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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated circuits – Texting'
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1
Li, Hongqiang, Xuelong Chen, Lu Cao, Cheng Zhang, Chunxiao Tang, Enbang Li, Xiuli Feng, and Huan Liang. "Textile-based ECG acquisition system with capacitively coupled electrodes." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331215600254.
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In most traditional electrocardiogram (ECG) detection procedures, wet electrodes must be glued to the skin during the procedure and may cause problems such as inconvenience and skin irritation. Furthermore, the quality of the acquired signals decreases because the glue dehydrates over time. In this study, a non-contact ECG acquisition system based on capacitive coupling textile electrodes with low-power consumption and high input impedance is presented. We designed electrodes that have a composite and textile structure. A kind of conductive textile with stainless steel wire creates these electrodes. We wove the conductive textile that has good electrical conductivity with a surface resistivity of 1.25 Ω/sq. Both circuit models of the skin–electrode interface and amplifier for the capacitively coupled textile electrode were established, and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the front-end circuit was proposed. The integrated system combines amplification, filter circuit and analogue-to-digital converter. The final measurement shows that the ECG signals acquired by our system are adequate for heartbeat detection and applicable to clinical practice.
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Xu, Qi Ying, and Li Kun Yang. "Design of the Instrument of Measuring Moisture Ratio in Textile Fibre Based on Integrate Circuit CAV424." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.676.
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The paper discusses a new instrument design method about quickly measuring moisture ratio in textile fibre based on the relation of moisture ratio and its relatively dielectric medium constant. Introduces the integrate circuit CAV424 used for capacitance to voltage signal convert; the test-result shows that the instrument can substitute traditional methods to improve fibre moisture testing technique in textile industries.
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Kohn, Sophia, Daria Wehlage, Irén Juhász Junger, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Electrospinning a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9120975.
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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer new possibilities to harvest solar energy by using non-toxic inexpensive materials. Since they can generally be produced on flexible substrates, several research groups investigated possibilities to integrate DSSCs in textile fabrics, either by coating full fabrics with the DSSC layer structure or by producing fiber-shaped DSSCs which were afterwards integrated into a textile fabric. Here we show a new approach, electrospinning all solid layers of the DSSC. We report on electrospinning the counter electrode with a graphite catalyst followed by a thin nonconductive barrier layer and preparing the front electrode by electrospinning semiconducting TiO2 from a polymer solution dyed with natural dyes. Both electrodes were coated with a conductive polymer before the system was finally filled with a fluid electrolyte. While the efficiency is lower than for glass-based cells, possible problems such as short-circuits—which often occur in fiber-based DSSCs—did not occur in this proof-of-concept. Since graphite particles did not fully cover the counter electrode in this first study, and the typical bathochromic shift indicating adsorption of dye molecules on the TiO2 layer was not observed, several ways are open to increase the efficiency in forthcoming studies.
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Van Baelen, Dries, Nicola Macoir, Quinten Van den Brande, Eli De Poorter, Sam Lemey, Jo Verhaevert, and Hendrik Rogier. "Fully Flexible Textile Antenna-Backed Sensor Node for Body-Worn UWB Localization." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051641.
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A mechanically flexible textile antenna-backed sensor node is designed and manufactured, providing accurate personal localization functionality by application of Decawave’s DW1000 Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) Integrated Circuit (IC). All components are mounted on a flexible polyimide foil, which is integrated on the backplane of a wearable cavity-backed slot antenna designed for IR-UWB localization in Channels 2 and 3 of the IEEE 802.15.4-2011 standard (3744 MHz–4742.4 MHz). The textile antenna’s radiation pattern is optimized to mitigate body effects and to minimize absorption by body tissues. Furthermore, its time-domain characteristics are measured to be adequate for localization. By combining the antenna and the bendable Printed Circuit Board (PCB), a mechanically supple sensor system is realized, for which the performance is validated by examining it as a node used in a complete localization system. This shows that six nodes around the body must be deployed to provide system coverage in all directions around the wearer. Even without using sleep mode functionalities, the measurements indicate that the system’s autonomy is 13.3 h on a 5 V 200 mAh battery. Hence, this system acts as a proof of concept for the joining of localization electronics and other sensors with a full-textile antenna into a mechanically flexible sensor system.
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Nolden, Ramona, Kerstin Zöll, and Anne Schwarz-Pfeiffer. "Development of Flexible and Functional Sequins Using Subtractive Technology and 3D Printing for Embroidered Wearable Textile Applications." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102633.
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Embroidery is often the preferred technology when rigid circuit boards need to be connected to sensors and electrodes by data transmission lines and integrated into textiles. Moreover, conventional circuit boards, like Lilypad Arduino, commonly lack softness and flexibility. One approach to overcome this drawback can be flexible sequins as a substrate carrier for circuit boards. In this paper, such an approach of the development of flexible and functional sequins and circuit boards for wearable textile applications using subtractive and additive technology is demonstrated. Applying these techniques, one-sided sequins and circuit boards are produced using wax printing and etching copper-clad foils, as well as using dual 3D printing of conventional isolating and electrically conductive materials. The resulting flexible and functional sequins are equipped with surface mounted devices, applied to textiles by an automated embroidery process and contacted with a conductive embroidery thread.
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An, Xiang, and George Stylios. "A Hybrid Textile Electrode for Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measurement and Motion Tracking." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101887.
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Wearable sensors have great potential uses in personal health monitoring systems, in which textile-based electrodes are particularly useful because they are comfortable to wear and are skin and environmentally friendly. In this paper, a hybrid textile electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement and motion tracking was introduced. The hybrid textile electrode consists of two parts: A textile electrode for ECG monitoring, and a motion sensor for patient activity tracking. In designing the textile electrodes, their performance in ECG measurement was investigated. Two main influencing factors on the skin-electrode impedance of the electrodes were found: Textile material properties, and electrode sizes. The optimum textile electrode was silver plated, made of a high stitch density weft knitted conductive fabric and its size was 20 mm × 40 mm. A flexible motion sensor circuit was designed and integrated within the textile electrode. Systematic measurements were performed, and results have shown that the hybrid textile electrode is capable of recording ECG and motion signals synchronously, and is suitable for ambulatory ECG measurement and motion tracking applications.
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Xu, Bin, Rachel J. Eike, Allyson Cliett, Ling Ni, Rinn Cloud, and Yang Li. "Durability testing of electronic textile surface resistivity and textile antenna performance." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 18 (December 22, 2018): 3708–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518819848.
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As wearable electronics become more prevalent in everyday life, there is a growing desire to integrate circuits and antennae into clothing. One way that this integration may occur is through use of electronic textiles (e-textiles). However, changes in environmental and wear conditions may affect the conductive data communication performance of the e-textile, such as surface resistivity and antenna radiation characteristics. In this study, the effects of pilling, wrinkling, abrasion, and laundering of e-textiles were examined for resistivity performance. E-textile resistivity performance from both direct current (DC) and radiofrequency (RF) perspectives were measured following AATCC and ASTM standards. For DC performance, results indicate that pilling causes severe damage to e-textile resistivity, while laundering and wrinkling did not substantially affect e-textile resistivity performance. For RF performance in this study, an e-textile microstrip patch antenna was designed and data were collected under similar environmental and wear conditions. RF performance change corresponds with DC performance change. The findings of this paper highlight limitations of the evaluated e-textile performance, and provide new perspectives regarding improvements to e-textile fabrication for sustaining performance through environmental and wear operations.
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Kuang, Ye, Lan Yao, Sheng-Hai Yu, Shuo Tan, Xiu-Jun Fan, and Yi-Ping Qiu. "Design and Electromagnetic Properties of a Conformal Ultra Wideband Antenna Integrated in Three-Dimensional Woven Fabrics." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080861.
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Wearable antennas play an important role in transmitting signals wirelessly in body-worn systems, helping body-worn applications to achieve real-time monitoring and improving the working efficiency as well as the life quality of the users. Over conventional antenna types, ultra wideband (UWB) antennas have advantages of very large operating bandwidth, low power consumption, and high data transmission speed, therefore, they become of great interest for body-worn applications. One of the strategies for making the antenna comfortable to wear is replacing the conventional rigid printed circuit board with textile materials in the manufacturing process. In this study, a novel three-dimensional woven fabric integrated UWB antenna was proposed and fabricated with pure textile materials. The antenna electromagnetic properties were simulated and measured and its properties under bending were investigated. The antenna operated in a wide bandwidth from 2.7 to 13 GHz with the proper radiation pattern and gain value. At the same time, the antenna performance under bending varied in a reasonable range indicating that the antenna is prospectively applied on the curved surfaces of the human body. Additionally, the current distribution of the antenna showed that different conductive parts had different current densities indicating the uniqueness of the three-dimensional textile-based antenna.
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Tan, Yongsong, Kamen Ivanov, Zhanyong Mei, Hui Li, Huihui Li, Ludwig Lubich, Chaoxia Wang, and Lei Wang. "A Soft Wearable and Fully-Textile Piezoresistive Sensor for Plantar Pressure Capturing." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020110.
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The trends of wearable health monitoring systems have led to growing demands for gait-capturing devices. However, comfortability and durability under repeated stress are still challenging to achieve in existing sensor-enabled footwear. Herein, a flexible textile piezoresistive sensor (TPRS) consisting of a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-cotton) fabric electrode and an Ag fabric circuit electrode is proposed. Based on the mechanical and electrical properties of the two fabric electrodes, the TPRS exhibits superior sensing performance, with a high sensitivity of 3.96 kPa-1 in the lower pressure range of 0–36 kPa, wide force range (0–100 kPa), fast response time (170 ms), remarkable durability stability (1000 cycles) and detection ability in different pressures ranges. For the prac-tical application of capturing plantar pressure, six TPRSs were mounted on a flexible printed circuit board and integrated into an insole. The dynamic plantar pressure distribution during walking was derived in the form of pressure maps. The proposed fully-textile piezoresistive sensor is a strong candidate for next-generation plantar pressure wearable monitoring devices.
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Kellomäki, Tiiti, Johanna Virkki, Sari Merilampi, and Leena Ukkonen. "Towards Washable Wearable Antennas: A Comparison of Coating Materials for Screen-Printed Textile-Based UHF RFID Tags." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/476570.
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(Radio frequency identification) RFID tags integrated into clothing enable monitoring of people without their conscious effort. This requires tags to be an unnoticeable part of clothing and comfortable to wear. In this study, RFID antennas were screen printed on two different fabrics, six different coating materials for the (integrated circuits) ICs were applied, and the reliability of these RFID tags was tested with moisture and laundry tests. Generally, glue-type coating materials were easier to handle and could be spread precisely. All the tags were operational immediately after the coatings were applied, and five of the coating materials were seen to protect the IC from detaching in the laundry. It was found that the uneven fabric surface caused discontinuities and breaks in narrow conductors, and thus hard coatings may also be needed to keep the tag from breaking in laundry.
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Gaubert, Valentin, Hayriye Gidik, and Vladan Koncar. "Boxer Underwear Incorporating Textile Moisture Sensor to Prevent Nocturnal Enuresis." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123546.
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Around 15% of children still wet their bed after five years old. Although bedwetting alarms have proven to be effective to achieve nighttime dryness, they are cumbersome so children could be reluctant to use them. Therefore, the moisture sensor and wire were made unobtrusive by seamlessly integrated them into fully textile underwear by using conductive yarns. Consequently, the alarm acceptability should be enhanced by improving children’s comfort. Three conductive textile metallic yarns, made of silver or stainless steel, were considered to fabricate the urine leakage sensor. Silver-plated-nylon yarn, which showed the highest electrical conductivity, outperformed the stainless-steel yarns regarding its ability to detect urine leakage as well as its detection speed. Furthermore, it was proven to withstand multiple urine soakings and the following machine-washings, even at high temperature (60 °C). However, the electrical current, necessary to detect the leakage, tends to corrode the silver. Therefore, the detection circuit was adapted. Eventually, the designed leakage sensor was seamlessly integrated into a child’s trunk underwear, into which a miniaturized alarm can be plugged. The resulting textile underwear aims at replacing the rigid alarm system currently available, hence improving the quality of life of enuretic children and help them achieving nighttime dryness.
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He, Han, Xiaochen Chen, Adnan Mehmood, Leevi Raivio, Heikki Huttunen, Pasi Raumonen, and Johanna Virkki. "ClothFace: A Batteryless RFID-Based Textile Platform for Handwriting Recognition." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 4878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174878.
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This paper introduces a prototype of ClothFace technology, a battery-free textile-based handwriting recognition platform that includes an e-textile antenna and a 10 × 10 array of radio frequency identification (RFID) integrated circuits (ICs), each with a unique ID. Touching the textile platform surface creates an electrical connection from specific ICs to the antenna, which enables the connected ICs to be read with an external UHF (ultra-haigh frequency) RFID reader. In this paper, the platform is demonstrated to recognize handwritten numbers 0–9. The raw data collected by the platform are a sequence of IDs from the touched ICs. The system converts the data into bitmaps and their details are increased by interpolating between neighboring samples using the sequential information of IDs. These images of digits written on the platform can be classified, with enough accuracy for practical use, by deep learning. The recognition system was trained and tested with samples from six volunteers using the platform. The real-time number recognition ability of the ClothFace technology is demonstrated to work successfully with a very low error rate. The overall recognition accuracy of the platform is 94.6% and the accuracy for each digit is between 91.1% and 98.3%. As the solution is fully passive and gets all the needed energy from the external RFID reader, it enables a maintenance-free and cost-effective user interface that can be integrated into clothing and into textiles around us.
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Parkova, Inese, Ivars Parkovs, and Ausma Vilumsone. "Light-emitting textile display with floats for electronics covering." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-05-2013-0056.
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Purpose – Flexible light-emitting textile display is designed with floats for electronic elements covering and electronic contacts insulation what at the same time provides an opportunity to develop aesthetic design of the display in the single piece construction of material. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Display consists of interwoven electrically conductive yarns, non-conductive yarns and SMD LEDs connected to conductive yarns. Industrial jacquard weaving machine have been used, weave patterns were designed in PC-Edit software. Findings – Weave can be used as a tool to build and evolve electrotextile. Exploring weaving techniques and perceiving electronic circuit as a weave pattern, new approaches can be developed in electrotextile design field. Research limitations/implications – Connections of electronic elements and conductive textile materials still is actual problem what should be explored in further research. Practical implications – Flexible light emitting textile display can be used as output interface integrated into communication clothing by representing different animated images directly on clothing. Display also can be used for accessories, room and auto interior etc. applications. Originality/value – Paper describes method of light source integration directly into textile structure, combining functional and visual design of textile display.
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Saied, Imran M., Siddharthan Chandran, and Tughrul Arslan. "Integrated Flexible Hybrid Silicone-Textile Dual-Resonant Sensors and Switching Circuit for Wearable Neurodegeneration Monitoring Systems." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 13, no. 6 (December 2019): 1304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2951500.
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Ba, Housseinou, Lai Truong-Phuoc, Vasiliki Papaefthimiou, Christophe Sutter, Sergey Pronkin, Armel Bahouka, Yannick Lafue, Lam Nguyen-Dinh, Giuliano Giambastiani, and Cuong Pham-Huu. "Cotton Fabrics Coated with Few-Layer Graphene as Highly Responsive Surface Heaters and Integrated Lightweight Electronic-Textile Circuits." ACS Applied Nano Materials 3, no. 10 (August 31, 2020): 9771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c01861.
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Chen, Xiaochen, Leena Ukkonen, and Johanna Virkki. "Reliability evaluation of wearable radio frequency identification tags: Design and fabrication of a two-part textile antenna." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 4 (January 11, 2018): 560–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517750651.
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Passive radio frequency identification-based technology is a convincing approach to the achievement of versatile energy- and cost-efficient wireless platforms for future wearable applications. By using two-part antenna structures, the antenna-electronics interconnections can remain non-stressed, which can significantly improve the reliability of the textile-embedded wireless components. In this article, we describe fabrication of two-part stretchable and non-stretchable passive ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification textile tags using electro-textile and embroidered antennas, and test their reliability when immersed as well as under cyclic strain. The results are compared to tags with traditional one-part dipole antennas fabricated from electro-textiles and by embroidery. Based on the results achieved, the initial read ranges of the two-part antenna tags, around 5 m, were only slightly shorter than those of the one-part antenna tags. In addition, the tag with two-part antennas can maintain high performance in a moist environment and during continuous stretching, unlike the one-part antenna tag where the antenna-integrated circuit attachment is under stress.
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Simon, Erik P., Moritz Fröhlich, Ch Kallmayer, and K. D. Lang. "Design and Optimization of an Injection-Moldable Force-Fit Interconnection Module for Smart Textile Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 80 (September 2012): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.80.96.
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This work presents a polymer based force-fit interconnection module (Click-Bond) that can be used to establish reliable electrical and mechanical interconnections between electronic components and textile circuit boards at room temperature. It is an extremely fast and cost-efficient process that is able to bring smart textile applications into the mass market. The semi-crystalline polymer POM-C is selected as material. It has good physical properties and can be used in injection molding. After the design is made mechanical experiments are performed to analyze the maximum forces and stress relaxation of the modules. Additionally, the compressibility of fabrics is analyzed to be able to design the module to apply a certain pressure. Finally, a multi-terminal board is presented that allows to easily integrate more complex electronics boards into smart textiles.
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Moraru, Aurelian, Corneliu Ursachi, and Elena Helerea. "A New Washable UHF RFID Tag: Design, Fabrication, and Assessment." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 3451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123451.
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This paper deals with the design and fabrication of durable radio frequency identification (RFID) passive tag with inductive coupling, operating at ultra-high frequencies, dedicated to the identification and monitoring of professional textile products. A reliable architecture for the tag transponder is proposed, featuring a minimal number of galvanic contacts: The two pins of the integrated circuit are connected to the terminals of the inductive coupling loop by using surface mount technology welding. The transponder is encapsulated with an electrically insulating material which is waterproof and resistant to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stress. The antenna is inductively coupled to the transponder through a double loop which substantially reduces the length of the tag and significantly improves the coupling factor, enabling the tag to operate at a low power level. The reliability and flexibility of the tag is obtained by using appropriate materials and manufacturing methods for the ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna by embroidering a multifilament stainless steel wire on textile support. The washing cycle tests have validated the applicability of this flexible and washable RFID tag, and its electromagnetic performance was experimentally assessed in an independent laboratory.
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Micus, Sebastian, Michael Haupt, and Götz T. Gresser. "Automatic Joining of Electrical Components to Smart Textiles by Ultrasonic Soldering." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020545.
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A suitable connection method to automatically produce E-textiles does not exist. Ultrasonic soldering could be a good solution for that since it works with flux-free solder, which avoids embrittlement of the textile integrated wires. This article describes the detailed process of robot-assisted ultrasonic soldering of e-textiles to printed circuit boards (PCB). The aim is to understand the influencing factors affecting the connection and to determine the corresponding solder parameters. Various test methods are used to evaluate the samples, such as direct optical observation of the microstructure, a peeling tensile test, and a contact resistance measurement. The contact strength increases by reducing the operating temperature and the ultrasonic time. The lower operating temperature and the reduced ultrasonic time cause a more homogeneous metal structure with less defects improving the mechanical strength of the samples.
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Shawalil, Syahirah, Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani, and Hasliza A. Rahim. "2.45 GHz wearable rectenna array design for microwave energy harvesting." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp677-687.
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This paper presents a design of a wearable textile microstrip patch rectifying antenna (rectenna) array operating for wireless body area network (WBAN) at the center frequency, <em>f<sub>c</sub></em> of 2.45 GHz. Precisely, jeans or denim with the relative permittivity, <sub> </sub>= 1.70 and thickness of 1.00 mm is chosen as a substrate attached to SheildIt Super as a conductive material with the thickness, <em>h</em> of 0.17 mm and conductivity of 6.67 10<sup>5</sup> S/m, respectively. In the first stage, a microstrip patch antenna array layout with the inset fed technique is designed and simulated by using the Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) software. In the second stage, a wearable textile microstrip patch antenna array is fabricated, integrated, and hidden inside the jeans fabric. In the third stage, the rectifier circuit layout on the flame retardant-4 (FR-4) printed circuit board (PCB) with the dielectric constant, = 4.7, thickness, <em>h</em> = 1.6 mm, and loss tangent, <em>δ</em> = 0.018 that can generate radio frequency-direct current (RF-DC) conversion is designed and simulated using the ADS software Each simulation result and fabrication measurement shows that the designed antenna array characteristics are suitable for an industrial, scientific, and medical radio (ISM) band by having the reflection coefficient, <em>S</em><sub>11</sub> less than -10 decibel (dB) at the respective resonant frequency, <em>f<sub>r</sub>.</em> Moreover, through simulation, the output DC voltage for the bridge rectifier circuit is from 132 mV to 5.01 V with the corresponding power conversion efficiency (PCE) between 3.48% and 50.20% whereas for the voltage doubler rectifier, the output DC voltage is from 417 mV to 2.91 V with the corresponding PCE between 34.78% and 53.56%, respectively.
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Ramasamy, Sudha, and Archana Balan. "Wearable sensors for ECG measurement: a review." Sensor Review 38, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2017-0110.
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Purpose Recent developments in wearable technologies have paved the way for continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, without the need for any laboratory settings. A number of wearable sensors ranging from wet electrode sensors to dry sensors, textile-based sensors, knitted integrated sensors (KIS) and planar fashionable circuit boards are used in ECG measurement. The purpose of this study is to carry out a comparative study of the different sensors used for ECG measurements. The current challenges faced in developing wearable ECG sensors are also reviewed. Design/methodology/approach This study carries out a comparative analysis of different wearable ECG sensors on the basis of four important aspects: materials and methods used to develop the sensors, working principle, implementation and performance. Each of the aspects has been reviewed with regard to the main types of wearable ECG sensors available. Findings A comparative study of the sensors helps understand the differences in their operating principles. While some sensors may have a higher efficiency, the others might ensure more user comfort. It is important to strike the right balance between the various aspects influencing the sensor performance. Originality/value Wearable ECG sensors have revolutionized the world of ambulatory ECG monitoring and helped in the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. A comparative study of the available technologies will help both doctors and researchers gain an understanding of the shortcomings in the existing systems.
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V. Kinge, Pravin, S. J. Honale, and C. M. Bobade. "Design of AES Pipelined Architecture for Image Encryption/Decryption Module." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 3, no. 3 (November 1, 2014): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v3.i3.pp114-118.
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The relentless growth of Internet and communication technologies has made the extensive use of images unavoidable. The specific characteristics of image like high transmission rate with limited bandwidth, redundancy, bulk capacity and correlation among pixels makes standard algorithms not suitable for image encryption. In order to overcome these limitations for real time applications, design of new algorithms that require less computational power while preserving a sufficient level of security has always been a subject of interest. Here Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),as the most widely used encryption algorithm in many security applications. AES standard has different key size variants, where longer bit keys provide more secure ciphered text output. The available AES algorithm is used for data and it is also suitable for image encryption and decryption to protect the confidential image from an unauthorized access. This project proposes a method in which the image data is an input to Pipelined AES algorithm through Textio, to obtain the encrypted image. and the encrypted image is the input to Pipelined AES Decryption to get the original image. This project proposed to implement the 128,192 & 256 bit Pipelined AES algorithm for image encryption and decryption, also to compare the latency , efficiency, security, frequency & throughput . The proposed work will be synthesized and simulated on FPGA family of Xilink ISE 13.2 and Modelsim tool respectively in Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language.
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Hsiao, Chun-Chieh, Ren-Guey Lee, Sheng-Chung Tien, Yen-Yi Feng, and Shih-Feng Huang. "EARLY CLINICAL PROGNOSIS FOR HIGH-RISK CHEST PAIN PATIENTS USING SMART TEXTILES." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 27, no. 06 (December 2015): 1550057. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623721550057x.
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According to statistics, up to 40% of emergency admissions are due to chest tightness or chest pain. However, merely based on the patient’s current symptoms such as chest pain, it is difficult for a physician to give an instant diagnosis as most cardiovascular diseases are chronic. To address this issue, it is necessary to provide a set of tools to indicate the patient’s status during hospitalization to help the physician in diagnosis. It is thus our primary objective to design and develop a wearable heart rate monitoring system and prediction tool that can measure the patient’s heart rate parameters, allow him/her to move around easily, and which also can effectively improve the medical personnel’s working efficiency. This research utilizes conductive filament to design textile to integrate electric circuit with clothing. Using a conductive vest and chest belt that can be worn comfortably, our system can continuously record patients’ physiological index parameters during their hospitalization. Physiological index parameters of multiple patients can then be transmitted wirelessly and recorded in a physician-end computer. At the end of their hospitalization, the patient’s original physiological indices together with the recorded heart rate variability (HRV) parameters can then be summarized to assess the risk score of their discharging from hospital. This paper adopts the concept of TIMI risk score, while adding every index of HRV measured when subjects are hospitalized. The risk score can hence be used to provide emergency physicians as a basis for an early prognosis and subsequently a better hospital-discharging assessment of patients with chest pain. The accuracy of the proposed prognosis has been verified with the 3-day and 30-day recall rate of the patients and the result has been shown to be promising for chest pain patients in emergency admission units.
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Yang, Yuxin, Xiaofei Wei, Nannan Zhang, Juanjuan Zheng, Xing Chen, Qian Wen, Xinxin Luo, et al. "A non-printed integrated-circuit textile for wireless theranostics." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (August 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25075-8.
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AbstractWhile the printed circuit board (PCB) has been widely considered as the building block of integrated electronics, the world is switching to pursue new ways of merging integrated electronic circuits with textiles to create flexible and wearable devices. Herein, as an alternative for PCB, we described a non-printed integrated-circuit textile (NIT) for biomedical and theranostic application via a weaving method. All the devices are built as fibers or interlaced nodes and woven into a deformable textile integrated circuit. Built on an electrochemical gating principle, the fiber-woven-type transistors exhibit superior bending or stretching robustness, and were woven as a textile logical computing module to distinguish different emergencies. A fiber-type sweat sensor was woven with strain and light sensors fibers for simultaneously monitoring body health and the environment. With a photo-rechargeable energy textile based on a detailed power consumption analysis, the woven circuit textile is completely self-powered and capable of both wireless biomedical monitoring and early warning. The NIT could be used as a 24/7 private AI “nurse” for routine healthcare, diabetes monitoring, or emergencies such as hypoglycemia, metabolic alkalosis, and even COVID-19 patient care, a potential future on-body AI hardware and possibly a forerunner to fabric-like computers.
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Tanaka, Kuniaki, and Sigekazu Kuniyoshi. "Novel Opto-Electronic Braid System with Kumihimo-Structure as a New Concept of Flexible Electronics." MRS Proceedings 814 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-814-i10.4.
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AbstractFollowing the new concept proposed as an opto-electronic integrated system with “textile structure”, we propose here another integrated system-concept of flexible electronics based on “braid structure”. The braid integrated system forms electronic equipment constructed by the filamentous body. Opto-electronic integrated circuits are constructed with Kumihimo-structure by weaving more than three threads on which various devices, and components, such as, transistors, photoelectric transducers, contact-electrodes, pads for wiring and other passive components of circuits are mounted periodically.From the experience of the designing of some basic logic circuits, the Kumihimo-structure weaved by eight-threads of two groups is proposed as a basic structure of the integrated circuit for application to single track braid system. Characteristics and elemental technologies of the braid system are analyzed for the extension of the concept. Application area of the system and requirements for the system are discussed. The braid system is also discussed in flexible electronics concept.
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Vervust, Thomas, Frederick Bossuyt, Fabrice Axisa, and Jan Vanfleteren. "Stretchable and Washable Electronics for Embedding in Textiles." MRS Proceedings 1271 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1271-jj04-03.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractElectronics in “wearable systems” or “smart textiles” are nowadays mainly realized on traditional interconnection substrates, like rigid Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) or mechanically flexible substrates. The electronic modules are detachable to allow cleaning and washing of the textile. In order to achieve a higher degree of integration and user comfort, IMEC-UGent/CMST developed a technology for flexible and stretchable electronic circuits. The electronic system is completely embedded in an elastomer material like PDMS (silicone), resulting in soft and stretchable electronic modules. The technology uses standard packaged components (IC's) and meander shaped copper tracks, so that stretchable systems with complex functionality can be achieved. Testing methods for washability were selected and developed. First tests are showing promising results, leveling the path to washable electronics in textiles. In order to show the possibilities of the technology in the field of textile applications a 7x8 single color stretchable LED-matrix was designed and integrated in textile. This LED-matrix can be applied for example in wearable signage applications.
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Tanaka, Kuniaki. "A Basic Concept of Novel Hybrid Opto-Elctronic Integrated Systems with Textile Structures." MRS Proceedings 769 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-769-h8.7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAccording to the situation recognition of a basic limit of electronics expansion in silicon planar technology, one proposal based on a new technology completely different from planar structure is done here. The new concept of the technology is “textile structure” for integrated optoelectronic circuit. The background of the new concept is shown from some historical view point. The concept is also discussed as an opto-electronic united circuit and a “Clothes” level system from application-view point. Characteristics and elemental technology of the textile hybrid system are considered for future development of this concept. Several concrete compositions and characteristics of the proposed system are compared with those of present technology to construct a new electronics system. This proposal is also discussed in flexible electronics concept.
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Kuniyoshi, Shigekazu, and Kuniaki Tanaka. "The Electronic Circuit Composition and Structure of Warp and Woof for a Novel Hybrid Opto-Electronic Integrated Systems with Textile Structures." MRS Proceedings 769 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-769-h6.5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe new integrated circuit concept that forms electronic equipment by the textile structure using the flexible fiber that has equipped the field effect transistor, the light emitting diode, the wiring pattern, etc. is proposed [1]. In this report, the structure of the filamentous body as a basic structure of the cloth with various electronic functions was examined. In order to simplify circuit composition, an active element such as field effect transistors, the electrode pattern for wiring, and the pads for connection are formed on the warp, and the electrode pattern for wiring and the pad for connection are formed on the woof. The circuit composition and a concrete structure of the warp and the woof are discussed.
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Cleary, Frances, David C. Henshall, and Sasitharan Balasubramaniam. "On-Body Edge Computing Through E-Textile Programmable Logic Array." Frontiers in Communications and Networks 2 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.688419.
Full textAbstract:
E-textiles have received tremendous attention in recent years due to the capability of integrating sensors into a garment, enabling high-precision sensing of the human body. Besides sensing, a number of solutions for e-textile garments have also integrated wireless interfaces, allowing sensing data to be transmitted, and also inbuilt capacitive touch sensors, allowing users to provide instructions. While this has provided a new level of sensing that can result in unprecedented applications, there has been little attention placed around on-body edge computing for e-textiles. This study focuses on the need for a noninvasive and remote health-monitoring solution with inbuilt on-body edge computing, and how enabling such sensing and computing capabilities in a fabric environment can act as a new method for healthcare monitoring through the use of embedded computing intelligence in smart garments. Facilitating computing in e-textiles can result in a new form of on-body edge computing, where sensor information is processed very close to the body before being transmitted to an external device or wireless access point. This form of computing can provide new security and data privacy capabilities and, at the same time, provide opportunities for new energy-harvesting mechanisms to process the data through the garment. This study proposes this concept through embroidered programmable logic arrays (PLAs) integrated into e-textiles. In the same way that PLAs have programmable logic circuits by interconnecting different AND, NOT, and OR gates, we propose e-textile–based gates that are sewn into a garment and connected through conductive thread stitching. Two designs are proposed, and this includes single- and multi-layered PLAs. Experimental validations have been conducted at the individual gates and the entire PLA circuits to determine the voltage utilization and logic computing reliability. The multilayered PLA garment superseded the single-layered garment with higher levels of accuracy in the yielded results due to the enhanced design layout, which reduces the potential for short circuits and errors occurring. Our proposed approach can usher in a new form of on-body edge computing for e-textile garments for future wearable technologies, and, in particular, with the current pandemic that requires noninvasive remote health-monitoring applications.
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Kuniyoshi, Shigekazu, and Kuniaki Tanaka. "The Electronic Circuit Composition and Structure of String for a Novel Braid Electronics-Systems by Kumihimo Structure." MRS Proceedings 814 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-814-i6.7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe new integrated circuit concept that forms electronic equipment by the textile structure using the flexible fiber that has equipped the field effect transistor, the light emitting diode, the wiring pattern, etc. was proposed [1,2]. In this report, the structure of the filamentous body as a basic structure of the kumihimo with various electronic functions was examined. There are many kinds of one in the kumihimo by the number and how to unite the plaited thread used. Although such a highly efficient kumihimo-structure electronic integrated circuit can be realized using kumihimo with much thread, it becomes that much complicated. In order to simplify an argument here, square-type kumihimo that uses eight plaited threads is employed, and a basic logical circuit composition and the element arrangement on plaited thread are examined. Eight plaited-threads are divided into two groups that have four threads respectively, and they exist in the plane that intersected perpendicularly mutually. However, kumihimo is a 1-dimensional system fundamentally, it can be extended in the length direction if necessary, and it is considered that a quite complicated function is also realizable for a circuit with few input and output. Here, plaited thread that belongs to one group for convenience will be called warp and the other group will be called woof. The circuit composition and a concrete structure of threads for kumihimo are discussed.
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Duffy, John, Linda Barington, William Moeller, Carol Barry, David Kazmer, Cheryl West, and Vivian Crespo. "Service-Learning Projects in Core Undergraduate Engineering Courses." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 3, no. 2 (September 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v3i2.2103.
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The College of Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML) has integrated service-learning (S-L) into many of its core required undergraduate courses over the last three years. Projects that meet real community needs and that help students achieve academic objectives in these core courses are percieved to be difficult to create, but, in this paper, projects for 35 different undergraduate required courses are summarized to help faculty, staff, and students develop S-L projects for their own courses. Faculty at UML were encouraged to “start small rather than not at all.” Courses and projects include, for example, a first-year introduction to engineering course in which 340 students, divided into teams, designed and built moving displays illustrating various technologies for 60,000 middle school students that every year visit a history center that is part of a national park. Another example is a sophomore kinematics course in which student teams visited local playgrounds to assess their safety using deceleration, force, and impact equations learned from the course. Junior heat transfer courses focused in analyzing heat loss and making suggestions for heating system savings for a local food pantry, a city hall building, and a community mental health center, as well as for the university itself; these analyses were developed and presented to the stakeholders. Sophomore student teams from the materials course presented findings to the staff of a local textile history museum to help it begin updating its displays on recent developments in materials. Junior fluids, junior circuits, senior microprocessor, senior design of machine elements, and senior capstone design are having students design and build various parts of an automated canal lock opener for a local national park. Many of the projects are low-cost and can be implemented by individual faculty members without the requirement of a formal institutional program. These S-L projects are integrated into a wide variety of core courses (and not just design courses) and represent typically from 10 to 20 percent of the grade.