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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated Information Theory (IIT)'

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Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Barbosa, Leonardo S., William Marshall, Larissa Albantakis, and Giulio Tononi. "Mechanism Integrated Information." Entropy 23, no. 3 (2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030362.

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The Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness starts from essential phenomenological properties, which are then translated into postulates that any physical system must satisfy in order to specify the physical substrate of consciousness. We recently introduced an information measure (Barbosa et al., 2020) that captures three postulates of IIT—existence, intrinsicality and information—and is unique. Here we show that the new measure also satisfies the remaining postulates of IIT—integration and exclusion—and create the framework that identifies maximally irreducible mechanisms. These

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2

Marshall, William, Matteo Grasso, William G. P. Mayner, et al. "System Integrated Information." Entropy 25, no. 2 (2023): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020334.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) starts from consciousness itself and identifies a set of properties (axioms) that are true of every conceivable experience. The axioms are translated into a set of postulates about the substrate of consciousness (called a complex), which are then used to formulate a mathematical framework for assessing both the quality and quantity of experience. The explanatory identity proposed by IIT is that an experience is identical to the cause–effect structure unfolded from a maximally irreducible substrate (a Φ-structure). In this work we introduce a definition for t

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3

Blackmon, James C. "Integrated Information Theory, Intrinsicality, and Overlapping Conscious Systems." Journal of Consciousness Studies 28, no. 11 (2021): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.28.11.031.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) identifies consciousness with having a maximum amount of integrated information. But a thing's having the maximum amount of anything cannot be intrinsic to it, for that depends on how that thing compares to certain other things. IIT's consciousness, then, is not intrinsic. A mereological argument elaborates this consequence: IIT implies that one physical system can be conscious while a physical duplicate of it is not conscious. Thus, by a common and reasonable conception of intrinsicality, IIT's consciousness is not intrinsic. It is then argued that to avoid

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4

Kitazono, Jun, Ryota Kanai, and Masafumi Oizumi. "Efficient Algorithms for Searching the Minimum Information Partition in Integrated Information Theory." Entropy 20, no. 3 (2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20030173.

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The ability to integrate information in the brain is considered to be an essential property for cognition and consciousness. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) hypothesizes that the amount of integrated information ( Φ ) in the brain is related to the level of consciousness. IIT proposes that, to quantify information integration in a system as a whole, integrated information should be measured across the partition of the system at which information loss caused by partitioning is minimized, called the Minimum Information Partition (MIP). The computational cost for exhaustively searching for th

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5

Lombardi, Olimpia, and Cristian López. "What Does ‘Information’ Mean in Integrated Information Theory?" Entropy 20, no. 12 (2018): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20120894.

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Integrated Information Theory (IIT) intends to provide a principled theoretical approach able to characterize consciousness both quantitatively and qualitatively. By starting off identifying the fundamental properties of experience itself, IIT develops a formal framework that relates those properties to the physical substratum of consciousness. One of the central features of ITT is the role that information plays in the theory. On the one hand, one of the self-evident truths about consciousness is that it is informative. On the other hand, mechanisms and systems of mechanics can contribute to

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Albantakis, Larissa, Robert Prentner, and Ian Durham. "Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism." Entropy 25, no. 3 (2023): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030449.

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Originally conceived as a theory of consciousness, integrated information theory (IIT) provides a theoretical framework intended to characterize the compositional causal information that a system, in its current state, specifies about itself. However, it remains to be determined whether IIT as a theory of consciousness is compatible with quantum mechanics as a theory of microphysics. Here, we present an extension of IIT’s latest formalism to evaluate the mechanism integrated information (φ) of a system subset to discrete, finite-dimensional quantum systems (e.g., quantum logic gates). To that

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7

Ruan, Zenan, and Hengwei Li. "Two Levels of Integrated Information Theory: From Autonomous Systems to Conscious Life." Entropy 26, no. 9 (2024): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26090761.

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Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is one of the most prominent candidates for a theory of consciousness, although it has received much criticism for trying to live up to expectations. Based on the relevance of three issues generalized from the developments of IITs, we have summarized the main ideas of IIT into two levels. At the second level, IIT claims to be strictly anchoring consciousness, but the first level on which it is based is more about autonomous systems or systems that have reached some other critical complexity. In this paper, we argue that the clear gap between the two levels o

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8

Cea, Ignacio, Niccolo Negro, and Camilo Miguel Signorelli. "The Fundamental Tension in Integrated Information Theory 4.0’s Realist Idealism." Entropy 25, no. 10 (2023): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101453.

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Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is currently one of the most influential scientific theories of consciousness. Here, we focus specifically on a metaphysical aspect of the theory’s most recent version (IIT 4.0), what we may call its idealistic ontology, and its tension with a kind of realism about the external world that IIT also endorses. IIT 4.0 openly rejects the mainstream view that consciousness is generated by the brain, positing instead that consciousness is ontologically primary while the physical domain is just “operational”. However, this philosophical position is presently underd

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9

Gruber, David R. "On Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Adversarial Collaboration: A Conversation with Christof Koch, PhD." Journal of Consciousness Studies 29, no. 11 (2022): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.11.174.

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The following interview explores neuroscientist Christof Koch's participation in the adversarial collaboration, testing the integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness against the global neuronal workspace theory (GNW). The interview offers a current update on the adversarial project and then pivots to Koch's responses to three standing critiques of IIT, which include the inexactness of IIT's measures of the neural correlates of consciousness, the charge that IIT implies an unwieldy panpsychism, and the claim that IIT conflates its measures with consciousness.

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10

Mallatt, Jon. "A Traditional Scientific Perspective on the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness." Entropy 23, no. 6 (2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060650.

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This paper assesses two different theories for explaining consciousness, a phenomenon that is widely considered amenable to scientific investigation despite its puzzling subjective aspects. I focus on Integrated Information Theory (IIT), which says that consciousness is integrated information (as ϕMax) and says even simple systems with interacting parts possess some consciousness. First, I evaluate IIT on its own merits. Second, I compare it to a more traditionally derived theory called Neurobiological Naturalism (NN), which says consciousness is an evolved, emergent feature of complex brains.

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11

Aguilera, Miguel. "Scaling Behaviour and Critical Phase Transitions in Integrated Information Theory." Entropy 21, no. 12 (2019): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21121198.

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Integrated Information Theory proposes a measure of conscious activity ( Φ ), characterised as the irreducibility of a dynamical system to the sum of its components. Due to its computational cost, current versions of the theory (IIT 3.0) are difficult to apply to systems larger than a dozen units, and, in general, it is not well known how integrated information scales as systems grow larger in size. In this article, we propose to study the scaling behaviour of integrated information in a simple model of a critical phase transition: an infinite-range kinetic Ising model. In this model, we assum

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Sánchez-Cañizares, Javier. "Integrated Information Theory as Testing Ground for Causation: Why Nested Hylomorphism Overcomes Physicalism and Panpsychism." Journal of Consciousness Studies 29, no. 1 (2022): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.1.056.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) stands out as one of the most promising approaches to scientifically understand the emergence of consciousness. Even if it borrows from the phenomenology of consciousness to derive its axiomatic formulation, IIT does not initially adhere to any particular ontological position. However, its founder leans towards panpsychism. More recently, Owen has studied the pros and cons of different ontologies as a metaphysical basis for IIT, defending a hylomorphic stance where en-grounding, en-forming relations gain the upper hand in the causal narrative. This paper aim

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13

Albantakis, Larissa, Leonardo Barbosa, Graham Findlay, et al. "Integrated information theory (IIT) 4.0: Formulating the properties of phenomenal existence in physical terms." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 10 (2023): e1011465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011465.

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This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 4.0. IIT aims to account for the properties of experience in physical (operational) terms. It identifies the essential properties of experience (axioms), infers the necessary and sufficient properties that its substrate must satisfy (postulates), and expresses them in mathematical terms. In principle, the postulates can be applied to any system of units in a state to determine whether it is conscious, to what degree, and in what way. IIT offers a parsimonious explanation of empirical evidence, makes testable predictions concerning both th

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Hunt, William. "Justifying Libertarian Free Will: The Intrinsic Power of Integrated Information Theory." Journal of Consciousness Studies 32, no. 7 (2025): 33–57. https://doi.org/10.53765/20512201.32.7.033.

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This paper presents an explanation of how Guilio Tononi’s integrated information theory of consciousness (IIT) can be used to justify libertarian free will. His theory places emphasis on the intrinsic power of the conscious state, and the existence of such a power provides the libertarian with the means needed to defend their position in the face of sustained criticism, be it a priori or evidential. My argument commences with an explication of my understanding of libertarian free will, beginning with a definition comprising several criteria. I engage with these criteria to some degree, placing

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15

Albantakis, Larissa, Robert Prentner, and Ian Durham. "Reply to Rourk, C. Comment on “Albantakis et al. Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism. Entropy 2023, 25, 449”." Entropy 25, no. 10 (2023): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101442.

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In response to a comment by Chris Rourk on our article Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism, we briefly (1) consider the role of potential hybrid/classical mechanisms from the perspective of integrated information theory (IIT), (2) discuss whether the (Q)IIT formalism needs to be extended to capture the hypothesized hybrid mechanism, and (3) clarify our motivation for developing a QIIT formalism and its scope of applicability.

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Mediano, Pedro, Anil Seth, and Adam Barrett. "Measuring Integrated Information: Comparison of Candidate Measures in Theory and Simulation." Entropy 21, no. 1 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010017.

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Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is a prominent theory of consciousness that has at its centre measures that quantify the extent to which a system generates more information than the sum of its parts. While several candidate measures of integrated information (“ Φ ”) now exist, little is known about how they compare, especially in terms of their behaviour on non-trivial network models. In this article, we provide clear and intuitive descriptions of six distinct candidate measures. We then explore the properties of each of these measures in simulation on networks consisting of eight interact

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17

Northoff, Georg, and Federico Zilio. "From Shorter to Longer Timescales: Converging Integrated Information Theory (IIT) with the Temporo-Spatial Theory of Consciousness (TTC)." Entropy 24, no. 2 (2022): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24020270.

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Time is a key element of consciousness as it includes multiple timescales from shorter to longer ones. This is reflected in our experience of various short-term phenomenal contents at discrete points in time as part of an ongoing, more continuous, and long-term ‘stream of consciousness’. Can Integrated Information Theory (IIT) account for this multitude of timescales of consciousness? According to the theory, the relevant spatiotemporal scale for consciousness is the one in which the system reaches the maximum cause-effect power; IIT currently predicts that experience occurs on the order of sh

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18

Hanson, Jake R., and Sara I. Walker. "Integrated Information Theory and Isomorphic Feed-Forward Philosophical Zombies." Entropy 21, no. 11 (2019): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111073.

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Any theory amenable to scientific inquiry must have testable consequences. This minimal criterion is uniquely challenging for the study of consciousness, as we do not know if it is possible to confirm via observation from the outside whether or not a physical system knows what it feels like to have an inside—a challenge referred to as the “hard problem” of consciousness. To arrive at a theory of consciousness, the hard problem has motivated development of phenomenological approaches that adopt assumptions of what properties consciousness has based on first-hand experience and, from these, deri

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19

Moon, Kyumin. "Exclusion and Underdetermined Qualia." Entropy 21, no. 4 (2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040405.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) asserts that both the level and the quality of consciousness can be explained by the ability of physical systems to integrate information. Although the scientific content and empirical prospects of IIT have attracted interest, this paper focuses on another aspect of IIT, its unique theoretical structure, which relates the phenomenological axioms with the ontological postulates. In particular, the relationship between the exclusion axiom and the exclusion postulate is unclear. Moreover, the exclusion postulate leads to a serious problem in IIT: the quale unde

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20

Percy, Chris, and Andrés Gómez-Emilsson. "Integrated Information Theory and the Phenomenal Binding Problem: Challenges and Solutions in a Dynamic Framework." Entropy 27, no. 4 (2025): 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27040338.

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Theories of consciousness grounded in neuroscience must explain the phenomenal binding problem, e.g., how micro-units of information are combined to create the macro-scale conscious experience common to human phenomenology. An example is how single ‘pixels’ of a visual scene are experienced as a single holistic image in the ‘mind’s eye’, rather than as individual, separate, and massively parallel experiences, corresponding perhaps to individual neuron activations, neural ensembles, or foveal saccades, any of which could conceivably deliver identical functionality from an information processing

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21

Rourk, Christopher. "Comment on Albantakis et al. Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism. Entropy 2023, 25, 449." Entropy 25, no. 10 (2023): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101436.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) is a powerful tool that provides a framework for evaluating consciousness, whether in the human brain or in other systems. In Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism, the authors extend IIT from digital gates to a quantum CNOT logic gate, and while they explicitly distinguish the analysis from quantum theories of consciousness, they nonetheless provide an analytical road map for extending IIT not only to other quantum mechanisms but also to hybrid computing structures like the brain. This comment provides additional information relating t

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Sevenius Nilsen, André, Bjørn Erik Juel, and William Marshall. "Evaluating Approximations and Heuristic Measures of Integrated Information." Entropy 21, no. 5 (2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21050525.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) proposes a measure of integrated information, termed Phi (Φ), to capture the level of consciousness of a physical system in a given state. Unfortunately, calculating Φ itself is currently possible only for very small model systems and far from computable for the kinds of system typically associated with consciousness (brains). Here, we considered several proposed heuristic measures and computational approximations, some of which can be applied to larger systems, and tested if they correlate well with Φ. While these measures and approximations capture intuiti

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23

Sanfey, John. "Conscious Causality, Observer–Observed Simultaneity, and the Problem of Time for Integrated Information Theory." Entropy 26, no. 8 (2024): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26080647.

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Without proven causal power, consciousness cannot be integrated with physics except as an epiphenomenon, hence the term ‘hard problem’. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) side-steps the issue by stating that subjective experience must be identical to informational physical structures whose cause-and-effect power is greater than the sum of their parts. But the focus on spatially oriented structures rather than events in time introduces a deep conceptual flaw throughout its entire structure, including the measure of integrated information, known as Φ (phi). However, the problem can be corrected

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24

Yurchenko, Sergey B. "Integrated Information Theory 4.0 is both Weakly Panpsychist and Strongly Dualist, but many Theories of Consciousness are also Prone to It." Journal of NeuroPhilosophy 3, no. 1 (2024): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10877331.

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The Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is one of the dominant scientific theories of consciousness. However, its foundations, mathematical formalism, and predictions on the neural correlates of consciousness are widely criticized in the last few years. A letter, signed by 124 neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers, argues that the theory is speculative and untestable to the degree that makes it pseudoscience. Their main concern is its panpsychist flavor. This opinion paper argues that IIT 4.0’s account of free will, recently suggested by Tononi and colleagues, is dualist rathe

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McFadden, Johnjoe. "Carving Nature at Its Joints: A Comparison of CEMI Field Theory with Integrated Information Theory and Global Workspace Theory." Entropy 25, no. 12 (2023): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25121635.

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The quest to comprehend the nature of consciousness has spurred the development of many theories that seek to explain its underlying mechanisms and account for its neural correlates. In this paper, I compare my own conscious electromagnetic information field (cemi field) theory with integrated information theory (IIT) and global workspace theory (GWT) for their ability to ‘carve nature at its joints’ in the sense of predicting the entities, structures, states and dynamics that are conventionally recognized as being conscious or nonconscious. I go on to argue that, though the cemi field theory

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Kalita, Piotr, José A. Langa, and Fernando Soler-Toscano. "Informational Structures and Informational Fields as a Prototype for the Description of Postulates of the Integrated Information Theory." Entropy 21, no. 5 (2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21050493.

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Informational Structures (IS) and Informational Fields (IF) have been recently introduced to deal with a continuous dynamical systems-based approach to Integrated Information Theory (IIT). IS and IF contain all the geometrical and topological constraints in the phase space. This allows one to characterize all the past and future dynamical scenarios for a system in any particular state. In this paper, we develop further steps in this direction, describing a proper continuous framework for an abstract formulation, which could serve as a prototype of the IIT postulates.

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Gronchi, Giorgio, Marco Raglianti, Alessandro Lazzeri, Fabio Giovannelli, and Maria Pia Viggiano. "Can Integrated Information Predict Consciousness Using Transition Matrices of Brain States? An Exploratory Study." Journal of Consciousness Studies 32, no. 5 (2025): 224–44. https://doi.org/10.53765/20512201.32.5.224.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) is one of the most advanced formal theories of consciousness, featuring a Python toolbox (PyPhi) which allows us to analyse a system according to the corresponding theoretical framework. Computational and empirical limitations make it hard to test the hypothesis that higher values of integrated information are associated with a higher level of consciousness. We leverage the availability of data collected by a previous study (Huang et al., 2020) which is amenable to an IIT 3.0 analysis employing the PyPhi toolbox. The Huang et al. study employed a mix of supe

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Lundbak Olesen, Christoffer, Peter Thestrup Waade, Larissa Albantakis, and Christoph Mathys. "Phi fluctuates with surprisal: An empirical pre-study for the synthesis of the free energy principle and integrated information theory." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 10 (2023): e1011346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011346.

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The Free Energy Principle (FEP) and Integrated Information Theory (IIT) are two ambitious theoretical approaches. The first aims to make a formal framework for describing self-organizing and life-like systems in general, and the second attempts a mathematical theory of conscious experience based on the intrinsic properties of a system. They are each concerned with complementary aspects of the properties of systems, one with life and behavior, the other with meaning and experience, so combining them has potential for scientific value. In this paper, we take a first step towards such a synthesis

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Bringsjord, Selmer, та G. Naveen Sundar. "The Theory of Cognitive Consciousness, and Λ (Lambda)". Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness 07, № 02 (2020): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520500095.

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We provide an overview of the theory of cognitive consciousness (TCC), and of [Formula: see text]; the latter provides a means of measuring the amount of cognitive consciousness present in a given cognizer, whether natural or artificial, at a given time, along a number of different dimensions. TCC and [Formula: see text] stand in stark contrast to Tononi’s Integrated information Theory (IIT) and [Formula: see text]. We believe, for reasons we present, that the former pair is superior to the latter. TCC includes a formal axiomatic theory, [Formula: see text], the 12 axioms of which we present a

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Bolognesi, Tommaso. "Integrated Information in Process-Algebraic Compositions." Entropy 21, no. 8 (2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21080805.

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Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is most typically applied to Boolean Nets, a state transition model in which system parts cooperate by sharing state variables. By contrast, in Process Algebra, whose semantics can also be formulated in terms of (labeled) state transitions, system parts—“processes”—cooperate by sharing transitions with matching labels, according to interaction patterns expressed by suitable composition operators. Despite this substantial difference, questioning how much additional information is provided by the integration of the interacting partners above and beyond the sum

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Leung, Angus, and Naotsugu Tsuchiya. "Emergence of Integrated Information at Macro Timescales in Real Neural Recordings." Entropy 24, no. 5 (2022): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24050625.

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How a system generates conscious experience remains an elusive question. One approach towards answering this is to consider the information available in the system from the perspective of the system itself. Integrated information theory (IIT) proposes a measure to capture this integrated information (Φ). While Φ can be computed at any spatiotemporal scale, IIT posits that it be applied at the scale at which the measure is maximised. Importantly, Φ in conscious systems should emerge to be maximal not at the smallest spatiotemporal scale, but at some macro scale where system elements or timestep

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Kelly, Edward F. "Some Conceptual and Empirical Shortcomings of IIT." Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition 2, no. 2 (2022): 223–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31156/jaex.24123.

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The Integrated Information Theory of consciousness (IIT) has generated much excitement inside and outside the scientific community, and seems to many the leading contender for a satisfactory theory grounded in systems neuroscience. It is a bold theory, one that provides plausible explanations for various recognized neuroscientific facts, makes surprising predictions that go beyond current scientific orthodoxy but are potentially testable, and has inspired development of what appears to be an effective technique for detecting the presence of consciousness in organisms incapable of verbal report

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Inage, Shinichi, and Hana Hebishima. "A comprehensive metric for consciousness strength: Integrating real-time responsiveness and long-term learning based on the HLbC model." Neuroscience Chronicles 5, no. 1 (2025): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.46439/neuroscience.5.027.

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This paper presents a novel framework for measuring consciousness strength based on the Human Language-based Consciousness (HLbC) model. While Integrated Information Theory (IIT) quantifies consciousness via integrated information, the HLbC model views consciousness as a post-hoc process, emphasizing language and probabilistic decision-making. By modeling this decision process, a pseudo-Schrödinger equation emerges where the Kullback-Leibler distance replaces spatial coordinates. We propose two metrics for "consciousness strength": one focusing on real-time response and information processing,

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koch, C. "Reflections of a Natural Scientist on Panpsychism." Journal of Consciousness Studies 28, no. 9 (2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.28.9.065.

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Panpsychism shares many intuitions with integrated information theory (IIT), in particular that consciousness is an intrinsic fundamental property of reality, is graded, and can be found in small amounts in simple physical systems. Unlike panpsychism, however, IIT clearly articulates which systems are conscious and which ones are not (resolving panpsychism's combination problem) and why consciousness can be adaptive. The systemic weakness of panpsychism, or any other -ism, is that they fail to offer a protracted conceptual, let alone empirical, research programme that yields novel insights or

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35

Trewavas, Anthony. "Awareness and integrated information theory identify plant meristems as sites of conscious activity." Protoplasma 258, no. 3 (2021): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01633-1.

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AbstractLacking an anatomical brain/nervous system, it is assumed plants are not conscious. The biological function of consciousness is an input to behaviour; it is adaptive (subject to selection) and based on information. Complex language makes human consciousness unique. Consciousness is equated to awareness. All organisms are aware of their surroundings, modifying their behaviour to improve survival. Awareness requires assessment too. The mechanisms of animal assessment are neural while molecular and electrical in plants. Awareness of plants being also consciousness may resolve controversy.

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Kolcsár, Levente, and László Bakó. "Interdisciplinary AI Research Methodology." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények, no. 22 (2025): 59–64. https://doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2025.22.10.

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The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in our time is becoming more and more extensive, so it is no question that there is a need for new AI concepts. We have developed our research methodology to accommodate new cognitive science theories, which we present through a concrete example: how Integrated Information Theory (IIT) was born and what it is good for. IIT is one of the main theories of consciousness in cognitive neuroscience and phenomenology. The main pillar of our methodology is the philosophy of science, which puts IIT into context, examines its origin and usability. This serves the

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Popiel, Nicholas J. M., Sina Khajehabdollahi, Pubuditha M. Abeyasinghe, et al. "The Emergence of Integrated Information, Complexity, and ‘Consciousness’ at Criticality." Entropy 22, no. 3 (2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22030339.

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Integrated Information Theory (IIT) posits that integrated information ( Φ ) represents the quantity of a conscious experience. Here, the generalized Ising model was used to calculate Φ as a function of temperature in toy models of fully connected neural networks. A Monte–Carlo simulation was run on 159 normalized, random, positively weighted networks analogous to small five-node excitatory neural network motifs. Integrated information generated by this sample of small Ising models was measured across model parameter spaces. It was observed that integrated information, as an order parameter, u

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Rourk, Chris. "Application of the Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport (CNET) Physical Substrate for Consciousness and Action Selection to Integrated Information Theory." Entropy 24, no. 1 (2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010091.

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A newly discovered physical mechanism involving incoherent electron tunneling in layers of the protein ferritin that are found in catecholaminergic neurons (catecholaminergic neuron electron transport or CNET) is hypothesized to support communication between neurons. Recent tests further confirm that these ferritin layers can also perform a switching function (in addition to providing an electron tunneling mechanism) that could be associated with action selection in those neurons, consistent with earlier predictions based on CNET. While further testing would be needed to confirm the hypothesis

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Leung, Angus, Dror Cohen, Bruno van Swinderen, and Naotsugu Tsuchiya. "Integrated information structure collapses with anesthetic loss of conscious arousal in Drosophila melanogaster." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 2 (2021): e1008722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008722.

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The physical basis of consciousness remains one of the most elusive concepts in current science. One influential conjecture is that consciousness is to do with some form of causality, measurable through information. The integrated information theory of consciousness (IIT) proposes that conscious experience, filled with rich and specific content, corresponds directly to a hierarchically organised, irreducible pattern of causal interactions; i.e. an integrated informational structure among elements of a system. Here, we tested this conjecture in a simple biological system (fruit flies), estimati

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Gomez, Juan D., William G. P. Mayner, Maggie Beheler-Amass, Giulio Tononi та Larissa Albantakis. "Computing Integrated Information (Φ) in Discrete Dynamical Systems with Multi-Valued Elements". Entropy 23, № 1 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23010006.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) provides a mathematical framework to characterize the cause-effect structure of a physical system and its amount of integrated information (Φ). An accompanying Python software package (“PyPhi”) was recently introduced to implement this framework for the causal analysis of discrete dynamical systems of binary elements. Here, we present an update to PyPhi that extends its applicability to systems constituted of discrete, but multi-valued elements. This allows us to analyze and compare general causal properties of random networks made up of binary, ternary, qua

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Smirnov, F. A., A. V. Novichikhin, and K. E. Kovalev. "Methodological features of the development of intelligent information technology for the transportation process in railway transport." E3S Web of Conferences 549 (2024): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454906008.

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The article presents methodological features of the development of intelligent information technology (hereinafter referred to as IIT) for implementation in the transportation process in railway transport. The purpose of this study is to integrate intelligent information technology into the railway transportation process using the IDEF0 functional modeling methodology. The implementation of IIT will ensure monitoring of the condition of wagons and cargo from the moment of loading to the moment of unloading along the entire route. Methods: Analysis of the current state of the subject area, synt

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Pokropski, Marek. "Phenomenology and mechanisms of consciousness: Considering the theoretical integration of phenomenology with a mechanistic framework." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 5 (2019): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319868769.

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In this article, I consider the possibility of a theoretical integration of phenomenology and a mechanistic framework. First, I discuss the mechanistic model of explanation and the idea of theoretical integration in science as opposed to unification. I argue that the mechanistic model of explanation is preferable for integrating the cognitive sciences, although it is limited and in the case of consciousness studies should be complemented with phenomenology. Second, I examine three possible approaches to the integration of phenomenology and the mechanistic model of explanation. First, I discuss

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Ibáñez-Molina, Antonio J., and Sergio Iglesias-Parro. "A Comparison between Theoretical and Experimental Measures of Consciousness as Integrated Information in an Anatomically Based Network of Coupled Oscillators." Complexity 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6101586.

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The rise of mathematical developments in the theories of consciousness has led to new measures to detect consciousness in a system. The Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is one of the best mathematical rooted attempts to quantify the level of consciousness in a system with Φ as the effective information generated in a system above its parts. Recently, the IIT has inspired the Perturbational Complexity Index (PCI) to detect conscious states in patients with disorders of consciousness, and it has shown to have almost perfect classification accuracy. In this study, we explore the statistical co

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Niizato, Takayuki, Kotaro Sakamoto, Yoh-ichi Mototake, et al. "Four-Types of IIT-Induced Group Integrity of Plecoglossus altivelis." Entropy 22, no. 7 (2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070726.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. Particularly, IIT 3.0 targets the system’s cause–effect structure from spatio-temporal grain and reveals the system’s irreducibility. In a previous study, we tried to apply IIT 3.0 to an actual collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of Φ value distributions. Other measures did not show similar characteristics. In this study, we followed u

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Owen, Matthew. "The Causal Efficacy of Consciousness." Entropy 22, no. 8 (2020): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080823.

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Mental causation is vitally important to the integrated information theory (IIT), which says consciousness exists since it is causally efficacious. While it might not be directly apparent, metaphysical commitments have consequential entailments concerning the causal efficacy of consciousness. Commitments regarding the ontology of consciousness and the nature of causation determine which problem(s) a view of consciousness faces with respect to mental causation. Analysis of mental causation in contemporary philosophy of mind has brought several problems to the fore: the alleged lack of psychophy

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Kim та Lee. "Criticality as a Determinant of Integrated Information Φ in Human Brain Networks". Entropy 21, № 10 (2019): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21100981.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) describes consciousness as information integrated across highly differentiated but irreducible constituent parts in a system. However, in a complex dynamic system such as the brain, the optimal conditions for large integrated information systems have not been elucidated. In this study, we hypothesized that network criticality, a balanced state between a large variation in functional network configuration and a large constraint on structural network configuration, may be the basis of the emergence of a large Φ, a surrogate of integrated information. We also h

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Manco, Samuele. "Entropic Consciousness: a proposal." IPI Letters 1 (December 22, 2023): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59973/ipil.41.

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The present work aims to be an advancement in the field of the science of consciousness, with the creation of a new conceptual formulation, “Entropic Consciousness” (EC). It starts from the milestones of Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory (IIT), and deepens them, looking at the conscious phenomenon from another perspective. By means of the MEI equivalence and the Landauer limit it equates the three energetic forms - information, energy, mass - and develops a new lens from which derive important implications regarding conscious experience and its consequences. Finally, he inserts the “free

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Muhoro, Priscilla. "EFFECT OF INTEGRATED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY OF MATATU SACCOS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA." Journal of Strategic Management 6, no. 1 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/jsm.782.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of integrated information technology on sustainable mobility of Matatu Saccos in Nairobi County, Kenya. Materials and Methods: The study was guided by Positivism philosophy while descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was 177 Sacco Managers and two representatives, one from MOT and other from MVOA respectively. The whole population of 179 respondents was used in the study hence; the study employed the census approach. The questionnaire was pilot tested on 18 respondents who were selected randomly. The

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Nazhestkin, Ivan, and Olga Svarnik. "Different Approximation Methods for Calculation of Integrated Information Coefficient in the Brain during Instrumental Learning." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050596.

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The amount of integrated information, Φ, proposed in an integrated information theory (IIT) is useful to describe the degree of brain adaptation to the environment. However, its computation cannot be precisely performed for a reasonable time for time-series spike data collected from a large count of neurons.. Therefore, Φ was only used to describe averaged activity of a big group of neurons, and the behavior of small non-brain systems. In this study, we reported on ways for fast and precise Φ calculation using different approximation methods for Φ calculation in neural spike data, and checked

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Courbalay, A., T. Deroche, M. Descarreaux, E. Prigent, J. O'Shaughnessy, and M. A. Amorim. "Facial Expression Overrides Lumbopelvic Kinematics for Clinical Judgements about Low Back Pain Intensity." Pain Research and Management 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7134825.

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Background.Through real-time behavioral observation systems, pain behaviors are commonly used by clinicians to estimate pain intensity in patients with low back pain. However, little is known about how clinicians rely on pain-related behaviors to make their judgment. According to the Information Integration Theory (IIT) framework, this study aimed at investigating how clinicians value and integrate information from lumbopelvic kinematics (LK), a protective pain behavior, and facial expression intensity (FEI), a communicative pain behavior, to estimate pain in patients with chronic low back pai

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