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Journal articles on the topic 'Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)'

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Published: 4 September 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Fang, J., J. Zhang, T. Xiao, D. Huang, and S. Liu. "Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 8 (April 19, 2016): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00179.

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Neori, Amir, Lior Guttman, Alvaro Israel, and Muki Shpigel. "Israeli-Developed Models of Marine Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)." Journal of Coastal Research 86, sp1 (November 7, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si86-003.1.

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3

Radiarta, I. Nyoman, and Erlania Erlania. "PERFORMA KOMODITAS BUDIDAYA LAUT PADA SISTEM INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA) DI TELUK GERUPUK, LOMBOK TENGAH, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.11.1.2016.85-97.

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<p>Budidaya laut berbasis Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) merupakan opsi pengembangan budidaya perikanan yang sejalan dengan konsep pelestarian lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis performa komoditas budidaya laut yang pada sistem integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Teluk Gerupuk, Lombok Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Barat, pada bulan Juni-November 2015. Model IMTA yang dikembangkan adalah kombinasi antara ikan kerapu macan (<em>Epinephelus</em> <em>fuscoguttatus</em>), ikan bawal bintang (<em>Trachinotus blochii</em>, Lacepede), dan rumput laut (<em>Kappaphycus</em> <em>alvarezii</em>). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama 150 hari masa pemeliharaan ikan kerapu dan bawal bintang menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang baik, dengan rata-rata bobot akhir ikan kerapu sebesar 173,45 ± 36,61 g/ekor; dan<br />ikan bawal bintang sebesar 161,27 ± 30,05 g/ekor. Pertumbuhan rumput laut selama tiga siklus menunjukkan bahwa siklus pertama (Juni-Juli) dan siklus kedua (Agustus-September) menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan siklus ketiga (Oktober–November). Laju pertumbuhan harian rumput laut di sekitar keramba jarring apung (KJA) ikan sebesar 4,22%-6,09%/hari lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol (jarak 2-3 km dari KJA ikan) yaitu 3,90%-5,53%/hari. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan efektivitas sistem IMTA dalam hal peningkatan produktivitas budidaya rumput laut. Model IMTA dapat diterapkan sebagai model pengembangan budidaya laut yang berwawasan lingkungan melalui peningkatan produksi, sistem produksi bersih, dan berkelanjutan.</p><p>Mariculture activity with Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is an aquaculture development technique which in line with environment conservation concept. This study was aimed to analyze perfomance of mariculture commodities that cultured under integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system. The study was conducted in Gerupuk Bay, Central Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara during June-November 2015. The IMTA model was combined between tiger grouper fish (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), silver pompano fish (Trachinotus blochii, Lacepede), and seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). The result showed that during 150 days of cultured periods, both of grouper and pompano indicated a good growth performance, with mean body weight at the end of culture period about 173.45 ± 36.61 g/ind. and 161.27 ± 30.05 g/ind., respectively. Seaweed growth performance from three cultivation cycles showed that cycle-1 (June- July) and cycle-2 (August-September) had better growth performance than cycle-3 (October November). Daily growth rate of seaweed that cultured near fish cages was higher (4.22%-6.09%) than control, 2-3 km distance to fish cages (3.90%-5.53%). This study indicated the effectiveness of IMTA system to increase seaweed culture production. IMTA model can be applied as development model of mariculture with environmental concept through production enhancement, zero waste production, and sustainability.</p>

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4

Park, Mi-Seon, Byung-Hwa Min, Young-Dae Kim, and Hyun-Il Yoo. "Biofiltration Efficiency of Saccharina japonica for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 4 (August 30, 2012): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2012.0351.

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5

Silfiana, Widowati, S. P. Putro, and T. Udjiani. "Modeling of nitrogen transformation in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 983 (March 2018): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012122.

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6

Ridler, N., M. Wowchuk, B. Robinson, K. Barrington, T. Chopin, S. Robinson, F. Page, et al. "INTEGRATED MULTI − TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA): A POTENTIAL STRATEGIC CHOICE FOR FARMERS." Aquaculture Economics & Management 11, no. 1 (March 6, 2007): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13657300701202767.

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7

Alexander, K. A., D. Angel, S. Freeman, D. Israel, J. Johansen, D. Kletou, M. Meland, et al. "Improving sustainability of aquaculture in Europe: Stakeholder dialogues on Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)." Environmental Science & Policy 55 (January 2016): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.006.

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8

Alexander, K. A., S. Freeman, and T. Potts. "Navigating uncertain waters: European public perceptions of integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA)." Environmental Science & Policy 61 (July 2016): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.04.020.

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9

Kibria, Abu Syed Md, and Mohammad Mahfujul Haque. "Potentials of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in freshwater ponds in Bangladesh." Aquaculture Reports 11 (August 2018): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2018.05.004.

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10

Baltadakis, A., J. Casserly, L. Falconer, M. Sprague, and TC Telfer. "European lobsters utilise Atlantic salmon wastes in coastal integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (November 5, 2020): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00378.

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In this study, we investigated if juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus would eat waste from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar cages in a coastal integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) setup and if there were any impacts on growth. Trophic interactions between salmon and lobsters were assessed using δ15N and δ13C stable isotope analysis and fatty acid profiling from fish feed as indicators of nutrient flow. Analysis revealed that lobsters directly utilised particulate waste from salmon production, as levels of indicator fatty acids from salmon feed were significantly higher in lobster tissues near the fish cages compared to the control site. Route of uptake may have been direct consumption of waste feed or faecal material or indirectly through fouling organisms. Stable isotope analysis did not indicate nutrient transfer to lobsters, suggesting that the duration of the study and/or the amount of waste consumed was not sufficient for stable isotope analysis. Lobsters grew significantly over the trial period at both sites, but there was no significant difference in lobster growth between the sites. Our results show a trophic relationship between salmon and lobsters within this IMTA system, with no apparent advantage or disadvantage to growth.

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11

Troell, Max, Alyssa Joyce, Thierry Chopin, Amir Neori, Alejandro H. Buschmann, and Jian-Guang Fang. "Ecological engineering in aquaculture — Potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in marine offshore systems." Aquaculture 297, no. 1-4 (December 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.010.

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12

Ahmed, Nesar, and Marion Glaser. "Can “Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)” adapt to climate change in coastal Bangladesh?" Ocean & Coastal Management 132 (November 2016): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.017.

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13

Putro, Sapto P., Jeanny Sharani, Widowati, Satriyo Adhy, and Suryono. "Biomonitoring of the Application of Monoculture and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Using Macrobenthic Structures at Tembelas Island, Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110942.

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Sustainable aquaculture needs to be considered when it comes to the utilization of water resources. The aim of this study was to apply biomonitoring using macrobenthic structures on both spatial and temporal applications of monoculture and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) at Tembelas Island, Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia. Samples of sediment were taken from three fish farm locations, namely from an IMTA site, a monoculture site, and a reference site. Macrobenthic organisms obtained through rinsing, sieving, and sorting were then identified under a stereo-microscope. Diversity of the macrobenthic assemblages was analyzed with a Shannon-Wiener index (H’). Equitability was expressed through Pielou’s evenness index. Finally, Bray-Curtis’ non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) was used for similarities derived from log (X+1) transformed macrobenthic abundance to provide a visual representation of differences in their structure between sites over time. Results showed polychaetes exhibited differences in both variation and abundance of genera between the farm and reference site. The assemblage of macrobenthos at the IMTA site consisted of 9 genera of gastropods, 3 genera of bivalves, 5 genera of polychaetes, and 2 genera of crustaceans. At the monoculture site, 12 genera of gastropods, 4 genera of bivalves, 8 genera of polychaetes, 1 genera of crustaceans, and 1 genera of ophiuroid were observed. A relatively high abundance was observed at the reference site, with 27 genera of gastropods, 11 genera of bivalves, 3 genera of polychaetes, and 1 genera of crustacean. The favorable water conditions and possible absence of waste input from aquaculture resulting in a more suitable habitat for macrobenthic life may explain this relative abundance. Some of them were recognised as opportunistic taxa, i.e., Capitella sp., Heteromastus sp., and Lumbrinereis sp. Based on the diversity and evenness indices and the MNDS ordination, it can be concluded that the application of IMTA systems results in a suppressed or reduced potential impact on environmental disturbance due to aquacultural activities.

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14

Ellis, John, and Rachel Tiller. "Conceptualizing future scenarios of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in the Norwegian salmon industry." Marine Policy 104 (June 2019): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.049.

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15

Alexander, K. A., and A. D. Hughes. "A problem shared: Technology transfer and development in European integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)." Aquaculture 473 (April 2017): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.01.029.

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16

Custódio, Marco, Paulo Cartaxana, Sebastián Villasante, Ricardo Calado, and Ana Isabel Lillebø. "LED Lighting and High-Density Planting Enhance the Cost-Efficiency of Halimione Portulacoides Extraction Units for Integrated Aquaculture." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 4995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114995.

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Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants that can be used to extract dissolved inorganic nutrients from saline aquaculture effluents under a production framework commonly known as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen (common name: sea purslane) is an edible saltmarsh halophyte traditionally consumed by humans living near coastal wetlands and is considered a promising extractive species for IMTA. To better understand its potential for IMTA applications, the present study investigates how artificial lighting and plant density affect its productivity and capacity to extract nitrogen and phosphorous in hydroponic conditions that mimic aquaculture effluents. Plant growth was unaffected by the type of artificial lighting employed—white fluorescent lights vs. blue-white LEDs—but LED systems were more energy-efficient, with a 17% reduction in light energy costs. Considering planting density, high-density units of 220 plants m−2 produced more biomass per unit of area (54.0–56.6 g m−2 day−1) than did low-density units (110 plants m−2; 34.4–37.1 g m−2 day−1) and extracted more dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Overall, H. portulacoides can be easily cultivated hydroponically using nutrient-rich saline effluents, where LEDs can be employed as an alternative to fluorescent lighting and high-density planting can promote higher yields and extraction efficiencies.

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17

Nederlof, MAJ, J. Fang, TG Dahlgren, SPS Rastrick, AC Smaal, Ø. Strand, H. Sveier, MCJ Verdegem, and HM Jansen. "Application of polychaetes in (de)coupled integrated aquaculture: an approach for fish waste bioremediation." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (September 3, 2020): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00371.

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Development of benthic components within integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems warrants more attention, and the development of polychaetes as an extractive component in IMTA systems is ongoing. This study estimates the bioremediation potential of Capitella sp. and Ophryotrocha craigsmithi for coupled and decoupled salmon-driven IMTA. In coupled IMTA, polychaetes receive fresh faeces, while in decoupled IMTA, preservation of faeces is applied. Respiration and ammonia excretion rates were measured for polychaetes fed fresh, oven-dried or acidified salmon faeces, and combined with nutrients incorporated into tissue growth, to estimate nutrient requirements. Nutrient requirements were subsequently used to evaluate bioremediation potential. Metabolic rates were highest for O. craigsmithi and contributed notably to their overall nutrient requirement (20-30%). For the 2 polychaete species, nutrient requirements ranged from 5 to 26 mg C and from 2 to 6 mg N g-1 AFDW d-1. These requirements were comparable with or higher than other polychaete species, highlighting the potential for fish waste bioremediation by Capitella sp. and O. craigsmithi. Preserved diets reduced bioremediation potential 1.5 and 3-5 times for, respectively, Capitella sp. and O. craigsmithi. Assuming that polychaetes are efficient fish-faeces convertors, the bioremediation potential indicates that benthic cultivation units containing 65000-95000 ind. m-2 of Capitella sp. or 36000-194000 ind. m-2 of O. craigsmithi can convert the daily organic waste flux deposited below an average salmon farm. These densities were within ranges reported for wild populations, indicating that, based on the bioremediation potential, development of benthic IMTA with these 2 polychaete species seems realistic and efficient for waste conversion.

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Kim, Young-Dae, Mi-Seon Park, Byung-Hwa Min, Seong-Jae Jeong, Hyung-Chul Kim, Hyun-Il Yoo, Won-Chan Lee, and Jae-Suk Choi. "Study on Growth Characteristics of Sargassum fulvellum in the Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) System." Journal of Environmental Science International 23, no. 10 (October 31, 2014): 1703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2014.23.10.1703.

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19

Filgueira, R., T. Guyondet, GK Reid, J. Grant, and PJ Cranford. "Vertical particle fluxes dominate integrated multi‑trophic aquaculture (IMTA) sites: implications for shellfish-finfish synergy." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 9 (March 14, 2017): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00218.

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20

CASTELAR, Beatriz, Marcelo Duarte PONTES, Wanessa de Melo COSTA, Luan César Fontes MOURA, Giselle Eler DIAS, Felipe Schwahoffer LANDUCI, and Renata Perpetuo REIS. "Biofiltering efficiency and productive performance of macroalgae with potential for integrated multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 41, especial (September 30, 2015): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2015v41nep763.

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21

Aliah, Ratu Siti. "EVALUASI KONDISI LINGKUNGAN PERAIRAN PANTAI UTARA KARAWANG UNTUK MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN = Environmental Condition Evaluation of the Northern Coastal Area of Karawang to Support Aquaculture Development." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v14i2.1423.

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An evaluation of the environmental status of the northern coastal area of Karawang was conducted in the wet and the dry season to understand their feasibility to support aquaculture development. Theevaluation result showed that in the wet season, the water quality of the coastal and breackishwater ponds was poor due to high concentration of total suspended solid (TSS), high turbidity, ammonia,nitrate, nitrite and sulfide that stimulated phytoplankton bloom which indicated by high concentration of chlorophyll-a. To anticipate the water quality degradation, it is necessary to build a sedimentationfacility along the inlet channel which accomapied by seaweed and mangrove plantation to eliminate and reduce an organic waste that entered to the breackishwater ponds. An application of the“Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)” in the coastal area in the future is the best prospective to develop sustainable aquaculture. This technology is green technology with the biorecycle systemand zero emition. Keywords : environmental status, northern coastal area of Karawang, aquaculture developmentAbstrak Evaluasi kondisi lingkungan perairan di kawasan Pantai Utara Karawang di lakukan pada musim hujan dan kemarau guna mengetahui kelayakannya dalam mendukung pengembangan usahabudidaya perikanan. Hasil evalusi menunjukkan bahwa pada musim hujan telah terjadi penurunan kualitas air baik di perairan pantai maupun perairan tambak yang diindikasikan dengan meningkatnyakekeruhan dan konsentrasi ammonia, nitrate, nitrit dan sulfide yang memacu terjadinya ledakan (blooming) fitoplankton (klorofil-a). Untuk mengantisifasi penurunan kualitas air, perlu dikembangkanbak pengendapan disepanjang pantai yang disertai penanaman rumput laut dan mangrove untuk mengurangi kekeruhan dan menetralisir limbah organik yang masuk ke pertambakan sebelumdigunakan untuk kegiatan budidaya perikanan. Penerapan Teknologi Budidaya Perikanan terintegrasi “Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)” di wilayah pesisir dimasa mendatang merupakanprospek yang menjanjikan untuk pengembangan teknologi budidaya perikanan berkelanjutan, karena teknologi ini selain lebih produktif juga merupakan teknologi bersih (green technology) danberwawasan lingkungan karena teknologinya bersifat Zero Emition atau bebas limbah. Kata Kunci : kondisi lingkungan, pantai utara Karawang, pengembangan budidaya perikanan

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Nguyen, Tu Van. "ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR MARINE ECONOMY OF TRA VINH PROVINCE." Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.4.2020.406.

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Economic development under the scope of sustainability and environment friendliness are the development trends recently. Tra Vinh Province currently has seven typical marine ecosystems with quite abundant biological and fishery resources. The province has also established some of the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture models (IMTA) that meet the criteria of sustainability and ability to effectively use wetland resources. To promote the existing strengths, Tra Vinh Province needs to invest and develop groups of solutions for exploiting, using biological, ecological and environmental resources in sustainable, rational way, highly adaptable toclimate change and sea-level rise.

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Giangrande, Adriana, Maria Flavia Gravina, Sergio Rossi, Caterina Longo, and Cataldo Pierri. "Aquaculture and Restoration: Perspectives from Mediterranean Sea Experiences." Water 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070991.

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In this paper, the different possibilities and innovations related to sustainable aquaculture in the Mediterranean area are discussed, while different maricultural methods, and the role of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in supporting the exploitation of the ocean’s resources, are also reviewed. IMTA, and mariculture in general, when carefully planned, can be suitable for environmental restoration and conservation purposes. Aquaculture, especially mariculture, is a sector that is progressively increasing in parallel with the increase in human needs; however, several problems still affect its development, mainly in relation to the choice of suitable sites, fodder production, and the impact on the surrounding environment. A current challenge that requires suitable solutions is the implementation of IMTA. Unfortunately, some criticisms still affect this approach, mostly concerning the commercialization of new products such as invertebrates and seaweeds, notwithstanding their environmentally friendly character. Regarding the location of a suitable site, mariculture plans are currently displaced from inshore to offshore, with the aim of reducing the competition for space with other human activities carried out within coastal waters. Moreover, in open water, waste loading does not appear to be a problem, but high-energy waters increase maintenance costs. Some suggestions are given for developing sustainable mariculture in the Mediterranean area, where IMTA is in its infancy and where the scarce nutrients that characterize offshore waters are not suitable for the farming of both filter feeder invertebrates and macroalgae. From the perspective of coupling mariculture activity with restoration ecology, the practices suggested in this review concern the implementation of inshore IMTA, creating artificially controlled gardens, as well as offshore mussel farming coupled with artificial reefs, while also hypothesizing the possibility of the use of artificially eutrophized areas.

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Royan, Muhammad Rahmad. "Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) as a Solution for Shrimp Aquaculture Side Effects on Northern Coast of Java, Indonesia." Grouper 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/grouper.v11i1.66.

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Mahmood, T., J. Fang, Z. Jiang, and J. Zhang. "Carbon and nitrogen flow, and trophic relationships, among the cultured species in an integrated multi‑trophic aquaculture (IMTA) bay." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 8 (April 19, 2016): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00152.

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van Osch, Suzanne, Stephen Hynes, Shirra Freeman, and Tim O’Higgins. "Estimating the Public’s Preferences for Sustainable Aquaculture: A Country Comparison." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030569.

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Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is an alternative to the monoculture of fin fish species, in which several species are combined in the production process. This can have environmental advantages such as a lower environmental impact through nutrient cycling and natural filters; and can have economic advantages consisting of increased efficiency, product diversification and potential price premiums. In this paper, a choice experiment (CE) was conducted through an online survey in Ireland, the UK, Italy, Israel and Norway, to assess how the public makes decisions on what type of salmon or sea bream to buy based on the attributes of the product. Analysis assessed the Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) for more sustainable produced seafood using a Latent Class multinomial logit modelling approach. In the experiment, an ecolabel was used to distinguish between regularly produced (monoculture) products and sustainably produced (IMTA) products. The general public in each country showed a positive attitude towards the development of such an ecolabel and towards the payment of a price premium for the more sustainably produced salmon or sea bream.

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Yuniarsih, Erna, Kukuh Nirmala, and I. Nyoman Radiarta. "TINGKAT PENYERAPAN NITROGEN DAN FOSFOR PADA BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT BERBASIS IMTA (INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE) DI TELUK GERUPUK, LOMBOK TENGAH, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2014): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.9.3.2014.487-500.

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Pengembangan budidaya laut berbasis IMTA (Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture) merupakan suatu metode yang dirancang untuk mengatasi masalah lingkungan yang terkait dengan penggunaan pakan pada kegiatan akuakultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat penyerapan nitrogen dan fosfor pada budidaya rumput laut berbasis IMTA di Teluk Gerupuk Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Rumput laut jenis Kappaphycus alvarezii dan Eucheuma spinosum dibudidayakan dengan metode rawai (long line). Pengamatan terhadap rumput laut dan kondisi perairan dilakukan setiap 15 hari; mulai hari ke-0 sampai hari ke-45. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya perbedaan tingkat penyerapan nitrogen dan fosfor antara dua jenis rumput laut yang dibudidayakan. Total penyerapan nitrogen rumput laut K. alvarezii di lokasi IMTA mencapai 86,95 ton N/ha/tahun atau lebih tinggi 24,6% dibandingkan dengan E. spinosum yang mencapai 69,78 ton N/ha/tahun. Sedangkan untuk tingkat penyerapan fosfor, K. alvarezii mencapai 20,56 ton P/ha/tahun atau lebih tinggi 136,7% dibandingkan dengan E. spinosum yang hanya mencapai 8,69 ton P/ha/tahun. Berdasarkan luasan kawasan potensial budidaya rumput laut di Teluk Gerupuk, maka potensi penyerapan nitrogen dan fosfor untuk rumput laut K. alvarezii di kawasan ini masing-masing mencapai 27.996,93 ton N/tahun dan 6.619,16 ton P/tahun. Sedangkan untuk E. spinosum potensi penyerapan nitrogen dan fosfor masing-masing mencapai 22.470,02 ton N/tahun dan 2.796,82 ton P/tahun. Penerapan budidaya rumput laut berbasis IMTA secara jelas memberikan keuntungan ekonomi dan ekologi dengan adanya peningkatan biomassa dan perbaikan kondisi lingkungan budidaya.

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Jiménez-Prada, Pablo, Ismael Hachero-Cruzado, Inmaculada Giráldez, Catalina Fernández-Diaz, César Vilas, José Pedro Cañavate, and José Manuel Guerra-García. "Crustacean amphipods from marsh ponds: a nutritious feed resource with potential for application in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture." PeerJ 6 (January 12, 2018): e4194. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4194.

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Coastal protection, nutrient cycling, erosion control, water purification, and carbon sequestration are ecosystem services provided by salt marshes. Additionally, salt ponds offer coastal breeding and a nursery habitat for fishes and they provide abundant invertebrates, such as amphipods, which are potentially useful as a resource in aquaculture. Fishmeal and fish oil are necessary food resources to support aquaculture of carnivorous species due to their omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). Currently, aquaculture depends on limited fisheries and feed with elevated n-3 LC-PUFA levels, but the development of more sustainable food sources is necessary. Amphipods appear to be a potential high quality alternative feed resource for aquaculture. Hence, a nutritional study was carried out for several main amphipod species—Microdeutopus gryllotalpa,Monocorophium acherusicum,Gammarus insensibilis,Melita palmataandCymadusa filosa—in terrestrial ponds in the South of Spain. These species showed high protein content (up to 40%), high n-3 PUFA and phospholipid levels, and high levels of phophatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerols (TAG), the latter being significantly high forM. acherusicum.M. gryllotalpaandM. acherusicumshowed the highest proportion of lipids (19.15% and 18.35%, respectively). Isoleucine, glycine and alanine were the dominant amino acids in all species. In addition, amphipods collected from ponds showed low levels of heavy metals. Furthermore, the biochemical profiles of the five species of amphipods have been compared with other studied alternative prey. Therefore, pond amphipods are good candidates to be used as feed, and are proposed as a new sustainable economic resource to be used in aquaculture.G. insensibilismay be the best for intensive culture as an alternative feed resource because it shows: (1) adequate n-3 PUFA and PL composition; (2) high levels of glycine, alanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and lysine; (3) high natural densities; (4) large body size (≥1 cm), and (5) high concentration of calcium. Moreover, a combined culture of amphipods and fishes in these marsh ponds seems a promising and environmentally sustainable way to develop Integrate Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in these ecosystems.

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Nasti, Diana, S. Sunarno, and Sapto Purnomo Putro. "Analisa Hubungan Panjang dengan Berat Ikan Bawal Bintang (Trachinotus Blochii, Lacepede) Pada Sistem Keramba Jaring Apung (KJA) Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) di Kawasan Sea Farming Kepulauan Seribu." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.19.1.1-4.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa hubungan panjang dan berat ikan bawal bintang (Trachinotus blochii) pada sistem keramba jaring apung (KJA) Integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) dan Monokultur. Keramba jaring apung IMTA diaplikasikan pada Stratified double net cage (SDNC). Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan Sea Farming Karang Lebar kepulauan Seribu, di dua lokasi yaitu : lokasi A adalah kawasan budidaya sistem IMTA dengan jenis biota ikan bawal bintang (Trachinotus blochii) dan ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus,Forsskal). Lokasi B adalah kawasan budidaya monokultur dengan jenis biota bawal bintang (Trachinotus Blochii). Hasil penelitian analisa hubungan panjang dan berat ikan di kedua lokasi menunjukan pola alometrik positif b > 3, dan berdasarkan kondisi fisik dan kimia perairan laut dari kedua lokasi penelitian terdapat perbedaan namun, secara umum masih menunjukkan dalam kisaran normal yaitu konduktivitas berkisar antara 4,53 – 5,05 mS/cm, kecerahan berkisar antara 23,21 – 25,50 mg/l, turbiditas berkisar antara 19,89 – 27,00 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) berkisar pada 6,09 – 7,50 mg/L, salinitas berkisar antara 25,09 – 32,37ppt, pH berkisar antara 7,21 – 7,96 dan temperatur berkisar antara 29,33 – 31,40 oC. Kata kunci : Bawal bintang (Trachinotus blochii), IMTA, Monokultur, pola pertumbuhan

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Deng, Yale, Fan Zhou, Yunjie Ruan, Bin Ma, Xueyan Ding, Xiaomei Yue, Wenjun Ma, and Xuwang Yin. "Feed Types Driven Differentiation of Microbial Community and Functionality in Marine Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture System." Water 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010095.

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Integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) improves the production of aquatic animals by promoting nutrient utilization through different tropical levels. Microorganisms play an important role in elements cycling, energy flow and farmed-species health. The aim of this study was to evaluate how feed types, fresh frozen fish diet (FFD) or formulated diet (FD), influence the microbial community diversity and functionality in both water and sediment in a marine IMTA system. Preferable water quality, higher animal yields and higher cost efficiency were achieved in the FD pond. Feed types changed the pond bacterial community distribution, especially in the rearing water. The FFD pond was dominated with Cyanobacteria in the water, which played an important role in nitrogen fixation through photosynthesis due to the high nitrogen input of the frozen fish diet. The high carbohydrate composition in the formulated diet triggered higher metabolic pathways related to carbon and lipid metabolism in the water of the FD pond. Sediment had significantly higher microbial diversity than the rearing water. In sediment, the dominating genus, Sulfurovum and Desulfobulbus, were found to be positively correlated by network analysis, which had similar functionality in sulfur transformation. The relatively higher rates of antibiotic biosynthesis in the FFD sediment might be related to the pathogenic bacteria introduced by the trash fish diet. The difference in microbial community composition and metabolic pathways may be associated with the different pathways for nutrient cycling and animal growth performance. The formulated diet was determined to be more ecologically and economically sustainable than the frozen fish diet for marine IMTA pond systems.

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Elfitasari, T., L. Klerkx, o. Joffrey, S. Rejeki, L. L. Widowati, R. W. Aryati, and R. H. Bosma. "Is Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (Imta) Concept An Answer to Abraded Coastal Area? A Stakeholders’ Perspective Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 246 (May 20, 2019): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/246/1/012082.

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Aliah, Ratu Siti. "KERAGAAN MODEL BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN TERINTEGRASI MULTI TROPIK DI PANTAI UTARA KARAWANG, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 13, no. 1 (December 13, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v13i1.1404.

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Teknologi budidaya perikanan terintegrasi multi tropik IMTA (Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture) dengan menggunakan ikan nila, udang, rumput laut dan kerang yang dipelihara dalam satu kolam telah menunjukkan produktivitas yang tinggi dan stabilitas lingkungan yang cukup baik dibandingkan dengan yang monokultur. Demikian halnya denga budidaya yang sejenis walau tidak menggunakan kerang, telah memberikan produktivitas dan kualitas air yang lebih baik. Namun demikian kualits tanah juga berpengaruh besar terhadap keberhasilan budidaya terutama untuk komoditas udang windu yang hidup di dasar. Nilai potensial redox yang negatif dapat menjadi tanda buruknya kualitas tanah untuk budidaya dan perlu di rehabilitasi. Untuk tanah seperti ini nampaknya ikan nila dan rumput laut menjadi alternatif komoditas yang cukup baikuntuk dikembangkan, karena pertumbuhannya tidak terganggu. kata kunci : Keragaan Model Budidaya Perikanan Terintegrasi Multitropik,Pantai Utara Karawang AbstractIntegrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) technology by using tilapia, shrimp, seaweed and shellfish that are cultured in one pond integrately have demonstrated high productivity and environmental stability compared to the monoculture. Similarly, cultivation of similar model with unusing a shell has been providing productivity andbetter water quality. However, soil quality also greatly affect on the success of farming, especially for commodity shrimp that live on the benthic. Negative redox potential value can be a sign as a poor quality of land for cultivation and needs to be rehabilitation. For this kind of soil, cultivation of tilapia and seaweed as alternative commodities is excellent to be developed, because their growth is not disturbed. key words : Performance of the Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) Model in the northern coastal area of Karawang, West Java

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García-Poza, Sara, Adriana Leandro, Carla Cotas, João Cotas, João C. Marques, Leonel Pereira, and Ana M. M. Gonçalves. "The Evolution Road of Seaweed Aquaculture: Cultivation Technologies and the Industry 4.0." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186528.

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Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are autotrophic organisms capable of producing many compounds of interest. For a long time, seaweeds have been seen as a great nutritional resource, primarily in Asian countries to later gain importance in Europe and South America, as well as in North America and Australia. It has been reported that edible seaweeds are rich in proteins, lipids and dietary fibers. Moreover, they have plenty of bioactive molecules that can be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas. There are historical registers of harvest and cultivation of seaweeds but with the increment of the studies of seaweeds and their valuable compounds, their aquaculture has increased. The methodology of cultivation varies from onshore to offshore. Seaweeds can also be part of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which has great opportunities but is also very challenging to the farmers. This multidisciplinary field applied to the seaweed aquaculture is very promising to improve the methods and techniques; this area is developed under the denominated industry 4.0.

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Gamito, S., H. Quental-Ferreira, A. Parejo, J. Aubin, V. Christensen, and ME Cunha. "Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems: energy transfers and food web organization in coastal earthen ponds." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (November 5, 2020): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00375.

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Three Ecopath models were built to reproduce 3 experimental treatments carried out in earthen ponds located in Olhão, southern Portugal, to understand the energy transferred and the ecosystem state in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). These earthen ponds behave as simplified ecosystems or mesocosms, with well-defined borders, where the relationships between trophic groups can be described through ecosystem modeling. Different combinations of species were produced in these ponds, corresponding to the 3 treatments: (1) fish, oysters and macroalgae (FOM); (2) fish and oysters (FO); and (3) fish and macroalgae (FM). The managed species were meagre Argyrosomus regius, white seabream Diplodus sargus, flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus, Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas and sea lettuce Ulva spp. The results showed that the total amount of energy throughput was 15 to 17 times higher when compared with an equivalent naturalized system. The high biomass and low recycling indicated an immature system with low resilience and low stability that demands high rates of water renewal and aeration to maintain good water-quality levels for finfish production. The addition of oysters and macroalgae in the FOM treatment appeared to improve the water quality, since oysters controlled the excess of phytoplankton produced in the ponds by ingesting a fair amount of the phytoplankton, while the macroalgae helped in the absorption of excess nutrients and created a habitat for periphyton and associated macroinvertebrates. Some ecosystem attributes of the FOM ponds approached the values of the naturalized model, suggesting a possible path towards more sustainable aquaculture.

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Largo, Danilo B., Annie G. Diola, and Mario S. Marababol. "Development of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system for tropical marine species in southern cebu, Central Philippines." Aquaculture Reports 3 (May 2016): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.12.006.

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Shpigel, M., T. Ben Ari, L. Shauli, V. Odintsov, and D. Ben-Ezra. "Nutrient recovery and sludge management in seabream and grey mullet co-culture in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)." Aquaculture 464 (November 2016): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.07.007.

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Mugwanya, Muziri, Mahmoud A. O. Dawood, Fahad Kimera, and Hani Sewilam. "Biofloc Systems for Sustainable Production of Economically Important Aquatic Species: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137255.

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The increasing global population has led to an increase in food demand; consequently, aquaculture is one of the food production sectors that has offered opportunities to alleviate hunger, malnutrition, and poverty. However, the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry has been hindered by the limited availability of natural resources as well as its negative impact on the surrounding environment. Hence, there is an urgent need to search for better aquacultural production systems that, despite their high productivity and profitability, utilize fewer resources such as water, energy, land, and capital in conjunction with a negligible impact on the environment. Biofloc technology (BFT) is one of the most exciting and promising sustainable aquaculture systems; it takes into account the intensive culture of aquatic species, zero water exchange, and improved water quality as a result of beneficial microbial biomass activity, which, at the same time, can be utilized as a nutritious aquaculture feed, thus lowering the costs of production. Furthermore, BFT permits the installation of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems in which the wastes of one organism are utilized as feed by another organism, without a detrimental effect on co-cultured species. This review, therefore, highlights the basics of BFT, factors associated with BFT for the successful production of aquatic species, the significance of this food production system for the sustainable production of economically important aquatic species, its economic aspects, drawbacks, limitations, and recommended management aspects for sustainable aquaculture.

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Pontes, Marcelo Duarte, Daniel Abreu Vasconcelos Campelo, Rodrigo Takata, Lidia Miyako Yoshii Oshiro, and Beatriz Castelar. "Digestibility and gastrointestinal transit of Ulva fasciata seaweed meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles: basis for the inclusion of a sustainable ingredient in aquafeeds." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): e3889108497. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8497.

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The seaweed Ulva fasciata has many features favorable to integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). It is efficient at biofiltering, shows high biomass production, and is rich in many nutrients useful in aquatic animal diets. We evaluated the digestibility of the seaweed meal of U. fasciata produced in IMTA and its effects on gastrointestinal transit time in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Juveniles (6.30 ± 1.80 g initial weight, and 5.5 ± 0.61 cm initial length) were cultivated in six tanks (50 individuals per tank) in a closed recirculating aquaculture system. The digestibility of Ulva meal was 57.92 ± 5.21% for dry material, 78.59 ± 1.91% for protein, and 69.87 ± 3.72% for energy. The inclusion of 10% seaweed meal did not alter the gastrointestinal transit time in tilapia juveniles as compared to controls. The earliest colored feces were observed four hours after first feeding in both treatments (feed diets with [10%] and without seaweed); all fecal material was colored after ten hours. The digestibility of seaweed meal was satisfactory for dry material, protein, and gross energy, and the inclusion of 10% of that meal did not change gastrointestinal transit time - indicating that the inclusion of 10% seaweed meal in tilapia diet is safe and without any nutritional use losses.

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Queirós, Ana S., Ana R. Circuncisão, Eduarda Pereira, Mónica Válega, Maria H. Abreu, Artur M. S. Silva, and Susana M. Cardoso. "Valuable Nutrients from Ulva rigida: Modulation by Seasonal and Cultivation Factors." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 6137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136137.

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Ulva macroalgae species are recognized to be an underexploited source of key nutrients, including proteins, fibers and minerals. The present work evaluated the nutritional value protein, ash, mineral composition, fat, fatty acid profile and dietary fiber of the green macroalgae Ulva rigida produced in an open land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system, over four seasons. Overall, protein and fat content of the farmed algae ranged between 7.6 and 25.8% DW and between 0.2 and 1.3% DW, respectively, reaching the highest levels during autumn/winter seasons. In turn, total dietary fiber and ashes showed a contrary seasonal tendency, reaching maximum levels in spring (40.9–58.3% DW and 25.5–38.8% DW, respectively). Notably, the latter were particularly characterized by their richness in potassium, magnesium and iron, and a sodium/potassium ratio bellow 1.7. Variable cultivation conditions of stocking density (Sd) and flow rate (Fr) were also tested, allowing to confirm that manipulation of cultivation conditions in an IMTA system may help to improve the nutritional value of this macroalga and to boost its market value through its use as a functional food ingredient.

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Paolacci, Simona, Vlastimil Stejskal, and Marcel A. K. Jansen. "Estimation of the potential of Lemna minor for effluent remediation in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture using newly developed synthetic aquaculture wastewater." Aquaculture International 29, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 2101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00736-z.

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AbstractAquaculture is an important source of animal protein and a key contributor to global food security. However, aquaculture can exert a negative effect on the aquatic environment due to the release of effluents containing high nutrient levels. In integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), the waste produced by one species is the input for another, referred to as extractive species (ES). Potential ES include plants. In the present study, it was explored whether Lemna minor can be used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from aquaculture wastewater. A representative synthetic wastewater was designed based on the composition of aquaculture effluents found in the literature. Synthetic wastewater was found to be a suitable medium for growth of Lemna minor, and plants readily took up NH4+-N, NO3-N and PO43--P. In particular, NH4+-N concentrations rapidly decreased. The highest removal rates per square meter of water surface, calculated for NH4+-N, NO3-N and PO43--P, were, respectively, 158, 206 and 32 mg·m-2·day-1, and these rates were achieved at a plant surface density of 80%. As removal of nutrients is essentially a surface area–related process, the effect of plant density on nutrient uptake was determined. Uptake of nutrients per square meter of surface area was highest at the highest plant density. Yet, when uptake rates were calculated per square meter of water area covered by Lemna fronds, the highest removal rates were found at the lowest plant density, and this is likely to be associated with a reduced intraspecific competition. The present work enables the calculation of potential nutrient uptake by Lemna minor and lays the foundation for a more scientific approach to the design of duckweed-based aquaculture wastewater treatment systems.

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Yudiastuti, Kadek, I. Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma, and Ni Luh Putu Ria Puspitha. "Laju Pertumbuhan Rumput Laut Gracilaria sp Melalui Budidaya IMTA (Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture) di Pantai Geger, Nusa Dua, Kabupaten Badung, Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i02.191-203.

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Gracilaria sp is red alga which belong to class rhodophyceae. It can grow in shallow salt water with a general characteristic is having a cylindrical and branched thallus form. Seaweed cultivation can be performed through IMTA (Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture) method. The basic principle of cultivation through the IMTA method is utilizing service of the low thropic level species in marine ecosystems, such as shells and seaweed. This method is believed to be able to overcome the environmental problems caused by cultivation activities, such as feces and uneaten feed. This research was perfomed 45 days, from February 25 to April 11, 2017. It was held at Geger Beach, Nusa Dua, Badung Regency, Bali, using a complete randomized design method that consist of three treatments and three repetition for each treatment. Treatment control (T1) consisted of 10 bunches of seaweed 100 grams without the abalone, treatement 2 (T2) consisted of 10 bunches of seaweed 100 grams and 20 abalones and treatement 3 (T3) consisted of 10 bunches of seaweed 100 grams and 40 abalones. The result showed that specific growth rate in Gracilaria sp. was highest in treatment T1, compared to treatment T2 and T3. This was caused by the cage construction of abalone amd the present of small mesh size net to cover the seaweed planting, which made the growth was not optimal. However, the use of a nets system in seaweed cultivation could minimize the loss of thallus. It was proved by the survival rate of seaweed in first, second and third, that is averagely high, ranging from 90% to 100%. Physical and chemical water quality parameters are also measured, and It showed that the water quality was suitable for the cultivation of both, seaweed and abalone.

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Biswas, Gouranga, Prem Kumar, Muniyandi Kailasam, Tapas K. Ghoshal, Aritra Bera, and Koyadan Kizhakedath Vijayan. "Application of Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Concept in Brackishwater Ecosystem: The First Exploratory Trial in the Sundarban, India." Journal of Coastal Research 86, sp1 (November 7, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si86-007.1.

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Custódio, M., S. Villasante, J. Cremades, R. Calado, and AI Lillebø. "Unravelling the potential of halophytes for marine integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)— a perspective on performance, opportunities and challenges." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 9 (November 22, 2017): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00244.

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Jumah Yashier Upling. "A review on waste absorption efficiency of different extractive integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) species: Implications in coastal and offshore aquaculture waste management." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.2.0141.

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Radiarta, I. Nyoman, and Erlania Erlania. "INDEKS KUALITAS AIR DAN SEBARAN NUTRIEN SEKITAR BUDIDAYA LAUT TERINTEGRASI DI PERAIRAN TELUK EKAS, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT: ASPEK PENTING BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.10.1.2015.141-152.

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Kualitas perairan merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam perikanan budidaya. Perubahan yang terjadi pada kondisi kimia atau fisik perairan dapat menyebabkan dampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan biota budidaya. Data kualitas air hasil program pemantauan selama enam bulan di lokasi penelitian telah dianalisis untuk melihat kisaran indeks kualitas air dan sebaran nutrien yang terjadi di sekitar unit budidaya laut terintegrasi berbasis integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) di Teluk Ekas Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Pengamatan dilakukan pada bulan Juni-November 2014, sebanyak 13 titik pengamatan yang disebar secara diagonal dengan pusat keramba jaring apung ikan laut. Seluruh data dianalisis secara spasial dan temporal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks kualitas air di lokasi penelitian tergolong kategori sedang-baik. Bulan Juli merupakan bulan dengan nilai indeks yang baik dengan kategori sedang-sangat baik (50-83); sedangkan bulan September memiliki nilai indeks yang relatif rendah dengan kategori buruk sedang (33-60). Berdasarkan sebaran nutrien (amonium, nitrat, dan orto-fosfat) menunjukkan fluktuasi secara spasial dan temporal. Konsentrasi nutrien umumnya tersedia dengan baik pada jarak 60 m dari KJA. Hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran tentang kondisi kualitas perairan dan ketersediaan nutrien untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan produktivitas budidaya rumput laut dengan sistem IMTA.

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Biswas, Gouranga, Prem Kumar, T. K. Ghoshal, M. Kailasam, Debasis De, Aritra Bera, Babita Mandal, Krishna Sukumaran, and K. K. Vijayan. "Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) outperforms conventional polyculture with respect to environmental remediation, productivity and economic return in brackishwater ponds." Aquaculture 516 (February 2020): 734626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734626.

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47

Lohroff, Toni J., Phillip R. Gillette, Hilary G. Close, Daniel D. Benetti, and John D. Stieglitz. "Evaluating the potential bioextractive capacity of South Florida native macroalgae Agardhiella subulata for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)." Aquaculture 544 (November 2021): 737091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737091.

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48

Nasti, Diana, Sunarno, and Sapto P. Putro. "Evaluation of Applications Floating Net Cage Aquaculture Systems Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and Monoculture an Based Growth Rate Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii, Lacepede)." Advanced Science Letters 23, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 6410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.9638.

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Peñuela, Ana, Daniel Robledo, Nathalie Bourgougnon, Gilles Bedoux, Emanuel Hernández-Núñez, and Yolanda Freile-Pelegrín. "Environmentally Friendly Valorization of Solieria filiformis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from IMTA Using a Biorefinery Concept." Marine Drugs 16, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16120487.

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Marine macroalgae (seaweed) are an excellent source of novel bioactive metabolites. The biorefinery concept applied to seaweed facilitates the extraction of many chemical constituents from the same biomass ensuring that the resource is used fully, generating few residues through a succession of extraction steps. In the present study, the biomass of the carragenophyte Solieria filiformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultured in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system was evaluated to obtain valuable products by a biorefinery approach. Enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were the eco-friendly technologies used to ensure an environmentally friendly valorization of the biomass. Three valuable products were successfully recovered: a water-soluble extract rich in proteins and sulfated polysaccharides suitable as a food supplement; a lipid fraction rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with potential to be used in the nutraceutical industry; and a pure ι-carrageenan with a powerful antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (EC50 = 6.3 µg mL−1) comparable to the commercial antiviral acyclovir (EC50 = 3.2–5.4 µg mL−1).

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Blouin, Nicolas, Fei Xiugeng, Jiang Peng, Charles Yarish, and Susan H. Brawley. "Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)." Aquaculture 270, no. 1-4 (September 2007): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.03.002.

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