Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Integrated land management'

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Mississippi, 2006.
Typescript. Vita. Major professor: Dr. Mustafa Altinakar "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-239). Also available online via ProQuest to authorized users.

Ecologically sustainable development has become a major feature of legal systems at the international, national and local levels throughout the world. In Australia, governments have responded to environmental crises by enacting legislation imposing obligations and restrictions over privately-owned land. Whilst these obligations and restrictions may well be necessary to achieve sustainability, the approach to management of information concerning these instruments is problematic. For example, management of information concerning obligations and restrictions in Queensland is fragmented, with some instruments registered or recorded on the land title register, some on external registers, and some information only available in the legislation itself. This approach is used in most Australian jurisdictions. This fragmented approach has led to two separate but interconnected problems. First, the Torrens system is no longer meeting its goal of providing a complete and accurate picture of title. Second, this uncoordinated approach to the management of land titles, and obligations and restrictions on land use, has created a barrier to sustainable management of natural resources. This is because compliance with environmental laws is impaired in the absence of easily accessible and accurate information. These problems demonstrate a clear need for reform in this area. To determine how information concerning these obligations and restrictions may be most effectively managed, this thesis will apply a comparative methodology and consider three case studies, which each utilise different models for management of this information. These jurisdictions will be assessed according to a set of guidelines for comparison to identify which features of their systems provide for effective management of information concerning obligations and restrictions on title and use. Based on this comparison, this thesis will devise a series of recommendations for an effective system for the management of information concerning obligations and restrictions on land title and use, taking into account any potential legal issues and barriers to implementation. This series of recommendations for reform will be supplemented by suggested draft legislative provisions.

Es van dur a terme diferents assajos amb la finalitat d'establir un programa de maneig integrat de Bromus diandrus en cereals d'hivern en sembra directa. Es va desenvolupar un model d'emergència en funció de graus hidrotèrmics i va ser validat i aplicat amb èxit en diferents escenaris. El maneig més òptim d'aquesta espècie es va obtenir combinant una rotació ordi – blat, un retard en la data de sembra (meitat de novembre) i l'aplicació d'un herbicida selectiu en blat. Després de tres anys es va obtenir la pràctica reducció de la població. La població de B. diandrus va mostrar una fitness denso-dependent en la majoria de paràmetres vegetatius i reproductors i una clara disrupció quan l'aplicació de l'herbicida. A llarg termini (22 anys) la sembra directa permet una major reducció de la densitat i de l'emergència acumulada d'aquesta espècie, que sistemes de laboreo reduït com chisel o subsolador.
Se llevaron a cabo distintos ensayos con el fin de establecer un programa de manejo integrado de B. diandrus en cereales de invierno en siembra directa. Se desarrolló un modelo de emergencia en base a grados hidrotérmicos y fue validado y aplicado con éxito en diferentes escenarios. El manejo más óptimo de esta especie se obtuvo combinando una rotación cebada – trigo, un retraso en la fecha de siembra (mitad de noviembre) y la aplicación de un herbicida antigramíneo selectivo en trigo. Tras tres años se obtuvo la práctica reducción de la población. La población de B. diandrus mostró una fitness densodependiente en la mayoría de parámetros vegetativos y reproductores y una clara disrupción cuando la aplicación del herbicida. A largo plazo (22 años) la siembra directa permite una mayor reducción de la densidad y de la emergencia acumulada de esta especie, que sistemas de laboreo reducido como chisel o subsolador.
The trials were carried out in order to establish an integrated management program for Bromus diandrus in winter cereals under no-tillage. A model emergence based on hydrothermal degrees was developed, validated and successfully applied in different scenarios. The most optimal management of this species was obtained by barley – wheat rotation, delayed sowing date (mid-November) and a selective herbicide application in wheat. After three years of this management a population decline was obtained. B. diandrus populations showed density-dependent fitness in vegetative and reproductive parameters and a clear disruption when herbicide was applied. A long term (22 years) the no-tillage allows a greater reduction of B. diandrus density and cumulative emergence compared with reduced tillage systems as chisel plow or subsoiler.

The aim of this thesis is to gain a greater understanding of water management systems, land use and settlement patterns in Roman Arabia. Using an integrated approach, based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS), archaeological data, historical sources, landscape and surface survey this thesis explores the application of water management systems, particularly those technologies used to capture and control floodwater. This information is then used to address some of the major issues and models which have been postulated to account for, or contribute to, the settlement of marginal regions of the Levant during the Roman period. Many theories proposed in the recent past have attempted to explain the development of these peripheral zones, and these range from climate change, population increase, growth in trade and economy, through to imperialism and Romanisation. The first part of this thesis critically assesses the range of evidence on which many key arguments have been constructed, and clearly shows that much of it is incomplete and/or inadequate to explain such a complex phenomenon. Using the site of Wadi Faynan, Jordan, as a case study, it has been demonstrated that the study of water management systems has provided a great deal of information with which to understand the dynamics present in the occupation, development and abandonment of marginal sites. Furthermore, an analysis of the regional evidence has emphasised the regional diversity of Roman Arabia and the major factors affecting such diversity. In particular, the innovative use of a GIS has provided a clear analytical tool with which to model large amounts of complex data, and move towards exciting new interpretations and new applications of such technology.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 169 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Douglas Southgate, School of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-139).

This thesis improves the understanding of adaptive water governance in the policy process, and draws lessons of policy relevance for flood management. Scholars using the concept of adaptive water governance posit that factors influencing the governing activities of social actors are of critical importance to improve society’s capacity to better respond to the on-going water crisis. They developed a set of principles for adaptive water governance, in particular the need for polycentric forms of governance, where power over decision-making is not held by a single social actor but distributed across society, and the use of participatory processes, promoting collective action and enhancing collective reflection. Empirical evidence on the validity of these principles remains sparse, in particular in public policy processes.The thesis uses established research on the policy process to better conceptualise the governance of complex water problems. It examines empirically the emergence of integrated, ecosystem-based flood management in Scotland, a typical Western democracy though characterised by an interesting history of institutional design and flood policy dynamics. First, factors influencing the formulation and integration of the approach in national environmental policies are identified, drawing on an inductive, thematic and historical analysis of documents and interviews with key policy actors. Second, factors influencing the implementation of the approach, in particular the role of policy instruments and public participation, are then identified in the Eddleston and Bowmont-Glen catchments. A combination of documentary analysis, interviews with local actors, and Q Methodology are used. The thesis supports the general principle that polycentric governance can improve the adaptability of governance systems. Horizontally, multiple actors with decision-making power may encourage greater reflexivity in the policy process. Having multiple policy regimes may also foster innovative interventions. Vertically, significant autonomy between governance levels may help better adapt policies to the appropriate scale of intervention. The devolution of legislative powers from the British to the Scottish level is presented as an example. At a more local level, providing greater autonomy to implementers can enhance their capacity to enforce policies. The thesis also provides evidence for critics of polycentric governance. In particular, polycentric governance may result in a lack of coherence between policy regimes, heterogeneous implementation, and potentially status-quo, rather than change. The thesis supports the idea that a strong participatory approach may help overcome the limitations of polycentric governance. Findings indicate that critical factors for success are the institutional context in which it occurs, its inclusive nature, adequate resourcing, time available, and the willingness of participants to reach compromise and learn. Individual entrepreneurship is clearly fundamental to increase the adaptability of governance systems.Overall, the thesis shows that attention to the public policy process is an important analytical approach to the study of adaptive governance. Past research on the policy process provides constructive theories to explore principles of adaptive governance in an empirical context. Main policy recommendations, for Scotland and beyond, include, amongst others, a call for strong governance arrangements to accompany the work of multi-actor groups for policy integration, the use of instrument mixes across policy regimes to influence land managers, and greater support for non-governmental catchment organisations to foster local collaboration and improve policy implementation.

Forecasted changes to climate and land use were used to model variations in the streamflow characteristics of Occoquan watershed and water quality in the Occoquan reservoir. The combination of these two driving forces has created four themes and an integrated complexly-linked watershed-reservoir model was used to run the simulations. Two emission scenarios from the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), along with four General Circulation Models (GCMs) by using two statistical downscaling methods, were applied to drive the Hydrological Simulation Program - Fortran (HSPF) and CE-QUAL-W2 (W2) in two future time periods (2046-2065 and 2081-2100). Incorporation of these factors yielded 68 simulation models which were compared with historical streamflow and water quality data from the late 20th century. Climate change is projected to increase surface air temperature and precipitation depth in the study area in the future. Using climate change only, an increase in high and median flows and decrease in low flows are projected. Changes in flow characteristics are more pronounced when only future land use changes are considered, with increases in high, median and low flows. Under the joint examination of the driving forces, an amplifying effect on the high flows and median flows observed. In contrast, climate change is projected to dampen the extreme increases in the low flows created by the land use change. Surface water temperatures are projected to increase as a result of climate change in the Occoquan reservoir, while these changes are not very noticeable under the effect of land use change only. It is expected that higher water temperatures will promote decreased oxygen solubility and greater heterotrophy. Moreover, longer anoxic conditions are projected at the bottom of the reservoir. Results indicate that higher water temperature will increase the denitrifying capacity of the reservoir, especially during summer months, further reducing the nitrate concentration in the reservoir.
PHD

Bibliography : p.111-114.
This dissertation, in taking a holistic approach, seeks to use the Shewula community initiative as a pilot project for establishing more effective biodiversity conservation and natural resource management initiatives/programmes on Swazi Nation Land (SNL). A new conceptual framework is proposed for integrating community-based conservation (CBC) and community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) on SNL Swaziland, namely Managed Natural Environments (MNEs). The dissertation concludes that an integrated CBC-CBNRM programme should be promoted as an innovative and essential aspect of the Swaziland Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP).

Global warming and climate change is believed to increase the hydro-meteorological natural disasters. Floods, the most widespread of natural hazards, are expected to occur more frequently and severely in the near future. This means that urban areas of Turkey are likely to be under intensive threat of floods, the adverse impacts of which are already considered only next to that of earthquakes. The recent disaster policy of United Nations together with contemporary interpretations of risk society shifted to capacity building and risk management prior to hazards, rather than preparations for relief after disasters. This historical turn in policy demands a more comprehensive and integrated form of planning for the mitigation of risks in the riverain cities of Turkey than existing approaches. Turkey&
#8217
s current flood protection structure seems to be based on the surveys and assessments of a central authority and on its limited powers of intervention. The local municipal administrations are under different interests and pressures for development and land-use. It seems essential to integrate flood risk mitigation efforts with the local planning system and to involve municipalities in their estimations of risks and its declaration on official duty, as contemporary international approaches indicate. This conviction is based on a sample survey of four cases of riverine cities in Turkey, and on a review of current approaches in a sample of international cases. Findings on four riverain case cities indicate that river floods turn into destructive disasters mainly due to tolerant land-use decisions. Inaccurate and discrete implementations and developments in and through the river basins are a second source of flood losses. Currently, neither urban development plans nor available flood plans are equipped with necessary measures to mitigate risks. Findings indicate that current vulnerabilities are greater in value than investments made to curb flood risks. Independent and discrete efforts of mitigation seem to generate illusory feelings of safety, which aggravates vulnerabilities. The compulsory declaration of flood vulnerabilities by municipalities themselves in their entitlement for special subsidies could raise the general level of awareness, could curb further vulnerabilities, and contribute to the articulation of planning methods in the more effective mitigation control.

Includes bibliographical references
This thesis outlines and critically assesses the regulation of land-based sources and activities causing pollution (LBSA) in the coastal and marine environment in two broad areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the West and Central African Region (WACAF) and the West Indian Ocean (WIO) region. These two regions are both endowed with a diversity of life forms and resources that support large populations of coastal communities. The legal and institutional aspects are outlined and examined against the theoretical backdrop of the relatively new concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), the goals of which are to ensure that decisions taken in all sectors regarding the environment and at all levels of government are harmonized and consistent with countries' coastal policies in order to achieve sustainable development of coastal and marine areas. More specifically, the work examines the international soft and hard law developments as well as regional legal developments, paying particular attention to the two UNEP initiated Conventions in the regions namely the 1985 Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African region (Nairobi Convention) and the 1981 Convention for the Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region and its Protocol concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution in Cases of Emergency (Abidjan Convention), as well as their respective Protocols. The work concludes by examining the extent to which these international and regional developments have been incorporated in the legal and institutional framework structures of three select countries namely, Kenya (representing the WIO) region, Nigeria (representing the WACAF region) and South Africa on the interface of both regions. This study reflects the laws and policies as of December 2013.

Master of Science
Communications and Agricultural Education
Lauri M. Baker
The purpose of this study was to identify how K-State Research and Extension (KSRE) has established and maintained its brand through external communication with target audiences. The three research objectives were to determine the extent to which, 1) branding guidelines were followed, 2) calls to action were provided, and 3) key audiences were targeted. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to assess a representative sample of all communication KSRE state employees published within one year, November 1, 2012 to October 31, 2013. The Social Exchange Theory (SET) served as the framework and research objectives were based on the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC). The study found the correct name of the organization appeared in only 56.6 % (n= 611) of units; appearances of images, graphics, and the official slogan were also minimal. Primarily, the study identified a need for increased specification and clarity in the guidelines in order to promote increased consistency. This study serves as a benchmark for future measurement, a basis for recommended changes, and a call for other state extension agencies to examine communication in similar studies. The researcher recommends the organization makes substantial edits and additions to the branding guidelines, provides employees with training, and implements a regular evaluation of communication efforts to monitor brand representation and communication effectiveness. Additionally, the researcher addresses the need for an IMC model specific to extension, to help communicators implement more strategic and measurable efforts.

Le sol fait face à de nombreuses pressions anthropiques qui menacent son fonctionnement et sa capacité à fournir des services essentiels au bien-être humain. Pour évaluer l’effet de ces perturbations et proposer de nouvelles voies de gestion des sols, il est nécessaire de développer des méthodes d’évaluation de la qualité des sols opérationnelles. La qualité des sols a été définie comme « la capacité des sols à fonctionner […] » (Karlen et al., 1997). Cependant, la littérature scientifique se focalise plutôt sur son état et ses propriétés que sur son fonctionnement. En effet, la qualité des sols est généralement appréhendée comme une somme de propriétés édaphiques, chimiques et biologiques qui ne tiennent pas compte des nombreuses interactions de cet écosystème. Cette étude propose un nouveau cadre conceptuel d’évaluation fonctionnelle de la qualité des sols basé sur la mesure directe des fonctions portées par les assemblages biologiques du sol. A partir de ce cadre, un nouveau set d’indicateurs, nommé Biofunctool®, a été développé. Biofunctool® permet de renseigner trois fonctions du sol (transformation du carbone, cycle des nutriments et maintenance de la structure) à partir de douze indicateurs, bords de champ et de faible technicité. Le set d’indicateurs a été appliqué dans divers sites expérimentaux en Asie du Sud Est et a permis de relever l’impact i) de la transition entre une culture annuelle et une culture pérenne, ii) de l’évolution du développement de cultures pérennes et iii) d’une couverture du sol avec légumineuses en plantation d’hévéa sur la qualité des sols. L’évaluation locale et fonctionnelle de la qualité des sols a pu ensuite être extrapolée à une échelle plus globale grâce à un modèle prédictif. Ce modèle permet de répondre à une forte attente d’intégration d’un indicateur fonctionnel de qualité des sols dans les modèles d’évaluation environnementale à une échelle globale comme l’Analyse Cycle de Vie
Soils are currently threatened by many human activities that jeopardize soil functioning and its ability to provide ecosystem services, vital for human well-being. In order to assess human impacts and to propose new management practices to protect soils, it is necessary to implement assessments of soil quality. Soil quality was defined by Karlen et al. (1997) as “the capacity of soil to function […]”. However, in the literature, most of study focus on assessment of soil properties and intrinsic states rather than focusing on the soil functioning and the multiple interactions within the complex system. This study proposes a new integrative approach of the soil quality from direct assessment of the functions carried out by the soil biological assemblages, namely Biofunctool®. Biofunctool® allows for assessing three soil functions (carbon transformation, nutrient cycling, structure maintenance) based on twelve functional, in-field and low-tech indicators. Biofunctool® was applied over several case studies in Thailand to assess the impact of various land management on soil quality. The results pinpointed the impact of the conversion from an annual cropping system to a perennial one on soil; it also raised the evolution of soil quality over perennial tree stands and the impact of cover crop in rubber tree systems. The local assessment of soil integrative quality was then scaled up, to be integrated within the Life Cycle Assessment framework through a predictive model approach. The model developed allows to meet the current demand in defining integrative indicators of soil quality adapted to global scale environmental frameworks

The South African coastal and marine environment is an essential ecologic and economic asset. Its associated services and products are substantially contributing to economic growth and sustainable development of the country. However, it is internationally and nationally recognised that land-based marine pollution (LBMP) is the most important single risk to the health and sustainability of coastal and marine waters and the associated ecosystems. The regulation of LBMP at the national level is still difficult and challenging. The issue of LBMP management has only recently been introduced in South Africa with the development of the National Programme of Action to Protect Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 2008. South Africa is only starting to consider the question of LBMP regulation. This thesis aims to conduct a critical analysis of the South African regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP in comparison to international best practice and the French regulatory framework, in order to identify the key South African challenges in this regard and to make recommendations to address them. In order to do so, this research commences by providing an analysis of LBMP and the theoretical foundations associated with LBMP regulation, as promoted by international best practice. The study identifies and assesses the main regulatory features to be considered in the development, implementation and/or assessment of a regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP. These features will form the methodological framework to conduct the comparative legal assessment between the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP. This thesis then provides a detailed and thorough legal analysis of the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP using the methodological framework developed using guidance from international best practice. Finally, based on lessons learnt from the comparative legal study, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context.
Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Coastal urban settlements require a special planning approach since they bring the concepts of &ldquo
urban&rdquo
and &ldquo
coastal&rdquo
together. In relation to the specific contents of these concepts, there are also different models of management plans. &ldquo
Urban Disaster Risk Management&rdquo
and &ldquo
Integrated Coastal Zone Management&rdquo
are two of them. Urban Disaster Risk Management model deals with the planning and management problems of urban settlements in the case of disaster risk conditions. Likewise, Integrated Coastal Zone Management model focuses on the whole coastal area and deals with the sustainable use and protection of all types of coastal resources. However, in case of urban coastal settlements, these models of management plans can be valid together, can overlap, and they can even conflict with each other. In this thesis study, these two models of management plan and their coexistence are considered. A Coastal Area Assessment Model is set up and applied for Iskenderun case. This model provides a detailed spatial analysis opportunity in planning and management of coastal urban settlement. Therefore the model offers a significant input for the planning process through determining urban and coastal risks at the same time. Coastal Area Assessment Model is a tool which takes both Urban Disaster Risk Management and Integrated Coastal Zone Management models&rsquo
concerns into account and evaluates the coastal settlement in terms of urban risk sectors and coastal management issues. This study also introduces an approach on classification of the coastal areas and coastal urban settlements while setting up the Coastal Area Assessment Model. Coastal Area Assessment Model becomes an advantageous tool since it has significant contributions to the planning process by making a simple risk analysis and guiding the proper utilization and protection of the population, built environment, and resources of the coastal areas. Risk sectors, coastal management issues, critical and prior intervention areas of a coastal urban settlement are easily determined, and preparation of development plans of a coastal settlement is guided by the implementation of Coastal Area Assessment Model. In addition to these, general principles on planning and management of coastal settlements are determined by the implementation of the model for the implementation conditions of Urban Disaster Risk Management model, Integrated Coastal Zone Management model, and the Coastal Area Assessment Model in Turkey are also discussed and presented.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os cenários de inclusão e de não inclusão da delimitação da zona ripária da microbacia na determinação dos riscos ambientais, na adequação do uso do solo e conseqüentemente no planejamento sócio-ambiental, contribuindo com a elaboração e implementação dos planos de manejo integrado de microbacias com uso agrícola diversificado, considerando como premissas a busca da agricultura sustentável, a restauração do ecossistema ripário e o envolvimento social e econômico do produtor rural. Através de estudo de caso realizado na microbacia do Ribeirão São João (3.656 ha) no município de Mineiros do Tietê (SP), que faz parte do Programa Estadual de Microbacias Hidrográficas do Estado de São Paulo, foram feitas análises das suas condições sócio-ambientais que constaram de: a-) preparação de base cartográfica; b-) diagnóstico e planejamento participativos; c-) descrição de cenários convencionais e de cenários com inclusão da zona ripária para a adequação do uso do solo e caracterização dos riscos ambientais; d-) discussão sobre as relações entre o cenário que inclui a zona ripária e a legislação ambiental, a distribuição da estrutura fundiária, o uso e manejo agrícola e as estradas rurais e e-) proposta de um programa de monitoramento sócio-ambiental. O cenário com inclusão da zona ripária revelou que a microbacia possui 49,5 % de sua área com uso adequado, 20,4 % com sub utilização do solo e 1,9 % com sobre utilização. Quanto aos riscos de erosão, 60,2 % de sua área é considerada de baixo risco, 6,2 % possui moderado risco e 5,4 % compreende alto risco. Já o cenário convencional indicou que 59,0 % da área estão ocupados com uso adequado, 28,2 % com sub utilização, 2,6 % com sobre utilização, 76, 9 % da microbacia possui baixo risco de erosão, 11,0 % moderado e 12,1 % alto risco. Esta alteração induz o planejador a tomar medidas incompletas para a proteção das áreas que representam maiores riscos para a saúde da microbacia. Na microbacia estudada, 27,6 % da zona ripária está inserida em Área de Preservação Permanente, portanto protegida pelas leis ambientais, e 72,2 % estão sendo utilizados para agricultura, correndo risco de degradação. Em média, 26,1 % das áreas das propriedades rurais da microbacia se encontram em zona ripária. Parte destas poderia ser protegida pela Área de Preservação Permanente e pelo estabelecimento das reservas legais. A porção da zona ripária que não estiver protegida pela legislação ambiental deveria ter um manejo diferenciado de acordo com seu uso. Em vários pontos as estradas rurais atravessam os rios e a zona ripária podendo ocorrer danos ambientais se medidas corretas de adequação de estradas não forem tomadas. O cenário alternativo proposto corresponde também aos principais anseios da comunidade da microbacia, isto é, a preservação dos recursos hídricos, detectados através do diagnóstico e planejamento participativos. Levando em conta as condições da microbacia, assim como evidências baseadas na revisão de literatura, a proposta inclui o monitoramento sócio-ambiental, compreendendo o monitoramento da água, do solo, da integridade da paisagem, da biodiversidade agroambiental e dos aspectos socioeconômicos.
This work aims to compare the sceneries of including and not including the watershed riparian zone delimitation during the evaluation of the environmental risks in the land use planning, thus contributing for the implementation of integrated watershed management plans in the search of sustainable agriculture, based on the premises of riparian ecosystem restoration, as well as the direct participation of the land owners in the decision support process. A case study was developed in the São João creek Watershed, in the Municipality of Mineiros do Tiete, State of Sao Paulo. The case study included the preparation of the cartographic basis, diagnostic analysis and participative planning, description of conventional land use sceneries and alternative land use sceneries which include the delimitation of the watershed riparian zone, the comparison of the alternative sceneries in relation to the requirements of the Brazilian Forest Code in terms of stream buffer zone protection, as well as in relation to the watershed landownership structure , prevailing land use practices and rural roads design, and a proposition of an environmental monitoring program for the study watershed. The scenery that includes the riparian zone showed that 49,5% of the watershed total area has inadequate soil use, whereas 20,4% of the area with sub-utilization and 1,9% of the area with over-utilization. In terms of erosion risks, 60,2% of the watershed area can be considered with low erosion risk , 6,2% has moderate risk and 5,4% with high risk of soil erosion. The conventional scenery indicated that 59% of the watershed area has inadequate land use, 28,2% of the area is sub used, 2,6 % of the land is over used, 76,9% of the land has low risk of erosion, 11% has moderated soil erosion risk and 12,1% of the total area has high risk of soil erosion. Around 27,6% of the riparian zone are located in the Forest Code stream protection area, and 72,2 % of the area is prone to hydrological degradation due to inadequate land use practices. An average of 26,1% of the area of the watershed rural properties are located in the riparian zone. Part of this area should be protected according to the environmental law, or alternatively by the establishment of Legal Reserves. The portion of the riparian zone that is being used against the environmental law requirements should at least have a more conservative management approach. Rural roads cross the riparian zone in several locations and many of them cross the streams, which can pose hydrological risks. The proposed alternative scenery is in accordance with the main interests of the land owners, as detected in the participative planning, during which they raised concern about water resources conservation strategies. Considering the prevailing watershed conditions and also the information acquired in the literature survey, the study includes the monitoring of some water, soil, landscape integrity, biodiversity and socio-economic indicators.

Sustainable development is achieved through the equal promotion of environmental protection, economic development and social equity. Urban planners play a key role in sustainable development through the mediation of tensions inherent between these priorities. Using urban planning theory that focuses on the conflicts between the priorities of sustainable development and lessons learned from planning practice provides a basis from which to evaluate the claims of sustainability present in the Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan. Outreach initiatives, policy frameworks and ecosystem co-management are suggested to make the planning and implementation processes of the Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan more feasible in terms of its ability to foster sustainability. Additionally, conceptualizing integrated stormwater management for Greater New Orleans within the context of the Louisiana coastal crisis can help to make the goals of the Urban Water Plan more realistic in the long term and boost institutional capacity to promote regional resilience.

Water quantity, availability and, particularly, quality of Brazilian freshwater is under progessive degradation due to Anthropocene\'s environmental changing conditions. Strategies of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) are essential to mitigate these impacts. This Ph.D. thesis proposes a new model of water resources management, thereby integrating selfpurification and ecohydrologic processes to evaluate ecosystem services from watershed under change. In Chapter 2, this thesis examinates the payment for hydrologic cosystem services (Water-PES) in Brazilian Atlantic Forest and points ecohydrologic variables useful for assessing and further valuing hydrologic services. In Chapter 3, this thesis discusses proposals for freshwater monitoring plan which integrate quali-quantitative aspects for EbA and Water-PES projects. Therefore, in Chapter 4 experimental quali-quantative freshwater data from in-situ field observations are investigated according land-use/land-cover (LULC) in headwaters of water supply systems. In Chapter 5, through simulated impacts on freshwater yield from scenarios of LULC change, the grey water footprint (greyWF) is assessed, as well as environmental sustainability of sub-basins is depicted from a new ecohydrologic index for assessing hydrologic services. The methodology is performed using through field sampling and lab-analysing of physico-chemical, biologic and hydraulic variables in nested sub-basins draining to the Cantareira Water Supply System, in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. These areas participate in the Water-PES projects Water Producer/PCJ and Water Conservator at headwaters of Piracicaba watershed, during recent severe drought conditions between years 2013-15. The greyWF is estimated from outputs of time series simulated through ecohydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Under assumption of continuity of Water-PES projects, and using the same series of hydrometorological records for a common period (2008-2014), freshwater quali-quantitative impacts are performed through three LULC scenarios: past situation \"S1\" (year 1990), current situation \"S2\" (year 2010) and future situation \"S2+EbA\" (year 2035). From these scenarios, flow and load duration curves, mean water yields, greyWF and seasonal variabilities, were simulated. Through this research, continuous-monitoring Data Collecting Stations were installed in public-private partnership encompassing EESC/USP, ANA, CPRM, CEMADEN, SMA, TNC, WWF and local mayors. This continuous monitoring is addressed to increase the system resilience, based on better decision-making for water security, in strategic headwaters not only for water supply, but also for environmental conservation. This doctoral thesis brings contributions to a better comprehension of anthropic impacts on water resources and for strategies of EbA in front of progressive rates of losses of ecosystem services. This PhD. thesis was part of three research initiatives which partly granted activities: (1) Thematic Project FAPESP 2008/58161-1 \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and Strategies for Adaptation Options\"; (2) \"INCLINE - INterdisciplinary CLimate INvEstigation Center\" (NapMC/USP Núcleo de Apoio às Pesquisas em Mudanças Climáticas) and (3) \"Água Brasil\" Project, Banco do Brasil Foundation, WWF Brazil, ANA & FIPAI/EESC-USP.
A quantidade, a disponibilidade e, em particular, a qualidade da água doce está em degradação progressiva devido às mudanças ambientais no Antropoceno. Estratégias de adaptação baseadas em ecossistemas (EbA) são essenciais para reduzir estes impactos. Propõe-se um novo modelo de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos que integre a pegada hídrica cinza e processos ecohidrológicos para avaliação dos serviços hidrológicos em bacias hidrográficas sob mudanças. As etapas da pesquisa são: Capítulo 2 – análise dos projetos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais de proteção às bacias hidrográficas na Mata Atlântica brasileira e, no contexto de EbA, indicação de variáveis ecohidrológicas úteis na quantificação e futura valoração dos serviços hidrológicos; Capítulo 3 – desenvolvimento de plano de monitoramento ecohidrológico que integra aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos dos recursos hídricos para projetos de EbA; Capítulo 4 – provisão de dados experimentais de qualidade e quantidade da água, além de observações in-situ, para investigação das influências das mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo nas cabeceiras de mananciais, estratégicos para o abastecimento público e a conservação ambiental; Capítulo 5 – estimativas da pegada hídrica cinza para nitrato, fósforo total e sedimentos a partir do monitoramento de variáveis quali-quantitativas em bacias com diferentes condições de uso e ocupação de solo. Foi realizada a instalação de três Plataformas de Coleta de Dados, por meio de parceria entre EESC, ANA, CPRM, CEMADEN, SMA, TNC e WWF, visando aumentar a resiliência do sistema, decorrente de futuro aprimoramento da gestão, para a segurança hídrica. A metodologia incluiu coletas em seis diferentes períodos, durante dois anos, e análises das variáveis condutividade elétrica, cor, DQO, DBO5,20, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, fosfato, pH, turbidez, sólidos totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, medidas de vazões e velocidades médias em seções transversais. O método foi aplicado em microbacias participantes dos projetos Produtor de Água/PCJ e Conservador das Águas, dentre outras, com áreas de drenagem entre 7 e 1.000 km2, que contribuem para a bacia do rio Piracicaba (12.530 km2). Dados primários, medidos em recente período de severa estiagem no Sistema Cantareira (2013-14), foram integrados aos bancos de dados de órgãos gestores federais e estaduais. A produção de água foi maior em sub-bacias menos florestadas. Foi possível aprimorar a regionalização de cargas poluidoras por área de drenagem na região do Cantareira. A pegada hídrica cinza (WF) foi estimada a partir de simulações no modelo ecohidrológico Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Curvas de permanência de vazões e carga poluidora por área de drenagem foram elaboradas. Supondo-se a continuidade dos projetos \"Produtor de Água/PCJ\" e \"Conservador das Águas\", foram investigados os impactos de cenário futuro de uso do solo. Finalmente, foi desenvolvido novo índice ecohidrológico para quantificação dos serviços hidrológicos e avaliação a sustentabilidade das sub-bacias, a partir da pegada hídrica cinza composta. Assim, usando ferramentas de vanguarda tecnológica (SWAT e WF), a tese fornece subsídios para uma melhor compreensão dos impactos antropogênicos sobre os recursos hídricos e novas estratégias de adaptação baseada em ecossistemas, frente às progressivas taxas de perda de serviços ambientais. Esta tese esteve vinculada a três projetos de pesquisa, dos quais obteve apoio financeiro: (1) Projeto Temático FAPESP 2008/58161-1 \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil & Strategies for Adaptation Options\"; (2) \"INCLINE - INterdisciplinary CLimate INvEstigation Center\" (NapMC/USP) e (3) Projeto \"Água Brasil\", Fundação Banco do Brasil, WWF Brasil, ANA e FIPAI/EESC-USP.

La mer joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation du climat et dans l'équilibre écologique. Les océans et les mers constituent une source de richesse, un immense réservoir de ressources alimentaires et d'emplois pour un grand nombre de personnes. La mer Méditerranée est un écosystème sensible soumis à de fortes pressions par les activités humaines comme la pêche, l'exploration gazière et pétrolière, l'immersion des déchets ou d'autres matières en mer, le transport maritime, le transfert d'espèces aquatiques envahissantes par les eaux de ballast et le tourisme littoral. La France durement touchée par les naufrages de l'Amoco Cadiz, de l'Erika et du Prestige, a pris de nombreuses initiatives tant au niveau international que régional. La complexité du problème de la pollution marine, due à la diversité des facteurs polluants et à leurs sources diffuses, a favorisé une approche sectorielle. Cette approche s'est traduite par l'adoption, aux niveaux national, régional et international, d'un ensemble disparate de politiques, textes législatifs, programmes et plans d'action dans le domaine de la protection du milieu marin. Il s'agit d'un corps de règles étouffées comprenant des mesures préventives et répressives. La complexité institutionnelle et juridique de la protection du milieu marin empêche pourtant la protection effective de la mer. Dans ce contexte, la communauté internationale encourage la mise en œuvre d'une approche écosystématique pour les océans. À l'échelle européenne, l'adoption de la directive-cadre « stratégie pour le milieu marin » favorise la cohérence entre les différentes politiques européennes et l'intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans toutes les politiques liées à la mer. De plus, l'efficacité de la législation européenne dans le domaine de la lutte contre la pollution marine a été renforcée par l'adoption d'un cadre commun de responsabilité pour la prévention et la réparation des préjudices environnementaux
The sea plays a vital role in regulating climate and in maintaining ecological balance. The oceans and the sea constitute a source of wealth, an immense reservoir of food resources and of employment for many people. The Mediterranean Sea is a sensitive ecosystem, subject to strong pressures derived from human activities, such as fishing, oil and gas exploration, dumping of waste and other matter in the sea, maritime transport, transfer of aquatic invasive species via ballast water and littoral tourism. France, severely affected by the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz, the Erika and the Prestige, took numerous initiatives not only at an international but also at a regional level. The complexity of the marine pollution problem, due to the diversity of polluting factors and to their diffuse sources, has favored a regional approach. This approach has resulted in the adoption, at a national, regional and international level, of a network of policies, legislative texts, programs and action plans in the field of marine environment protection. It constitutes a stifling body of rules, comprising preventive and repressive measures. The institutional and legal complexity of marine protection hinders, however, the effective protection of the marine environment. ln this context, the international community encourages the implementation of an ecosystem approach to oceans. At European level, the adoption of the Framework Directive «Strategy for the Marine Environment» favours a consistency between different EU policies as well as an integration of environmental considerations into ail policies related to the sea. Furthermore, the effectiveness of European legislation in the field of the fight again marine pollution, has been reinforced by the adoption of a common framework of liability with regard to the prevention and remedy of environment damage

碩士
國立高雄大學
都市發展與建築研究所
101
In recent years, Climate change cause extreme rainstorm, it brought floods and droughts to everywhere. Taiwan has been damage by rainstorm disasters in 2010 and 2011. This evidence shows the important of stormwater management for the territory planning and regional spatial planning. And stormwater management in Taiwan is still remain in old concepts – Water as a disaster and the important of drainage efficiency. Taiwan still use this kind of concept and technique treating floods. The other hand, the stormwater management concept and technique of European countries and America is strengthening for territory water resources planning. It not only pursuit water quality and quantity but also treat water as a chance – living with water. The strengthen stormwater management also combine with land use planning. It created a trend of land and water resources co-management. Therefore, the research finally choice an experimental site which in Keelung city. Integrated model of Taiwan`s current land use planning through the stormwater management. The research proposed a model of stormwater management integrated with land use planning on exiting drainage system.

Military training areas (MTAs) cover an estimated 2-3 percent of the Earth’s terrestrial environment, occurring in all major biomes. These areas are important supplementary sites for biodiversity conservation, with the potential to increase the global protected area network by approximately 12-15 percent if recognised for their environmental values and managed appropriately. Despite the significant area that MTAs occupy, and their potential contribution to biodiversity protection globally, there is a paucity of research and understanding of their environmental values, and how best to integrate management of military training and environmental values. My research focussed on understanding and integrating management of the military training and environmental values found on MTAs. The first part of my research focussed on understanding the military training and environmental values of MTAs. This research highlighted that only limited empirical data exist on the environmental values of these areas. An investigation of the Australian MTA management framework revealed that management of military training and environmental values are not integrated. Second, I focussed on developing a set of management principles to guide the management of MTAs. As MTAs are unique, with no other land management unit being subject to similar types of impacts, the principles combine existing and novel approaches for the management of these areas. Central to the design of the principles are two adaptive management loops that integrate military training and environmental management outcomes. This is the first time that two adaptive management loops have been used to manage the one land use activity. The final part of my research focussed on 1. Developing a land management model and management prescriptions for MTAs that integrate the management of the military training and environmental values of these areas, allowing for improved management outcomes that are transparent and accountable, and, 2. Providing guidance, in the absence of further detailed environmental information, on how best to manage military training-related environmental disturbance. The land management model consists of two management equations and a four-part management condition test that, when appropriately applied, should result in improved management outcomes for both the military training and environmental values of MTAs. The new approach allows for the assessment of different MTA land management configurations prior to on-ground implementation. The model also makes provision for the incorporation of management costs. Guidance on how best to manage military training-related environmental disturbance was developed by initially investigating the causes for military training-related disturbance and simulating military training-related environmental disturbance at different range usage rates under a typical range rotation use strategies. These results were compared to estimated ecosystem recovery rates from training activities. We found that even at relatively low usage rates, random allocation and random spatial use of training ranges within an MTA resulted in environmental degradation. To avoid large scale environmental degradation, we developed a decision-making tool that details the best method for managing training-related disturbance by determining how training activities can be allocated to training ranges. Collectively, the research in this thesis has resulted in the development of a new approach to the management of MTAs that allows for better integration of the military training and environmental values.

Adoption of Integrated Development Approach in Land Reform projects could ensure the co-ordinated and equitable allocation of resources to meet the various needs of the community and improve the quality of the Land Reform projects. Racially based legislations were developed to take the land from black people. Land Reform aims at redressing the injustices of the past. Community developmental needs are diverse. Therefore Land Reform alone is inadequate to meet all the needs of the community. The integrated intervention of other stakeholders is required. The research explores the adaptation of Integrated Development Approach in Land Reform by obtaining the perceptions of the Mgai people regarding the future development needs of the Mgai Farm. Special focus was on tenure, socioeconomic and infrastructural issues. The Local Umzumbe and the Ugu District Municipalities have developed their Integrated Development Plans to ensure co-ordinated development and equitable allocation of resources. Mgai project is incorporated into their Integrated Development Plans. The research reveals that Mgai community live under communal tenure system in the surrounding tribal areas. It lacks skill and competencies for entering the formal job markets. There is no existing infrastructure in Mgai Farm. The community have needs infrastructure such as schools, clinics, and community halls. Land Reform in isolation cannot provide for community needs. It is noted that Land Reform is still implemented in a fragmented manner because the other stakeholders are involved in the project after the project have been approved. This poses a challenge into the sustainability of the project. Recommendations offered in this research provide opportunities for future research and ensuring that project are implemented.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Connections to the Land: the Politics of Health and Wellbeing in Arviat, Nunavut is about traditional knowledge as process. The thesis examines the relationships between Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) [“the Inuit way of doing things”; traditional knowledge (TK);], Inuit perceptions of health and wellbeing and the land; and what the relationships mean for integrated coastal and ocean management. Among Arviat Inuit (Arviarmiut), IQ, health and wellbeing and the land are tightly interconnected. When one relationship is stressed, disruptions occur throughout the whole system. IQ is embedded in Inuit perceptions of health and wellbeing, and to be healthy, Inuit maintain they must interact with the land in Inuit ways. In 2004, issues surrounding the nature of IQ, its control, production, documentation and legitimation were contested by Arviarmiut. Inuit strongly resented input from academics, resource managers, scientists or other southern “experts”. Arviarmiut sensitivities regarding IQ were in part the result of the rapid social change that had occurred over the last half century. Social systems suffered upheaval as colonial processes and institutions impacted values, networks, families and identity. The rate of change did not allow for time for traditional systems to adapt, and aspects of social change happened out of sync with each other resulting in dysfunction. Arviat’s history of relocation, uneven social change and expanded communication ability all affected the formation of IQ. Through participatory research, participant observation, interviews and network-building with Inuit organizations, the research explores IQ as process and the interconnections with the land and wellbeing. It recommends greater integration of Inuit into resource management planning and decision-making in ways consistent with IQ; and allowing Inuit to decide what processes and policies are most appropriate for them.

The focus of transportation planning, until the past three decades or so, was to provide adequate transportation infrastructure supply to meet the mobility needs of the population. Over the past three decades, however, in view of increasing suburban sprawl and auto dependence, the focus of transportation planning has expanded to include the objective of sustainable development. Contemporary efforts toward sustainability include, for example, integrated land-use and transportation planning, travel demand management, congestion pricing, and transit and non-motorized travel oriented development. Consequently, in an effort to understand individuals’ behavioral responses to (and to assess the effectiveness of) these policies, the travel demand modeling field evolved along three distinct directions: (a) Activity-based travel demand modeling, (b) Built environment and travel behavior modeling, and (c) Integrated land-use -- transportation modeling. The three fields of research, however, have progressed in a rather disjoint fashion. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to contribute toward the research needs that are at the intersection of the three fields of research identified above, and to bring the three research areas together into a unified research stream. This is achieved by the simultaneous consideration of the following three aspects, each of which is of high importance in each direction of research identified above: (1) The activity-based and tour-based approaches to travel behavior analysis, (2) Residential self-selection effects, and (3) Integrated modeling of long-term land-use related choices and medium- and short-term travel-related choices. To this end, a series of integrated models of multidimensional choice processes are formulated to jointly analyze long-term residential location decisions and medium- and short-term activity-travel decisions (such as auto ownership, bicycle ownership, commute mode choice, and daily time-use). The models are estimated and applied using data from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area Travel Survey to understand and disentangle the multitude of relationships between long-, medium-, and short-term choices. This dissertation also formulates a multiple discrete-continuous nested extreme value model that can accommodate inter-alternative correlations and flexible substitution patterns across mutually exclusive subsets (or nests) of alternatives in multiple discrete-continuous choice models.
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碩士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
95
Coastal zone become the object which is used to develop when the economy developed quickly and population increase. As a result of coastal zone is a region which involves economy, environment, ecology, and engineering. We must integrated many factors and coordinated related groups. Then we can achieve the goal of sustainable development. The research involved the knowledge and experiences from Europe, American, and Japan. Except they used a construct of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to think the questions, they combined ecology, water conservancy engineering, social economic activities, and environmental protection. Then they used DSR framework as the foundation to establish the system which evaluated sustainable development of the coastal zone, and they can develop the system dynamic model analyzing the coastal management in many conditions. Land subsidence is a potential crisis, it grows obviously with the time and has the impact to the environment., When typhoon occurs in the west part of Taiwan coastal area, draining which is unable to operate may cause flood, mole avalanche, seawater intrusion and soil salinization. First we must understand the origin and the management of land subsidence, then we can make the effective strategies by researching different background and geography characteristic of the region. As a result of land subsidence involves economy, environment, ecology and engineering, the process of land subsidence is a complex problem which has multiple causes. This problem usually involves time-delay and long-term effect. System dynamics is an approach that is used to describe, explore and analyze the procedure, information and the boundary of organizations in complex systems. Such model is good for solving dynamic complex problems with non-linearity, causal circulation, information feedback and time-delay as long as the estimative parameter fall in its confidence level. The object of the research is to inspect land subsidence in the Pingtung plain. Therefore, this study proposes to find strategies which is suitable to solve interested problems according to integrate social-economic and ecologic-environment development. The framework of the research is based on the DSR (Driving forces-State-Response) index, and it makes evaluated factor from collecting domestic and foreign literature. Then we selected the important factors and its weight value by using the method of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to visit the expert and the scholar. According to above, we developed the model of system dynamics and build confidence in the model. In addition, the result of the simulation can provide good supporting information for decision makers by using the model for several strategies simulation and making the index to represent the performance of simulation analysis.

碩士
國防管理學院
後勤管理研究所
94
R.O.C. defense system learned IPT ＆ TLCSM（Integrated Product Team）TLCSM（Total Life Cycle Systems Management）from U.S. military for recent year . The goal for IPT ＆ TLCSM is to keep the weapon systems in good condition at low costs & risk . Some portions of IPT ＆ TLCSM works have done very well , but some were not ! The result is the reliability & availability of weapon systems can’t keep in good condition (take land systems for example) . The main reason for this result is that R.O.C. didn’t build the IPT ＆ TLCSM mechanism according to the internal ＆ external circumstance of defense organization . This study tries to find the solutions to improve IPT ＆ TLCSM performance through U.S. military paradigms , Resource Dependence Theory , Transaction Cost Theory ,Expectancy Theory ……etc.

Many agricultural landscapes in India are irrigated with wastewater, and it is a common livelihood practice particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. Farmers around urban agglomerations continuously depend on the wastewater released from nearby urban centres. While providing opportunities with respect to water and nutrient supply, irrigating with wastewater has adverse environmental impacts, particularly on the local aquifer systems. Therefore, addressing the wastewater irrigation influence on local aquifer systems is crucial for sustainable groundwater management. The present research demonstrates the impacts of wastewater irrigation, seasonality and spatio-temporal variations in the groundwater quality and its geochemical evolution and mixing processes in different land use and crop settings. The doctoral research aims at understanding the aquifer heterogeneity, land use conditions, groundwater dynamics and contaminant fate and transport in the long-term wastewater irrigation system to develop sustainable and suitable groundwater management strategies. The selected study watershed is located on the banks of Musi River in a peri-urban catchment of the Musi River basin in India. Statistical techniques, land use change modelling and solute flow and transport modelling tools are employed to identify and quantify the linkages between contaminants, agricultural use and environmental variables, particularly those characterizing the groundwater qualities. The research results suggest that concentrations of the major ionic substances increase after the monsoon season, especially in wastewater irrigated areas and the major polluted groundwaters to come from the wastewater irrigated parts of the watershed. Clusters of chemical variables identified indicate that groundwater pollution is highly impacted by mineral interactions and long-term wastewater irrigation. The groundwater geochemistry of the watershed is largely controlled by long-term wastewater irrigation, local rainfall patterns and water-rock interactions. The detected land use changes in the watershed indicate that, as a consequence of urban pressures, agricultural landscapes are being converted into built-up areas and, at the same time, former barren land is converted to agricultural plots. The mapped land use data are used in modelling the aquifer conditions and to observe the groundwater dynamics in the peri-urban environment. The study results provide the basis for sustainable agriculture and groundwater development using the efficient scenarios identified for wastewater irrigation management. The resulting strategies for integrated management of water and waste will contribute to the water security and achieve the respective Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11 and 15).

Tese de doutoramento em Biociência, na especialidade de Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
A Directiva-Quadro da Água reforça o papel dos usos do solo na avaliação da qualidade da água, mas a utilização de dados de ocupação do solo, no que respeita a águas de superfície, restringe-se à estimativa dos padrões de uso do solo para a identificação de pressões provenientes de fontes de poluição difusas. O principal objetivo deste estudo é identificar especificidades da ocupação dos usos do solo na avaliação das mudanças de estado (Capítulo I), pressões (Capítulo I e II) e forças motrizes (Capítulo III e IV) da qualidade das águas de superfície. Para o efeito, usamos dados da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Mondego, uma bacia costeira localizada em Portugal, onde as mudanças socioeconómicas têm sido observadas desde a década de 1990 e que resultaram na perda de representatividade do setor agrícola e ganho do setor da construção. Apesar das mudanças, a agricultura mantém-se como uma fonte de pressão sobre as águas de superfície que, associada a modificações hidromorfológicas, causaram um declínio da qualidade ecológica do estuário do Mondego. Em 1998, a implementação de medidas de mitigação permitiu a recuperação do sistema, mas a monitorização identificou elevadas concentrações de nutrientes que pediam uma avaliação da sua proveniência. Por esta razão, a bacia do Rio Mondego, emerge como um caso de estudo com as condições necessárias para identificar aplicações mais amplas de dados de ocupação do solo no âmbito da identificação de forças motrizes e pressões sobre a qualidade da água. O Capítulo I estabelece a linha de base para este trabalho através da aplicação de indicadores de nutrientes e de substâncias-consumidoras-de-oxigénio para analisar a evolução das concentrações de amónia, nitrato e fosfato no estuário do Mondego entre os períodos 2003-2007 e 2012-2013 (ANOVA no software R); para analisar as diferenças entre as concentrações médias anuais de nutrientes nos rios tributários em 2012-2013 e as concentrações médias anuais encontradas em rios europeus em três períodos diferentes (1992, 2000, 2012); e para avaliar as diferenças na variabilidade das concentrações de nutrientes no estuário e nos tributários em 2012-2013 (ANOVA em software R). Adicionalmente, o Capítulo I avalia a dependência das concentrações de nutrientes estuarinas das entradas de água doce provenientes dos tributários, em dois períodos distintos. Procurou-se a relação linear entre as concentrações de nutrientes e a salinidade, a precipitação e a temperatura (regressão linear no software R). Os resultados revelam diferenças entre os intervalos de tempo e mostram uma dependência das concentrações de nutrientes das entradas de água doce proveniente dos rios, o que indica pressão de cargas de nutrientes sobre o estuário. No Capítulo II a pressão exercida pela descarga de nutrientes nos rios da bacia hidrográfica é avaliada utilizando dados de ocupação do solo. Analisa-se a adequação de métricas de paisagem para descrever a variabilidade espacial de nitratos em toda a bacia do rio Mondego usando dados sazonais de 2001 e 2006 (modelo linear misto - software R). Os resultados revelam que os padrões de ocupação do solo são descritores fracos da variabilidade espacial de nitratos na bacia do rio Mondego. No Capítulo III caracterizam-se as forças motrizes da qualidade da água usando como proxy os processos de mudança da paisagem. Os mapas CORINE de 1990, 2000 e 2006 são utilizados para analisar as mudanças entre oito categorias de ocupação, através de uma análise alargada de matrizes de transição. A magnitude da mudança e a consistência das transições revelam que as forças motrizes mais relevantes incluem categorias com baixa percentagem de ocupação, mas elevado efeito potencial nos processos hidrológicos. No Capítulo IV, reconhecendo que a precisão dos mapas pode influenciar a nossa percepção acerca das forças motrizes que atuam no sistema, aplica-se uma Análise de Intensidade para avaliar a adequação dos mapas CORINE como indicadores de mudanças de ocupação. Transições inconsistentes indicam erros de classificação que se poderiam propagar para outras aplicações que utilizam mapas de mudança de ocupação do solo. Analisando os resultados concluímos que ainda há espaço para o desenvolvimento de indicadores, nomeadamente indicadores de eficácia-de-políticas; que os dados de ocupação do solo como indicadores de pressão podem revelar o efeito, a longo prazo, da implementação de políticas; que a magnitude e a consistência dos processos de mudança de ocupação do solo revelam informações adicionais relativamente à avaliação das forças motrizes de transições de ocupação e que os mapas CORINE, apesar de serem dados de elevada qualidade, têm limitações de precisão facilmente identificadas através de uma Análise de Intensidade. Em relação à concentração de nutrientes, o nosso estudo sugere que são necessárias medidas de mitigação para reduzir as entradas de concentrações de fosfato para o estuário, de preferência por meio de políticas a nível europeu. The European Water Framework Directive enhances the role of land use in determining water quality of all waters, but the use of land cover data, regarding surface waters, is restricted to the estimation of land use patterns for the identification of pressures on surface waters from diffuse source pollution. The main goal of this study is to uncover specificities of land cover in the assessment of state changes (Chapter I), pressures (Chapt er I and II) and drivers (Chapter III and IV) of water quality of surface waters. For this purpose, we use data from the Mondego river basin, a coastal watershed in Portugal , where socio - economic changes observed since the 1990 s resulted in the loss of rep resentativeness from the agricultural sector and gain from the construction sector. Despite the observed changes, agriculture remained a source of pressure on surface waters which, associated with hydro - morphological modifications, caused a decline of the ecological quality of the Mondego estuary. In 1998, the implementation of mitigation measures enabled the recovery of the system but routine monitoring identified high concentrations of nutrients deserving further assessment to understand its sources. For this reason, the Mondego river basin, as a case study, provided conditions to reveal wider applications of land cover data within the assessment of drivers and pressures of water quality. Chapter I establishes the baseline for our research applying indicat ors of nutrients and oxygen - consuming - substances to analyze progress in the concentrations of ammonia, nitrate and phosphate in the Mondego estuary from a former period (2003 - 2007) to a recent period (2012 - 2 2013) (ANOVA in R software); to analyze difference s between the annual mean concentrations of nutrients in the tributary rivers in 2012 - 2013 and the average annual mean concentrations found in European rivers in three different periods (1992, 2000, 2012); and to evaluate differences in the variability of nutrient concentrations between the estuary and the tributaries in 2012 - 2013 (ANOVA in R software). Additionally, Chapter I evaluates the dependency of estuarine nutrient concentration s on riverine freshwater inputs in two different periods. A linear relat ionship between the nutrient concentrations and salinity, precipitation and temperature was sought (linear regression in R software). Altogether the results indicate differences between time intervals and are able to establish a dependency of nutrient conc entrations on riverine freshwater inputs, indicating pressure from nutrient loadings on the estuary. In Chapter II pressure from nutrient flushing on the river basin is evaluated using land cover data as an indicator. The suitability of landscape metrics t o describe the spatial variability of nitrate across the Mondego river basin is assessed using seasonal data from the years 2001 and 2006 (linear mixed model - R software). The results reveal that land cover patterns are weak descriptors of nitrate spatial variability in the Mondego river basin. In Chapter III driving forces of water quality are characterized using processes of landscape change as proxy. CORINE Land cover maps at 1990, 2000 and 2006 are used to analyze changes among eight categories throug h an extended analysis of transition matrices. The magnitude of change and consistency of transitions reveal that the most relevant driving forces from land transitions include categories with low percentage of occupation but high potential effect on hydro logical processes. In Chapter IV, acknowledging that the accuracy of maps may influence our perception of the main driving forces acting in the system, the Intensity Analysis approach is applied to evaluate the suitability of the CORINE land cover maps as indicators of land change. Inconsistent transitions reveal the misclassification errors that could propagate to other land cover change applications, as in the assessment of hydrological processes. Through the analysis of the results we conclude that there is still space for the development of indicators, namely policy effectiveness indicators; land cover data as indicator of pressure may reveal the effect of policies’ implementation in the long - term; the magnitude and con sistency of the processes of land change reveal additional information regarding the assessment of driving Abstract 3 forces from land transitions and that CORINE maps, though being high quality datasets, have accuracy limitations that are easily accessed through Int ensity Analysis. Regarding nutrient concentrations, our study suggests that mitigation measures, preferably through policies at the European level, are needed to reduce the inputs of phosphate concentrations into the estuary.
The European Water Framework Directive enhances the role of land use in determining water quality of all waters, but the use of land cover data, regarding surface waters, is restricted to the estimation of land use patterns for the identification of pressures on surface waters from diffuse source pollution. The main goal of this study is to uncover specificities of land cover in the assessment of state changes (Chapter I), pressures (Chapter I and II) and drivers (Chapter III and IV) of water quality of surface waters. For this purpose, we use data from the Mondego river basin, a coastal watershed in Portugal, where socio-economic changes observed since the 1990s resulted in the loss of representativeness from the agricultural sector and gain from the construction sector. Despite the observed changes, agriculture remained a source of pressure on surface waters which, associated with hydro-morphological modifications, caused a decline of the ecological quality of the Mondego estuary. In 1998, the implementation of mitigation measures enabled the recovery of the system but routine monitoring identified high concentrations of nutrients deserving further assessment to understand its sources. For this reason, the Mondego river basin, as a case study, provided conditions to reveal wider applications of land cover data within the assessment of drivers and pressures of water quality. Chapter I establishes the baseline for our research applying indicators of nutrients and oxygenconsuming-substances to analyze progress in the concentrations of ammonia, nitrate and phosphate in the Mondego estuary from a former period (2003-2007) to a recent period (2012) - 2013) (ANOVA in R software); to analyze differences between the annual mean concentrations of nutrients in the tributary rivers in 2012-2013 and the average annual mean concentrations found in European rivers in three different periods (1992, 2000, 2012); and to evaluate differences in the variability of nutrient concentrations between the estuary and the tributaries in 2012-2013 (ANOVA in R software). Additionally, Chapter I evaluates the dependency of estuarine nutrient concentrations on riverine freshwater inputs in two different periods. A linear relationship between the nutrient concentrations and salinity, precipitation and temperature was sought (linear regression in R software). Altogether the results indicate differences between time intervals and are able to establish a dependency of nutrient concentrations on riverine freshwater inputs, indicating pressure from nutrient loadings on the estuary. In Chapter II pressure from nutrient flushing on the river basin is evaluated using land cover data as an indicator. The suitability of landscape metrics to describe the spatial variability of nitrate across the Mondego river basin is assessed using seasonal data from the years 2001 and 2006 (linear mixed model - R software). The results reveal that land cover patterns are weak descriptors of nitrate spatial variability in the Mondego river basin. In Chapter III driving forces of water quality are characterized using processes of landscape change as proxy. CORINE Land cover maps at 1990, 2000 and 2006 are used to analyze changes among eight categories through an extended analysis of transition matrices. The magnitude of change and consistency of transitions reveal that the most relevant driving forces from land transitions include categories with low percentage of occupation but high potential effect on hydrological processes. In Chapter IV, acknowledging that the accuracy of maps may influence our perception of the main driving forces acting in the system, the Intensity Analysis approach is applied to evaluate the suitability of the CORINE land cover maps as indicators of land change. Inconsistent transitions reveal the misclassification errors that could propagate to other land cover change applications, as in the assessment of hydrological processes. Through the analysis of the results we conclude that there is still space for the development of indicators, namely policy effectiveness indicators; land cover data as indicator of pressure may reveal the effect of policies’ implementation in the long-term; the magnitude and consistency of the processes of land change reveal additional information regarding the assessment of driving forces from land transitions and that CORINE maps, though being high quality datasets, have accuracy limitations that are easily accessed through Intensity Analysis. Regarding nutrient concentrations, our study suggests that mitigation measures, preferably through policies at the European level, are needed to reduce the inputs of phosphate concentrations into the estuary.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理所
91
The comprehensive agricultural land use planning program has been carried out in the entire area of Taiwan. The purpose of this program is trying to meet the demand of the market. Taiwan has been a member of WTO. Facing the challenge of free trade and internationalization, the impact on Taiwan’s agricultural industry is great. Therefore, should the comprehensive land use program be adjusted accordingly? If so, then, how does the adjustment should be made? This is the problem this study is going to investigate. This study took the Village of Ran-Li as the study area. The method used was Delphi experts in depth interview. After reviewing relevant literature and analyzed the interview information, some tentative results were obtained. First, the function of the current comprehensive planning should be improved and enhanced. It should be considered from both aspects of agricultural development and land management. Second, the need of agricultural land and facilities should match the demand of the market. Third, the planning of land uses should consider the balance among ecologic, economic production and living requirements. Finally, special agricultural districts should be created and other supplemental programs should be designed and implemented.

碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系
86
World Wide Web based on the Internet is an information service system which uses the HyperLink to integrate the distributed information of the world. Theoretically, it links all the equivalent nodes on the networks together. User can retrieve text, graphics, sounds, and lots of multi-media information by using browser through the web server of the WWW, and show the result. Because the connection between web site is equity on the WWW, we just only make ourselves web site search well, and the web site can also be done on the WWW. Considering a web site on the WAN (Wide Area Networks) and on the LAN (Local Area Networks), user can search the web site on the WAN as well as LAN. The performance on the LAN is not good enough to search a web site through HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) on WWW. We design and implement a distributed information retrieval system which integrates and manages the web site on the LAN and WAN. The designed management information retrieval system has the following characteristics: The integration of the LAN and WAN which can make information retrieval on the LAN and WAN synchronously, so that searching algorithm and maintaining security of information are also synchronous. The application of multi-thread technology can accelerate the speed of information retrieval. The redirected directory method can increase the portability and scalability of the system. The use of tree structure will be hierachical data management and easy to maintain the database on the host computer.

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊科學系
90
Bandwidth management over wired bottleneck links has been an effective method to utilize network resources. For the rapidly emerging Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) with IEEE 802.11 standard, bandwidth management over the bottlenecked WLAN becomes a new issue. Most possible existing solutions only exclusively focus on optimizing multimedia traffic, pure downlink/uplink fairness, or are incompatible with IEEE 802.11. This study proposes a cooperative deficit round robin (co-DRR), an IEEE 802.11-compatible host-based fair scheduling algorithm based on the deficit round robin (DRR) and distributed-DRR (DDRR) schemes, cooperating the uplink and downlink quantum calculations. With the PCF mode, utilize the contention-free period to complement the unfairness of contention period. With 100 mobile hosts or 0.0001 high bit error rate, simulation results show uplink and downlink bandwidth allocated for hosts not only achieves long-term fairness (CoV< 0.01) but also scales well.

No
For decades, the development of the Internet was driven by the purpose of providing applications to non-mobile users. No specific Quality of Service (QoS) requirement is necessary, other than ensuring reliability in the end-to-end data transfers. As such, best effort service model was deemed more than appropriate to satisfy the users' needs. Nevertheless, the scenario has changed in the last few years. A new population of nomadic users, who requires access to Internet services regardless of their location and mode of transportation is growing, while new typologies of Internet applications are being continuously developed, in which best effort service level may no longer be adequate. The SUITED project has been devised to address the emerging issues generated by this new and challenging scenario. SUITED aims at contributing towards the design and deployment of the Global Mobile Broadband System (GMBS), a unique satellite/terrestrial infrastructure, which will ensure that nomadic users have access to Internet services with a negotiated QoS. An overview of the main results achieved in the SUITED project is provided in this article. Some of the most innovative solutions developed by the SUITED team for the joint management of global mobility and end-to-end QoS support are presented. The SUITED demonstrator platform, which was developed to validate the system specifications, is also described. Finally, the results of the experimental measurement campaigns carried out with this platform are reported.

This thesis explores the legal and political contexts in which offshore oil and gas (OOG) decisions in British Columbia's Queen Charlotte Basin (Basin) are being made and situates these decisions within Canada's integrated coastal and oceans management (ICOM) strategy. The geography, ecology and current ocean uses of the Basin are reviewed and environmental impacts of OOG considered. The federal-provincial jurisdictional and ownership complexities and issues of aboriginal rights and title are then reviewed. Canada's efforts to implement ICOM through the Oceans Act and subsequent policies are assessed. as compared to the U.S. model and in light of international principles. Core ICOM principles of sustainability, integration. precaution and transparency are specifically reviewed. While Canada's oceans strategy is consistent with internationally-accepted principles, it falls short of a true ICOM regime and is not sufficiently developed to resolve the OOG debate. Nonetheless, OOG decisions can and should be guided by its principles.