Journal articles: 'Integrated front-ends'

1

Kissinger, Dietmar, Benjamin Laemmle, Linus Maurer, and Robert Weigel. "Integrated Test for Silicon Front Ends." IEEE Microwave Magazine 11, no. 3 (2010): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2010.936076.

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Krishnamurthy, Gautham, and Kevin G. Gard. "Time Division Multiplexing Front-Ends for Multiantenna Integrated Wireless Receivers." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 57, no. 6 (2010): 1231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2009.2031759.

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Chu, James. "Integrated Microwave Front-Ends with Avionics Applications [Book\/Software Reviews]." IEEE Microwave Magazine 16, no. 4 (2015): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2015.2398595.

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Piazza, Gianluca. "Integrated aluminum nitride piezoelectric microelectromechanical system for radio front ends." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 27, no. 4 (2009): 776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3077276.

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Martínez-Vázquez, Marta, Christos Oikonomopoulos-Zachos, Kai Maulwurf, et al. "Highly integrated antennas and front-ends for 60 GHz WLAN applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 2 (2011): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000298.

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This paper provides an overview of the research carried on in the EASY-A project concerning the design of antennas for different applications in the unlicensed band around 60 GHz, and their integration into compact RF front-ends. Different antenna configurations, in conventional microwave substrate and low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), were studied and fabricated. The results comply with the requirements established for various scenarios.

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Patrovsky, Andreas, and Ke Wu. "Dielectric Slab Mode Antenna for Integrated Millimeter-wave Transceiver Front-ends." Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 1, no. 3 (2013): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujeee.2013.010305.

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Miao, Meng, and Cam Nguyen. "Fully integrated CMOS impulse UWB transmitter front-ends with BPSK modulation." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, no. 7 (2010): 1609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.25250.

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Zhiqiang Gao, Jianguo Ma, Mingyan Yu, and Yizheng Ye. "A Fully Integrated CMOS Active Bandpass Filter for Multiband RF Front-Ends." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 55, no. 8 (2008): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2008.922392.

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Bonnet, B., R. Chiniard, H. Legay, et al. "Use of 3D Packaging Technology for Satellite Active Antennas Front-ends." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (2012): 000554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-wa14.

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Multi-Chip Module Vertical (MCM-V) technology, also called 3D packaging technology, enables the realization of a compact and low loss integrated feed for active antennas in Ka band. The active devices can be located in the vicinity of the radiating element, which reduces dramatically the volume and complexity of the antenna front-end for future architectures with more than a hundred beams in Ka band. This paper deals with the optimization of 3D packaging technology to reach the requirements of 30GHz microwave modules for space applications. The technological developments that have been led on the design and the assembly processes are detailed. The measurement results of an integrated feed module in radiation are given and the circuit designed to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of the front-end for receiving antennas is characterized. The performance is as good as for an optimized planar front-end with a waveguide access for a much more compact module, especially in terms of footprint in an antenna array. These results successfully position 3D packaging as a disruptive technology for future space and telecom subsystems.

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Darabi, Hooman, Ahmad Mirzaei, and Mohyee Mikhemar. "Highly Integrated and Tunable RF Front Ends for Reconfigurable Multiband Transceivers: A Tutorial." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 58, no. 9 (2011): 2038–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2011.2162460.

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Crols, J., and M. S. J. Steyaert. "Low-IF topologies for high-performance analog front ends of fully integrated receivers." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 45, no. 3 (1998): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/82.664233.

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Aparin, V., G. J. Ballantyne, C. J. Persico, and A. Cicalini. "An Integrated LMS Adaptive Filter of TX Leakage for CDMA Receiver Front Ends." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 41, no. 5 (2006): 1171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2006.872738.

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van Liempd, Barend, Benjamin Hershberg, Saneaki Ariumi, et al. "A +70-dBm IIP3 Electrical-Balance Duplexer for Highly Integrated Tunable Front-Ends." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64, no. 12 (2016): 4274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2016.2613039.

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Bairavasubramanian, R., and J. Papapolymerou. "Development of V-band Integrated Front-Ends on Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Technology." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7 (2008): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2008.919357.

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Li, Ye, Bertan Bakkaloglu, and Chaitali Chakrabarti. "A System Level Energy Model and Energy-Quality Evaluation for Integrated Transceiver Front-Ends." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 15, no. 1 (2007): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2007.891095.

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WALDEN, ROBERT H. "A REVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS IN InP-BASED OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT RECEIVER FRONT-ENDS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 09, no. 02 (1998): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156498000269.

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InP-based OEIC receivers look promising for high-speed (≥ 10 Gb/s) optical communications systems and for WDM networks because of the inherent advantages of integration, and the intrinsic speed of the devices available. This paper reviews recent developments.

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Rida, Amin, Alexandros Margomeno, Jae Seung Lee, Paul Schmalenberg, Symeon Nikolaou, and Manos M. Tentzeris. "Integrated Wideband 2-D and 3-D Transitions for Millimeter-Wave RF Front-Ends." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 9 (2010): 1080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2010.2091714.

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De Marcellis, Andrea, María‐Dolores Cubells‐Beltrán, Candid Reig, et al. "Quasi‐digital front‐ends for current measurement in integrated circuits with giant magnetoresistance technology." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 8, no. 4 (2014): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2013.0348.

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Elkholy, Mohamed, Sherif Shakib, Jeremy Dunworth, Vladimir Aparin, and Kamran Entesari. "Low-Loss Highly Linear Integrated Passive Phase Shifters for 5G Front Ends on Bulk CMOS." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66, no. 10 (2018): 4563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2018.2859994.

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20

Iqbal, Amjad, Jun Jiat Tiang, Sew Kin Wong, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Francisco Falcone, and Ernesto Limiti. "Multimode HMSIW-Based Bandpass Filter with Improved Selectivity for Fifth-Generation (5G) RF Front-Ends." Sensors 20, no. 24 (2020): 7320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247320.

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This article presents the detailed theoretical, simulation, and experimental analysis of a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW)-based multimode wideband filter. A third-order, semicircular HMSIW filter is developed in this paper. A semicircular HMSIW cavity resonator is adopted to achieve wide band characteristics. A U-shaped slot (acts as a λ/4 stub) in the center of a semicircular HMSIW cavity resonator and L-shaped open-circuited stubs are used to improve the out-of-band response by generating multiple transmission zeros (TZs) in the stop-band region of the filter. The TZs on either side of the passband can be controlled by adjusting dimensions of a U-shaped slot and L-shaped open-circuited stubs. The proposed filter covers a wide fractional bandwidth, has a lower insertion loss value, and has multiple TZs (which improves the selectivity). The simulated response of filter agrees well with the measured data. The proposed HMSIW bandpass filter can be integrated with any planar wideband communication system circuit, thanks to its planar structure.

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Sautto, Marco, Alessandro Stuart Savoia, Fabio Quaglia, Giosue Caliano, and Andrea Mazzanti. "A Comparative Analysis of CMUT Receiving Architectures for the Design Optimization of Integrated Transceiver Front Ends." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 64, no. 5 (2017): 826–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2017.2668769.

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22

Son, Ki Yong, Taejong Kim, and Kuduck Kwon. "A Dual-Band CMOS Tunable Duplexer Employing a Switchable Autotransformer for Highly Integrated RF Front Ends." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 29, no. 7 (2019): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2019.2920512.

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23

Liu, Q. Z., D. L. Pulfrey, and M. K. Jackson. "Analysis of the transistor-related noise in integrated p-i-n-HBT optical receiver front-ends." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 40, no. 12 (1993): 2204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.249467.

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24

Tillman, R. H., S. W. Ellingson, and J. Brendler. "Practical Limits in the Sensitivity-Linearity Trade-off for Radio Telescope Front Ends in the HF and VHF-low Bands." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 02 (2016): 1650004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716500045.

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Radio telescope front ends must have simultaneously low noise and sufficiently-high linearity to accommodate interfering signals. Typically these are opposing design goals. For modern radio telescopes operating in the HF (3–30[Formula: see text]MHz) and VHF-low (30–88[Formula: see text]MHz) bands, the problem is more nuanced in that front end noise temperature may be a relatively small component of the system temperature, and increased linearity may be required due to the particular interference problems associated with this spectrum. In this paper, we present an analysis of the sensitivity-linearity trade-off at these frequencies, applicable to existing commercially-available monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers in single-ended, differential, and parallelized configurations. This analysis and associated findings should be useful in the design and upgrade of front ends for low frequency radio telescopes. The analysis is demonstrated explicitly for one of the better-performing amplifiers encountered in this study, the Mini-Circuits PGA-103, and is confirmed by hardware measurements. We also present a design based on the Mini-Circuits HELA-10 amplifier, which is better-suited for applications where linearity is a primary concern.

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25

Cheng, Ming Yuan, Kwan Ling Tan, Wei Guo Chen, et al. "Silicon-Based Multichannel Probe Integrated with a Front End Low Power Neural Recording IC for Acute Neural Recording." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.189.

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This work presents a silicon-based multichannel probe integrated with a front end low power neural recording integrated circuit (IC) which is used in acute neural recording application. The low power neural recording IC contains 100-channel analog recording front-ends, 10 multiplexing successive approximation register ADCs, digital control modules and power management circuits. The 100-channel neural recording IC consumes 1.16-mW, making it the optimum solution for multi-channel neural recording systems. The neural recording IC and Si probe are integrated in a printed circuit board (PCB) which is fixed on the skull using dental resin. Digital neural signal is converted to analog signal and output by neural recording IC. The signal-to-noise ratio of neural recording signal can be increased through the reduction of interconnect length. The buckling strength of the fabricated probes was simulated using finite element analysis and measured by compression tester. The packaging method of 2D probe and neural recording IC was successfully demonstrated. The impedance of the assembled probe is also measured and discussed. To verify the functionality of Si probe integrated with neural recording IC, a pseudo neural signal acquisitions have been perform.

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26

Pinto, Yenny, Christian Person, Daniel Gloria, et al. "SIP antenna on 0.13 µm SiGe technology at 79 GHz for SRR automotive radar." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 6 (2009): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907870999081x.

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This paper describes the analysis and the design of an integrated antenna on 0.13 µm SiGe BICMOS technology. A non-resonant dipole antenna integrated on SiGe is electromagnetically coupled to a radiating element reported on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate. This integrated solution, also compatible with system in package (SIP) concept, provides significant improvements with respect to direct System On Chip (SoC) integration. The main objective of this SIP antenna lies on the optimization of integrated millimeter wave front-ends modules, considering the immediate antenna environment (especially the lossy substrate and technological dielectric/metallic levels), in order to achieve performances compatible with short range radar specifications at 79–81 GHz. One solution, using a RT/Rogers Duroid 6006 PCB (er = 6, thickness h = 127 µm), is presented, providing a 2.93 dBi gain, and 45% radiation efficiency antenna.

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27

Holt, Tom G., Claude Dufresne, Jerrold M. Liesch, and Gary K. Mallow. "The Design and Development of an Integrated Natural Products Screening Database." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 5, no. 6 (2000): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705710000500605.

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We designed and developed NEXUS—a new natural products screening database and related suite of software applications-to utilize the spectacular increases in assay capacity of the modern high throughput screening (HTS) environment. NEXUS not only supports seamless integration with separate HTS systems, but supports user-customized integration with external laboratory automation, particularly sample preparation systems. Designed and developed based on a detailed process model for natural products drug discovery, NEXUS comprises two integrated parts: (1) a single schema of Oracle tables and callable procedures and functions, and (2) software "front-ends" to the database developed using Microsoft Excel and Oracle Discovery/2000. Many of the back-end processing functions were written in Programming Language/Structured Query Language (PL/SQL) to provide an Application Programmer's Interface, which allows end users to create custom applications with little input from information technology professionals.

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Lippmann, Richard P. "Review of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition." Neural Computation 1, no. 1 (1989): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.1.1.

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The performance of current speech recognition systems is far below that of humans. Neural nets offer the potential of providing massive parallelism, adaptation, and new algorithmic approaches to problems in speech recognition. Initial studies have demonstrated that multilayer networks with time delays can provide excellent discrimination between small sets of pre-segmented difficult-to-discriminate words, consonants, and vowels. Performance for these small vocabularies has often exceeded that of more conventional approaches. Physiological front ends have provided improved recognition accuracy in noise and a cochlea filter-bank that could be used in these front ends has been implemented using micro-power analog VLSI techniques. Techniques have been developed to scale networks up in size to handle larger vocabularies, to reduce training time, and to train nets with recurrent connections. Multilayer perceptron classifiers are being integrated into conventional continuous-speech recognizers. Neural net architectures have been developed to perform the computations required by vector quantizers, static pattern classifiers, and the Viterbi decoding algorithm. Further work is necessary for large-vocabulary continuous-speech problems, to develop training algorithms that progressively build internal word models, and to develop compact VLSI neural net hardware.

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Esch, Maria, Jinbo Chen, Stephan Weise, Keywan Hassani-Pak, Uwe Scholz, and Matthias Lange. "A Query Suggestion Workflow for Life Science IR-Systems." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 11, no. 2 (2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2014-237.

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Summary Information Retrieval (IR) plays a central role in the exploration and interpretation of integrated biological datasets that represent the heterogeneous ecosystem of life sciences. Here, keyword based query systems are popular user interfaces. In turn, to a large extend, the used query phrases determine the quality of the search result and the effort a scientist has to invest for query refinement. In this context, computer aided query expansion and suggestion is one of the most challenging tasks for life science information systems. Existing query front-ends support aspects like spelling correction, query refinement or query expansion. However, the majority of the front-ends only make limited use of enhanced IR algorithms to implement comprehensive and computer aided query refinement workflows. In this work, we present the design of a multi-stage query suggestion workflow and its implementation in the life science IR system LAILAPS. The presented workflow includes enhanced tokenisation, word breaking, spelling correction, query expansion and query suggestion ranking. A spelling correction benchmark with 5,401 queries and manually selected use cases for query expansion demonstrate the performance of the implemented workflow and its advantages compared with state-of-the-art systems.

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Spira, Steffen, Kurt Blau, Reiner Thomä, and Matthias A. Hein. "Agile multi-beam front-end for 5G mm-wave measurements." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 13, no. 7 (2021): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078721000842.

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AbstractThe 5th generation new radio (5G NR) standards create both enormous challenges and potential to address the spatio-spectral-temporal agility of wireless transmission. In the framework of a research unit at TU Ilmenau, various concepts were studied, including both approaches toward integrated circuits and distributed receiver front-ends (FEs). We report here on the latter approach, aiming at the proof-of-principle of the constituting FEs suitable for later modular extension. A millimeter-wave agile multi-beam FE with an integrated 4 by 1 antenna array for 5G wireless communications was designed, manufactured, and verified by measurements. The polarization is continuously electronically adjustable and the directions of signal reception are steerable by setting digital phase shifters. On purpose, these functions were realized by analog circuits, and digital signal processing was not applied. The agile polarization is created inside the analog, real-time capable FE in a novel manner and any external circuitry is omitted. The microstrip patch antenna array integrated into this module necessitated elaborate measurements within the scope of FE characterization, as the analog circuit and antenna form a single entity and cannot be assessed separately. Link measurements with broadband signals were successfully performed and analyzed in detail to determine the error vector magnitude contributions of the FE.

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Chen, Rong, Wang Ping, and Bin Wang. "Influences of Rail Expansion Joint on Jointless Turnout on Ballasted Continuous Beam Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.611.

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Based on turnout/bridge interaction principle and finite element method (FEM), an integrated turnout/beam/pier model of jointless turnout on ballasted track was established to analyze the influences of expansion joint on stress and deformation of the turnout. The results are concluded as follows: whether the rail expansion joint is set in front of or behind the turnout, expansion additional force of stock rail will be reduced greatly at the end of the beam; so do the expansion displacement of switch rail and nose rail, the stress of displacement restrictor and spacer block, rail break gap and the longitudinal force of one rail after the other rail broke. But when the expansion joint is set in front of the turnout, the pier’s longitudinal force of continuous beam bridge and the simply supported beam bridge (within the expansion range of the device) increase greatly. When the device is close to the turnout, longitudinal relative displacement of the stock rail to the girder also increases a lot. By comparison, it is more favorable to set the expansion joint behind the turnout, or to set the device at the both ends of the continuous beam, or to set the device at the ends of continuous beam rather than in the center of the span.

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32

Kwon, Kuduck, Sinyoung Kim, and Ki Yong Son. "A Hybrid Transformer-Based CMOS Duplexer With a Single-Ended Notch-Filtered LNA for Highly Integrated Tunable RF Front-Ends." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 28, no. 11 (2018): 1032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2018.2869302.

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33

Yang, Bill, Alexander G. Yarovoy, A. Shenario Ezil Valavan, Koen Buisman, and Oleksiy Shoykhetbrod. "A novel LTCC differentially Fed UWB antenna for the 60 GHz band." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 2 (2011): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000237.

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In this paper a novel differentially fed Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna in low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology to be used in the 60 GHz band for integrated RF front-ends is presented. The antenna is based on the aperture stacked patch fed via H-shaped aperture to achieve more than 10 GHz operational bandwidth. The antenna is fed by a parallel-wire transmission line which enables the antenna to be directly integrated with differential Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs). To alleviate influence of the surface waves (efficiently excited in LTCC material due to its high dielectric constant) on the antenna radiation and realize uni-directional radiation patterns, a dedicated shield is added to the antenna. The measured results of the shielded antenna showed that the antenna has an operational bandwidth from 51 GHz to over 65 GHz, the gain is about 3.5–8 dBi, and −5 dB beamwidth is about ±30°. The measurement results also demonstrated that the shield indeed improves the antenna impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns substantially.

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Kim, Taejong, Donggu Lee, and Kuduck Kwon. "CMOS Channel-Selection Low-Noise Amplifier With High-$Q$ RF Band-Pass/Band-Rejection Filter for Highly Integrated RF Front-Ends." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 30, no. 3 (2020): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2020.2966361.

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Wu, Duolong, Adriana Serban, Magnus Karlsson, and Shaofang Gong. "Highly Unequal Three-Port Power Divider: Theory and Implementation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (July 19, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9141964.

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A three-port power divider consisting of a directional coupler, a Wilkinson power divider, and two transmission lines connected to them is proposed. Theoretical analysis reveals that highly unequal power division can be achieved by a feedback mechanism of two transmission lines along with the coupling coefficient of the directional coupler and the power division ratio of the Wilkinson power divider. The three-port power divider inherits the performance characteristics of high isolation, low reflection coefficients at all ports, and the minimum number of components. The proposed power divider is designed at 5.8 GHz and fabricated and evaluated through measurements. It demonstrates that electromagnetic simulation results are in good agreement with theoretical prediction and measurement results. The three-port power divider is compact in the planar form, so it can be easily integrated into radio frequency front ends.

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Oppermann, Martin, Felix Thurow, and Ralf Rieger. "RF Sensor Modules – Needs for Multifunctional Architectures." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, CICMT (2016): 000207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016cicmt-tha25.

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Abstract Next generation of RF sensor modules, mainly for airborne applications, will cover a variety of multifunction in terms of different operating modes, e.g. Radar, EW and Communications / Datalinks. The operating frequencies will cover a bandwidth of &gt; 10 GHz and for realisation of modern Active Electronically Steered Antennas (AESA) the Transmit/Receive (T/R) modules have to match with challenging geometry demands, and RF requirements, like switching and filtering between different operational frequencies in transmit and receive mode. New GaN technology based MMICs, e.g. LNA, HPA are in development and multifunctional components (MFC MMICs) cover more than one RF function in one chip. Different front end demonstrators will be presented, based on multilayer ceramic (LTCC) and RF-PCB and associated assembly technologies, like chip&wire and SMD reflow soldering. These TRM front ends include a Low Noise Amplifier with an integrated Switch (LNA/SW) and for characterisation the measured Noise Figure (NF), a key characteristic for receive performance, will be compared. The need for high integration on module level is obvious and therefore specific demands for low loss ceramic and PCB based modules, packages and housings exist.

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Xie, Yiwei, Zihan Geng, Leimeng Zhuang, et al. "Programmable optical processor chips: toward photonic RF filters with DSP-level flexibility and MHz-band selectivity." Nanophotonics 7, no. 2 (2017): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0077.

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AbstractIntegrated optical signal processors have been identified as a powerful engine for optical processing of microwave signals. They enable wideband and stable signal processing operations on miniaturized chips with ultimate control precision. As a promising application, such processors enables photonic implementations of reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) filters with wide design flexibility, large bandwidth, and high-frequency selectivity. This is a key technology for photonic-assisted RF front ends that opens a path to overcoming the bandwidth limitation of current digital electronics. Here, the recent progress of integrated optical signal processors for implementing such RF filters is reviewed. We highlight the use of a low-loss, high-index-contrast stoichiometric silicon nitride waveguide which promises to serve as a practical material platform for realizing high-performance optical signal processors and points toward photonic RF filters with digital signal processing (DSP)-level flexibility, hundreds-GHz bandwidth, MHz-band frequency selectivity, and full system integration on a chip scale.

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Zhang, Jin, Cheng Zheng, Xianxun Yao, and Baohua Yang. "A Phase Noise Analysis Method for Millimeter-Wave Passive Imager BHU-2D-U Frequency Synthesizer." ISRN Electronics 2013 (September 25, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/750269.

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A nontrivial phase noise analysis method is proposed for frequency synthesizer of a passive millimeter-wave synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer (SAIR) imager for concealed weapon detections on human bodies with high imaging rates. The frequency synthesizer provides local oscillator signals for both millimeter-wave front ends and intermediate frequency IQ demodulators for the SAIR system. The influence of synthesizer phase noise in different offset frequency ranges on the visibility phase errors has been systematically investigated with noise requirements drawn, and the integrated RMS phase error could represent uncorrelated phase noise effects in the most critical offset frequency range for visibility error control. An analytical phase noise simulation method is proposed to guide synthesizer design. To conclude, the phase noise effects on SAIR visibility errors have been concretized to noise design requirements, and good agreements have been observed between simulation and measurement results. The frequency synthesizer designed has been successfully in operation in BHU-2D-U system.

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Garzia, Fabio, Johannes Rossouw van der Merwe, Alexander Rügamer, Santiago Urquijo, and Wolfgang Felber. "HDDM Hardware Evaluation for Robust Interference Mitigation." Sensors 20, no. 22 (2020): 6492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226492.

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Interference can significantly degrade the performance of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. Therefore, mitigation methods are required to ensure reliable operations. However, as there are different types of interference, robust, multi-purpose mitigation algorithms are needed. This paper describes the most popular state-of-the-art interference mitigation techniques. The high-rate DFT-based data manipulator (HDDM) is proposed as a possible solution to overcome their limitations. This paper presents a hardware implementation of the HDDM algorithm. The hardware HDDM module is integrated in three different receivers equipped with analog radio-frequency (RF) front-ends supporting signals with different dynamic range. The resource utilization and power consumption is evaluated for the three cases. The algorithm is compared to a low-end mass-market receiver and a high-end professional receiver with basic and sophisticated interference mitigation capabilities, respectively. Different type of interference are used to compare the mitigation capabilities of the receivers under test. Results of the HDDM hardware implementation achieve the similar or improved performance to the state of the art. With more complex interferences, like frequency hopping or pulsed, the HDDM shows even better performance.

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Nachouane, Hamza, Abdellah Najid, Abdelwahed Tribak, and Fatima Riouch. "Dual Port Antenna Combining Sensing and Communication Tasks for Cognitive Radio." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 62, no. 2 (2016): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2016-0016.

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Abstract Dynamic spectrum access has been proposed as the effective solution to overcome the spectrum scarcity issue, supported by cognitive radio technology. Sensing and communication functions are both the most important tasks in cognitive radio systems. In this paper, an antenna system combining sensing and communication tasks is proposed to be integrated into cognitive radio front-ends. The sensing task is performed by means of an ultra-wideband quasi-omnidirectional antenna. Whilst the communication task is ensured by using a narrowband antenna. Both antennas have been designed on the same layer of an FR4 substrate, for manufacturing cost constraint. Therefore, the isolation between them must take into consideration. The measured mutual coupling of less than -18 dB is achieved over the whole impedance bandwidth. The proposed sensing antenna covers a wide range frequency bands ranging from 2 to 5.5 GHz. While the communication antenna operates at 2.8 GHz, and by adding inductors to the antenna, the resonant frequency can be tuned from 2.6 to 2.7 GHz. The whole antenna system was designed, fabricated, and tested. Measurement and simulation results prove the feasibility of the proposed structure for cognitive radio applications.

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Wyatt, David. "Integrated Microwave Front-Ends: with Avionics Applications, L. G. Maloratsky, Artech House, 16 Sussex Street, London, SW1V 4RW, UK. 2012. 368pp. Illustrated. £109. ISBN 978-1-60807-205-7." Aeronautical Journal 116, no. 1183 (2012): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000007429.

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Piana, Fabrizio, Luca Barale, Carlo Bertok, Anna d’Atri, Andrea Irace, and Pietro Mosca. "The Alps-Apennines Interference Zone: A Perspective from the Maritime and Western Ligurian Alps." Geosciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11050185.

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In SW Piemonte the Western Alps arc ends off in a narrow, E-W trending zone, where some geological domains of the Alps converged. Based on a critical review of available data, integrated with new field data, it is concluded that the southern termination of Western Alps recorded the Oligocene-Miocene activity of a regional transfer zone (southwestern Alps Transfer, SWAT) already postulated in the literature, which should have allowed, since early Oligocene, the westward indentation of Adria, while the regional shortening of SW Alps and tectonic transport toward the SSW (Dauphinois foreland) was continuing. This transfer zone corresponds to a system of deformation units and km-scale shear zones (Gardetta-Viozene Zone, GVZ). The GVZ/SWAT developed externally to the Penninic Front (PF), here corresponding to the Internal Briançonnais Front (IBF), which separates the Internal Briançonnais domain, affected by major tectono-metamorphic transformations, from the External Briançonnais, subjected only to anchizonal metamorphic conditions. The postcollisional evolution of the SW Alps axial belt units was recorded by the Oligocene to Miocene inner syn-orogenic basin (Tertiary Piemonte Basin, TPB), which rests also on the Ligurian units stacked within the adjoining Apennines belt in southern Piemonte. The TPB successions were controlled by transpressive faults propagating (to E and NE) from the previously formed Alpine belt, as well as by the Apennine thrusts that were progressively stacking the Ligurian units, resting on the subducting Adriatic continental margin, with the TPB units themselves. This allows correlation between Alps and Apennines kinematics, in terms of age of the main geologic events, interference between the main structural systems and tectonic control exerted by both tectonic belts on the same syn-orogenic basin.

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Lv, Risheng, Qiang Fu, Weiping Chen, Liang Yin, Xiaowei Liu, and Yufeng Zhang. "A Digital Interface ASIC for Triple-Axis MEMS Vibratory Gyroscopes." Sensors 20, no. 19 (2020): 5460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195460.

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This paper proposes a solution for sensing spatial angular velocity. A high-performance digital interface application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for triple-axis micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) vibratory gyroscopes is presented. The technique of time multiplexing is employed for synergetic stable drive control and precise angular velocity measurement in three separate degrees of freedom (DOF). Self-excited digital closed loop drives the proof mass in sensing elements at its inherent resonant frequency for Coriolis force generation during angular rotation. The analog front ends in both drive and sense loops are comprised of low-noise charge-voltage (C/V) converters and multi-channel incremental zoom analog-to-digital converters (ADC), so that capacitance variation between combs induced by mechanical motion is transformed into digital voltage signals. Other circuitry elements, such as loop controlling and accurate demodulation modules, are all implemented in digital logics. Automatic amplitude stabilization is mainly realized by peak detection and proportion-integration (PI) control. Nonlinear digital gain adjustment is designed for rapid establishment of resonance oscillation and linearity improvement. Manufactured in a standard 0.35-μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, this design achieves a bias instability of 2.1°/h and a nonlinearity of 0.012% over full-scale range.

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Lei, F., XP Xie, XW Wang, and YG Wang. "Research on the efficiency of reduced-basis approach in computations of structural problems and its improvements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 10 (2012): 2143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212470895.

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In this article, procedure and efficiency of the reduced-basis approach in structural design computation are studied. As a model order reduction approach, it provides fast evaluation of a structural system in explicitly parameterized formulation. Theoretically, the original structural system is reduced to obtain a reduced system by being projected onto a lower dimensional subspace. However, in practice, it is a time-consuming process due to the iterations of adaptive procedure in subspace construction. To improve the efficiency of the method, some characteristics are analyzed. First, the accuracy of the subspace is evaluated and computational costs of procedures with different approaches are studied. Results show that the subspaces constructed by greedy adaptive procedures with different beginnings have the same accuracy. It is instructive that accuracy of the subspace is guaranteed by adaptive procedure. And the computational costs depend on the number of iterations in adaptive procedure. Thus, a modified adaptive procedure is proposed to reduce the computational costs and guarantee the accuracy. The modified adaptive procedure begins with experimental design methods to obtain a set of samples rather than a single sample and ends with the adaptive procedure. The start set of samples are selected by the following experimental design methods: 2 k factorial design, standard Latin design and Latin hypercube design. By being integrated with the experimental design, the modified adaptive procedure saves computational costs and retains the same accuracy as traditional procedure does. As an example, the outputs of a vehicle body front compartment subjected to a bending load are illustrated. It is proved that the proposed procedure is efficient and is applicable to many other structural design contexts.

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Henkel, C., S. Mühle, G. Bendo, et al. "Molecular line emission in NGC 4945, imaged with ALMA." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732174.

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NGC 4945 is one of the nearest (D ≈ 3.8 Mpc; 1″ ≈ 19 pc) starburst galaxies. To investigate the structure, dynamics, and composition of the dense nuclear gas of this galaxy, ALMA band 3 (λ ≈ 3−4 mm) observations were carried out with ≈2″ resolution. Three HCN and two HCO+ isotopologues, CS, C3H2, SiO, HCO, and CH3C2H were measured. Spectral line imaging demonstrates the presence of a rotating nuclear disk of projected size 10″ × 2″ reaching out to a galactocentric radius of r ≈ 100 pc with position angle PA = 45° ± 2°, inclination i = 75° ± 2° and an unresolved bright central core of size ≲2″. The continuum source, representing mostly free-free radiation from star forming regions, is more compact than the nuclear disk by a linear factor of two but shows the same position angle and is centered 0.′′39 ± 0.′′14 northeast of the nuclear accretion disk defined by H2O maser emission. Near the systemic velocity but outside the nuclear disk, both HCN J = 1 → 0 and CS J = 2 → 1 delineate molecular arms of length ≳15″ (≳285 pc) on opposite sides of the dynamical center. These are connected by a (deprojected) ≈ 0.6 kpc sized molecular bridge, likely a dense gaseous bar seen almost ends-on, shifting gas from the front and back side into the nuclear disk. Modeling this nuclear disk located farther inside (r ≲100 pc) with tilted rings provides a good fit by inferring a coplanar outflow reaching a characteristic deprojected velocity of ≈50 km s−1. All our molecular lines, with the notable exception of CH3 C2H, show significant absorption near the systemic velocity (≈571 km s−1), within the range ≈500–660 km s−1. Apparently, only molecular transitions with low critical H2 density (ncrit ≲ 104 cm−3) do not show absorption. The velocity field of the nuclear disk, derived from CH3 C2H, provides evidence for rigid rotation in the inner few arcseconds and a dynamical mass of Mtot = (2.1 ± 0.2) × 108 M⊙ inside a galactocentric radius of 2.′′45 (≈45 pc), with a significantly flattened rotation curve farther out. Velocity integrated line intensity maps with most pronounced absorption show molecular peak positions up to ≈1.′′5 (≈30 pc) southwest of the continuum peak, presumably due to absorption, which appears to be most severe slightly northeast of the nuclear maser disk. A nitrogen isotope ratio of 14N/15N ≈ 200–450 is estimated. This range of values is much higher then previously reported on a tentative basis. Therefore, because 15N is less abundant than expected, the question for strong 15N enrichment by massive star ejecta in starbursts still remains to be settled.

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Tatu, Serioja Ovidiu, and Emilia Moldovan. "Millimeter Wave Multi-Port Interferometric Radar Sensors: Evolution of Fabrication and Characterization Technologies." Sensors 20, no. 19 (2020): 5477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195477.

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Recent advances in millimeter wave technologies, both in component and system design, in line with important size and cost reductions, have opened up new applications in ultra-high-speed wireless communications, radar and imaging sensors. The paper presents the evolution of millimeter wave circuit and modules fabrication and characterization technologies in the past decades. Novel planar low-cost fabrication technologies have been successfully developed in this period. In combination with the standard rectangular wave-guide technology, these offer great opportunities for prototyping and testing of future millimeter wave transceivers or front-ends, which integrate antenna arrays, down-converters, modulators, amplifiers, etc., in a compact fixture. The paper uses, as a suggestive example, the evolution of the multi-port interferometric front-ends implementation from millimeter wave bulky components and systems to miniaturized and high-efficient ones. Circuit and system designs are carefully done to avoid (as much as possible) complicated calibration methods or difficult post-processing of baseband data. This requires an increased effort in design and fabrication, but it allows miniaturization, low-power consumption, while keeping very good overall performances. Useful and straightforward laboratory characterization techniques of circuits and systems are described in detail.

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Bartnitzek, Thomas, Tatyana Purtova, Christian Rusch, Slawomir Kaminski, and Till Feger. "An Investigation of the Process Stability of RF SiP Made of DuPont 943 and 9K7." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (2011): 000064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-ta25.

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RF packaging is one of the most challenging topics in LTCC technology. Today LTCC is particularly capable for advanced packages and systems-in-package because of its electrical, functional, thermomechanical properties as well as its excellent long-term stability and reliability. LTCC combines the potential for miniaturization, low loss handling of high frequencies up to 110 GHz and offers the opportunity to integrate additional features. Therefore it has to go through various manufacturing steps and several refirings without any performance degradation or loss of dimensional accuracy. This paper discusses the impact of thermal post processing on RF characteristics and geometrical properties of LTCC. Ceramic substrates with radar front ends, calibration structures and other test vehicles made of Du Pont Green Tape® 943 and 9k7 were cofired following the recommended conditions and refired several times in order to investigate and compare the influence of the postfiring. The flatness, dimensions and RF performance of the ceramics up to 110 GHz were evaluated and compared.

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Bartnitzek, Thomas, Tatyana Purtova, Christian Rusch, Slawomir Kaminski, and Till Feger. "An Investigation of the Process Stability of RF SiP Made of DuPont 943 and 9K7." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 8, no. 1 (2011): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.287.

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RF packaging is one of the most challenging but also the fastest growing topic in low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology. Today LTCC is particularly useful for advanced packages and systems-in-package because of its electrical, functional, and thermomechanical properties as well as its excellent long-term stability and reliability. LTCC combines the potential for miniaturization and low loss handling of high frequencies up to 110 GHz and it also offers the opportunity to integrate additional features. Therefore it has to go through various manufacturing steps and several refirings without any performance degradation or loss of dimensional accuracy. This article discusses the impact of thermal postprocessing on RF characteristics and geometric properties of LTCC. Ceramic substrates with radar front ends, calibration structures, and other test vehicles made of DuPont Green Tape® 943 and 9K7 were cofired following the recommended conditions and refired several times in order to investigate and compare the influence of the postfiring. The flatness, dimensions, and RF performance of the ceramics up to 110 GHz were evaluated and compared.

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Lacasse, François. "« Domestiquer » l’incertitude : Les sociétés d’État comme instrument d’adaptation aux changements économiques internationaux." Études internationales 14, no. 3 (2005): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701541ar.

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The author recalls briefly the recent growth (20 years) of the Government controlled enterprises in the market economies : relative weight multiplied by three and mostly, a very strong diversification of their activities. Because pressure front the international environment is exerted on the old industrial societies like Canada in order that they redeploy, this trend will continue. Adaptations are made difficult and politically costly by social rigidness. In this connection, Government controlled enterprises offer very clear advantages compared to the other means available (flexibility, discretion, existence capacity of the adapters and late-comers, dispersion of forums of conflict, cooptation of the elites, real and expected contributions to growth). The forces which hinder the privatization of the Government controlled enterprises, coming from the conservative parties, are impressive : economic and political costs, possibilities of de facto privatization, the interests of the Government controlled enterprises themselves and their allies. In short, it is very likely that this trend will go on. In the face of this, the amount of expert knowledge leaves much to be desired'; some of the main lines of research are dead ends. The author outlines some new directions which will allow research to really integrate the Government controlled enterprises in the economic predictions and policy making.

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Quer, Stefano, Andrea Marcelli, and Giovanni Squillero. "The Maximum Common Subgraph Problem: A Parallel and Multi-Engine Approach." Computation 8, no. 2 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation8020048.

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The maximum common subgraph of two graphs is the largest possible common subgraph, i.e., the common subgraph with as many vertices as possible. Even if this problem is very challenging, as it has been long proven NP-hard, its countless practical applications still motivates searching for exact solutions. This work discusses the possibility to extend an existing, very effective branch-and-bound procedure on parallel multi-core and many-core architectures. We analyze a parallel multi-core implementation that exploits a divide-and-conquer approach based on a thread pool, which does not deteriorate the original algorithmic efficiency and it minimizes data structure repetitions. We also extend the original algorithm to parallel many-core GPU architectures adopting the CUDA programming framework, and we show how to handle the heavily workload-unbalance and the massive data dependency. Then, we suggest new heuristics to reorder the adjacency matrix, to deal with “dead-ends”, and to randomize the search with automatic restarts. These heuristics can achieve significant speed-ups on specific instances, even if they may not be competitive with the original strategy on average. Finally, we propose a portfolio approach, which integrates all the different local search algorithms as component tools; such portfolio, rather than choosing the best tool for a given instance up-front, takes the decision on-line. The proposed approach drastically limits memory bandwidth constraints and avoids other typical portfolio fragility as CPU and GPU versions often show a complementary efficiency and run on separated platforms. Experimental results support the claims and motivate further research to better exploit GPUs in embedded task-intensive and multi-engine parallel applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated front-ends'

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