Academic literature on the topic 'Integrated rate-laws'

The living state of matter, while obviously obeying physical and chemical laws, does exhibit some peculiar features which, taken altogether, distinguish it from the rest of the natural world. As discussed at length elsewhere [16, 18], these include, among others, hierarchical organization, individuality, invention, and homeostasis. One key category which was introduced by Waddington [94] is homeorrhesis. Homeorrhesis is the dynamical version of homeostasis and it may be defined as the capacity of living systems to maintain their harmonic dynamical networks through continuous change in response to external and internal noise. In the present chapter, we will discuss, in the light of recent interdisciplinary data, the relationship between noise and self-organization. We propose, as a new feature specific to living systems, the capacity to integrate into flexible and versatile networks a portion of noise of internal and external origin (correlated information), and to utilize it to counteract the disrupting effect of the remaining noise. The analysis will be carried out at the levels of DNA and of organized networks, and will also be tackling the problem from the point of view of the relationship between increases in organismal complexity and entropy levels at the evolutionary scale…. Present-day genomes are the results of evolution, and DNA may be considered as an archive of past events. We use as a working hypothesis the almost unanimously accepted concept of interplay between selection as it fixes "useful" sequences, and mutation-genetic drift forces as they generate noise and continuously shuffling of genomes. Studies on structure and function of genomes have been increasing at a very fast rate following the extraordinary progress in sequencing techniques and, consequently, in GenBank whole genome sequences are available of a number of bacteria, Archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. DNA content per cell has been increasing during evolution, more recent species having, in general, larger genomes than ancestral ones. This, however, is only a rough approximation of reality. A better analysis of the data tells us that while prokaryotes (bacteria and Archaea) have small genomes ranging from 500,000 base pairs (bp) to 5 million bp, an abrupt increase has occurred in eukaryotes. In this large group, a unicellular organism like Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a 12-million-bp genome, while multicellular organisms range from around 100 million to several billion bp.

Abstract A systematic approach of designing control laws for a turboprop engine is proposed. Firstly, the interactions between the control loops of a class of two-input two-output (TITO) plant are qualitatively analyzed. Since inverted decoupling well retains the dynamic characteristics of the original system, it is chosen to decouple the interactions so that the control loops can be divided into two single-input single-output (SISO) control loops. Then, the designed PI controller parameters for each control loop are obtained by solving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) derived from Static Out

A finite volume scheme is developed to solve the phonon Boltzmann transport equation in an energy form accounting for phonon dispersion and polarization. The physical space and the first Brillouin zone are discretized into finite volumes and the phonon BTE is integrated over them. Second-order accurate differencing schemes are used for the discretization. The scattering term employs a rigorous implementation of phonon momentum and energy conservation laws in determining the rate of normal and Umklapp processes. The method is applied to a variety of bulk silicon and silicon thin-film conduction

A process analysis and simulation model has been developed in the framework of the process simulator ASPEN PLUSTM in order to produce solar thermo-chemical hydrogen. Hydrogen is an environmentally attractive transportation fuel that has the potential to replace fossil fuels. Chemical mass balance, conversion rate, operating temperature and pressure are comparatively assessed for a wide range of hydrogen production processes, including processes which are hydrocarbon based (methane cracking and steam methane reforming), non-hydrocarbon based (water electrolysis) and integrated process (combined

A new waste heat recovery scheme based on absorption heat pumps (AHP) applied in CHP (Combined Heat and Power) system was proposed to decrease heating energy consumption of existing CHP systems by recovering waste heat of exhausted steam from a steam turbine of coal-fired direct air cooling units. Based on the establishment of thermodynamic analysis model, through adopting the design parameters of the 135 MW direct air-cooled power plants in China, the performances, especially the exergy losses of the unit as well as its subsystems mainly including six parts at different heating modes were obt

Abstract With the advent of increased measurements and instrumentation in oil and gas upstream production infrastructure; in the wellbore, in subsea and on surface processing facilities, data integration from all sources can be used more effectively in producing consistent and robust production profiles. The proposed data integration methodology aims at identifying the sources of measurement and process errors and removing them from the system. This ensures quasi error-free data when driving critical applications such as well rate determination from virtual and multiphase meters, and productio