Journal articles: 'Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI strategy)'

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Wammanda, R. D., C. L. Ejembi, and T. Iorliam. "Drug Treatment Costs: Projected Impact of Using the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses." Tropical Doctor 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550303300210.

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The strategy of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) aims at improving the skills of first level health workers and consequently, improving the survival chances of children. The guidelines have been shown to be cost-effective. We aimed to determine the potential impact of using IMCI guidelines on drug treatment cost. The cost of drugs prescribed for 129 sick children, by first level health workers, who were managed at three primary health facilities in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, was calculated. The corresponding cost using the IMCI guidelines was also calculated. There were 74 males and 55 females (M:F=1.3:1). An average of 4.5 drugs per patient were prescribed by the health workers compared to 2.3 drugs per patient when using the IMCI guidelines. The total cost of drugs prescribed by the health workers was N15 279.39 with an average of N118.44 per child. The corresponding costs had the IMCI guidelines been used were N3 062.53 and N23.73, respectively. Treatment cost using the traditional method was 4.98 times more expensive than using methods advocated by the IMCI guidelines. The projected cost savings related to drugs when using IMCI guidelines were based on the assumption that inappropriate drugs would not be prescribed by health workers once they are introduced to and started using the IMCI guidelines.

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Fujimori, Elizabeth, Cinthia Hiroko Higuchi, Emília Gallindo Cursino, Maria De La Ó. Ramallo Veríssimo, Ana Luiza Vilela Borges, Débora Falleiros de Mello, Lucila Castanheira Nascimento, Verónica Behn, and Lynda Law Wilson. "Teaching of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy in undergraduate nursing programs." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 21, no. 3 (June 2013): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692013000300002.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the teaching of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy on Brazilian undergraduate nursing programs. METHOD: Integrating an international multicentric study, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted between May and October 2010 with 571 undergraduate nursing programs in Brazil RESULTS: Responses were received from 142 programs, 75% private and 25% public. 64% of them included the IMCI strategy in the theoretical content, and 50% of the programs included IMCI as part of the students' practical experience. The locations most used for practical teaching were primary health care units. The 'treatment' module was taught by the fewest number of programs, and few programs had access to the IMCI instructional manuals. All programs used exams for evaluation, and private institutions were more likely to include class participation as part of the evaluation. Teaching staff in public institutions were more likely to have received training in teaching IMCI. CONCLUSION: In spite of the relevance of the IMCI strategy in care of the child, its content is not addressed in all undergraduate programs in Brazil, and many programs do not have access to the IMCI teaching manuals and have not provide training in IMCI to their teaching staff.

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Patwari, A. K., and Neena Raina. "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) : A robust strategy." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 69, no. 1 (January 2002): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02723776.

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Paranhos, Vania Daniele, Juliana Coelho Pina, and Débora Falleiros de Mello. "Integrated management of childhood illness with the focus on caregivers: an integrative literature review." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 19, no. 1 (February 2011): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692011000100027.

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The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy addresses the diseases most prevalent in infancy, the reception of the child and family, and the comprehension the problem and effective procedures. The aim was to identify, between 1998 and 2008, publications relating to the IMCI strategy focusing on the caregiver. This study is an Integrative literature review in the Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo databases. The caregivers knew one or more warning signs for acute respiratory infection, but not for diarrhea. Pneumonia was perceived as a serious childhood disease. Communication skills among health professionals trained in the IMCI strategy were different to those in untrained professionals. The follow-up of the health of the child is higher according to the education level of the caregiver, and according to the medications supplied in the consultation and in the follow-up. Regarding the health of the child it is relevant to focus on the IMCI strategy, favoring experiences that include the family in the care.

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Abebe, Ayele Mamo, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, and Fikir Alebachew Mengistu. "Assessment of Factors Affecting the Implementation of Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness for Treatment of under Five Children by Health Professional in Health Care Facilities in Yifat Cluster in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Pediatrics 2019 (December 15, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9474612.

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Background. Every year some 12 million children in developing countries die before they reach their fifth birthday. Seven in ten of these deaths are due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria or malnutrition. The WHO Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH), in collaboration with eleven other WHO programmes and UNICEF, has responded to this challenge by developing the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy. Research that examines assessment of factors influencing the implementing the integrated management of neonatal and childhood illnesses (IMCI) strategy in Ethiopia is limited. Objective. To assess factors influencing the implementation of the IMNCI strategy by health professionals in public health institutions of Yifat cluster in North Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2018. Method. An institutional based cross-sectional study will be conducted from March to May. A total of 201 health professionals will be selected using proportionally allocated to population size and interviewed using structured and pretested questionnaires. Data will be coded, entered and cleaned using SPSS version 20 for analysis. Univariate (frequency), Bivariate, Multiple logistic regression analysis will be employed. P-value and 95% confidence interval (CI) for OR will be used in judging the significance of the associations. P-value less than 0.05 will be taken as significant association. Results. Data were obtained from 201 health care professionals, yielding a response rate of 100%. The overall IMNCI implementation was 58% as high level implementation and 42% as low level implementation. In multivariate analysis the implementation of IMNCI was higher among IMNCI trained health care professionals ([AOR=2.7, 95% CI: (1.1.278, 4.562)]) and among those whose always referring chart booklet [AOR=2.76, 95% CI: (1.753, 5.975)]. Conclusion. IMNCI strategy can be better implemented through provision of training for the health workers. However, a variety of factor found to be a barrier to IMNCI implementation in a consistent way. Recommendations have been made related to provision of the training to the nurses and Health Care system strengthening among others.

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Khatun, Mst Akhtara, Ashees Kumar Saha, Sabrina Aktar, and Fouzia Hasin. "Knowledge on integrated management of childhood illness among health and family planning field workers." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v7i1.53309.

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Integrated Management of Childhood illness (IMCI) is a strategy for reducing mortality among children under the age of 5 years. This study was aim to assess the level of knowledge on IMCI among health and family planning field worker. Convenience sampling and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 237 respondents. Knowledge level was categorised as good, average and poor while association of categorical data were done by Chi squire test. The mean age of participants was 36.03±10.13 years where (82.3%) respondents were female. The mean duration of job was 11.27± 9.81 years where (71.7%) respondents did not have training on IMCI. Among the respondents, 42.6% didn’t know any of the objectives and 46.8% respondents knew that one of the components of IMCI, 51.5% respondents knew that IMCI to improve the health system and 35.3% respondents knew that IMCI is to improve family and community practice. Signs of diarrhoea in 0-2 month’s old baby was not known by 27.8% respondents. Majority of the respondents (72.2%) had knowledge about increased respiratory rate as a sign of pneumonia. Among the respondents, 42.6% respondents had poor knowledge regarding IMCI while 28.7% had well and (28.7%) had average knowledge. Level of knowledge was significantly associated with age (p<0.026), sex (p<0.001), place of job (p<0.001), designation (p<0.001), type of job (p<0.001), duration of Job (p<0.001), training status (p<0.002). There are many lacks in the knowledge of health and family planning field workers, they need training on IMCI to prevent the under-five mortality and morbidity. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2021, 7(1): 56-63

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Uwemedimo, Omolara T., Todd P. Lewis, Elsie A. Essien, Grace J. Chan, Humphreys Nsona, Margaret E. Kruk, and Hannah H. Leslie. "Distribution and determinants of pneumonia diagnosis using Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines: a nationally representative study in Malawi." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 2 (March 2018): e000506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000506.

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BackgroundPneumonia remains the leading cause of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy was developed to standardise care in low-income and middle-income countries for major childhood illnesses and can effectively improve healthcare worker performance. Suboptimal clinical evaluation can result in missed diagnoses and excess morbidity and mortality. We estimate the sensitivity of pneumonia diagnosis and investigate its determinants among children in Malawi.MethodsData were obtained from the 2013–2014 Service Provision Assessment survey, a census of health facilities in Malawi that included direct observation of care and re-examination of children by trained observers. We calculated sensitivity of pneumonia diagnosis and used multilevel log-binomial regression to assess factors associated with diagnostic sensitivity.Results3136 clinical visits for children 2–59 months old were observed at 742 health facilities. Healthcare workers completed an average of 30% (SD 13%) of IMCI guidelines in each encounter. 573 children met the IMCI criteria for pneumonia; 118 (21%) were correctly diagnosed. Advanced practice clinicians were more likely than other providers to diagnose pneumonia correctly (adjusted relative risk 2.00, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.29). Clinical quality was strongly associated with correct diagnosis: sensitivity was 23% in providers at the 75th percentile for guideline adherence compared with 14% for those at the 25th percentile. Contextual factors, facility structural readiness, and training or supervision were not associated with sensitivity.ConclusionsCare quality for Malawian children is poor, with low guideline adherence and missed diagnosis for four of five children with pneumonia. Better sensitivity is associated with provider type and higher adherence to IMCI. Existing interventions such as training and supportive supervision are associated with higher guideline adherence, but are insufficient to meaningfully improve sensitivity. Innovative and scalable quality improvement interventions are needed to strengthen health systems and reduce avoidable child mortality.

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Haryanti, Fitri, Mohammad Hakimi, Yati Sunarto, and Yayi S. Prabandari. "THE IMPACT OF HOSPITAL BASED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS TRAINING ON PEDIATRIC NURSE COMPETENCY." Belitung Nursing Journal 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.362.

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Background: Although the WHO strategy integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) for primary care has been implemented in over 100 countries, there is less global experience with hospital-based IMCI training. Until recently, no training had been done in Indonesia, and globally there has been limited experience of the role of IMCI in rebuilding health systems after complex emergencies.Objective: We aimed to examine the effect of hospital-based IMCI training on pedicatric nurse competency and explore the perception of Indonesian doctors, nurse managers and paediatricians about IMCI training and its development in West Aceh, a region that was severely affected by the South-Asian tsunami in December 2004.Methods: This study used stepped wedge design. Training was conducted for 39 nurses staff, 13 midwifes, 6 Head nurses, 5 manager of nurses, 5 doctors, 1 paediatricians, and 3 support facilities (nutritionist, pharmacist, laboratory) in Cut Nyak Dien (CND) Hospital in Meulaboh, West Aceh, Indonesia. The IMCI training was developed based on the WHO Pocketbook of Hospital Care for Children. A nurses competency questionnaire was used based on the guideline of assessment of the quality of child health services at the first level reference hospitals in districts / municipalities issued by the Ministry of Health in 2007. A linear mixed model was used for data analysis.Results: The hospital based IMCI training improved the competences of nurses paediatric in assessing emergency signs of the sick children, management of cough and difficulty breathing, diarrhoea, fever, nutritional problems, supportive care, monitoring, discharge planning and follow up. The assessment highlighted several problems in adaptation process of material training, training process and implementation in an environment soon after a major disaster.Conclusion: Hospital based IMCI training can be implemented in a setting after major disasters or internal conflict as part of a rebuilding process. The program requires strong management support and the emergency phase to be subsided. Other pre-requisites include the existence of standard operating procedures, adequate physical facilities and support for staff morale and well-being. Improving the quality of paediatric care requires more than just training and clinical guidelines; internal motivation and health worker support are essential.

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Abayneh, Mohammed, Tsegaye Gebremedhin, Endalkachew Dellie, Chalie Tadie Tsehay, and Asmamaw Atnafu. "Improving the Assessment and Classification of Sick Children according to the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Protocol at Sanja Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Pre-Post Interventional Study." International Journal of Pediatrics 2020 (October 19, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2501932.

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Background. A complete and consistent use of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) protocol is a strategic implementation that has been used to promote the accurate assessment and classifications of childhood illnesses, ensures appropriate combined treatment, strengthens the counseling of caregiver, and speeds up the referrals to decrease child mortality and morbidity. However, there is limited evidence about the complete and consistent use of IMCI protocol during the assessment and classifications of childhood illness in Ethiopia. Therefore, this intervention was implemented to improve the assessment and classifications of childhood illness according to the IMCI protocol in Sanja primary hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A pre-post interventional study was used in Sanja primary hospital from January 01 to May 30, 2019. A total of 762 (381 for pre and 381 for postintervention) children from 2 months up to 5 years of age were involved in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire prepared from the IMCI guideline, and a facility checklist was used. A five-month in-service training, weekly supportive supervision, daily morning session, and availing essential drugs and materials were done. Both the descriptive statistics and independent t -test were done. In the independent t -test, a p value of <0.05 and a mean difference with 95% CI were used to declare the significance of the interventions. Results. The findings revealed that the overall completeness of the assessment was improved from 37.8 to 79.8% (mean difference: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.10-0.22), consistency of assessment with classification from 47.5 to 76.9% (mean difference: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.27-0.39), classification with treatment from 42.3 to 75.4% (mean difference: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.28-0.47), and classification with follow-up from 32.8 to 73.0% (mean difference: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.29-0.42). Conclusion. The intervention has a significant improvement in the assessment and classification of childhood illness according to the IMCI protocol. Therefore, steps must be taken to ensure high quality of training, adequate supervision including the observation of health workers managing sick children during supervisory visits, and a constant supply of essential drugs and job aids for successful implementation of IMCI in the hospital and also to other facilities.

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Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia, Guilhem Labadie, Thandassery Ramachandran Dilip, Nicholas Oliphant, Sarah L. Dalglish, Samira Aboubaker, Olga Adjoa Agbodjan-Prince, et al. "Global implementation survey of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): 20 years on." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e019079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019079.

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ObjectiveTo assess the extent to which Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) has been adopted and scaled up in countries.SettingThe 95 countries that participated in the survey are home to 82% of the global under-five population and account for 95% of the 5.9 million deaths that occurred among children less than 5 years of age in 2015; 93 of them are low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional self-administered survey. Questionnaires and data analysis focused on (1) giving a general overview of current organisation and financing of IMCI at country level, (2) describing implementation of IMCI’s three original components and (3) reporting on innovations, barriers and opportunities for expanding access to care for children. A single data file was created using all information collected. Analysis was performed using STATA V.11.ParticipantsIn-country teams consisting of representatives of the ministry of health and country offices of WHO and Unicef.ResultsEighty-one per cent of countries reported that IMCI implementation encompassed all three components. Almost half (46%; 44 countries) reported implementation in 90% or more districts as well as all three components in place (full implementation). These full-implementer countries were 3.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 8.9) times more likely to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 than other (not full implementer) countries. Despite these high reported implementation rates, the strategy is not reaching the children who need it most, as implementation is lowest in high mortality countries (39%; 7/18).ConclusionThis survey provides a unique opportunity to better understand how implementation of IMCI has evolved in the 20 years since its inception. Results can be used to assist in formulating strategies, policies and activities to support improvements in the health and survival of children and to help achieve the health-related, post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals.

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Benguigui, Yehuda. "Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI): an innovative vision for child health care." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 1, no. 3 (December 2001): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292001000300003.

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The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO) and the United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF), joint experiences of previous frequent diseases programs in children, with prevention and health promotion activities. In this new approach the family, the community and health workers have a leading role in health condition of the child. The strategy aims a reduction in Infant Mortality Rate, specially in those regions and countries in which it is high. Pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition and other preventable diseases are the main causes of deaths in this settings. Health workers can early recognized danger signs of severe diseases, as well as they can evaluate and treat the most frequent health problems. By enhancing prevention and health promotion activities, as better conditions of life, giving an holistic vision of the child and his family, and not only looking for the symptom that motivate the consultation.

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Carai, Susanne, Aigul Kuttumuratova, Larisa Boderscova, Henrik Khachatryan, Ivan Lejnev, Kubanychbek Monolbaev, Sami Uka, and Martin Weber. "Review of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in 16 countries in Central Asia and Europe: implications for primary healthcare in the era of universal health coverage." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 12 (September 26, 2019): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-317072.

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The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) was introduced in Central Asia and Europe to address the absence of evidence-based guidelines, antibiotics misuse, polypharmacy and overhospitalisation. This study in 16 countries analyses status, strengths of and barriers to IMCI implementation and investigates how health systems affect the problems IMCI aims to address. 220 key informants were interviewed ranging from 5 to 37 per country (median 12). Data were analysed for arising themes and peer-reviewed. IMCI has not been fully used either as a strategy or as an algorithmic diagnostic and treatment decision tool. Inherent incentives include: economic factors taking precedence over evidence and the best interest of the child in treatment decisions; financing mechanisms and payment schemes incentivising unnecessary or prolonged hospitalisation; prescription of drugs other than IMCI drugs for revenue generation or because believed superior by doctors or parents; parents’ perception that the quality of care at the primary healthcare level is poor; preference for invasive treatment and medicalised care. Despite the long-standing recognition that supportive health systems are a requirement for IMCI implementation, efforts to address health system barriers have been limited. Making healthcare truly universal for children will require a shift towards health systems designed around and for children and away from systems centred on providers’ needs and parents’ expectations. Prerequisites will be sufficient remuneration, sound training, improved health literacy among parents, conducive laws and regulations and reimbursement systems with adequate checks and balances to ensure the best possible care.

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El-Ayady, Ahmed A., Dorreya E. Meleis, Marwa M. Ahmed, and Rania S. Ismaiel. "Primary Health Care Physicians’ Adherence and Attitude Towards Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines in Alexandria Governorate in Egypt." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 5 (October 20, 2015): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n5p217.

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BACKGROUND: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a cost-effective strategy that improves the quality of care provided to under – five children. Alexandria was the first governorate that applied the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines in Egypt. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of primary health care physicians’ adherence and attitude towards those guidelines after 17 years of application.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a representative sample from the primary health care facilities in Alexandria from which physicians using IMCI guidelines were included in the study. The sample units were chosen randomly from all districts of Alexandria. Observational checklists were developed to assess the degree of adherence of physicians based on the guidelines booklet.RESULTS: The highest adherence score reported was that of writing disease classification (100%). As regards infants aged up to 2 months, the highest physicians’ adherence score reported was that of jaundice and possible bacterial infection assessment (100 % and 95% respectively). And in spite of its importance, only 85.7% of physicians were complied with weight assessment and its plotting in the growth curve. For children aged from 2 months up to 5 years physicians were generally well complied with the guidelines especially for assessment of dangerous signs and possible bacterial infection. CONCLUSION: Despite being applied for years, IMCI guidelines still show certain areas of poor adherence, an issue that need further investigation in order to maximize physicians’ adherence and achieve the best of their performance.

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Guimarães, Alessandro Fernandes, Davi Vilela de Carvalho, Nathália Ádila A. Machado, Regiane Aparecida N. Baptista, and Stela Maris A. Lemos. "Risk of developmental delay of children aged between two and 24 months and its association with the quality of family stimulus." Revista Paulista de Pediatria 31, no. 4 (December 2013): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-05822013000400006.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between neurodevelopment and the family environment resources of children from the coverage area of a Basic Health Unit (BHU) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, using a tool based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample involving 298 children aged between 2-24 months old, who attended a BHU in 2010. The assessment of child development and family resources made at the BHU lasted, in average, 45 minutes and included two tests - an adaptation of the Handbook for Monitoring Child Development in the Context of IMCI and an adapted version of the Family Environment Resource (FER) inventary. The nonparametric tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 291 assessments, with 18.2% of children between 18 and 24 months old, 53.6% male gender, and 91.4% who did not attend day care centers. According to IMCI, 31.7% of the children were in the risk group for developmental delay. The total average score in FER was 38.0 points. Although it has been found an association between the IMCI outcome and the total FER score, all groups had low scores in the family environment assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate the need for childhood development screening in the primary health care and for early intervention programs aimed at this age group.

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Murdoch, Jamie, Robyn Curran, Max Bachmann, Eric Bateman, Ruth Vania Cornick, Tanya Doherty, Sandra Claire Picken, Makhosazana Lungile Simelane, and Lara Fairall. "Strengthening the quality of paediatric primary care: protocol for the process evaluation of a health systems intervention in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 3, Suppl 5 (October 2018): e000945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000945.

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BackgroundDespite significant reductions in mortality, preventable and treatable conditions remain the leading causes of death in children under five within South Africa. The WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) programme has been widely implemented to address the most common causes of mortality in children under five. Although effective, limitations in IMCI scope and adherence have emerged. The Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK) Child guide has been developed to expand on IMCI and address these limitations. It is intended as a clinical decision support tool for health workers with additional systems strengthening components, including active implementation and training strategy to address contextual and organisational factors hindering quality of care for children. Implementation is complex, requiring comprehensive pilot and process evaluation. The PACK Child pilot and feasibility study will sample 10 primary care facilities in the Western Cape Province. Staff will be trained to integrate the PACK Child guide into routine practice. The process evaluation will investigate implementation and health systems components to establish how to optimise delivery, strengthen IMCI principles and factors required to support effective and sustained uptake into everyday practice.MethodsMixed method process evaluation. Qualitative data include interviews with managers, staff, caregivers and policymakers; observations of training, consultations and clinic flow. Quantitative data include training logs and staff questionnaires. Quantitative and qualitative analysis will be integrated to describe study sites and develop explanations for implementation variation.DiscussionThe process evaluation will provide the opportunity to document implementation and refine the programme prior to a larger pragmatic trial or scale-up.

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Iita, Hermine, Hanna Neshuku, and Moses Chirimbana. "The impact of simulation practice on student nurses’ skills: the case of integrated newborn and childhood illness management at the university of Namibia." International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijans.v5i1.5599.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if guided simulation practice could enhance practical skills of student nurses in management of childhood illnesses, based on the Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) approach.The objective was to determine the level at which guided classroom simulation practice enhances the skills of student nurses regarding assessment and classification of sick children aged two months to five years for treatment. A quantitative research approach using a pre-test and post- test strategy was used. Descriptive statistics were done and a t-test was also performed to determine the difference in the means. Findings demonstrate that there is an improvement in the performance of student nurses as a result of the guided classroom simulation practice. Recommendations include that student nurses be exposed to guided simulation practice before they are deployed in the clinical area for the actual assessment and classification of sick children based on the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness.

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Raoof, Samir M., Rana D. Raoof, and Mohammed A. Ibraheem. "Evaluation of Application of Nutritional Status Assessment for Children Under 5 years by Using IMCI Program in a Sample of Primary Health Care Centers in Baghdad City." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 14, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v14i2.56.

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Background: World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nation International Children Fund (UNICEF) developed a strategy known as Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI); which aims to reduce less than five years children morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Objective: To assess the completion of the IMCI format status in primary health care centers, Baghdad. Methods: A cross sectional study with analytic element was conducted during the period from 15th of January till 15th May 2016 in selected Primary health centers in Baghdad, Iraq. The sample consists of form of child files less than 2 months and form from 2 month up to 5 years children. Classified correctively, determined follow up visits, Comparison classified of nutritional status assessment between health center and IMCI guideline. Result: 1400 child files were collected, 1295 from child files (2months-5year), and 105 forms from child less than 2 month. In form less than 2 months (correct classified 54.29%, incorrect 45.71%), (Determined date of follow up 13.33%, not determined 86.67%).Form from (2month-5years) (57.07% correct classified, 43.93% incorrect classified), (Determined date Follow up visit 38.38%, Not determined visit 61.62%). Conclusion: Impaired classification of nutritional status assessment

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Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Olufemi B. Aina, and Ademola A. Talabi. "Clinical overlap between malaria and pneumonia: can malaria rapid diagnostic test play a role?" Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 03 (March 21, 2011): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.945.

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Introduction: Malaria and pneumonia account for 40% of mortality among children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to lack of diagnostic facilities, their management is based on the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) strategy. Symptoms of malaria and pneumonia overlap in African children, necessitating dual IMCI classifications at health centres and treatment with both antibiotics and antimalarials. This study determined the prevalence of malaria-pneumonia symptom overlap and confirmed the diagnosis of malaria in these cases using a rapid diagnostic test. Methodology: Consecutive consultations of 1,216 children (two months to five years old) were documented over a three-month period in a comprehensive health centre. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were conducted only for children who had symptom overlap. Results: Of the 1,216 children enrolled, 1,090 (90%) reported cough or fever. Among the children fulfilling the malaria case definition, 284 (30%) also met the pneumonia case definition. Twenty-three percent (284) of all children enrolled met the criteria for both malaria and pneumonia. However, only 130 (46%) of them had a positive result for malaria using a malaria rapid diagnostic test. During a malaria-pneumonia overlap, female children (chi-square 5.9, P = 0.01) and children ≥ one year (chi-square 4.8, P = 0.003) were more likely to seek care within two days of fever. Conclusion: Dual treatment with antimalarials and antibiotics in children with malaria-pneumonia overlap may result in unnecessary over-prescription of antimalarial medications. Use of rapid diagnostic tests in their management can potentially avoid over-prescribing of malaria medications.

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Benguigui, Yehuda. "Acute respiratory infections control in the context of the IMCI strategy in the Americas." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 3, no. 1 (March 2003): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292003000100005.

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Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are an important cause of morbidiyty and mortality in children all over the World, particularly in developing countries. Contrasts in mortality can be observed among the countries in America, and also within the countries. Contrasts are also observed in morbidity, associated with differences in nutritional status, absence of breast-feeding and characteristics of care given for ill chidren. Parents perception of disease, patterns and habits of care administered to child during the illness, level of concern about decision to seek assistence, manner in wich care is sought and extent to wich recommendations are followed have great influence in the course and outcome of the disease. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an increasing problem in America, with an average of 26,1% resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia to penicilin. Antibiotics are frequently used in irrational way, and up to 70% of ARI receive antibiotics unnecessarily. Controlling IRA has become a priority. Preventive interventions with vaccines, specially current conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and standardized case management, as proposed by Integrated Management of Childhood Ilness (IMCI) seems to be the most important steps for this public health problem.

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Kanodia, Piush, Sameer Mahaseth, and Vishnu Paranjuli. "Validation of WHO-IMNCI Algorithm for Jaundice in 0-2 Months Aged Infants at Tertiary Level Hospital." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v18i1.35210.

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Introduction: For the effective management of these major childhood illnesses, WHO and UNICEF have developed the “Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness” (IMNCI) Strategy. Aims: The aim of study is to evaluate the utility of the WHO/ UNICEF algorithm for Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) for jaundice up to two months of age. Methods: This is Prospective observational comparative study. Total of 300 subjects were taken from Emergency and Outpatient Department of Pediatrics. The treatment steps were identified as according to the ‘Assess and Classify’ module of IMNCI algorithm. All relevant investigations were performed, using appropriate methods. Blood sugar was done in all recruited children and serum bilirubin levels were done in all infants presented with jaundice. Based on this detailed clinical evaluation and relevant investigations, final diagnosis were made and therapies were given. These diagnosis and treatments were considered as the ‘Gold Standard’ for comparison. Results: There were 300 young infants, of whom 162(54%) were male and 138(46%) were female infants. Total of 146 infants were admitted, 24 from OPD and 122 from Emergency. 154 infants were sent home after initial management in hospital. Severe jaundice was present in 24 infants according to IMNCI and 12 infants according to Gold Standard in 0-2 months of age. The predictive utility of algorithm for the diagnosis of severe jaundice with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 50% and negative predictive value of 100% in 0-2 months of age group. Conclusion: Algorithm performed well in identifying severe jaundice with the sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 95%.

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Al-Samarrai, Mustafa Ali Mustafa, and Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo. "Impact of training on practical skills of Iraqi health providers towards integrated management of neonate and child health - a multicentre cross- sectional study." Journal of Ideas in Health 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol1.iss1.2.

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Background: This study aims to assess the mandatory practical skills of caregivers towards the implementation of the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) strategy in primary health care (PHC) centers of Salah al-Din governorate in Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from January to May 2014. An equal sample of 42 trained and 42 non-trained caregivers who are working in 20 PHC centers in Tikrit city and other districts of Salah al-Din governorate of Iraq were included. The study tool was a semi-structured questionnaire with 20 questions covering different required practical skills that caregivers should have. The total score was 100 and in a range of 4- 6 points for each question. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the means of numerical variables. Results: The mean age of total respondents were (33.18 ± 5.82Years), and the vast majority (63, 75.0%) were females. More than two-third (58, 69.0%) were paramedical compared to 26 (31.0%), who were doctors. Trained caregivers had statistically significant better practice (73.48 ± 13.46) compared to non- trained caregivers (63.95 ± 17.44). Trained doctors had statistically significant better practice (88.15 ± 2.70) compared to trained paramedical staff (66.90 ± 10.84). Trained caregivers from Tikrit city had statistically significantly better practice (80.26 ± 7.38) compared to trained caregivers from districts (67.89± 14.85). The highest proportion (97.5%) of trained caregivers felt the child for fever or body hotness appropriately, and the lowest proportion (59.5%) of them recorded age, height, and weight correctly. Conclusion: This study showed that training has a positive influence on the implementation of IMNCI interventions. IMNCI-trained caregivers were more likely to correctly classify illnesses than non-trained caregivers.

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Tarimo, D. S., J. N. Minjas, and I. C. Bygbjerg. "Malaria diagnosis and treatment under the strategy of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI): relevance of laboratory support from the rapid immunochromatographic tests of ICT Malaria P.f/P.v and OptiMal." Annals of Tropical Medicine And Parasitology 95, no. 5 (July 1, 2001): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13648590120068971.

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Tarimo, D. S., J. N. Minjas, and I. C. Bygbjerg. "Malaria diagnosis and treatment under the strategy of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI): relevance of laboratory support from the rapid immunochromatographic tests of ICT Malaria P.f/P.v and OptiMal." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 95, no. 5 (July 2001): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813657.

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Iqbal, Javaid, Tarsem Lal Motten, Ashu Jamwal, and Pallvi Sharma. "Evaluation of the WHO/UNICEF algorithm for integrated management of childhood illness." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20191541.

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Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and utility of the integrated management of the childhood illness (IMCI) algorithm to diagnose the illnesses in children under the age of 2 months to 5 years.Methods: The study was conducted on 300 children, aged 2 months to 5 years, who presented with a fresh episode of any illness to the out-patient Department of the SMGS Hospital over a period of 9 months. Within these initial selection criteria, the WHO/UNICEF algorithm for management of the sick child was referred to, children were assessed and classified as per "IMCI" algorithm and treatments required were identified. The final diagnosis was made and appropriate therapy instituted served as the "Gold standard". The diagnostic and therapeutic agreements between the 'gold standard' and the IMCI and vertical (on the basis of primary presenting complaint) algorithms were computed.Results: Among all 300 subjects, more than one illness was present in 207 (69%) of subjects as per Gold standard diagnosis. The corresponding, figures for IMCI module were 141 (47%) and 222 (74%) for low and high malaria algorithms respectively. The mean illnesses per child were 2.12, 182 and 2.21, respectively. The subjects who would have been referred as per IMCI module had a greater co-existence of illnesses than those who would not have been referred (mean 2.5 versus 1.5 illnesses per child respectively). The specificity for general danger signs was 66% while the sensitivity was 71%.Conclusions: In conclusion, the performance of the IMCI algorithm is significantly better than the vertical disease specific algorithm. In addition, the IMCI algorithm incorporates an element of preventive care in the form of immunization and feeding advice.

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Kilov, Kim, Helena Hildenwall, Albert Dube, Beatiwel Zadutsa, Lumbani Banda, Josephine Langton, Nicola Desmond, Norman Lufesi, Charles Makwenda, and Carina King. "Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI): a mixed-methods study on implementation, knowledge and resource availability in Malawi." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (April 2021): e001044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001044.

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BackgroundThe introduction of the WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) guidelines in the mid-1990s contributed to global reductions in under-five mortality. However, issues in quality of care have been reported. We aimed to determine resource availability and healthcare worker knowledge of IMCI guidelines in two districts in Malawi.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods study, including health facility audits to record availability and functionality of essential IMCI equipment and availability of IMCI drugs, healthcare provider survey and focus group discussions (FGDs) with facility staff. The study was conducted between January and April 2019 in Mchinji (central region) and Zomba (southern region) districts. Quantitative data were described using proportions and χ2 tests; linear regression was conducted to explore factors associated with IMCI knowledge. Qualitative data were analysed using a pragmatic framework approach. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed and presented separately.ResultsForty-seven health facilities and 531 healthcare workers were included. Lumefantrine-Artemether and cotrimoxazole were the most available drugs (98% and 96%); while amoxicillin tablets and salbutamol nebuliser solution were the least available (28% and 36%). Respiratory rate timers were the least available piece of equipment, with only 8 (17%) facilities having a functional device. The mean IMCI knowledge score was 3.96 out of 10, and there was a statistically significant association between knowledge and having received refresher training (coeff: 0.42; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.82). Four themes were identified in the FGDs: IMCI implementation and practice, barriers to IMCI, benefits of IMCI and sustainability.ConclusionWe found key gaps in IMCI implementation; however, these were not homogenous across facilities, suggesting opportunities to learn from locally adapted IMCI best practices. Improving on-going mentorship, training and supervision should be explored to improve quality of care, and programming which moves away from vertical financing with short-term support, to a more holistic approach with embedded sustainability may address the balance of resources for different conditions.

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Izudi, Jonathan, Stanley Anyigu, and David Ndungutse. "Adherence to Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses Guideline in Treating South Sudanese Children with Cough or Difficulty in Breathing." International Journal of Pediatrics 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5173416.

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Background. Pneumonia substantially kills children aged 2–59 months in South Sudan. However, information on health workers adherence to Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) guideline in treating children with cough/difficulty in breathing remains scarce. This study assessed factors associated with adherence to IMCI guideline in Aweil East County, South Sudan. Methods. This cross-sectional study involved 232 health workers from 36 health facilities. Data collected using structured questionnaire and checklist was double-entered in EpiData and analyzed with STATA at 5% significance level using logistic regression. Results. Respondents mean age was 32.41±7.0 years, 154 (66.4%) were males, 104 (44.8%) reached secondary education, and 190 (81.9%) had certificate. 23 (9.9%, 95% CI: 6.4–14.5) adhered to IMCI guideline. Holding diploma (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 6.97; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.82–26.67; P=0.005), shorter time to follow guideline steps (AOR = 12.0; 95% CI: 2.73–61.66; P<0.001), and nondifficult use (AOR = 27.7; 95% CI: 5.40–142.25; P<0.001) were associated with adherence. Conclusion. Adherence was low. Academic qualifications, guideline complexity, and availability of IMCI drugs were associated factors.

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Amaral, João Joaquim Freitas do, and Cesar Gomes Victora. "The effect of training in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on the performance and healthcare quality of pediatric healthcare workers: a systematic review." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 8, no. 2 (March 2008): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292008000200002.

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OBJECTIVES: to analyze the effect of training in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on the quality of case management by healthcare workers based on a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: the authors searched the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, PAHO and WHOLIS for the search terms Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), and analyzed documents published by Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization and the Brazilian Ministry of Health between January 1993 and July 2006. The quality of the methodology was assessed using the criteria developed by Downs and Black. RESULTS: thirty-five papers were reviewed. Twelve of these validated the IMCI algorithm and found the sensitivity to be high and the specificity to be over 80% for major illnesses. Twenty-three papers assessed the performance of healthcare workers, eight of these with no control group. The present study shows clear evidence of improvement in the performance of healthcare workers employed at healthcare facilities with IMCI. The main methodological weaknesses of the study were lack of control of confounding factors and lack of information regarding statistical power. CONCLUSIONS: the performance of healthcare workers tends to improve at public healthcare facilities when IMCI is introduced.

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Thompson, M. E., and T. L. Harutyunyan. "Impact of a community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) programme in Gegharkunik, Armenia." Health Policy and Planning 24, no. 2 (January 15, 2009): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn048.

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Elimian, Kelly O., Puja R. Myles, Revati Phalkey, Ayebo Sadoh, and Catherine Pritchard. "‘Everybody in Nigeria is a doctor…’: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on lay diagnosis of malaria and pneumonia in Nigeria." Journal of Public Health 42, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa015.

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Abstract Background Lay diagnosis is a widely used diagnostic approach for home management of common illnesses in Nigeria. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of caregivers and healthcare professionals on lay diagnosis of childhood malaria and pneumonia. Aligned to this, the study sought to explore the feasibility of training caregivers in the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines for improved recognition and treatment of these diseases. Methods A qualitative study using individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews was conducted in Benin City, Nigeria. Participants included 13 caregivers with children under 5 years and 17 healthcare professionals (HPs). An inductive approach to thematic analysis was used to generate themes and analyses. Results Caregivers relied on lay diagnosis but recognised its limitations. The perceived severity of malaria and pneumonia significantly influenced caregivers’ preference for reliance on lay diagnosis practices, health-seeking behaviour and willingness to undertake training in IMCI guidelines for home management of diseases. Safety and potential unintended misuse of medications were recognised by caregivers and HPs as the main challenges. Conclusions The high level of acceptance among caregivers to receive IMCI training could help improve effective management of childhood malaria and pneumonia at the community level through early recognition and prompt treatment.

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Jibo, AbubakarMohammed, LawanMuhammad Umar, IsaSadeeq Abubakar, AliyuMuktar Hassan, and Zubairu Iliyasu. "Community-integrated management of childhood Illnesses (C-IMCI) and key household practices in Kano, Northwest Nigeria." Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine 1, no. 2 (2014): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2384-5147.136810.

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Tarun Naik and Bhagat Baghel. "To Study the Orientation of Anganwadi Workers on Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness in Malnutrition." Asian Journal of Clinical Pediatrics and Neonatology 8, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajcpn.2020.8.1.6.

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Background: Malnutrition is one of the serious health problems in children. Malnourished children are more prone to frequent illness. This adversely affects their nutritional status, faltering growth and diminished learning ability. India adapted the integrated management of childhood illness strategy aiming to reduce its newborn and infant mortality burden and the main objective of the study was the orientation of anganwadi workers on IMNCI in malnutrition.Subjects and Methods:The study was observational and conducted jagdalpur Chhattisgarh. Only those who fully satisfied both the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Permission from institutional ethics committee was obtained. Selection criteria in the present study were all children in the Anganwadi in a defined area. Result:PEM cases are more compared to controls, Malnutrition is seen in below 5 years of age group in children and more in cases group than the control group. In cases group it was 360 and control group it was 240.In 0 – 2 months of age malnutrition is more in cases than controls. Conclusion:Anganwadi workers were trained based on IMNCI and asked to educate mothers regarding health, nutrition and care seeking during illness of the children.

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Tawfiq, Essa, Sayed Ali Shah Alawi, and Kayhan Natiq. "Effects of Training Health Workers in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness on Quality of Care for Under-5 Children in Primary Healthcare Facilities in Afghanistan." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 9, no. 1 (September 3, 2019): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.69.

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Background: Training courses in integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) have been conducted for health workers for nearly one and half decades in Afghanistan. The objective of the training courses is to improve quality of care in terms of health workers communication skills and clinical performance when they provide health services for under-5 children in public healthcare facilities. This paper presents our findings on the effects of IMCI training courses on quality of care in public primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan. Methods: We used a cross-sectional post-intervention design with regression-adjusted difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, and included 2 groups of health workers (treatment and control). The treatment group were those who have received training in IMCI recently (in the last 12 months), and the control group were those who have never received training in IMCI. The assessment method was direct observation of health workers during patient-provider interaction. We used data, collected over a period of 3 years (2015–2017) from primary healthcare facilities, and investigated training effects on quality of care. The outcome variables were 4 indices of quality care related to history taking, information sharing, counseling/medical advice, and physical examination. Each index was formed as a composite score, composed of several inter-related tasks of quality of care carried out by health workers during patient-provider interaction for under-5 children. Results: Data were collected from 733 primary healthcare facilities with 5818 patients. Quality of care was assessed at the level of patient-provider interaction. Findings from the regression-adjusted DiD multivariate analysis showed significant effects of IMCI training on 2 indices of quality care in 2016, and on 4 indices of quality care in 2017. In 2016 two indices of quality care showed improvement. There was an increase of 8.1% in counseling/medical advice index, and 8.7% in physical examination index. In 2017, there was an increase of 5.7% in history taking index, 8.0% in information sharing index, 10.9% in counseling/medical advice index, and 17.2% in physical examination index. Conclusion: Conducting regular IMCI training courses for health workers can improve quality of care for under-5 children in primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan. Findings from our study have the potential to influence policy and strategic decisions on IMCI programs in developing countries.

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Meaney, Peter Andrew, Christine Lynn Joyce, Segolame Setlhare, Hannah E. Smith, Janell L. Mensinger, Bingqing Zhang, Kitenge Kalenga, et al. "Knowledge acquisition and retention following Saving Children’s Lives course for healthcare providers in Botswana: a longitudinal cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e029575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029575.

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ObjectivesMillions of children die every year from serious childhood illnesses. Most deaths are avertable with access to quality care. Saving Children’s Lives (SCL) includes an abbreviated high-intensity training (SCL-aHIT) for providers who treat serious childhood illnesses. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of SCL-aHIT on knowledge acquisition and retention of providers.Setting76 participating centres who provide primary and secondary care in Kweneng District, Botswana.ParticipantsDoctors and nurses expected by the District Health Management Team to provide initial care to seriously ill children, completed SCL-aHIT between January 2014 and December 2016, submitted demographic data, course characteristics and at least one knowledge assessment.MethodsRetrospective, cohort study. Planned and actual primary outcome was adjusted acquisition (change in total knowledge score immediately after training) and retention (change in score at 1, 3 and 6 months), secondary outcomes were pneumonia and dehydration subscores. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed models with random intercept and slope were conducted. Relevant institutional review boards approved this study.Results211 providers had data for analysis. Cohort was 91% nurses, 61% clinic/health postbased and 45% pretrained in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). A strong effect of SCL-aHIT was seen with knowledge acquisition (+24.56±1.94, p<0.0001), and loss of retention was observed (−1.60±0.67/month, p=0.018). IMCI training demonstrated no significant effect on acquisition (+3.58±2.84, p=0.211 or retention (+0.20±0.91/month, p=0.824) of knowledge. On average, nurses scored lower than physicians (−19.39±3.30, p<0.0001). Lost to follow-up had a significant impact on knowledge retention (−3.03±0.88/month, p=0.0007).ConclusionsaHIT for care of the seriously ill child significantly increased provider knowledge and loss of knowledge occurred over time. IMCI training did not significantly impact overall knowledge acquisition nor retention, while professional status impacted overall score and lost to follow-up impacted retention.

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Aneja, Satinder. "Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) Strategy and its Implementation in Real Life Situation." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 86, no. 7 (February 18, 2019): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-019-02870-2.

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Reñosa, Mark Donald, Sarah Dalglish, Kate Bärnighausen, and Shannon McMahon. "Key challenges of health care workers in implementing the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) program: a scoping review." Global Health Action 13, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 1732669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1732669.

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Meno, Felicia Omphemetse, Lufuno Makhado, and Molekodi Matsipane. "Factors inhibiting implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) in primary health care (PHC) facilities in Mafikeng sub-district." International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 11 (2019): 100161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2019.100161.

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Mupara, Lucia U., and Johanna C. Lubbe. "Implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses strategy: challenges and recommendations in Botswana." Global Health Action 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 29417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.29417.

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U Ndugbu, Kizito. "Household Integration Could Potentially Improve the Integrated Community Case Management Strategy for Childhood Illnesses." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 5, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2019.05.00096.

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Thac, Dinh, Freddy Karup Pedersen, Tang Chi Thuong, Le Bich Lien, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh, and Nguyen Ngoc Phuc. "South Vietnamese Rural Mothers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Child Health Care." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9302428.

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A study of 600 rural under-five mothers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in child care was performed in 4 southern provinces of Vietnam. The mothers were randomly selected and interviewed about sociodemographic factors, health seeking behaviour, and practice of home care of children and neonates. 93.2% of the mothers were literate and well-educated, which has been shown to be important for child health care. 98.5% were married suggesting a stable family, which is also of importance for child health. Only 17.3% had more than 2 children in their family. The mother was the main caretaker in 77.7% of the families. Only 1% would use quacks as their first health contact, but 25.2% would use a private clinic, which therefore eases the burden on the government system. Nearly 69% had given birth in a hospital, 27% in a commune health station, and only 2.7% at home without qualified assistance. 89% were giving exclusive breast feeding at 6 months, much more frequent than in the cities. The majority of the mothers could follow IMCI guideline for home care, although 25.2% did not deal correctly with cough and 38.7% did not deal correctly with diarrhoea. Standard information about Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) based home care is still needed.

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Kalu, Ngozi, Norman Lufesi, Deborah Havens, and Kevin Mortimer. "Implementation of World Health Organization Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) Guidelines for the Assessment of Pneumonia in the Under 5s in Rural Malawi." PLOS ONE 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2016): e0155830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155830.

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Khandade, Tukaram. "Micheal E. Thompson and Tsovinar L. Harutyunyan. Impact of community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) programme in Gegharkunik, Armenia. Health Policy and Planning, 2009; 24: 101–07." Journal of Health Management 12, no. 4 (December 2010): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206341001200415.

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Chandra, Jagdish, Puneet Kaur Sahi, Sourabh Gupta, Rohini Ajay Gupta, Renu Dutta, B. L. Sherwal, Anju Seth, Praveen Kumar, and Varinder Singh. "Addition of Questions on Parental Factors to the WHO (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) IMCI-HIV Algorithm Improves the Utility of the Algorithm for Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Children." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 65, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmy008.

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Gebremedhin, Samson, Ayalew Astatkie, Hajira M. Amin, Abebe Teshome, and Abebe Gebremariam. "Changes in care-seeking for common childhood illnesses in the context of Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) program implementation in Benishangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): e0242451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242451.

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Background Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) is a strategy for promoting access of under-served populations to lifesaving treatments through extending case management of common childhood illnesses to trained frontline health workers. In Ethiopia iCCM is provided by health extension workers (HEWs) deployed at health posts. We evaluated the association between the implementation of iCCM program in Assosa Zuria zone, Benishangul Gumuz region and changes in care-seeking for common childhood illnesses. Methods We conducted a pre-post study without control arm to evaluate the association of interest. The iCCM program that incorporated training, mentoring and supportive supervision of HEWs with community-based demand creation activities was implemented for two years (2017–18). Baseline, midline and endline surveys were completed approximately one year apart. Across the surveys, children aged 2–59 months (n = 1,848) who recently had cough, fever or diarrhea were included. Data were analysed using mixed-effects logistic regression model. Results Over the two-year period, care-seeking from any health facility and from health posts significantly increased by 10.7 and 17.4 percentage points (PP) from baseline levels of 64.5 and 34.1%, respectively (p<0.001). Care sought from health centres (p = 0.420) and public hospitals (p = 0.129) did not meaningfully change while proportion of caregivers who approached private (p = 0.003) and informal providers (p<0.001) declined. Caregivers who visited health posts for the treatment of diarrhea (19.2 PP, p<0.001), fever (15.5 PP, p<0.001), cough (17.8 PP, p<0.001) and cough with respiratory difficulty (17.3 PP, p = 0.038) significantly increased. After accounting for extraneous variables, we observed that care-seeking from iCCM providers was almost doubled (adjusted odds ratio = 2.32: 95% confidence interval; 1.88–2.86) over the period. Conclusion iCCM implementation was associated with a meaningful shift in care-seeking to health posts.

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Miller, Nathan P., Farid Bagheri Ardestani, Hayes Wong, Sonya Stokes, Birkety Mengistu, Meron Paulos, Nesibu Agonafir, et al. "Barriers to the utilization of community-based child and newborn health services in Ethiopia: a scoping review." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 7 (May 27, 2021): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab047.

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Abstract The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health and partners have scaled up integrated community case management (iCCM) and community-based newborn care (CBNC), allowing health extension workers (HEWs) to manage the major causes of child and newborn death at the community level. However, low service uptake remains a key challenge. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature to assess barriers to the utilization of HEW services and to explore potential solutions. The review, which was conducted to inform the Optimizing the Health Extension Program project, which aimed to increase the utilization of iCCM and CBNC services, included 24 peer-reviewed articles and 18 grey literature documents. Demand-side barriers to utilization included lack of knowledge about the signs and symptoms of childhood illnesses and danger signs; low awareness of curative services offered by HEWs; preference for home-based care, traditional care, or religious intervention; distance, lack of transportation and cost of care seeking; the need to obtain husband’s permission to seek care and opposition of traditional or religious leaders. Supply-side barriers included health post closures, drug stockouts, disrespectful care and limited skill and confidence of HEWs, particularly with regard to the management of newborn illnesses. Potential solutions included community education and demand generation activities, finding ways to facilitate and subsidize transportation to health facilities, engaging family members and traditional and religious leaders, ensuring consistent availability of services at health posts and strengthening supervision and supply chain management. Both demand generation and improvement of service delivery are necessary to achieve the expected impact of iCCM and CBNC. Key steps for improving utilization would be carrying out multifaceted demand generation activities, ensuring availability of HEWs in health posts and ensuring consistent supplies of essential commodities. The Women’s Development Army has the potential to improving linkages between HEWs and communities, but this strategy needs to be strengthened to be effective.

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Gallardo-Lizarazo, María Del Pilar. "Análisis epidemiológico de la diarrea en Santander y Norte de Santander." Eco matemático 6, no. 1 (January 17, 2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/17948231.461.

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ResumenLa enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA), a nivel mundial, se encuentra establecida como la segunda causa de muerte, afectando principalmente a los menores de 5 años sin desconocer los demás grupos cronológicos y sin distinguir características étnicas. En Colombia ocupa el segundo lugar de morbi-mortalidad en la población menor de cinco años, especialmente en los municipios con mayor porcentaje de necesidades básicas insatisfechas; por ello se han identificado estrategias para educar a las madres o cuidadores sobre el manejo adecuado en casa y centros de salud de primer nivel buscando la oportuna atención y realización de las convenientes prácticas de hidratación, para lo cual se creó la estrategia de Atención Integrada de las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia (AIEPI) que está encaminada en disminuir la mortalidad por las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia específicamente en menores de 5 años. En el presente artículo se pretende describir la situación epidemiológica de EDA en los departamentos de Santander y Norte de Santander así como de las creencias, costumbres y conocimientos en madres y cuidadores sobre los signos de alarma en EDA en niños menores de 5 años de edad.Palabras Claves: Cuidado, Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda, Morbilidad, AbstractAcute diarrheal disease (ADD), globally, is established as the second cause of death, affecting mainly children under 5 years without ignoring the chronological other ethnic groups without distinguishing characteristics. In Colombia it ranks second in morbidity and mortality in the population under five years, especially in the municipalities with the highest percentage of unmet basic needs; therefore they have identified strategies to educate mothers and caregivers about the proper management at home and health centers looking for first-rate care and timely implementation of appropriate hydration practices, for which the strategy of Integrated Management was established Prevalent ChildhoodIllness (IMCI) that aims to reduce mortality from prevalent childhood diseases specifically in children under 5 years. In the present article is to establish the epidemiological situation of ADD in the departments of Santander and Norte de Santander and beliefs, habits and knowledge among mothers and caregivers about the signs of alarm in ADD in children under 5 years of age.Keywords: Care, Acute Diarrheal Disease, Morbidity.

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Vhuromu, E. N., and M. Davhana-Maselesele. "Experiences of primary health care nurses in implementing integrated management of childhood illnesses strategy at selected clinics of Limpopo Province." Curationis 32, no. 3 (September 9, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v32i3.1224.

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Treatment of the under five years is a national priority as an attempt in curbing deaths and deformities affecting children. Primary health care was implemented in the clinics in order to help in the treatment of illnesses affecting the community, including children. As a result of childhood illnesses; the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF) came up with Integrated Management of Childhood illnesses (IMCI) strategy to enhance treatment of such illnesses in developing countries. Primary health care nurses (PHCNS) in Limpopo province were also trained to implement the strategy. This study is intended to explore and describe the experiences of PHCNS in implementing the IMCI strategy at selected clinics in Vhembe District in the Limpopo Province. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with PHCNS who are IMCI trained and have implemented the strategy for a period of not less than two years. Data analysis was done through using Tesch’s method of open coding for qualitative analysis. Findings revealed that PHCNS had difficulty in rendering IMCI services due to lack of resources and poor working conditions. Recommendations address the difficulties experienced by PHCNS when implementing the IMCI strategy.

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Dharma, V. K., S. Abdullah, A. J. Khan, M. Munir, D. A. Siddiqi, M. T. Shah, A. Habib, and S. Chandir. "Feasibility of implementing Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses through Mobile Technology." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.364.

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Abstract Background The Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy was launched by WHO and partners in 1995 to reduce child mortality by enhancing frontline health workers' (FHWs) ability to diagnose and manage childhood illnesses, and strengthen overall health systems. However, although IMCI is associated with decreased child mortality, numerous studies have shown its impact has been limited due to persistent barriers to implementation. Methods We developed a digitized version of IMCI (eIMCI) using Android technology to overcome implementation problems, including poor protocol compliance, lengthy trainings, paper-based data collection, and gaps in the referral system. The feasibility and efficacy of eIMCI was assessed through a mixed-methods pilot study encompassing baseline and end-line surveys, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions, in a low-resource rural district of Punjab, Pakistan. During the 8 weeks of deployment, a total of 1,978 children were enrolled in the eIMCI application by 10 participating FHWs, and 47 electronic referrals were generated. Results Preliminary outcomes showed reduced disease occurrence (for example, diarrhea decreased from 48% at baseline to 29% at endline), increased adherence to IMCI protocol, and strengthened health system linkages (facility referrals increased from 5% at baseline to 45% at endline). FHWs reported enhanced performance, as well as an improved community response to their services. Discussion Indicating the feasibility and efficacy of eIMCI deployment in a low-resource setting, evidence from the pilot demonstrates the benefit of digitizing the IMCI protocol. eIMCI is a digital health solution with the potential to significantly reduce child mortality and improve service delivery and performance of FHWs. Key messages eIMCI is a feasible solution for the implementation of IMCI strategy in developing countries and demonstrates increased compliance and enhanced performance by the frontline health workers. Implementation of eIMCI can result in a significant reduction in child morbidity and mortality via timely referrals of patients and reduced disease occurrence.

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Ebuehi, Olufunke M. "Health care for under-fives in Ile-Ife, South-West Nigeria: Effect of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy on growth and development of under-fives." African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.29.

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Background: The study obtained information on key growth promotion and developmental household and community health practices in Community-Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (C-IMCI) and non-C-IMCI in local government areas (LGAs) in Osun State, Nigeria, to determine the differences that existed, between these LGAs.Method: A cross-sectional comparative study to compare Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) key growth promotion and development health practices in two LGAs in Osun State was conducted using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data analysis was done using Epi Info version 6.0 for the quantitative survey and a content analysis method for the qualitative survey. The subjects were mothers or caregivers of children 0–59 months of age, and their index children.Results: Findings revealed that the IMCI key growth and development health practices were generally better rated in the CIMCI-compliant LGA than in the non-CIMCI compliant LGA. Breastfeeding practice was widespread in both LGAs. However, the exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate among children under six months was higher in the compliant LGA (66.7%) than in the non-compliant LGA (25%). More caregivers (59.7%) from the non-compliant LGA introduced complementary feeds earlier than six months. Growth monitoring activities revealed that there were more underweight children (19.1%) in the non-compliant LGA. Community Resource Persons (CORPs) and health workers were the most popular sources of information on IMCI key practices in the compliant LGA, while in the non-compliant LGA the traditional healers, elders and, to a lesser extent, health workers provided information on these key practices.Conclusion: The IMCI strategy, if well implemented, is an effective and low-cost intervention that is useful in achieving optimal growth, development and survival of Nigerian children.

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Tshivhase, L. "Experiences of Clinic Managers Implementing the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Limpopo Province South Africa." STUDIES ON ETHNO-MEDICINE 15, no. 3-4 (May 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31901/24566772.2021/15.3-4.630.

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ABSTRACT Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy was developed for reduction of underfive child mortality. The strategy’s implementation is still inadequate even among trained professional nurses in the presence of clinic managers. A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological research design was used to explore and describe the lived experiences of clinic managers regarding the implementation of the IMCI strategy in Primary health care (PHC) clinics of Limpopo province, South Africa. Semi-structured individual interviews were used to collect data from sixteen (16) purposively selected clinic managers with more than three years of clinic management experience. The seven steps of Collaizi were used to analyse data. Trustworthiness was ensured throughout the study. Positively, managers experienced IMCI as a good strategy which improved nurses’ skills and knowledge, whilst the negative experiences included staff barriers, management barriers and lack of resources that need interventions. Clinic managers to strengthen and prioritise IMCI programme implementation.

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Gera, Tarun, Dheeraj Shah, Paul Garner, Marty Richardson, and Harshpal S. Sachdev. "Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under five." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, June 22, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010123.pub2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI strategy)'

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