recognized. The discovery of resistin as a protein linking obesity to type 2 diabetes marked the beginning of a period of intensiv

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Plaza-Diaz, Julio, Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda, Mercedes Gil-Campos, and Angel Gil. "Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics." Advances in Nutrition 10, suppl_1 (2019): S49—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy063.

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ABSTRACT Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts; however, dead bacteria and their components can also exhibit probiotic properties. Bifidobacterium and strains of lactic acid bacteria are the most widely used bacteria that exhibit probiotic properties and are included in many functional foods and dietary supplements. Probiotics have been shown to prevent and ameliorate the course of digestive disorders such as acute, nosocomial, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea; allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) a

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Iacobelli, Stefano, and Clara Natoli. "Growth promoting influences of estradiol, epidermal growth factor, and insulin on human breast cancer: Evidence for differential mechanism of action on tumor cells in vitro." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 6, no. 3 (1985): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01806777.

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Kiss, Rita, Georgina Pesti-Asbóth, Mária Magdolna Szarvas, et al. "Diosgenin and Its Fenugreek Based Biological Matrix Affect Insulin Resistance and Anabolic Hormones in a Rat Based Insulin Resistance Model." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 4, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7213913.

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Fenugreek is known since ancient times as a traditional herbal medicine of its multiple beneficial effects. Fenugreek’s most studied and employed effect is its hypoglycemic property, but it can also be useful for the treatment of certain thyroid disorders or for the treatment of anorexia. The regulation of glucose homeostasis is a complex mechanism, dependent on the interaction of different types of hormones and neurotransmitters or other compounds. For the study of how diosgenin and fenugreek seeds modify insulin sensitivity, we used a rat insulin resistance model induced by high-fat diet. Di

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Baranowska-Bik, Agnieszka, and Wojciech Bik. "Vascular Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Aging." Current Vascular Pharmacology 17, no. 5 (2019): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570161117666181129113611.

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: Insulin was discovered in 1922 by Banting and Best. Since that time, extensive research on the mechanisms of insulin activity and action has continued. Currently, it is known that the role of insulin is much greater than simply regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin in physiological concentration is also necessary to maintain normal vascular function. : Insulin resistance is defined as a pathological condition characterized by reduced sensitivity of skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue, to insulin and its downstream metabolic effects under normal serum glucose concentrations. The

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Ugwueze, Chidiebere V., Odunze J. Ogamba, Ekenechukwu E. Young, Belonwu M. Onyenekwe, and Basil C. Ezeokpo. "Metformin: A Possible Option in Cancer Chemotherapy." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2020 (April 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7180923.

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Metformin has been used for a long time as an antidiabetic medication for type 2 diabetes. It is used either as a monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic medications. The drug came into prominence in diabetes and other conditions with cardiovascular risk after the landmark study of 1995 by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study which emphasized its importance. However, the drug has been used in experimental trials in various aspects of medicine and pharmacology such as in reproductive medicine, cancer chemotherapy, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has

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Myers, Stephen A. "Zinc Transporters and Zinc Signaling: New Insights into Their Role in Type 2 Diabetes." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/167503.

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Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a vital role in many biological processes including growth and development, immunity, and metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted zinc’s dynamic role as a “cellular second messenger” in the control of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Accordingly, mechanisms that contribute to dysfunctional zinc signaling are suggested to be associated with metabolic disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes. The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc

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Garaulet, Marta, Juan J. Hernández-Morante, Fátima Pérez de Heredia, and Francisco J. Tébar. "Adiponectin, the controversial hormone." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 10A (2007): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007000638.

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AbstractObjectiveTo discuss present knowledge about adiponectin hormone.DesignReview of existing literature.Setting and resultsAdiponectin is one of the most interesting cytokines associated with obesity, although its physiological role remains to be fully clarified. Adiponectin is a 247-amino acid protein that contains four differentiable domains. Contrary to most adipose-related cytokines, adiponectin levels are surprisingly lower in obese than in lean humans. Women have been found to have significantly higher adiponectin plasma concentrations than men. Further research is needed in order to

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Del Aguila, Luis F., Raj K. Krishnan, Jan S. Ulbrecht, et al. "Muscle damage impairs insulin stimulation of IRS-1, PI 3-kinase, and Akt-kinase in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 279, no. 1 (2000): E206—E212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.1.e206.

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Physiological stress associated with muscle damage results in systemic insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms responsible for the insulin resistance are not known; therefore, the present study was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with insulin resistance after muscle damage. Muscle biopsies were obtained before (base) and at 1 h during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (40 mU · kg−1 · min−1) in eight young (age 24 ± 1 yr) healthy sedentary (maximal O2 consumption, 49.7 ± 2.4 ml · kg−1 · min−1) males before and 24 h after eccentric exercise (ECC)-induced muscle d

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Vlavcheski, Filip, Mariah Young, and Evangelia Tsiani. "Antidiabetic Effects of Hydroxytyrosol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence." Antioxidants 8, no. 6 (2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060188.

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Insulin resistance, a pathological condition characterized by defects in insulin action leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a disease which is currently on the rise that pose an enormous economic burden to healthcare systems worldwide. The current treatment and prevention strategies are considerably lacking in number and efficacy and therefore new targeted therapies and preventative strategies are urgently needed. Plant-derived chemicals such as metformin, derived from the French lilac, have been used to treat/manage insulin resistance and T2DM. Other plant-derived che

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Shpakov, Alexander O., Kira V. Derkach, Elena V. Surkova, and Alexey I. Bespalov. "Perspectives of application of intranasally administered insulin for correction of metabolic and hormonal disorders in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome." Problems of Endocrinology 65, no. 5 (2019): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl9960.

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In recent years, the possibility of using intranasally administered insulin to treat Alzheimers disease and other cognitive disorders has been widely studied. At the same time, the possibility of its use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is practically not investigated, which is due to the insufficient study of the molecular mechanisms of its action on the hormonal and metabolic status of the organism. The review discusses literature data and the results of our own research on the role of insulin in the central regulation of energy homeostasis, as well as on the experience of using intrana

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Hamza, Reham, Rasha Al-Eisa, and Nahla El-Shenawy. "Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Vitamin D in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Induced in a Rat Model: Pancreatic Tissues." Coatings 11, no. 3 (2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030317.

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Treatment with mesenchyme stem cells (MSCs) plays a significant role in the therapies of many diseases such as diabetics. Vitamin D plays a significant role in the development of insulin and can increase the insulin action sensitivity of peripheral tissues. Moreover, there is limited research concerning the mechanism of the therapeutic action of MSCs with the combination of vitamin D (vit. D). Therefore, we evaluated the effect of MSC intervention in a diabetic animal model. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg in adult male rats The diabetic rats were i

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Schwartsburd, Polina. "Glucose-lowering Strategies in Diabetes: Pharmacological Development of New Antidiabetic Drugs." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 9 (2018): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666171227222113.

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Background: Insulin increases glucose uptake in muscles and fat and inhibits hepatic glucose production, thus serving as the primary regulator of the blood glucose level. In type 2 diabetes, insufficient insulin release and suppressed insulin action [named insulin resistance] lead to increased glucose production in liver and decreased glucose uptake by muscles and fat tissues, resulting in elevated blood glucose concentration which is dangerous to human health. Therefore, the anti-diabetic therapies are aimed at inhibiting excess blood glucose. Methods: A comparative analysis of two distinct g

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Cartee, Gregory D. "Mechanisms for greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in normal and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle after acute exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 309, no. 12 (2015): E949—E959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00416.2015.

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Enhanced skeletal muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity can persist for up to 24–48 h after one exercise session. This review focuses on potential mechanisms for greater postexercise and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) by muscle in individuals with normal or reduced insulin sensitivity. A model is proposed for the processes underlying this improvement; i.e., triggers initiate events that activate subsequent memory elements, which store information that is relayed to mediators, which translate memory into action by controlling an end effector that directly executes increased insuli

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Chávez-Castillo, Mervin, Victoria Nuñez, Milagros Rojas, et al. "Exploring Phytotherapeutic Alternatives for Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 35 (2020): 4430–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200701205132.

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At present, the pathologic spectrum of obesity-insulin resistance (IR)-diabetes mellitus (DM) represents not only a pressing matter in public health but also a paramount object of study in biomedical research, as they constitute major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). Phytotherapy, the use of medicinal herbs (MH) with treatment purposes, offers a wide array of opportunities for innovation in the management of these disorders; mainly as pharmacological research on small molecules accumulates. Several MH has displayed varied mechani

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Sabirov, I. S., I. T. Murkamilov, and V. V. Fomin. "Potential mechanisms underlying cardiovascular protection by sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (empagliflozin)." Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases 10, no. 3 (2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-3-79-89.

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The presented literature review is devoted to the cardioprotective capabilities of a new class of antihyperglycemic drugs - sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2), which improve glycemic control through an insulin-independent mechanism of action associated with an increase in urinary glucose excretion. The article presents the results of large-scale clinical trials on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with and without diabetes, and with cardiovascular diseases or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. A number of the most frequently discussed cardiac specific mechanisms mediate

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Ovcharova, Tatyana, Yuliya Zimina, and Pavel Krylov. "Participation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Articular Cartilage Remodeling." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 4 (March 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2020.4.3.

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Upon cartilage damage its natural recovery takes a long time. This is due to several reasons: the absence of blood vessels and low metabolic activity. In this regard, it is relevant to study the mechanism of operation of all components involved in the remodeling of cartilage tissue. For this purpose, protein insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was taken as an object of research, since one of its main functions is regulation of cell proliferation, which is closely related to the process of cartilage tissue repair. It is known that in recent years, scientific studies have been conducted on the

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Chen, Hui, Pothur R. Srinivas, Li-Na Cong, Yunhua Li, George Grunberger та Michael J. Quon. "α2-Heremans Schmid Glycoprotein Inhibits Insulin-Stimulated Elk-1 Phosphorylation, But Not Glucose Transport, in Rat Adipose Cells**This work was supported in part by a Research Award grant from the American Diabetes Association (to M.J.Q.)." Endocrinology 139, № 10 (1998): 4147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.10.6258.

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Abstract α2-Heremans Schmid glycoprotein (α2-HSG) is a member of the fetuin family of serum proteins whose biological functions are not completely understood. There is a consensus thatα 2-HSG plays a role in the regulation of tissue mineralization. However, one aspect of α2-HSG function that remains controversial is its ability to inhibit the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and the biological actions of insulin. Interestingly, some studies suggest that α2-HSG differentially inhibits mitogenic, but not metabolic, actions of insulin. However, these previous studies were not carried out in bona

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Street, M. E., I. Viani, M. A. Ziveri, C. Volta, A. Smerieri, and S. Bernasconi. "Impairment of insulin receptor signal transduction in placentas of intra-uterine growth-restricted newborns and its relationship with fetal growth." European Journal of Endocrinology 164, no. 1 (2011): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0752.

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ObjectiveIntra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We previously reported reduced adiponectin and increased interleukin 6 (IL6) concentrations in IUGR placentas, which are features of insulin resistance. We aimed to investigate placental insulin receptor (IR) function and activation in human placenta and subsequently the relationships of insulin signalling peptides with placental protein content in IL6, insulin, resistin and adiponectin, and with parameters of fetal growth.Design and methodsWhole villous tissue was collected from 18 I

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Al-Sultany, Fadia ‎. H., Ali H. Al- Saadi ‎, and Ibtihal M. Al-Husainy. "Evaluated the Up –regulation in Gene ‎Expression of Hepatic Insulin Gene and ‎Hepatic Insulin Receptor Gene in Type 1 ‎Diabetic Rats Treated with Cuscuta chinesis ‎Lam.‎." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 4 (2018): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i4.687.

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This research was conducted to study the hypoglycemic activity of C. chinesis Lam on type 1 diabetic disease and investigate the molecular and histological mechanism of its action .many parameters was investigated , Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Fasting serum insulin,Hepatic Insulin Gene Expression, pancreas Insulin Gene Expression ,Hepatic Insulin Receptors Gene expression and histological sections of pancrease and liver.54 Rattus rattus male rats weighting(180 -200g) were divided into 3 groups: A normal control daily administrated with Dw, B Diabetic control daily administrated with Dw and C

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Dubé, Philip E., and Patricia L. Brubaker. "Frontiers in glucagon-like peptide-2: multiple actions, multiple mediators." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 2 (2007): E460—E465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00149.2007.

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Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a pleiotropic hormone that affects multiple facets of intestinal physiology, including growth, barrier function, digestion, absorption, motility, and blood flow. The mechanisms through which GLP-2 produces these actions are complex, involving unique signaling mechanisms and multiple indirect mediators. As clinical trials have begun for the use of GLP-2 in a variety of intestinal disorders, the elucidation of such mechanisms is vital. The GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor, signaling through multiple G proteins to affect the cAMP and mitog

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Eleftheriou, Phaedra, Ekaterini Therianou, Diamanto Lazari, Stavroula Dirnali, and Anna Micha. "Docking Assisted Prediction and Biological Evaluation of Sideritis L. Components with PTP1b Inhibitory Action and Probable Anti-Diabetic Properties." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 5 (2019): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190219104430.

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Background: The main characteristic of Diabetes type II is the impaired activation of intracellular mechanisms triggered by the action of insulin. PTP1b is a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase that dephosphorylates insulin receptor causing its desensitization. Since inhibition of PTP1b may prolong insulin receptor activity, PTP1b has become a drug target for the treatment of Diabetes II. Although a number of inhibitors have been synthesized during the last decades, the research still continues for the development of more effective and selective compounds. Moreover, several constituents of plants and

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Nawaz, Shaik Sarfaraz, and Khalid Siddiqui. "The Emerging role of Branch Chain Amino Acids in the Prediction of Diabetes: A Brief Review." Current Diabetes Reviews 16, no. 6 (2020): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666190502113632.

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Diabetes is a chronic condition; those with diabetes are at high risk of developing diabetes complications. One important approach to tackle the diabetes burden is to screen for undiagnosed diabetes and to identify factors that lead to the risk of developing diabetes in the future. The earlier identification of individuals at risk of developing diabetes is crucial for delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating concentrations of branch chain amino acids (BCAAs) predict the risk for developing diabetes; thus, contributing to the recen

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McCormack, J. G. "Applying science to drug discovery." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 2 (2006): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340238.

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Scientists and science in the pharmaceutical industry rely heavily on the more academically orientated basic research carried out at Universities, for first of all training, but also as a source of new ideas and approaches to drug discovery. Progress in the discovery and development of novel therapeutics benefits from a healthy alliance with, and the output from, more basic research institutions, and the reverse is also true, with many advances in understanding of physiological and pathological processes being as the result of the application of novel targeted molecules. To illustrate this, so

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Ravi D, Chaitanya Kumar K, Mothilal K та Mahender K. "Investigations on the anti-diabetic proৎile of the prepared polyherbal tablets". International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences 8, № 2 (2018): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/irjpas.v8i2.1312.

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DM and its complications are the most common problems in the world today. Even though it is not a contagious disease, bad lifestyle, and unhealthy food habits cause diabetes. The causes for diabetes are bad lifestyles habits, mechanism wise it is caused due to the insufficiency of the insulin secretion of the pancreas and insulin receptor insensitivity. This leads to improper glucose metabolism and reuptake into the muscles. Numerous synthetic drugs are used effectively to treat diabetes. The drugs have those side effects and make their use as limited due to the fear of causing other problems.

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Christodoulou, Maria-Ioanna, Job Tchoumtchoua, Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis, Andreas Scorilas, and Maria Halabalaki. "Natural Alkaloids Intervening the Insulin Pathway: New Hopes for Anti-Diabetic Agents?" Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 32 (2019): 5982–6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180430152618.

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Background: Accumulating experimental data supports the capacity of natural compounds to intervene in complicated molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of certain human morbidities. Among them, diabetes is now a world’s epidemic associated with increased risk of death; thus, the detection of novel anti-diabetic agents and/or adjuvants is of vital importance. Alkaloids represent a diverse group of natural products with a range of therapeutic properties; during the last 20 years, published research on their anti-diabetic capacity has been tremendously increased. Purpose: To discuss curr

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