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FERREIRA, Michele Guerreiro, and Janssen Felipe da SILVA. "Opção Decolonial e Práxis Curriculares de Enfrentamento do Racismo: diálogos com sujeitos curriculantes de licenciaturas da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira." INTERRITÓRIOS 5, no. 8 (June 22, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.33052/inter.v5i8.241595.
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Baseado no Pensamento Decolonial (QUIJANO, 2005, 2007; GROSFOGUEL, 2008, 2016; MIGNOLO, 2005, 2011; MALDONADO-TORRES, 2007, 2016; WALSH, 2008), apresentamos resultados da pesquisa de Doutorado em Educação (UFPE), ao buscarmos elementos de práxis decolonizadora e de enfrentamento do racismo nas práticas curriculares em cursos de formação de professoras/es. O campo da pesquisa foi a UNILAB dado o seu peculiar perfil político e epistêmico de integração e de ponte para diálogos Sul-Sul. Utilizamos a Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011; VALA, 1990) para analisar os dados coletados/produzidos nas entrevistas não-diretivas (GUBER, 2001). O objetivo deste artigo é analisar elementos de enfrentamento do racismo presentes nas práticas curriculares apontadas pelos diversos sujeitos curriculantes a partir de suas concepções de racismo que indicam opções teórico-práticas adotadas na direção de enfrentar e superar o racismo, tanto biológico quanto epistêmico. Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais. Currículo. Racismo. Racismo Epistêmico. Práxis Decolonizadora. Decolonial Option and Curricular Praxis against Racism: dialogues with curriculum relatable subjects majoring in education in the University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony ABSTRACT Based on Decolonial Thinking (QUIJANO, 2005, 2007; GROSFOGUEL, 2008, 2016; MIGNOLO, 2005, 2011; MALDONADO-TORRES, 2007, 2016; WALSH, 2008), we present results of the doctorate degree research in Education (UFPE), in which we seek elements of decolonizing praxis and confronting racism in curricular practices in teacher training courses. The research developed in UNILAB given its peculiar political and epistemic profile of integration and bridge to South-South dialogues. We used Content Analysis (BARDIN, 2011; VALA, 1990) to analyze data collected / produced in non-directive interviews (GUBER, 2001). The objective of this article is to show elements of confrontation of racism present in the curricular practices pointed out by the various curriculum subjects from their conceptions of racism that indicate the theoretical-practical options adopted in the direction of facing and overcoming racism, both biological and epistemic. Ethnic-Racial Relations Education. Curriculum. Racism. Epistemic Racism. Decolonizing Praxis.
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Dennis, Syeachia N., Rachel S. Gold, and Frances K. Wen. "Learner Reactions to Activities Exploring Racism as a Social Determinant of Health." Family Medicine 51, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.704337.
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Background and Objectives: Racism’s impact on health has been well documented. Health professional programs are beginning to help learners understand this social determinant of health through curricular integration of education related to racism. Yet educators are hesitant to integrate these concepts into curricula because of lack of expertise or fear associated with learner responses to this potentially sensitive topic. The purpose of this study is to describe the responses of learners to learning sessions on racism as a social determinant of health (SDOH) highlighting structural, personally-mediated, and internalized racism. Methods: Two separate groups—a family and community medicine (FCM) residency program (N=23) and a community health leadership program (N=14)—participated in lectures and workshops on internalized, personally-mediated, and structural sources of racism, and tours introducing them to the local community’s historical roots of structural racism, including discussions/reflections on racism’s impact on health and health care. Mixed-methods evaluation consisted of learner assessments and reflections on the experiences. Results: FCM sessions received a positive reception with session averages of 4.15 to 4.75, based on a Likert-type scale (1=did not meet expectations to 5=exceeded expectations). Thematic analysis of community health leadership participant reflections showed thought processing connected to a better understanding of racism. Overall, themes from both programs reflected positive experiences of the sessions. Conclusions: Our preliminary study findings suggest that educators who encounter internal or external barriers to integrating racism-related concepts into curricula might find that these concepts are well received. This study lays the groundwork for further research into best practices for integration of curriculum on racism as an SDOH for medical schools, residency programs, and other related educational settings.
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D. Harris, Dr Rachelle. "Shakespeare’s Othello: The Esteemed, Reviled, Shunned, and Integrated?" IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 3, no. 5 (October 25, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v3i5.36.
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In Shakespearean literature, one can find themes that challenge the Elizabethan conventional way of thinking and life, and the tragedy of Othello is no exception. In a dramatic presentation, Shakespeare challenges the way in which Black people are seen in Elizabethan society by placing a Moor in the context of Venice, Italy who is both hated and respected in his place in a racist society. There is no doubt that there is racism in Elizabethan society. According to Eldred Jones, during the era in which Othello is composed, Queen Elizabeth enacts legislation that calls for all Black people to leave the country (Jones, 1994). Racism is not the core theme of the dramatic piece; however, the existence of racism is illustrated and expressed via Shakespeare’s artistic medium. Just as feminism, greed, jealousy, hubris, and varying other matters dealing with the human spirit do not seepage Shakespeare’s consideration, nor do race matters. Furthermore, just as he dramatizes human issues, he dramatizes race matters. There are fictional elements in Othello that are intertwined with nonfictional matters of human behavior and racial unrest. In the middle of racial unrest, Shakespeare composes a theatrical production with a Black character who is esteemed, reviled, shunned, and integrated into such a society, capturing the complicated nature of communal racism itself. Keywords: Shakespeare, Othello, Integration, Racism Section 1.0
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Ringel, Shoshana, Natti Ronell, and Shimcha Getahune. "Factors in the integration process of adolescent immigrants." International Social Work 48, no. 1 (January 2005): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872805048709.
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English This is an exploratory study that examines factors in the process of adjustment and integration between Ethiopian immigrants and non-Ethiopian adolescents in Israel. The findings are that racism and discrimination, intergenerational conflicts and differences in communication systems pose significant difficulties for the integration of Ethiopian adolescents into Israeli society. French Cette étude exploratoire examine les facteurs dans le processus d'ajustement et d'intégration entre les adolescents immigrants éthiopiens et non-éthiopiens en Israël. Les résultats de l'étude revèlent que le racisme et la discrimination, les conflits intergénérationnels et les différences entre les systèmes de communication posent des difficultés significatives à l'intégration des adolescents juifs éthiopiens dans la société israëlienne. Spanish Este es un estudio exploratorio que examina los factores del proceso de ajuste e integración entre los inmigrantes Etiopíes y los adolescentes no-Etiopíes en Israel. Los hallazgos del estudio son que el racismo y la discriminación, los conflictos inter-generacionales y las diferencias en los sistemas de comunicación, suponen dificultades significativas para la integración de los adolescentes Etiopíes en la sociedad Israelí.
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Campbell, Erica. "Critical Race Theory: A Content Analysis of the Social Work Literature." Journal of Sociological Research 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v9i1.11965.
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Critical Race Theory (CRT) is both a theoretical and practical framework, which promotes a space to deeply engage in discourses of race. CRT highlights the importance of conceptualizing race, racism, power dynamics and structural inequalities. Although the social work profession emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural and racial diversity into social work education, practice and research, the integration of CRT within social work will promote racial competency essential for social work professionals. This article reviewed 14 social work peer-reviewed articles exploring the need to integrate Critical Race Theory.
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Habes, Hasan, Kaj Björkqvist, and Andreas Andreou. "Examining the Challenges of Integration in Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia: Using the Structured Democratic Dialogue Process as a Tool." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p7-22.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate ways to identify the challenges of integration of minority groups, such as migrants, ethnic/racial minorities, and refugees in Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia by using the Structured Democratic Dialogue (SDD) as a participatory methodology. This particular method was selected for this study with the purpose to bring all identified stakeholders in the society together to collaboratively and collectively identify and further discuss the challenges and obstacles they face. The Co-laboratory brought together twelve participants with a diverse socio-economical and educational background in Vasa, Finland. Based on the influence map generated by the participants as a result of the workshop, social inclusion was revealed to be one of the most important indicators hindering the integration of minority groups at the local level. In particular, silent acceptance of racism or racist comments were according to the participants the most influential factor preventing the successful integration of ethnic minorities in Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia.
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PAULI, JANDIR, LIDIANE CÁSSIA COMIN, JULIANE RUFFATTO, and ANDREA POLETO OLTRAMARI. "Relationship between precarious work and racism for migrants in Brazil." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 19, no. 2 (June 2021): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120200019.
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Abstract Amid the growing global flow of goods, workers migrating in search of work face a major challenge of integration in destination countries. Issues of racism and discrimination emerge in the workplace, causing inequality of opportunity. This research aims to describe the relationship between precarious work, discrimination at work, and perception of racism by migrant workers. The preliminary analysis of scientific production on the subject in Brazil suggests that the racist social structure is a condition for the insertion of migrant workers in precarious working conditions, compromising their social insertion. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted through a survey of four ethnic groups from different Brazilian regions. The results confirm the influence of precarious work on the perception of racism, with discrimination at work being a moderating variable in this relationship.
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Gudrun Jensen, Tina, Kristina Weibel, and Kathrine Vitus. "‘There is no racism here’: public discourses on racism, immigrants and integration in Denmark." Patterns of Prejudice 51, no. 1 (January 2017): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2016.1270844.
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Vasquez, Jessica M. "RACE COGNIZANCE AND COLORBLINDNESS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 11, no. 2 (2014): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x14000174.
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AbstractLatino racial/ethnic intermarriage has grown over time, increases with each generation in the United States, and occurs most frequently with non-Hispanic Whites. This article answers the question: How does intermarriage change racial/ethnic consciousness for both partners? Drawing on in-depth interviews with thirty intermarried Latinos and non-Hispanic Whites, I critique assimilation, Whiteness, and colorblindness theories, finding two predominant racial consciousness outcomes of intermarriage: race cognizance and racial colorblindness. First, intermarriage can enhance Whites’ understanding of race/ethnicity and racism, a phenomenon I call race cognizance. Second, intermarriage can produce colorblind discourse that focuses on similarity, yet in ways inconsistent with colorblind racism. Racial consciousness varies by ethnicity: most intermarried Whites reported race cognizance, an outcome unforeseen by traditional theories of integration, whereas Latinos more often espoused colorblindness. These understandings are used in different contexts: race cognizance is stimulated by the public domain, whereas colorblindness is evoked in private space. These findings demonstrate that racial consciousness is fluid, and influenced by intermarriage and ethnicity.
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Hametner, Katharina. "From Retreating to Resisting: how Austrian-Turkish women deal with experiences of racism." Migration Letters 11, no. 3 (September 14, 2014): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i3.224.
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Recent European integration discourses are more and more structured by neo-racist topoi based on orientalist markers of difference. In the Austrian debate people of Turkish origins are particularly affected by such ascriptions. They are marked as a group not willing to integrate and culturally not fitting into Austrian society. In this discursive conglomerate women are identified as oppressed victims, lacking education and being in need of help. Using biographical narratives of young Austrian-Turkish women this paper reconstructs four modi of dealing with these discursive ascriptions and experiences of neo-racist othering: retreating and pragmatically reducing ambitions, trivializing racist experiences and assimilating to the mainstream, naming facts and aiming to improve the situation by communication, delegitimizing and ironically transcending racism.
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Chappell, Robert, Robyn L. Jones, and Adrian M. Burden. "Racial Participation and Integration in English Professional Basketball 1977-1994." Sociology of Sport Journal 13, no. 3 (September 1996): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.13.3.300.
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This study investigates racial trends, in terms of participation and integration, in the highest levels of English professional basketball A longitudinal approach is utilized whereby the facial and international compositions of teams and coaching staffs who comprised the First Division of the English National Basketball League during the period 1977-1994 are examined. The findings demonstrate that although a substantial increase in the number of Blacks, and more specifically black Britons, who played the game at the highest level in England took place during the set time period, no evidence of racial discrimination, as demonstrated through “stacking,” exists. It is hypothesized, however, that racism within English basketball is alternatively manifest through numerous social dynamics particular to the English context that are responsible for the predominance of black athletes within the sport. These developments, in turn, are interlinked with the wider global processes of commercialization and Americanization.
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Harris, Scarlet. "Muslims in Scotland: integrationism, state racism and the ‘Scottish dream’." Race & Class 60, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396818793583.
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Historically, Scotland has sustained a remarkable level of avoidance in regards to discussions of race and racism, and analysis of Islamophobia in Scotland has been very limited. A recent book (one of only a few) which takes the Scottish Muslim community as its focus is Stefano Bonino’s Muslims in Scotland: the making of community in a post-9/11 world. But, the author argues, it obscures institutional racism and leads to dangerous conclusions. By relying on a number of assumptions and misunderstandings about ‘integration’, racism and ‘Scottishness’, Bonino ignores structural factors of institutional racism. The author sets Muslims in Scotland against more trenchant critiques of Scottish racism, arguing its conclusions are symptomatic of wider framed narratives that circulate within Scotland, situating the book in a broader discussion of questions relating to the reality of racism and anti-racism in Scotland.
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Modood, Tariq, Randall Hansen, Erik Bleich, Brendan O'Leary, and Joseph H. Carens. "The Danish Cartoon Affair: Free Speech, Racism, Islamism, and Integration." International Migration 44, no. 5 (December 2006): 3–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00386.x.
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Schell, Christopher J., Karen Dyson, Tracy L. Fuentes, Simone Des Roches, Nyeema C. Harris, Danica Sterud Miller, Cleo A. Woelfle-Erskine, and Max R. Lambert. "The ecological and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism in urban environments." Science 369, no. 6510 (August 13, 2020): eaay4497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4497.
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Urban areas are dynamic ecological systems defined by interdependent biological, physical, and social components. The emergent structure and heterogeneity of urban landscapes drives biotic outcomes in these areas, and such spatial patterns are often attributed to the unequal stratification of wealth and power in human societies. Despite these patterns, few studies have effectively considered structural inequalities as drivers of ecological and evolutionary outcomes and have instead focused on indicator variables such as neighborhood wealth. In this analysis, we explicitly integrate ecology, evolution, and social processes to emphasize the relationships that bind social inequities—specifically racism—and biological change in urbanized landscapes. We draw on existing research to link racist practices, including residential segregation, to the heterogeneous patterns of flora and fauna observed by urban ecologists. In the future, urban ecology and evolution researchers must consider how systems of racial oppression affect the environmental factors that drive biological change in cities. Conceptual integration of the social and ecological sciences has amassed considerable scholarship in urban ecology over the past few decades, providing a solid foundation for incorporating environmental justice scholarship into urban ecological and evolutionary research. Such an undertaking is necessary to deconstruct urbanization’s biophysical patterns and processes, inform equitable and anti-racist initiatives promoting justice in urban conservation, and strengthen community resilience to global environmental change.
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Williamson, Milly, and Gholam Khiabany. "UK: the veil and the politics of racism." Race & Class 52, no. 2 (October 2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396810377003.
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The veil has become an image of otherness, of a refusal to integrate and an example of the ‘failings’ of multiculturalism. As such, it has become an important symbol in the homogenisation and demonisation of Muslims in Britain. It is important to situate this ‘debate’ about the veil in the broader context of racism, immigration and imperialism, and neoliberal economic and political transformations. In the post-9/11 and 7/7 climate, public discussions of Muslims in Britain have centred on the twin issues of ‘integration’ and ‘terrorism’, at a time when racism is on the rise and poverty has increased for immigrant communities. How the veil is understood in this ‘debate’ is shaped by this wider context and, above all, by a history of colonialism and imperialism. This article examines the debate on the veil, showing that many garments and practices surrounding veiling are reduced in the British media to a threatening set of symbols of difference and otherness. It is argued that to detach gender issues and Islam from their wider social context leads to regressive, intolerant and overtly racist assumptions.
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Eliassi, Barzoo. "Conceptions of Immigrant Integration and Racism Among Social Workers in Sweden." Journal of Progressive Human Services 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2017.1249242.
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Fox, Jon E., and Magda Mogilnicka. "Pathological integration, or, how East Europeans use racism to become British." British Journal of Sociology 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12337.
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Christian, Michelle, Louise Seamster, and Victor Ray. "New Directions in Critical Race Theory and Sociology: Racism, White Supremacy, and Resistance." American Behavioral Scientist 63, no. 13 (April 16, 2019): 1731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764219842623.
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Critical Race Theory (CRT) provides a highly generative perspective for studying racial phenomena in social, legal, and political life, but its integration with sociological theories of race has not been systematic. However, a group of sociologists has begun to show the relevance of CRT for driving empirical inquiry. This special issue (our first of two on the subject) shows the relevance of CRT for sociological theory and empirical research. In this introduction, we identify primary concerns of CRT and show their sociological utility. We argue that CRT better explains the long-standing continuity of racial inequality than theories grounded in “progress paradigm,” as CRT shows how racism and white supremacy are reproduced through multiple changing mechanisms.
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BRUSILOVSKIY, D. А., and I. I. ESIPOV. "TWO WORLDS – TWO INTEGRATIONS: THE SPECIFICITY OF CONNECTION OF CIVILIZATIONS WITH ISLAMOPHOBIA." Political Science Issues, no. 3(33) part: 9 (December 18, 2019): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35775/psi.2019.33.3.004.
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The article explores the geostrategic, geoeconomic and geophilosophical aspects of Islamophobia in the context of integration. They distinguish and reveal 12 ways of thinking in relation to Islamophobia: 1) Islamophobia as a form of racism in the world historical perspective 2) Islamophobia as a form of cultural racism 3) Islamophobia as a form of confrontation between East and West 4) Islamophobia as a form of globalophobia 5) Islamophobia as a form of intolerance and stigmatization 6) Islamophobia, on the one hand, is a form of protest of the Eastern world representatives against the insults of the feelings of Muslim believers in Europe, and on the other, the result of an encroachment not only on the freedom of action of the people of the Western world, but also on their freedom of thought 7) Islamophobia as a distorted form of knowledge of the East among Europeans and their lack of orientalism 8) Islamophobia as a form of epistemological racism 9) Islamophobia as a form of national or ethnic identification 10) Islamophobia as a form of immigrant phobia 11) Islamophobia as a form of migrant phobia 12) Islamophobia, on the one hand, is a new form of racism in Europe, and on the other, a form of neo-racism in relation to the peoples of Eastern civilization.
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Goosby, Bridget J., Jacob E. Cheadle, and Colter Mitchell. "Stress-Related Biosocial Mechanisms of Discrimination and African American Health Inequities." Annual Review of Sociology 44, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403.
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This review describes stress-related biological mechanisms linking interpersonal racism to life course health trajectories among African Americans. Interpersonal racism, a form of social exclusion enacted via discrimination, remains a salient issue in the lives of African Americans, and it triggers a cascade of biological processes originating as perceived social exclusion and registering as social pain. Exposure to discrimination increases sympathetic nervous system activation and upregulates the HPA axis, increasing physiological wear and tear and elevating the risks of cardiometabolic conditions. Consequently, discrimination is associated with morbidities including low birth weight, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Biological measures can provide important analytic tools to study the interactions between social experiences such as racial discrimination and health outcomes over the life course. We make future recommendations for the study of discrimination and health outcomes, including the integration of neuroscience, genomics, and new health technologies; interdisciplinary engagement; and the diversification of scholars engaged in biosocial inequities research.
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Babacan, Hurriyet, and Alperhan Babacan. "Achieving Social Cohesion: Impact of Insecurity, Fear and Racism on Migrant Integration." International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations: Annual Review 7, no. 5 (2007): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9532/cgp/v07i05/39470.
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Slootweg, Anne, Rogier van Reekum, and Willem Schinkel. "The raced constitution of Europe: The Eurobarometer and the statistical imagination of European racism." European Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 2 (April 2019): 144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823064.
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Centering upon the first Europe-wide public opinion survey of racism, carried out by the Eurobarometer in 1988, this article explores how studying European public opinion research can shed light on what we call the raced constitution of Europe. Based on an analysis of this Eurobarometer survey, we scrutinize how Eurobarometer opinion polling involves a constant scale-switching through which ‘Europe’ and ‘racism’ are co-produced. As we argue, techniques of European opinion polling contributed to the imagination of a ‘European’ ideological whole, from which stabilized categories of ‘non-European others’ were excluded. By creating an opposition between ‘democratic Europe’ and ‘individualized xenophobia’, racism was enacted as a lower class attitude ‘not of Europe’ and as a permanent rem(a)inder of the past that serves to legitimate the project of European integration.
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Baker, James. "Just Kids? Peer Racism in a Predominantly White City." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 29, no. 1 (October 18, 2013): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.37508.
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This article examines the eff ects of racialized name-calling on a group of twelve visible minority refugee youth from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Through one-on-one in-depth interviews, the author discusses their experiences in order to better understand how this important group of adolescents conceptualizes, constructs, and copes with racism while living in a highly homogeneous white Canadian city. The author concludes by noting that these experiences are having a negative effect on their social integration and that increased efforts by teachers and administrators are needed to help combat peer racism in this predominantly white city.
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O'brien, Peter. "Continuity and Change in Germany's Treatment of Non-Germans." International Migration Review 22, no. 3 (September 1988): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838802200305.
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This essay criticizes two conventional approaches to migrants in Germany. One focuses on racism in German history while the second examines the tradition of repressive laws which exploit and dominate foreigners. This essay finds these approaches appropriate until the 1970s. From that point, German governments tend to accept foreigners and develop programs of integration. Yet, the essay concludes with ways future research can uncover in these same policies of integration new and subtle forms of control and domination.
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Lopez, Jane Lilly, Genevra Munoa, Catalina Valdez, and Nadia Terron Ayala. "Shades of Belonging: The Intersection of Race and Religion in Shaping Utah Immigrants’ Social Integration." Social Sciences 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070246.
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Utah, USA, a state with a unique history of immigration and a distinctive religious context, provides a useful setting in which to study the intersection of racism and religious participation with immigrant integration. Utah is one of the Whitest states in the United States, with 4 of every 5 residents identifying as non-Hispanic White. It is also home to the headquarters of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) which, until 1978, explicitly imposed race-based exclusions that prohibited or strictly limited Black members’ participation in church leadership, rituals, and ordinances. The state’s cultural, social, and religious history has contributed to widespread beliefs among modern Utah residents of Whites’ racial supremacy in contexts both mundane and divine. Much of Utah’s population growth since 1960, especially among non-White racial and ethnic groups, can be attributed to immigrants, who today compose nearly 10 percent of the state’s population. Given Utah’s religious, social, and cultural relationship to race, it is an ideal case to study the following question: how do race, religion, and culture shape integration among immigrants? Utilizing interviews with 70 immigrants who have lived in Utah for an average of 13 years, we find that both race and LDS Church membership influence immigrants’ social integration, creating a hierarchy of belonging among immigrants in Utah––with White LDS immigrants reporting the highest levels of integration and non-White, non-LDS immigrants reporting the lowest levels of integration. These findings suggest the power of cultural narratives––beyond explicit institutional policy and practice––in perpetuating racial inequality in society. Thus, efforts to increase integration and belonging among immigrants must not only include work to dismantle legal and structural inequalities but also efforts to actively change the cultural narratives associated with them.
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Christiansen, Neil D., Martin F. Kaplan, and Chris Jones. "RACISM AND THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT PROCESS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF STEREOTYPES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.2.129.
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Based on a framework suggested by information integration theory, this study examined how prejudice affects the use of stereotypes when forming social judgments. Participants reviewed applications for a minority scholarship and rated their liking for each applicant. Embedded in the applications were trait descriptions that varied in the amount, stereotypicality, and valence of the information provided. Evaluations by high-prejudice participants were more negative than those of low-prejudice participants only when the applicant was described by a single negative stereotype; when descriptions contained more information that was negative and stereotypic racism was not a factor. In addition, responses of both groups became more extreme when more traits were provided, especially when traits were positive. Taken together, the results suggest similarly negative predispositions toward minorities, with those of more prejudiced individuals requiring less negative stereotypical information to be activated. Future applications of methodology suggested by information integration theory in the study of racism are discussed.
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Pilkington, Andrew. "From Institutional Racism to Community Cohesion: The Changing Nature of Racial Discourse in Britain." Sociological Research Online 13, no. 3 (May 2008): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1705.
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It is imperative that an appropriate balance is reached between three key principles: equality, diversity and social cohesion. In many countries across the world, however, there is a discernible move away from a concern for equality and diversity as the problem of order looms larger. I shall focus here on Britain in presenting my central thesis that there is a very real danger that a new nationalist discourse centred on community cohesion and integration is trouncing any duties on us to promote racial equality and respect cultural diversity. The paper comprises three sections. I shall firstly identify a radical hour when there was for the first time official recognition that institutional racism existed in British society and some urgency that this needed to be combated. I shall secondly highlight the fragility of such progressiveness and identify threats from the changing nature of racial discourse since 2001. Here, I shall highlight in particular how the prominence given to institutional racism, with the publication of the Macpherson report, was remarkably short lived and how multiculturalism has come under increasing attack, not least because of its purported threat to social cohesion. I shall finally offer some tentative proposals for a more positive way forward.
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Maeso, Silvia Rodríguez. "‘Civilising’ the Roma? The depoliticisation of (anti-)racism within the politics of integration." Identities 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1070289x.2014.931234.
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Rodríguez Maeso, Silvia, and Marta Araújo. "The (im)plausibility of racism in Europe: policy frameworks on discrimination and integration." Patterns of Prejudice 51, no. 1 (January 2017): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2016.1270500.
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Amiraux, Valérie, and Patrick Simon. "There are no Minorities Here." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47, no. 3-4 (August 2006): 191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715206066164.
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Migration studies have long been characterized as an illegitimate field of research in the French social sciences. This results from the strong influence of the so-called ‘republican’ ideology on social sciences, the constant politicization of the subject in the public arena, the maintenance of a number of taboos revolving around the colonial experience, and a history of the concepts (race, ethnicity, minority) that makes their potential use in scientific analysis controversial. This difficulty of reflecting upon the ethnic fact or racial relations contributed to the implementation of a normative framework, which until recently gave priority to the analysis of integration, leaving the content of ‘racial and ethnic studies' little explored in France. This article offers a historical perspective on the way knowledge has been produced in this field. It highlights the ‘doxa’ of the French integration model in social sciences, elaborating on the controversy over the production and use of ethnic categories in statistics, the various taboos revolving around the role of ethnicity in politics, the discussions launched by the emergence of a post-colonial question and the transition from an analysis of racism to the understanding of a system of discriminations.
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Araújo, Marta. "A very ‘prudent integration’: white flight, school segregation and the depoliticization of (anti-)racism." Race Ethnicity and Education 19, no. 2 (November 12, 2014): 300–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.969225.
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Schooley, R. C., Debbiesiu L. Lee, and Lisa B. Spanierman. "Measuring Whiteness: A Systematic Review of Instruments and Call to Action." Counseling Psychologist 47, no. 4 (May 2019): 530–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000019883261.
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The psychological study of Whiteness provides one avenue for researchers to help combat racial injustice in the United States. This article is a call to action for counseling psychologists to engage in much needed scholarship and critical examinations of Whiteness. In this systematic review and content analysis, we provide an overview of 18 quantitative measures focusing on various aspects of Whiteness published between 1967 and 2017. We summarize the constructs and psychometric properties of these measures. Our content analysis indicated that constructs assessed by Whiteness measures have shifted in focus over time across four themes: (a) Attitudes Toward Black People/Integration, (b) Modern Racism, (c) White Racial Identity, and (d) White Privilege and Antiracism. We conclude with suggestions on how advancement, development, and use of Whiteness measures could further our knowledge through research examining present-day racial justice issues. The issues highlighted include police brutality, xenophobia, immigration, White supremacy, activism, and training in the field.
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Shepard, Todd. "Algeria, France, Mexico, UNESCO: a transnational history of anti-racism and decolonization, 1932–1962." Journal of Global History 6, no. 2 (June 13, 2011): 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281100026x.
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AbstractTwo crucial terms in discussions about racial or ethnic relations – ‘discrimination’ and ‘integration’ – first appeared in official French documents in the 1950s. They quickly became key references in the government’s pioneering efforts, in response to the Algerian revolution, to recognize the importance and fight against the effects of French racism on ‘Muslim French citizens from Algeria’. This policy was named ‘integrationism’; its premises and measures had overseas inspirations and it was bureaucrats from an international organization who made such policy models available for French adoption. All of this was possible because of transnational networks of social scientists, which included some who helped author them as well as others who studied and wrote about them. More specifically, it was projects and claims from Mexico that provided the most direct references for French integrationist policies and it was through the efforts of UNESCO that French integrationists gained detailed knowledge about them.
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Roos, Julia. "The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs*." German History 37, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz081.
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Abstract After the First World War, the German children of colonial French soldiers stationed in the Rhineland became a focal point of nationalist anxieties over ‘racial pollution’. In 1937, the Nazis subjected hundreds of biracial Rhenish children to compulsory sterilization. After 1945, colonial French soldiers and African American GIs participating in the occupation of West Germany left behind thousands of out-of-wedlock children. In striking contrast to the open vilification of the first (1920s) generation of biracial occupation children, post-1945 commentators emphasized the need for the racial integration of the children of black GIs. Government agencies implemented new programmes protecting the post-1945 cohort against racial discrimination, yet refused restitution to biracial Rhenish Germans sterilized by the Nazis. The contrasts between the experiences of the two generations of German descendants of occupation soldiers of colour underline the complicated ways in which postwar ruptures in racial discourse coexisted with certain long-term continuities in antiblack racism, complicating historians’ claims of ‘Americanization’ of post-1945 German racial attitudes.
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Anthias, Floya. "Interconnecting boundaries of identity and belonging and hierarchy-making within transnational mobility studies: Framing inequalities." Current Sociology 64, no. 2 (December 4, 2015): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392115614780.
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The article explores the collision and collusion between inequalities and identities with a focus on transnational mobilities. The author engages critically with the notions of identity and belonging before exploring racism, and integration and diversity discourses and practices, as ways in which non-belongings become shaped and reinforced. Belonging and identity simultaneously raise the question about boundaries of ‘difference’ and ‘identity’ and how they are struggled over but also relate to how people are placed hierarchically within societal systems of resource allocation and inequality. Struggles about membership, entitlements and belonging become ever more politicized where there is competition over resources in the translocational and transnational spaces of today’s world. Racisms forge and reconstitute forms of non-belonging which are central to inequalities, and as forms of boundary- and hierarchy-making, mark the boundaries in particularly violent and dehumanizing ways. Diversity and integration discourses are discussed in relation to European developments in the management of migration, with a particular focus on the UK. They are regarded as being underpinned by a hierarchization, culturalization and essentialization of difference. Finally, the article explores the potential of a ‘translocational’ and intersectional frame for understanding the transnational positioning of social actors in terms of hierarchy and inequality.
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Hamdan, Amani. "Multicultural Politics." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i4.1665.
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Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain is an eloquentanalysis of empirical and theoretical observations of multiculturalismin Britain. Modood is an expert on this topic, in particular as he writes froma Muslim perspective. The book consists of two parts: “Racism, Disadvantage,and Upward Mobility,” which discusses ethnic diversity in employmentand educational performance, and “The Muslim Challenge,” which compriseschapters five to nine. The book’s main purpose is to critique theBritish perception, which the author labels a “black-white dualism” (p. 5),and the resultant ignorance surrounding the voices of Asians and otherminorities. Modood argues that the black-white division is complicated bycultural racism, Islamphobia, and a challenge to secular modernity. In his introduction, the author sets the stage by providing a brief autobiographicalbackground of how he embarked on the topic of multiculturalpolitics from a philosophical background. These background details are not“nostalgic self-indulgence … in fact, some of the book’s themes are rootedin descriptions from childhood” (p. 4).Throughout the book, Modood emphasizes the “otherness” of Asians,particularly South Asians in Britain, as it existed before the tragedy ofSeptember 11 and subsequent terrorist attacks. He argues that in the pluralistnation of Britain, “South Asians were treated as [the] undesirable other”(p. 5). Muslims, not blacks, were increasingly perceived as the most threatening“other” to Western society. He further argues that race and racism areintricately entangled in how British Muslims were perceived, and that theirculture was habitually stereotyped and perceived as obstructive to assimilationand integration into British society. The author’s arguments shed lighton how British Asians are empirically subjected to double racism, as comparedto British blacks. Modood acknowledges that this complex situationhas to be considered along with such other variables as “class, gender, geography,and [the] social arena” (p. 7) ...
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Essed, Philomena, and Kwame Nimako. "Designs and (Co)Incidents." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47, no. 3-4 (August 2006): 281–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715206065784.
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This article sketches the dominant themes that have shaped Dutch discourse, policy and research on issues related to race, ethnicity, and immigration during the past 40 years. It will be shown that the paradigmatic foundations of Dutch minority research were laid in the 1980s and that mainstream research and discourse is largely about ethnic minorities; about their migration and their degree (or lack) of economic, social and political integration in the Netherlands. By (co)incident or design, ethnic minorities – invariably called allochtonen, a Dutch word for non-natives or aliens, irrespective of citizenship – are problematized, while mainstream research generally downplays the ramifications of the colonial history, and concomitant presuppositions of European (Dutch) cultural superiority. We present an extended discussion of the denial of racism and the de-legitimization of racism research. Common sense (notions of) racism profoundly shaped research interpretations and research agendas. Mainstream researchers and scholars are largely critical of antiimmigrant discourse, but with the silencing of race critical paradigms there are few concepts and frameworks left to analyze and contextualize which anti-immigrant sentiments and policies are historically rooted in the invention of race and the Other and which sentiments are fears, discomforts and insecurities resulting from the uncontrollable paradigms of globalization in a world that has become smaller.
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Feng, Xiaohong. "‘Someone’s Knocking at the Door’." Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18733/cpi29536.
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This article explores Canada’s hidden forms of discrimination and racism and suggests ways of building bridges for the successful integration of immigrant parents and their children. By highlighting some key lived experiences of a small sample of Chinese immigrants, the article identifies dilemmas encountered when forming and developing friendships with non-immigrants. By sharing parents’ and their children’s perspectives and suggestions, this article takes positive steps towards promoting intercultural communications, understanding, and respect in Canada for people labelled as ‘the others’.
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Flug, Matthias, and Jason Hussein. "Integration in the Shadow of Austerity—Refugees in Newcastle upon Tyne." Social Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070212.
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Newcastle upon Tyne, a post-industrial city in the North East of England, has long been committed to hosting refugees. Although the city has suffered drastic cuts in government funding and faces high levels of deprivation, Newcastle declared itself a city of sanctuary and participates in several dispersal schemes for asylum seekers and refugees. This paper shows how political support as well as the self-motivating ambition to be a city of sanctuary are driving forces behind the city’s commitment to hosting refugees. This study then proceeds to explore the integration experiences of refugees in Newcastle, with a focus on housing, employment and the relations between refugees and local residents. While an overall positive picture emerges across these areas, language barriers, the refusal to accept refugees’ previous qualifications and experiences of racism remain major obstacles to integration. Moreover, the gulf in funding and support between resettled refugees and former asylum seekers greatly aggravates the latter’s access to housing and employment and contributes to a lower feeling of safety among this group.
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Rajendran, Diana, Karen Farquharson, and Chandana Hewege. "Workplace integration: the lived experiences of highly skilled migrants in Australia." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36, no. 5 (June 19, 2017): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-11-2016-0094.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how highly skilled migrants to Australia integrate into the workplace, focussing on the factors that foster or hinder that integration. Design/methodology/approach An inductive method using an interpretive methodological approach was employed. In-depth interview data were analysed thematically. Findings Informal workplace practices, such as informal peer mentoring and having an “empathetic” supervisor, also assisted with integration, as did migrant self-help strategies. Factors hindering integration included structural barriers outside the organisation and workplace factors such as racism, cultural barriers and individual factors that centred on the migrants themselves. Research limitations/implications While the exploratory qualitative enquiry sheds light on issues of concern regarding workplace integration of skilled migrants, further studies with diverse migrant groups would be required to understand if the findings could be replicated. An industry or sector-wise migrant study would shed more light on the issues. Practical implications Fostering and hindering factors identified through the lens of four workplace integration theories can inform workplace integration strategies and related policy formulation. Originality/value Informed by four theories of integration, the findings shed light on the everyday workplace experiences of linguistically competent, self-initiated, highly skilled migrants from diverse ethnic/cultural backgrounds in Australian workplaces in a range of industries. While previous research has identified problems experienced by migrants at work, this paper explores factors fostering and hindering workplace integration through the lens of the lived experiences of skilled migrant workers.
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dos Santos Soares, Maria Andrea. "On the Colonial Past of Anthropology: Teaching Race and Coloniality in the Global South." Humanities 8, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8020088.
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This article addresses some of the discussions taking place at the Social Sciences program of the Afro-Brazilian International University for Lusophone Integration (UNILAB), such as the coloniality of knowledge, racial hierarchies, and anthropology’s complicity in colonialism. The article reviews current literature and draws on ethnographic fieldwork for two main purposes: First, to analyze how Afro–Brazilians, and Afro–Brazilian culture have been depicted and used in the process of national formation. Second, to examine the role that social and anthropological analysis played by dismissing “race” and “racism” as a structuring feature of Brazilian society. I propose that the ethics of an anthropological praxis aiming to create the necessary conditions for a different kind of knowledge to emerge, would be critically reflective about its own process of knowledge production, and aware as well, of voices and locations where this knowledge is being produced. The process of decolonization relies on epistemological choices made in the field, at the institutional level within the departments and programs, and in classrooms.
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Johnson, Val Marie. "“The Half Has Never Been Told”: Maritcha Lyons’ Community, Black Women Educators, the Woman’s Loyal Union, and “the Color Line” in Progressive Era Brooklyn and New York." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 835–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217692931.
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Schoolteacher Maritcha Lyons was among the pioneering African American women who, in 1892, built one of the first women’s rights and racial justice organizations in the United States, the Woman’s Loyal Union of New York and Brooklyn (WLU). The WLU is recognized for its antilynching work in alliance with Ida B. Wells, and as an organizational springboard to the National Association of Colored Women. This essay examines struggles on “the color line” by Lyons, other WLU members, and women educators, through their community’s engagement in 1880s and 1890s Brooklyn and New York contention over school integration, and a 1903 debate on the founding of the Brooklyn Colored Young Women’s Christian Association. These women’s and their community’s battles against segregation and for separate institutions reveal lesser known aspects of WLU women’s activism, and the complexities of urban racism and Black resistance in the “Progressive Era” that witnessed Reconstruction’s dismantling, lynching, and “Jim Crow.”
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Mielants, Eric. "The Long-term Historical Development of Racist Tendencies within the Political and Social Context of Belgium." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47, no. 3-4 (August 2006): 313–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715206065786.
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In this article the author provides a brief overview of the immigrant population in Belgium as well as an in-depth analysis of political developments in that country. This background forms the context for interpreting the electoral successes of the xenophobic far-right, as well as the public policies and mainstream social science research relating to the ‘integration’ of minorities. Based on an analysis of both Dutch and French sources, examples of everyday racism are provided and critical questions are raised regarding the different policies in the northern and southern parts of the country.
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Samer Najeh Abdullah Samarh and Osama Bilal Mhanna. "آفة العنصرية: المُسَبِّبات والحلول؛ دراسة موضوعية في ضوء السنة النبوية." Maʿālim al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah 16 (December 15, 2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/jmqs.v16i.247.
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The phenomenon of racism has always been the most complex of social problems that still haunt mankind's ideas from time immemorial up to the present day. It leaves deep wounds in the history of peoples and nationalities and is being adopted to provoke wars and conflicts among them, threatening societal peace and human security. The emergence of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, has been a turning point in human history, as he has laid the foundations for coexistence and integration among different peoples and ethnicities, and this is what has been known as the Civil Document at the time. This work aims to demonstrate the phenomenon of racism, determine its causes, attain appropriate solutions to combat it, and classify it in a way that results in achieving societal stability between the different nationalities and ethnicities. To achieve the objectives of the study, the following two approaches- inductive and analytical, are used. The study concludes that it is impossible to completely eradicate the phenomenon of racism. However, it is possible to work to reduce it to the minimum, to raise community awareness as an effective way to combat this phenomenon, and enact laws that punish the instigators of this phenomenon. The current study recommends the need to activate the role of the media, hold related courses and workshops, and to activate the role of preachers and teachers of schools and universities in society.
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Tossutti, Livianna S. "Municipal Roles in Immigrant Settlement, Integration and Cultural Diversity." Canadian Journal of Political Science 45, no. 3 (September 2012): 607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842391200073x.
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Abstract. This article examines municipal government roles in immigrant settlement, integration and cultural diversity in six of Canada's most diverse cities. Drawing on documentary and interview evidence, the review of corporate initiatives in Vancouver, Abbotsford, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Brampton addresses three areas: the position or profile of these issues on the municipal government agenda; diversity, human rights and anti-racism policies for city institutions and the broader community; and access and equity policies. The inventory provides the data for a proposed local-scale typology that classifies and distinguishes among cities according to the normative premises underlying the official recognition of cultural differences in the public sphere, the types and extent of initiatives and the locus of bureaucratic authority for these issues. The analysis identified distinct approaches at the sub-state level. Toronto was the only city that has fully embraced a multicultural approach recognizing cultural diversity in most or all aspects of its corporate policies and structures and which grants collective rights to members of disadvantaged groups. The intercultural or civic universalist approaches prevailed in most study sites. Just three cities have developed comprehensive and relatively centralized approaches to these issues. The results suggest that sub-state authorities will not necessarily adopt the discourse and policy responses associated with state-level multiculturalism.Résumé. Cet article examine les approches des gouvernements municipaux dans six municipalités diverses du canada en ce qui concerne l'établissement des immigrants, l'intégration et la diversité culturelle. L'inventaire des initiatives au niveau de l'entreprise à Vancouver, Abbotsford, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto et Brampton s'adressent à trois secteurs : la position ou le profil d'établissement des immigrants, l'intégration/problèmes de diversité dans le programme du gouvernement municipal; la diversité, les droits de l'Homme et les politiques anti- racisme pour les institutions de la ville et la communauté dans son ensemble; et les politiques d'accès et d'équité. L'inventaire forme la base d'une typologie à échelle locale qui est structurée en trois parties : les prémisses normatives fondamentales soulignant la reconnaissance officielle des différences culturelles dans la sphère publique; les types et l'étendue des initiatives et le lieu d'autorité bureaucratique de ces problèmes. L'analyse de preuves documentaires et d'entrevues a identifié des approches distinctes à l'établissement des immigrants, l'intégration et la diversité culturelle. Toronto était la seule ville a approuver entièrement l'approche multiculturelle qui reconnaît la diversité culturelle et tous les aspects de ses politiques et de ses structures d'entreprise, tout en accordant des droits collectifs aux membres de groupes défavorisés. Les approches interculturelles ou universelles ont prévalu dans la plupart de sites d'études. Juste deux villes ont développé des approches complètes et relativement centralisées à ces problèmes. Les résultats suggèrent que les autorités de sous-état n'adopteront pas nécessairement les réponses de discours et politique qui sont associé avec le multiculturalisme d'état-niveau.
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Kertcher, Chen. "Conditioned integration during security crises: the role of Israeli sports media from 1996 to 2014." Media, Culture & Society 43, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443720948012.
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This study examines peace journalism as manifested toward the Israeli Arab minority in a time of seven security crises from 1996 to 2014 in the Israeli Hebrew sports media. Studies of peace journalism in periods of crises focus mainly on political news and find that the media largely conform to alienation practices. This study argues that sports media encourage a ‘conditional integration’ of all actors that participate in the sport. The sports media have three strategies: acknowledging a notion of ‘normalcy’ in which Arabs encourage the maintenance of the sports season at the national and international levels, curtailing alienation practices such as condemning racism and objection to boycott of Arab teams, and encouraging integration that allows the Israeli-Arabs to have a unique voice, as long as they do not openly adopt anti-Israel political stances such as making pro-Hamas or Hezbollah statements. Therefore, sports sections in the news can deepen our understanding of the diverse role of media in times of security crises.
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Schmid, Sophia. "Taking Care of the Other: Visions of a Caring Integration in Female Refugee Support Work." Social Inclusion 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i2.1964.
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European societies have been significantly challenged recently by intensifying debates around migration and integration. In Germany, the controversy around refugees has put the question of how to negotiate cultural differences back on the agenda. This article argues that female refugee support work volunteers in Germany have developed a compelling approach to handling cultural diversity in emotional, social and cultural practices. Building on interviews with female volunteers, this article demonstrates that research subjects’ interaction with refugees is guided by an ‘ethics of care’. Care ethics is characterised by the recognition of interdependence and relationships, attention to the context and to the particular, blurring of the public and the private and orientation towards the needs of others. The research subjects show that care values, such as responsibility and attentiveness, can serve as an alternative framework to integration and to the negotiation of diversity in everyday encounters. Data from quantitative studies on refugee support work in Germany then reveals that female volunteers politicise their care work to respond to racism and right-wing xenophobia. Ultimately, a political ethics of care has the potential to structurally, politically and emotionally change established understandings of integration and the relations between host societies and immigrants.
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Kwok, K. "“I am not getting your money”: boundary making and identities in immigrant economies in Hong Kong." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 15, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-01-2019-0002.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore how immigrant small business owners construct entrepreneurial identities by deploying strategies of boundary making in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach Conceptually, it departs from the theoretical discussions of immigrant economy and ethnic boundary making. The analyzes are based on qualitative data collected from in-depth interviews and participant observation primarily in the South Asian immigrant economies in Hong Kong in the period 2014-2017. Findings Four strategies of boundary work including blurring boundaries, inversion of boundaries, personal repositioning and reconfirming of boundaries are identified. They bring to light that small immigrant entrepreneurs in Hong Kong still encounter considerable obstacles in the process of social integration. Boundary work serves as strategies to release sentiments that would symbolically bring them closer to the mainstream society. Following the “city as context” framework (Brettell, 1999; Foner, 2007), this paper argues that the various boundary making strategies have been shaped by the legacies of racism, neoliberal governance of integration and urban work ethos highlighting problems and individual responsibilities in Hong Kong. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature of the immigrant economy and social integration. First, it sheds light on the role of symbolic meanings and non-economic gains of immigrant entrepreneurship in social integration. Second, it illuminates our understanding that immigrant economy can provide a channel for advancing and weakening social status, thus reminding us not to assume the path of social integration as a straightforward and positive one.
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Bauman, Zygmunt. "Soil, Blood and Identity." Sociological Review 40, no. 4 (November 1992): 675–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1992.tb00407.x.
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Modern nations are products of nationalism, and can be defined only as such, rather than by their own distinctive traits – which anyway vary over an extremely wide range. Nationalism was, sociologically, an attempt made by the modern elites to recapture the allegiance (in the form of cultural hegemony) of the ‘masses’ produced by the early modern transformations and particularly by the cultural rupture between the elites and the rest of the population by the ‘civilizing process’, whose substance was the self-constitution and the self-separation of new elites legitimizing their status by reference to superior culture and knowledge. In the same way in which the modern state needed nationalism for the ‘primitive accumulation’ of authority, nationalism needed coercive powers of the state to promote the postulated dissolution of communal identities in the uniform identity of the nation. In the practice of both, there was an unallayed tension between the ‘inclusivist’ and ‘exclusivists’ prongs of the nation-state project; hence the never fully effaced link between nationalism and racism, nationalism being the racism of the intellectuals, and racism -the nationalism of the masses. Currently our part of the world undergoes the process of the separation between state and nation, effected by lesser reliance of state power on culturalist legitimation and a degree of de-territorialization of communal affiliations, which fills the efforts of nation-building, invention of heritage, tribal integration etc. with a new urgency and may lead to the sharpening of either of the two prongs of the nationalist project.
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Harpelle, Ronald N. "Racism and Nationalism in the Creation of Costa Rica's Pacific Coast Banana Enclave." Americas 56, no. 3 (January 2000): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029515.
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The creation of the new banana enclave on Costa Rica's Pacific coast in the 1920s marks a significant watershed in the social and political history of race relations in the country. The culminating event in what was a lengthy battle over the composition of the workforce on the new plantations was the signing of the 1934 banana contract between the government of Costa Rica and the United Fruit Company. In addition to allowing for the continued growth of the industry in Costa Rica, the agreement took aim at the West Indian immigrant by prohibiting “people of colour” from working for United Fruit on the Pacific coast. Subsequent to the agreement, the state made a conscious effort to force the integration of the West Indian community. The government closed English schools, pushed farmers off their land, and deported West Indians in order to purge the province of Limón of people who were not citizens, but who belonged to a well-established immigrant community. As a result, resident West Indians were forced to re-examine their relationship with the country and they engaged in a protracted struggle to overcome heightened levels of discrimination.