Journal articles: 'Insurance, Export credit'

1

Funatsu, Hideki. "Export Credit Insurance." Journal of Risk and Insurance 53, no. 4 (December 1986): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/252970.

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2

Eeckhoudt, Louis, and Henri Louberge. "Export Credit Insurance: Comment." Journal of Risk and Insurance 55, no. 4 (December 1988): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253151.

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Funatsu, Hideki. "Export Credit Insurance: Author's Reply." Journal of Risk and Insurance 55, no. 4 (December 1988): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253152.

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4

Gill C B, J. "Export Credit Insurance — Why Government?" Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 11, no. 4 (October 1986): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1986.24.

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5

Breach, Gerald. "The Role of Export Credit Insurance." IDS Bulletin 21, no. 2 (April 1990): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1990.mp21002019.x.

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6

최병규. "A study on culture export credit insurance." HUFS Law Review 34, no. 1 (February 2010): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17257/hufslr.2010.34.1.93.

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7

Hashek, H. H. "Export Credit Insurance and the Debt Crisis." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 11, no. 4 (October 1986): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1986.27.

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8

Liu, Ming, Jie Zhu, Yuanchao Bian, and Liping Chen. "Comprehensive Credit Risk Management of Policy Export Credit Insurance Institutions." Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research 4, no. 2 (2018): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/2002.42.66.73.

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Vapa-Tankosic, Jelena. "Recent changes in business practices of the export insurance and financing agencies." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 133 (2010): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1033119v.

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This paper analyzes the traditional main role of Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) which have from their founding been a tool for governments to support national companies in their export business and enhance the economy's capacity to penetrate foreign markets. Since 1919 when the first agency was established in the United Kingdom with the objective of guaranteeing exports to markets not covered by private insurers, ECAs have been the main promoters of national politics for providing coverage against commercial and non-commercial risks of export transactions. In the last years, in the light of enhanced institutional and legal framework, global trade and financial integration, structural transformation in production organization, and the increasing role of the private sector, significant changes in the model of traditional export credit support have occurred.

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10

Blackmon, Pamela. "OECD Export Credit Agencies: Supplementing Short-Term Export Credit Insurance during the 2008 Financial Crisis." International Trade Journal 30, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2016.1199983.

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11

Zammit, Benjamin, Donald G. Ross, and Dorothy Wood. "Perceptions of export credit insurance value: Australian evidence." Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 1, no. 2 (September 25, 2009): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17574320910989078.

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12

van der Veer, Koen J. M. "The Private Export Credit Insurance Effect on Trade." Journal of Risk and Insurance 82, no. 3 (March 10, 2014): 601–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jori.12034.

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13

Polat, Ali, and Mehmet Yesilyaprak. "Export Credit Insurance and Export Performance: An Empirical Gravity Analysis for Turkey." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 8 (July 5, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n8p12.

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The paper attempts to find out how far Turkey’s official export credit agency, Turk Eximbank, foster export of Turkey during the years of 2000-2015 by employing an empirical trade gravity equation. We estimate different panel gravity regressions for 212 countries for the period of 16 years and the results reveal that a change in export credit insurance positively affect Turkish export, assuming other independent variables are held constant. After applying several post estimation tests we used fixed effect panel specification as the main estimation. In order to allow comparison we also run clustered, robust OLS. Poisson fixed effect (Poisson) and Poisson Pseudo maximum likelihood estimations (PPML) are also estimated to allow for zero trade values in dependent variable in its level. Our analysis also shows that there are significant individual and time effects in panel data structure. Our estimate of different panel gravity regressions for 212 countries and 16 years revealed that increasing export insurance will positively affect Turkish export.

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Yin, Chao-Bing, Tea-In Kim, and Zhi Zhang. "The Utilization of Export Credit Insurance and Export Performance of Chinese SMEs." Korea International Trade Research Institute 14, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.14.2.201804.537.

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Maslova, V. V. "Financial and Economic Mechanism for the Development of Agricultural Exports." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 10 (2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-10-23-28.

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The article deals with the development of exports of domestic food products and agricultural raw materials, analyzes the state of export-import operations in the agri-food market, and examines the impact of the pandemic on the development of foreign trade. Much attention is paid to the formation of export infrastructure based on an integrated approach, taking into account not only transport and logistics aspects, but also information, as well as the creation of a stimulating financial and economic mechanism for the development of agricultural exports. The financial and economic mechanism for export development should ensure a comfortable business environment, availability of financial services and capital in the implementation of export activities and production of export-oriented products. In Russia, it is formed by a set of subsystems (credit, insurance, state support, guarantee system, etc.). The main tool for developing the export of agricultural products has become state support, which is provided in many directions, starting with the formation of the institutional environment and specific institutions and ending with support for export lending, insurance, and guarantee support.

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16

van der Veer, Koen J. M. "Loss Shocks in Export Credit Insurance Markets: Evidence From a Global Insurance Group." Journal of Risk and Insurance 86, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jori.12197.

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17

Sopta, Martina, and Lucija Šola. "Managerial aspect of shipbuilding through HBOR export credit insurance operations." Notitia, no. 3 (November 16, 2018): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32676/n.3.7.

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Odabrana tema jednako je aktualna koliko i značajna, jer se odnosi na sektor koji je nositelj velikog broja zaposlenih koji spadaju u kategoriju deficitarnih zanimanja. Istraživanje se temelji ne samo na povijesnoj i komparativnoj metodi, nego i na teorijskim metodama kao što su metoda analize i sinteze te induktivna i deduktivna metoda. Temeljni cilj koji se želi postići izradom rada je nastojati objasniti i povezati, kroz upravljački aspekt, na koji način je poslovima osiguranja izvoza Hrvatska banka za obnovu i razvitak (HBOR) doprinijela oporavku hrvatske brodogradnje. Analizom položaja upravljačke ekonomike brodogradnje u sklopu nacionalne ekonomije, otkrivaju se modeli kojima država utječe na oporavak brodogradnje: financijska potpora, restrukturiranje, privatizacija i osiguranje izvoza. Osiguranje izvoza ima velik utjecaj na oporavak domaće brodogradnje uzme li se u obzir prisutnost visokog stupnja rizika u izvozu. Temeljni cilj osiguranja izvoza je povećanje konkurentnosti hrvatskih brodogradilišta u inozemstvu.

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Auboin, Marc, and Martina Engemann. "Testing the trade credit and trade link: evidence from data on export credit insurance." Review of World Economics 150, no. 4 (May 28, 2014): 715–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-014-0195-4.

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19

Berg, Marcel, Ilke Van Beveren, Oscar Lemmers, Tommy Span, and Adam N. Walker. "Public export credit insurance in the Netherlands: An input–output approach." World Economy 42, no. 9 (June 21, 2019): 2774–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12824.

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20

Schich, Sebastian T. "An Option-Pricing Approach to the Costs of Export Credit Insurance." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory 22, no. 1 (June 1997): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1008659414483.

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21

Lee, Seo-Young, and Byung-Jin Yim. "A Causality Analysis of Exports and Export Credit Insurance: A Focus on Berne Union Members." Korea International Trade Research Institute 13, no. 5 (October 30, 2017): 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.13.5.201710.607.

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22

Cetiner, Muge, and Selda Eke. "The role and importance of export credit insurance in support of export development and economic growth." Pressacademia 8, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2018.983.

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23

Tsyganov, A. A., and N. V. Kirillova. "EXIAR’S EXPERIENCE IN PROVIDING INSURANCE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT OPERATIONS." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 2 (June 3, 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2016-2-66-71.

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The article is devoted to the study of activity of the Russian Agency for Insurance of Export Credit and Investment (EXIAR): first results of the Agency's the Agency's activities, analysis of the key financial indicators. There are the directions in the possible privatization process EXIAR, directions of activating the output of Russian exporters in the international market and measures to improve the evaluation and improvement of financial sustainability of the agency. This article was prepared according to the results of research carried out at the expense of budget funds by the state task Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation.

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24

Loubergé, Henri, and Pierre Maurer. "Private Initiative and Public Intervention on the Market for Export Credit Insurance." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 10, no. 2 (April 1985): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1985.10.

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25

Bärtl, Mathias, and Simone Krummaker. "Prediction of Claims in Export Credit Finance: A Comparison of Four Machine Learning Techniques." Risks 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8010022.

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This study evaluates four machine learning (ML) techniques (Decision Trees (DT), Random Forests (RF), Neural Networks (NN) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN)) on their ability to accurately predict export credit insurance claims. Additionally, we compare the performance of the ML techniques against a simple benchmark (BM) heuristic. The analysis is based on the utilisation of a dataset provided by the Berne Union, which is the most comprehensive collection of export credit insurance data and has been used in only two scientific studies so far. All ML techniques performed relatively well in predicting whether or not claims would be incurred, and, with limitations, in predicting the order of magnitude of the claims. No satisfactory results were achieved predicting actual claim ratios. RF performed significantly better than DT, NN and PNN against all prediction tasks, and most reliably carried their validation performance forward to test performance.

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26

ANUFRIIEVA, Kateryna. "INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL COMPONENTS OF UKRAINE’S EXPORT GROWTH." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.08.030.

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Today, the state policy on export development is being improved and the export support tools are being implemented at the legislative level. Exporting economic entities form the demand for financial services, which would meet current conditions in the international market, as well as allow for unrestricted settlements with foreign counterparties, available financing of working capital and insurance provision of export operations in order to increase the competitiveness of such entities. The author substantiates importance of the centralized focus of export support efforts, determines the concept of “trade financing and insurance” as a source of resource and institutional support for export operations and highlights the positive aspects and problems arising from financing of export transactions and settlements with counterparties. The state of international cooperation on export issues and trends of the world trade are briefly mentioned. As is known, the Export and Credit agency (ECA), an institution for insurance and export support, has recently been established; however, its place, management, tasks and resource base are still being determined. Therefore, the article proposes a basic schematic model of the activities of this institution. The author emphasizes that increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian exporters and strengthening their confidence in them in the international market are especially important given the world trend of “de-risking”. De-risking is the limitation of cooperation with certain categories of clients or states (which Ukraine is sometimes included in) to avoid the risk of financing illicit activities, a person under sanctions, terrorism, and the like. The focus of further research the author suggests addressing such issues: (i) interaction of the state and private sectors with support of exports; (ii) determination of the product range of financial institutions servicing the subjects of foreign trade, as well as the ECA; (iii) impact of sanctions and restrictions on Ukraine’s foreign trade relations. Accelerating the development of exports and overcoming obstacles when concluding the external trade agreements and settlements will ultimately help Ukraine to take a niche among the world’s exporters and strengthen its own financial security.

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Kudryashov, V. S. "THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND SUPPORT OF EXPORT INDUSTRIES AND SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD." Juvenis scientia, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2018.09.05.

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Today, export promotion and support is an integral part of the trade policy of developed countries, where there is a developed system of state support and promotion of national exports, the effectiveness of which has been repeatedly proven in practice. Awareness of the need to form a unified system of state institutions that provide various non-financial and financial services to participants in foreign economic activity is the main result of state support for exports to Russia over the past few years. Thus, the creation of the Russian Agency for export credit and investment insurance was the initial stage of the Russian Government on the way to creating a single integrated system that will ensure and support the development of export activities in Russia both at the national level and at the level of economic sectors, as well as individual industries. At the moment, various government agencies are engaged in export procedures. The ministries of industry and trade are in charge of subsidizing the interest rate on export contracts, as well as issuing licenses for export operations. The Ministry of economic development of Russia commands the activities of trade missions. The Ministry of Finance of Russia provides state guarantees. The Federal customs service monitors customs clearance of foreign trade transactions, and the Ministry of Finance is responsible for providing state guarantees. In addition to financial and insurance support, Russian entrepreneurs-exporters need to support their foreign economic projects in political terms. In this area, intergovernmental commissions are of great importance, which are aimed at solving tax, property, transport problems, as well as expanding investment cooperation.

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28

Ayu, Sri Fajar, Rainal Sunny, and Rahmanta. "Risk Analysis and Calculation of Insurance Premiums on Coffee Export Activities in North Sumatera Province." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 3, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i2.3968.

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Coffee export activities in North Sumatera can be carried out using a variety of transaction systems. However, any transaction system has risks that may occur at any time. Risk management must be applied in coffee export activities. One common method used to manage risk is to use insurance services. This study aims to identify the type of transaction system that used by coffee exporters in North Sumatera Province, then analyze the risks that can occur in coffee export activities in this province and analyze the amount of insurance premiums on coffee export activities there. The location of the study was intentionally determined, namely in the North Sumatera Province. The research sample was 30 active exporters registered with the Indonesian Coffee Exporters Association of the North Sumatera Regional Board, determined by census. Primary data collected using a questionnaire and secondary data obtained from documentation. Transaction system identified using descriptive methods, while risk analysis is by calculating the risk score value. As for calculating the amount of insurance premiums carried out using Black-Scholes. The results found that there were three transaction systems that were used by research respondents in exporting coffee, namely letters of credit, advance payments and open accounts. Open Account is used by all respondents. While the export risk which is a priority risk in this research is at the risk of production. The average value of insurance premiums obtained using the Black-Scholes method is 7.82 percent of the total coverage.

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Kurtz, Marcus. "State Developmentalism Without a Developmental State: The Public Foundations of the “Free Market Miracle” in Chile." Latin American Politics and Society 43, no. 2 (2001): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2001.tb00397.x.

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AbstractIf export orientation is a goal in a sustainable development strategy, this study argues that public interventions at the sectoral level in a variety of markets can produce economic reorientation that pursues international comparative advantage faster and at lower cost than free market forces can. Pervasive failures in information, credit, input, distribution, and insurance markets can render strictly market-based adjustment both slow and costly. Although Chile's export boom and high growth rates have been associated with its free market economic policies, this article, based on a comparison of the fruit, fish, and forestry sectors, contends that new forms of public intervention were crucial catalysts in shaping a sustained export response.

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Qu, Nannan. "Research on the Legal System of the Export Credit Insurance in China’s Foreign Trade." Voice of the Publisher 01, no. 02 (2015): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/vp.2015.12007.

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31

Camino, David, and Clara Cardone. "The EU Proposal for a Council Directive on Export Credit Insurance: A Critical Evaluation." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 22, no. 3 (July 1997): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1997.30.

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32

Holden, Alfred C. "The U.S. Export Credit Insurance Program in Transition: FCIA and the International Marketing Executive." American Journal of Business 5, no. 2 (October 28, 1990): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/19355181199000011.

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Naryshkin, A. A. "Financial and Non-Financial Support of Export." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-2-77-72-91.

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Promotion of domestic companies interests abroad is the main task of economic diplomacy. Promotion of domestic goods and services in foreign markets ensures the coun- try's stable position in the world economy and economic stability within the state. Following economic boost, world trade and especially export growth may ensure not only country's economy growth, but also citizens welfare through mechanisms for reallocating funds. Value-added exports development in Russia has been brought to the rank of one of the key government goals. Russia has an export promotion institutions system. Some institu- tions have long history. Others have been created recently and based on foreign practices. The Russian government has developed the national project "International cooperation and export", it sets the goal to ensure export growth through effective interaction of existing institutions. The article reviews the foreign and domestic practices of export support through financial and non-financial instruments. They include market analysis tools, exhibition support, popu- larizing exports within the country, various export credit and insurance instruments pro- tecting the exporter from political risks in foreign markets. Author analyzes the legislative framework of key support measures and possible ways to improve efficiency by eliminating duplication in various institutions functions. It should provide a synergistic effect boosting their efficiency. The methodology of the study is based on a comprehensive analysis of the modern export promotion institutions system in Russia and abroad, a regulatory analysis of fundamental documents and a comparative analysis of export support measures. The extensive research subject has provided the usage of an interdisciplinary approach covering economic and po- litical research.

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Howell, David, and Mark Henschke. "FINANCING OFFSHORE PROJECTS." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88009.

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Project financing is entering a new phase with the forthcoming petroleum developments in difficult areas such as Papua New Guinea.Added to the usual project financing risks, such as oil price, reserves and completion considerations, are new risks associated with the country. These are collectively termed 'political risk', and encompass expropriation, wars and currency controls.Four ways of mitigating political risk are individual banks increasing country limits, developer self- insurance, political risk insurance and the use of export credit finance. None of the above is a single solution, but all can be used in solving the problems associated with political risk.

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35

Ahn, Keon-Hyung, and Pil-Joon Kim. "A way to increase K-SURE’s export insurance recoveries through arbitration by subrogation." Journal of Korea Trade 20, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 364–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-12-2016-020.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to utilize the concept of arbitration by subrogation as a means to increase recoveries of indemnities paid out to exporters or any financial institutions by K-SURE, an export credit agency of Korea, against possible non-payment or breach of obligations from the buyer or the buyer’s country. It looks into the possibility of K-SURE and KCAB reactivating its 2004 MOU to give more jurisdictional protection to K-SURE’s indemnities recovery transactions. Design/methodology/approach This paper first introduces a brief elucidation about export insurance provided by K-SURE and the necessity of arbitration in the export insurance, and a summary of a subrogation arbitration case referred to the KCAB by K-SURE in 2005. Cognizant of the 2004 MOU between K-SURE and KCAB, as well as the foreign and domestic developments in arbitration, the paper then analyzes legal principles of subrogation by insurer, as well as domestic and overseas precedents on the matters of assignment of claim and arbitration by subrogation. Findings While it appears that there is still no universally recognized authority nor established court precedents applying arbitration by subrogation, the authors discovered that similar to Korea, most of leading courts in the world have consistently held that the assignee can request and be requested for arbitration pursuant to the arbitration agreement contained in the assigned contract. The paper concludes that the K-SURE now can be admitted as a party having proper standing in the arbitration proceedings so long as the specific claim right under the contract which includes the arbitration agreement is assigned to the K-SURE. Originality/value This paper suggests a possible plan to increase recoveries in export insurance. The outcome of the research is expected to enhance the arbitration system on the back of increasing numbers of arbitration related to export insurance, to improve the balance sheet of K-SURE and ultimately, to help the Korean economy by collecting export insurance recoveries which will lead to saving Korean people’s tax.

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kongwoo La. "A study on the Problems and Improvement of Export Credit Guarantee System in the Trade Insurance." International Commerce and Information Review 15, no. 1 (March 2013): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.15.1.201303.259.

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Googerdchian, Ahmad, and Zohreh Mirjaberi. "Evaluation of the Effects of Political and Commercial Risks on Iran’s Non-Oil Exports to the Main Export Destination Countries, with an Emphasis on Export Credit Insurance Subsidy." Biquarterly Journal of Economic Research 9, no. 17 (September 1, 2017): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jep.9.17.119.

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Choi, Areum. "Study on Assignment of Right under the Export Credit Insurance and the possibility of Exercise of Subrogation." Commercial Law Review 37, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 297–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.21188/clr.37.3.7.

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Majcher-Williams, J., and N. Pesaresi. "The New Commission's Communication on the Application of State Aid Rules to Short-term Export Credit Insurance." Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 4, no. 3 (March 8, 2013): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpt007.

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Choi, Areum. "Legal Effects of the Medium and Long-term Export Credit Insurance after a Novation of the Facility Agreement." Korean Insurance Law Association 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36248/kdps.2018.12.2.121.

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PARK, Seung-Lak. "A Study on the Methods for the Prevention of Fraud in Korean Export Insurance in the Context of Export Credit Guarantee Schemes under O/A Negotiation." INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW 77 (February 28, 2018): 113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35980/krical.2018.02.77.113.

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El-Haddad, Amirah. "Effects of the Global Crisis on the Egyptian Textiles and Clothing Sector: A Blessing in Disguise?" ISRN Economics 2012 (October 14, 2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/941695.

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The textile and clothing (TC) sector has not escaped the slowdown in Egypt in response to the crisis. But it has been in decline since 2001 in response to a changing global environment. Exports, which have been surviving on account of the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) and Euro-Mediterranean Partnership agreements, have been hit hard by the crisis. Domestic sales are in decline as a result of liberalization, and non-QIZ exporter—unprotected by the agreement—have been turning to the domestic market in competition with non-exporters. If domestic sales continue to decline, without being offset by growth in exports, the industry will continue to decline. To deal with the crisis, short-run mitigation policies can be considered as ensuring banks credit, and paying social insurance for workers in distressed firms. But the sector is suffering from inherent structural problems resulting in high costs. In other words, the crisis has exacerbated the shrinkage of an already struggling industry, so a longer run strategy is needed beyond the crisis response, comprising moving up the clothing industry value chain, conditional export incentives, skills upgrading and undergoing comprehensive institutional reform.

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Lanney, Andrew Ray, and Prescott C. Ensign. "Melville Corporate Finance, Inc." Asian Case Research Journal 18, no. 02 (December 2014): 221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927514500096.

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Melville Corporate Finance, Inc. (Melville) is approached by a Canadian bottling equipment manufacturer to provide $3.4 million of capital investment foreign buyer financing to their customer, a rapidly expanding Chinese bottling company. The Chinese company needs to purchase the equipment and increase its production capacity to secure long-term, multi-million dollar contracts with Pepsi and Coca-Cola in Thailand. With very short deadlines, Melville's CEO works with Export Development Canada (EDC) to assess the risks involved in offering full financing and insurance for the Chinese bottler, and must keep in mind that the Canadian manufacturer will lose the sale if the financing does not get approved. The deal presents several challenges to Melville; an unknown foreign buyer with no proven credit history, language and communication barriers, geographic distance, incongruent accounting standards, etc. As the risk variables emerge, both Melville and EDC must decide if the stakes are too high to support the transaction.

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LUTKOVSKA, Svitlana, and Valentyna KAZMYR. "GRAIN MARKET: PROBLEMS, OPPORTUNITIES AND PRIORITIES OF DEVELOPMENT." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 3 (53) (December 19, 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2020-2-3.

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The research conducted in the article allowed to identify problems, explore strengths and weaknesses, consider threats and alternative opportunities and identify priority areas for development of the grain market of Ukraine. In particular, it is noted that the grain market is a complex economic system, which is significantly influenced by climatic factors, demand, supply, pricing, government regulation, efficiency of institutions, the existence of appropriate infrastructure, the intensity of competition of economic entities and more. At the macro level, the efficiency of the grain market is influenced by the following key factors: environmental (climate change); demographic (population growth); energy (growing cereals for biofuels); attractiveness of the grain market for TNCs and transnational grain traders; underdeveloped infrastructure of the grain market; lack of effective instruments of state regulation of supply and demand in the grain market; low level of credit security (high level of interest rates); imperfection of insurance protection; low efficiency of budget support for agricultural producers. Priority areas for the development of the grain market are: improvement of the regulatory framework for the functioning of the grain market; improvement of protection measures for grain market entities; optimization of land tenure and land use; introduction of effective insurance protection; modernization of material and technical base of business entities; creation of an information portal based on e-logistics and digitalization (monitoring, forecasting); development of the export potential of the grain market; ensuring equal economic conditions for all subjects of the grain market; improving state support; promotion of agrarian integration and cooperation; raising the competence level of managers and managers of business entities; diversification of grain use; introduction of new credit and investment collateral instruments; development of grain market infrastructure; introduction of e-logistics.

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45

Holden, Alfred C., and Patricia A. Monter. "USING EXPORT‐CREDIT INSURANCE TO ENHANCE THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE OVERSEAS CUSTOMER: ACCOMMODATING MEXICAN IMPORTERS AMIDST THE 1994–95 PESO CRISIS." Managerial Finance 23, no. 4 (April 1997): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb018620.

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46

Ibatulin, M., O. Varchenko, I. Svynous, O. Klymchuk, O. Drahan, and I. Herasymenko. "Factors of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukraine’s pig breeding production in external markets." Agricultural Science and Practice 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.029.

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Aim. To substantiate the approaches to activating export transactions in the market of pig breeding products, determining the indicators of competitiveness of the main kinds of meat and relative competitiveness of pig breeding products in the leading countries based on the identifi cation of factors, restraining the export of Ukrainian pig breeding products, and elaborating the suggestions on eliminating their negative impact on the dynamics of foreign economic activity in the industry. Methods. The methodological approaches of the study were based on the information about the volumes of foreign trade, mainly used for international comparison and determined for each commodity or commodity group. The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), the Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP) and the Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) were determined while estimating competitive advantages of pig breeding products. The study involved a comprehensive comparative analysis of the main kinds of meat products in the external market using the model of “food independence – competitiveness”. The index of food independence was used along with the generalizing index of competitiveness for some kinds of meat products – the modi- fi ed Balassa index. It was determined that it was reasonable to determine the level of food independence based on food self- production within the range of 70–80 % from the commodity resources of the domestic food market. Our study involved the data of the informational database of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and FAO regarding the volume of export-import of pig breeding production. Results. It has been proven that there are no competitive advantages of Ukraine’s pig breeding produc- tion in external markets; there is insuffi cient food independence on the background of potential advantages for the expansion of export, in particular, that of cheap fodder and logistics. A considerable decrease in the exchange rate for hryvnia compared to foreign currencies of the leading countries creates prerequisites for successful promotion of Ukrainian pork both in domestic and foreign markets. The need of monitoring the implementation of food independence criteria and diversifi cation of export specialization of the country was substantiated. In the long-term perspective, it is reasonable to optimize the level of protection for the market of pig breeding products, to stimulate domestic production, to distribute the instruments of state support for the “green box”. It has been proven that the main directions of supporting the export of domestic agrarian products should become as follows: facilitating export procedures; expanding assortment and accessibility of fi nancial services; developing the support- ing infrastructure; informational support for exporters; conducting research and implementing support programs; the activity of the system of credit-insurance institute and trade representations should be carried out in a single complex via determining the potential market and fi nancial-insurance support for the export. Conclusions. The method of two-criteria analysis of the status of domestic market for meat products based on the indices of food safety and international competitiveness has been developed and tested which will promote complex estimation of positions of some kinds of commodities in external market. The model of two-criteria analysis allows substantiating effective instruments of state regulation and protecting the relevant market of prod- ucts. The method of two-criteria analysis of meat products is universal, i.e. it may be used to determine the positions of different commodity groups in the external market. The evaluation of competitiveness of the main kinds of meat products – pork, beef and poultry meat – demonstrated the absence of competitive advantages of pig breeding production in external markets and insuf- fi cient food independence. The factors, restraining the expansion of pork export, were systematized and divided into three main groups: technological; normative and regulatory; veterinary, and the ways of eliminating them were specifi ed. The measures of creating favorable export-institutional environment were elaborated and the main directions of supporting export of domestic pig breeding production were suggested.

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Varnavskii, V. "A New Concept of the Public-Private Partnerships in the UK." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2014): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-8-67-75.

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A new Public-Private Partnerships concept Private Finance 2 (PF2) adopted by UK government instead of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is analyzing. PF2 follows the Open Public Services Program according to recent changes in the economic policy. A description and evaluation of PFI concept are given. The reasons for termination of PFI are also revealed. Special attention is paid to the new problems of the Concept, as an access to lax credit, concerning the public sector as an equal co-investor, and risks reduction. The increased importance of institutional investors such as banks, funds, insurance companies, international export-import agencies is shown.The paper is partly devoted to the issues of PFI/PF2 administration in UK. The role of governing authorities in Public-Private Partnerships implementation and their standing in the government structure are disclosed and analyzed as well as their functions and outcomes of their activities. PF2 reaffirms UK government’s commitment to Public-Private Partnerships. It remains to be a predominant form of drawing private investments into infrastructure development. The British government hopes that PF2 will increase private sector interest to finance public investment projects such as schools, roads, hospitals, waste utilization and other large-scale infrastructure.

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48

HERAIMOVYCH, Violeta, Iryna HUMENIUK, and Оksana KUBAI. "THE CURRENT STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY AND EXPORT OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS OF UKRAINE." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 5 (45) (May 2019): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-5-4.

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The article explores the modern State and development dynamics of livestock industry of Ukraine, as one of the leading branches in the market. Indicators of production and consumption of livestock farming products are vital when determining the population living standards. Livestock industry is the main source of high quality food products supply, and its products are raw materials for the processing industry. Basing on the above the issue of livestock revival gets exceptionally acute in the country. The article analyzes the current state of livestock products market development in Ukraine and its capabilities in the modern world economic space. The main trends of livestock products export are examined. The share of export in the total amount of livestock production is defined. It is ascertained that the main reasons for the livestock production and export decline are the reduction of the population of livestock of all types: cattle, pigs, poultry, and the lack of State support. Prospective directions for the domestic agricultural products export extension primarily to the EU market are suggested: development of farming as the main component of the competitive domestic agricultural production system, increase of infrastructural projects financing, development of the financial infrastructure of the agricultural sector, improvement of the investment climate in the country. Firstly, the necessity to develop farming as the main component of the competitive domestic agricultural production system. This time formation of an open competitive environment within the whole agricultural market rather than direct financial support to specific agricultural producers, which is so much popular by now in Ukraine, has to be the key direction of livestock farming revitalization. Only in this case the development of farming in Ukraine will lead to the activation of agricultural cooperation and the diversification of agricultural products variety to be potentially exported to the European market. Secondly, a consistent policy of reducing the share of direct subsidies paid as a financial support to the agricultural sector, while increasing the expenses aimed at the implementation of infrastructure projects, especially emphasizing modernization of marketing, transport-logistics and informational infrastructure of agricultural market of Ukraine and its regions. Thirdly, an important tool to stimulate exports of agricultural products from Ukraine and increase its diversification is the development of the financial infrastructure of the agricultural sector. First of all this means the formation of the modern model of financial-credit service supply for agricultural producers based on the introduction of different forms of financial leasing, non-bank credits, agricultural insurance, factoring and venture capital operations in agriculture, etc. Fourthly, intensive implementation of steps to improve the investment climate in most regions of our country, taking into account the specifics of their agricultural production. To do this, it is necessary to create a modern industry for industry direct foreign investment attraction, including the formation of agricultural clusters and agri-technoparks focused on the intensification of modern agricultural technologies transfer to Ukrainian market. Hence, the state and development dynamics of the livestock industry affect not only economic performance of agriculture, but also quality of life, well-being and food security of the population. Especially it is necessary to note the fact that livestock farming satisfies the needs of the domestic food market and current situation in the industry is also directly caused by the problem of declining incomes, which recent years have been falling in connection with the population’s income and paying capacity decrease.

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Gbede, Olusegun, and Peter Kayode Oniemola. "Mitigation of political risks in infrastructural project finance in African countries." Journal of Corporate and Commercial Law & Practice, The 6, no. 2 (2020): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/jccl/v6/i2a9.

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Political risks have adversely affected project financing in African countries. There are instances of risks in the state hosting project that may negatively affect the bankability of the project. They include nationalisation of assets, spontaneous changes in laws and regulations by the government, wars, and terrorism etc. Investors require assurance to participate in project finance. Guarantee by the government on the stability of the polity is required. The government may also give assurances through legal measures, stabilisation clauses and guarantees to the effect that the regulatory environment of the project will be stable. This article examines infrastructural project finance in relation to political risks, with specific emphasis on African countries. Therefore, beyond assurance from the government, political risk mitigation instruments developed internationally can be employed. This article also elaborates the emergence of instruments/ mechanisms that have been developed internationally to mitigate political risks. These instruments include partial risk guarantees offered by international financial institutions, political insurance guarantees and export credit guarantees. It calls for the utilisation of these instruments and recommends that countries should tailor their regulatory regime to accommodate them. It contends that with the existence of these guarantees; the government has a role to play in creating a favourable legal regime and framework that will admit their utilisation within the legal system.

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50

Panchenko, Olena Ivanivna, and Olga Mykolaivna Kalchenko. "INSURANCE OF EXPORT CREDITS AS A BASIS FOR THE ACTIVATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no. 1(13) (2018): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2018-1-1(13)-169-175.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Insurance, Export credit'

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