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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intellectual Property - General'
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1
Ahn, Pyoungchan Joseph. "Essays in Intellectual Property Bargaining and Trade." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25752907.
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In this dissertation, I present three essays on the dynamics of intellectual property bargaining and trade, particularly of patents. The first essay presents a game theoretic model examining the sale of intellectual property rights from small inventors with buyers of varying commercialization capacity across intellectual property rights regimes with full and no property rights protection. The essay finds that in Nash equilibrium in both single seller and infinite seller scenarios, sellers generally approach firms with greater commercialization capabilities if property rights are strong, and approach firms with lesser commercialization capabilities if property rights are not protected. The second essay examines the sale of patents from small inventors and entities to firms from 1992 to 2000. I exploit the 1996 Supreme Court case Markman v. Westview Instruments, arguing that patent protection weakened afterwards, to compare patent sales to firms with greater or weaker commercialization capabilities, which I proxy using industrial patent holdings. Using a conditional fixed-effects multivariate choice model, I find that patent sales are more highly concentrated towards firms with weaker patent holdings after Markman. The last essay develops a conceptual model of patent dynamic capabilities for firms, developing several predictions in conjunction with the technology life-cycle model.
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Tran, Kien. "The history of intellectual property law of Vietnam, 1945-1994." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6953/.
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This thesis centres on the principal question of the existence of intellectual property law between 1945 and 1994 in Vietnam, and related issues that flow therefrom. A common orthodoxy held that there was no real intellectual property law in the country until the early 1980s, and that the law has been a feature of the Vietnamese legal system only since 1981. This common belief is shared by an absolute majority of scholars, lawyers, and practitioners, both domestic and foreign, who have studied the intellectual property law of Vietnam. This thesis will seek to disprove that belief by drawing on extensive archival evidence, to reconstruct, for the first time, a unique, ignored system of laws regulating copyright, patent, and trade mark, among other kinds of intellectual property protection, in existence between 1945 and 1994. In fact, the existing system of intellectual property law was composed of two main sources. The first component part is comprised of a large corpus of colonial laws from France and a small number of indigenous provisions developed by local governments modelled after the French laws, as well as a unique and local common law practice in relation to intellectual property rights which has been recorded since the seventeenth century. This part of the system dated as far back as 1864 and lasted theoretically until 1955 within the context of a colonial and semi-feudal society. The second part, addressed in the principal part of this thesis, is the theory and practice of socialist law. This part was introduced into Vietnam as early as 1945. At first, it was a supplementation to the established, continued body of colonial laws but, subsequently, from the late 1950s, it evolved to become the principal system, replacing the old laws within the framework of socialist legality, upholding the dictatorship of the proletariat and a centrally planned economy. Since 1986, Vietnam has embarked on a radically different route to develop intellectual property law in compliance with various bilateral and international intellectual property and free trade treaties. Consequently, this socialist intellectual property law was finally displaced as of 1994, as the result of various reforms driving the country towards a market-based economy under a rule of law state.
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Kalantzis-Cope, Phillip. "Whose property? Intellectual Property and the Challenge of Political Community in a Post-Industrial Age." Thesis, The New School, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3665764.
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<p> Debates over the distinctive economic, political and social affordances of the post-industrial age converge in a constellation of intellectual property alternatives. This project maps four paradigmatic agendas for the production and ownership of immaterial property: Information Privatization, Immaterial Exceptionalism, Network Distribution and Ecological De-colonization. I define these paradigms through a tripartite rubric: their ontological foundations, their normative presuppositions and their institutional topologies. Grounded in these four alternatives for the production and ownership of immaterial property, I turn my investigation to the challenge of political community in a post-industrial age. Each paradigm poses a distinct challenge to traditional understandings of political community, as a theoretical proposition and empirical reality. The question of 'Whose Property?' emerges within the normative framework of Critical International Relations Theory. Within this tradition the challenge of political community is to address how political communities institutionalize and express modes of capitalist development. I pose the question of 'Whose Property?' for the purposes both of diagnosis and prognosis. My diagnosis speaks to the challenge of political community in an age of increasing global interdependency, shaped by the logics of post-industrial capitalism. The prognosis, I want to suggest, is that if we conceive political communities as a mode of collective political action, then the varied agendas for intellectual property may provide a powerful motivational argument underpinning emerging modes of political action. They may also offer institutional alternatives that can provide inroads to support the institutional realization of the emancipatory agenda of Critical International Relations Theory. By way of conclusion, this project leaves us with an overarching challenge. In looking at these approaches to intellectual property through the lens of political community, a key transformation manifests itself – the erosion of the Westphalian 'public' and rising demands for pluralized, distributed and globalized Post-Westphalian 'publics'. </p>
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Ismail, Suzi Fadhilah. "Intellectual property protection for agricultural biotechnological inventions : a case of Malaysia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11961/.
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This research focuses on the current legal protection for agricultural biotechnological inventions in Europe and the U.S. It has been a subject of debate whether plants and agricultural biotechnological inventions which includes plants, transgenic plants and plant varieties, can be the subject of patent protection, in addition to or as an alternative to the protection afforded by plant variety rights. Biotechnological patents have been criticized for granting an excessive scope of protection to proprietors, whereas plant variety rights have been slighted for not providing enough protection. Hence, this research is built on a few main themes, namely; the discussion of IP protection for agricultural biotechnological inventions as currently in practice in Europe and the U.S., as well as the deliberation on the current system as practised in Malaysia. The research also discusses the issue of the interface between the patent regime and plant variety rights over agricultural biotechnological inventions as there are possible overlaps between the two systems, notwithstanding the exclusivity of protection of plant varieties under the PVR system. The research looks at the prospect for Malaysia as a developing country to enhance its current IP framework and legislation in order to develop its agricultural biotechnology industry. Hence, it focuses on whether there is a single system as a model of IP regime to be adopted by Malaysia in order to provide the best IP protection for its agricultural biotechnology industry. The comparative approach is inevitable, in referring to the European model and the American model as a guide. The relevant factors such as the different setting, society and economic strength are given due consideration in coming up with the proposal to amend the current intellectual property law and legal system in Malaysia. At the end, the thesis puts forward a model for Malaysia to further develop its system.
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Radonjanin, Andrea. "Intellectual property protection of folklore : a step towards a more global approach." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29656/.
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Folklore, as a specific part of the traditional heritage, forms one of the constituent elements of the cultural identity of every community. As such, expressions of folklore ought to be preserved and protected from uncontrolled and inappropriate utilisation. The problem of an adequate system of protection of folklore has been discussed over the last few decades, yet, it seems that, up to date, legislative solutions fail to entirely efficiently and comprehensively deal with this issue. At the same time, somewhat unfairly, mainly the indigenous communities have been the focus of most of these scientific and legislative approaches over the past decades. Predominant part of the existing literature and normative models of protection have used the indigenous communities as a starting point in developing folklore protection systems and schemes, leaving many other non-indigenous communities with rich folkloric opus on the margins of the attention. On account of this, one may argue that the proposed legislative solutions are not fully operational for both indigenous and non-indigenous communities. Recognising the above, and at the same time aware that folklore does not only exist in isolated parts of the world but is present in every nation and in every culture, the main focus of this thesis is to examine the protection of folklore from a specific perspective, that of the overlooked non-indigenous communities. At the same time, this thesis also looks into answering certain currently unrequited issues, aiding in that way to the development of a more globally appropriate system of protection of expressions of folklore.
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Thomas, Kristie. "China's post-WTO intellectual property system : assessing compliance with the TRIPS agreement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12621/.
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This thesis examines the system of intellectual property (IP) protection in contemporary China. The IP system has undergone a series of dramatic reforms in recent years, particularly as a result of China's accession to the World Trade Organisation. From December 2001, China is now committed to comply with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). However, despite implementing TRIPS provisions into domestic legislation, infringements are still prevalent and criticism of the IP system continues. Therefore, this study aims to analyse China's compliance with the TRIPS Agreement in more detail using theories of compliance originating in international law and international relations, in order to understand this gap between implementation and compliance. Specifically, this study applies a comprehensive model of compliance previously applied to international environmental accords. This model incorporates consideration of the international IP environment and the TRIPS Agreement itself, as well as China-specific factors affecting TRIPS compliance. The model was tested using a combination of qualitative techniques, including an initial bilingual questionnaire, detailed follow-up interviews and analysis of a wide range of primary documents such as WTO papers, laws and regulations and case reports. Respondents participating in the study included legal and business professionals, both international and Chinese, with experience of the IP system in China. The qualitative data was coded and analysed using NVivo software and a model of TRIPS compliance in China created. The study concludes that previous studies of compliance with international obligations have been too narrow in scope and that a more inclusive approach to relevant factors is necessary. In terms of policy implications, this thesis will also suggest that external pressure alone will not achieve long-term changes in the IP system and that more cooperative initiatives are necessary in order to increase China's capacity, as well as intention, to fully comply with the TRIPS Agreement.
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McLaren, David. "DesignTag : a system for identifying and protecting intellectual property within integrated circuits." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2250/.
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This thesis describes DesignTag, a system which can be used to identify electronic design intellectual property (IP) within operating integrated circuits (ICs). The ability to accurately identify IP within ICs has several important applications, including IP theft detection, identifying unmarked ICs and detecting counterfeit devices. Current and proposed methods for identifying IP within ICs are either inadequate for many applications, or are expensive, time consuming and difficult to use. In contrast, the DesignTag system is useful for a wide range of applications, is easy to use, and allows inexpensive and fast detection of IP. The DesignTag system consists of a small “tag” circuit which is added to a piece of IP and a tag detection sub-system which is used to detect signals transmitted by on-chip tags. These signals are transmitted using a thermal side channel, a novel approach in which information is communicated by varying the temperature of an IC package. In addition to discussing the DesignTag system as a whole, this thesis focuses on the development of the tag detection sub-system, adapting concepts from CDMA wireless communications to enable the detection of thermally transmitted tag signals.
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Blakely, Megan Rae. "Intellectual property and intangible cultural heritage in Celtic-derived countries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30838/.
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This dissertation examines the symbiotic relationship between intellectual property (“IP”) law and cultural heritage law, with an emphasis on intangible cultural heritage (“ICH”). These two fields of law have historically operated in relative isolation from each other, but the overlap of subject matter and practical effect of implementation is evident; the actual creative and traditional practices by individuals and communities are the subject matter of both fields. The central thrust of the research is to locate the effects of these two legal fields and to inform policy, research, and legislation when this previously under-considered effect and influence exists. This is accomplished through case studies of ICH and statutory intervention in three countries with diverse ICH: tartan in Scotland; cultural tourism and branding in Ireland, and the Welsh language and eisteddfodau in Wales. These countries were selected as they 1) are geographically proximate, 2) have shared cultural history, 3) are or were recently in a union legal structure with partially devolved governance powers, and 4) are ‘knowledge-based’ economies with strong IP laws. This selection facilitates the dissertation’s original contributions to research, which include highlighting the influence of ICH on IP law and how IP shapes ICH. This interaction challenges the domestic and international differential legal treatment between developed, Global North countries as IP- and knowledge-producing and developing and Global South countries as ICH- and culture-producing. Theoretical patterns emerged from the case studies: namely, first- and second-wave adoption, which is complementary to Hobsbawm and Ranger’s invented traditions; and ‘tangification’, which identifies the process through which ICH becomes IP in a modern legal framework and highlights the risks to ICH integrity as well as the over-extension of IP law. Each of these contributions support the assertion that properly managing risk to and safeguarding ICH, which provides social and economic benefits, can also help to ensure that IP law is functioning in a manner reflecting its jurisprudential underpinnings, facilitating longevity and enforceability of the law.
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Marsh, Carol. "Detecting misuse of intellectual property and counterfeit integrated circuits using thermal communication channels." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2617/.
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The objective of this thesis is to introduce a new method for identifying and detecting Intellectual Property (IP) in digital devices. The technology operates by inserting a small, low powered digital tag into a digital design; the tag is detected using temperature as a novel covert communications channel. The IP detection technology is a non-destructive, simple to use method which quickly detects the IP via the digital device package and thus requires no prior knowledge of the system. The method is intended to be used alongside existing IP protection methods. This thesis focuses on four areas: proving that temperature can be used to communicate information by varying both the internal and external temperature of an electronic device; the development of an active tag using a range of internal digital heat generators; the design of a passive tag, using an internal heat sensor and an external heat source; the invention of a True Random Number Generator (TRNG) using the digital properties of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This research was sponsored by Algotronix, a company which develops security IP Cores for use in FPGAs. Both the active tag and TRNG were incorporated into Algotronix’ award winning DesignTag product.
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Nasirov, Shukhrat. "Three essays on intellectual property and the managerial aspects of its protection and exploitation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49214/.
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This thesis presents three essays on intellectual property and the managerial aspect of its protection end exploitation. The first essay provides a systematic review of the empirical trademark literature with the goal to develop a framework that brings together different research streams. Despite its relative youth, this field of scholarly inquiry has already accumulated a critical mass of contributions that allow us to draw initial conclusions about the trademark lifecycle and its multifaceted impact on organisational functioning. Based on a systematic review of 64 academic papers containing some elements of empirical trademark analysis, five broad research areas have been identified, namely: the determinants of trademark deposits; the role of trademarks in differentiating product offerings; the relationship between trademarks and innovation activities; the strategic use of trademarks; and the impact of trademarks on firm performance. Overall, the analysis reveals that the performance-based perspective currently dominates the research landscape, with studies on trademark deposits and the trademark-innovation link to follow. At the same time, there is still relatively little known about the micro-foundations of a firm's trademarking behaviour; the complementary use of trademarks and other intellectual property rights, including its effect on value transference; and the performance implications of different trademark strategies. This essay accounts for these and other findings to outline directions for future research. The second essay focuses on the managerial aspects of intellectual property strategy. Often scholars refer to intellectual property protection as an auxiliary concept that assists in building up or proving an argument about the innovation process. By contrast, this research focuses on intellectual property strategy per se, placing specific emphasis on its managerial dimension. It adopts the upper echelons approach to examine the extent to which CEO characteristics contribute towards the variance in patent and trademark applications. Guided by the resource-based view of the firm, it suggests three areas of resource expertise – legal, scientific, and business – each of which is likely to have a distinct influence on how the chief executive perceives and subsequently responds to intellectual property issues. This proposition is further extended by incorporating the possession of general skills and the moderating role of proactive personality in the overall conceptual framework. The empirical analysis of a sample of 848 CEOs in 261 U.S. publicly-traded companies over the period 1992-2013 generally confirms the contention that executive characteristics are an important determinant for predicting the outcomes of intellectual property strategy. As such, the study reinforces the ongoing academic debate on the need to account for the managerial aspect when considering the strategic decision processes. The third essay offers an extensive analysis of how executive demography affects differentiation strategy. Previous studies of competitive strategy have provided some support for aligning CEO personality traits with product differentiation. This essay suggests further refinement of these findings and extends them by considering a wider range of managerial characteristics proposed in subsequent research. By integrating the upper echelons perspective with the hierarchical view of strategy, this work also draws attention to channels through which chief executives influence organisational outcomes. It particularly argues that along with direct involvement, decisions made by the CEO regarding corporate strategy will affect the extent of product differentiation, too. The empirical testing is based on a sample of 821 chief executives in 259 U.S. publicly traded companies over the period 1992-2013. Using trademarks to measure product differentiability, this research has demonstrated that executive tenure, age, education, functional experience, monetary incentives, CEO duality, and the founder and owner statuses – all this is statistically significant for explaining variations in differentiation strategy across companies, even after when firm and industry-specific effects are controlled for. Furthermore, it has also been shown that chief executives leverage different characteristics, depending on the type of involvement and the strategy level at which they make decisions. By confirming CEO biases that guide product differentiation, this research also contributes to the broader discussion on the importance of accounting for human interpretation in the strategy making process.
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Hitsevich, N. "Intellectual property rights infringement on the Internet : an analysis of the private international law implications." Thesis, City, University of London, 2015. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17914/.
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The topic “Intellectual Property Rights Infringement on the Internet: An Analysis of the Private International Law Implications” has become increasingly important as the Internet has revolutionized the traditional understanding of the rules of private international law which govern the determination of jurisdiction in the case of intellectual property rights infringement over the Internet. The private international law of intellectual property has until recently been both straightforward and based on traditions, geographical boundaries and physical space. However, the ubiquitous nature of the Internet has brought new challenges in the area of the private international law of intellectual property, which lawmakers, judges and lawyers have to deal with. In particular, the private international law of intellectual property needs somehow address the fact that many of the actions and effects of intellectual property rights infringement within the territory of a particular Member State will not actually have physically taken place there. For example, material protected by intellectual property law can be uploaded in one state, downloaded in another, and viewed in a large number of other states. This means that the intellectual property rights infringers and the owners of intellectual property rights are often miles apart, while the infringers might never have set foot in the country or region where the harm occurs. Moreover, damage is typically suffered in multiple states simultaneously. Therefore, the question of which national authorities have jurisdiction over matters theoretically located in cyberspace is the first point of interest for every intellectual property rights owner whose rights are infringed over the Internet. Thus, the main aim of this work is to identify the problems and provide jurisdictional solutions with regard to the application of the existing jurisdictional rules according to the Council Regulation 1215/2012 on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters in the case of intellectual property rights infringement over the Internet. For without clear and effective jurisdictional rules of intellectual property rights infringement over the Internet, the internal market cannot function properly.
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Crosby, Brian. "Digital resources for public archaeology| New directions of public outreach and education." Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1550098.
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<p> Archaeologists increasingly recognize the need for public outreach and education, which many archaeological organizations include in principles and guidelines. First, this thesis summarizes my experience with a multicomponent internship, with Archaeology Southwest, the Learning Center of the American Southwest, and the National Park Service. During my internship I focused on providing the public with access to information about archaeological materials through the internet. Finally, this thesis explores the opportunity of providing deeper understandings, while considering potential implications, when working with the digital medium. During my time with Archaeology Southwest I produced three dimensional digital representations, virtual artifacts, of archaeological ceramic vessels. I designed the virtual artifacts for use by Archaeology Southwest's Virtual Southwest website and the Learning Center of the American Southwest (LCAS) Virtual Museum website. I contributed to the digital repositories of the websites, and subsequently reviewed and analyzed my experience to determine the best use of the virtual artifacts. During my time with the National Park Service (NPS) I helped develop lesson plans and activities of the Sinagua archaeological culture of Wupatki and Walnut Canyon National Monuments, designed primarily for third through fifth grade students visiting the monuments during school trips. Digital media provides the opportunity to preserve archaeological resources while educating the public to provide a deeper understanding of the past. I created 28 three dimensional reconstructions, virtual artifacts, of existing archaeological ceramic vessels provided by the Museum of Northern Arizona and Northern Arizona University. I designed the virtual artifacts for multiple online programs and for the lesson plans that I created for the National Park Service. I critically analyze the use of the products of my internship within the open-source movement, detail the current state of intellectual property rights for indigenous communities, and provide recommendations for my internship organizations. This information provides archaeologists with a reflexive analysis of the current use of intangible digital resources and serves as a guide for future projects.</p>
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Aktalay, Banu. "Intellectual Property Management Strategy In New Technology-based Start-up Companies." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605598/index.pdf.
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To draw up an intellectual property management strategy is one of the most important tasks to do when starting up technology-based companies, which play a very important role in the knowledge-based economies. IP management due to protection must be regarded as a strategic asset aimed at improving the competitive advantages, increasing the revenue of a technology-based start up company and encouraging to continue to develop new technologies, by securing a technological platform for a future development, preventing competitors from gaining access to emerging markets, creating retaliatory power against competitors and preventing innovative products from being plagiarized.
Through this study the aim is forming a guide including why and how an IP management strategy develop and implement to a new technology-based start up company. Beside these it is proved that from the properties that characterize the start-up configuration of a high-tech firm there can be derived three organizational archetypes of firms each of which requires different IP management strategies.
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Coskun, Asu. "Enforcement Of Intellectual Property Rights In A General Framework And Evaluation Of Enforcement Measures In The Eu Context." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608078/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the enforcement measures for the protection of intellectual property rights in an international and regional framework. The challenges posed by the digital technology<br>the difficulties faced by right holders, judiciary, public agencies, international and regional organizations in the implementation stages will be discussed by referring to the legal texts such as the TRIPS Agreement, the EU Enforcement Directive and Regulations. All dimensions of counterfeiting and piracy will constitute an important focus of this thesis. The thesis will seek to clarify uncertainties arising from the jurisdictional conflicts for the determination of the applicable law and competent courts in intellectual property cases involving foreign elements.
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Pustejovsky, James. "Parallel Importation of Pharmaceuticals: When is international exhaustion an effective policy choice?" Thesis, Boston College, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/431.
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Thesis advisor: James Anderson<br>National policy regarding parallel importation determines whether prices for a good protected by intellectual property rights are set in a segmented national market or in a larger international market. The innovative pharmaceutical industry has a cost structure which depends on patents and other intellectual property rights in order to recover the large sunk costs of research and development; parallel imports affect the ability of pharmaceutical firms to recover those costs. After discussing the international political context of parallel importation policy, international price differences, which create and are in turn affected by the possibility of parallel importation, are examined. Prices of name-brand pharmaceutical products are found to vary from the ideal of proportionality with income for several reasons, among them income inequality within a country. Applying simple theoretical assumptions about how prices are affected by the possibility of parallel importation, conditions are described under which allowing parallel importation can bring about price moderation. In other instances, parallel importation can have harmful external effects without bringing any benefit<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2003<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics<br>Discipline: College Honors Program
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Zhu, Chenwei. "Authoring collaborative projects : a study of intellectual property and free and open source software (FOSS) licensing schemes from a relational contract perspective." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/294/.
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The emergence of free and open source software (FOSS) has posed many challenges to the mainstream proprietary software production model. This dissertation endeavours to address these challenges through tackling the following legal problem: how does FOSS licensing articulate a legal language of software freedom in support of large-scale collaboration among FOSS programmers who have to face a rather hostile legal environment underlined by a dominant ideology of possessive individualism? I approach this problem from three aspects. The first aspect examines the unique historical context from which FOSS licensing has emerged. It focuses on the most prominent “copyleft” licence—GNU General Public Licence—which has been shaped by the tension between the MIT-style hacker custom and intellectual property law since the 1980s. The second aspect tackles the legal mechanism of FOSS licences, which seems not dissimilar from other non-negotiated standard-form contracts. My analysis shows that FOSS licences do not fit well with the neoclassical contract model that has dominated software licensing jurisprudence so far. I therefore call for replacing the neoclassical approach with Ian Macneil’s Relational Contract Theory, which has remained conspicuously absent in the software licensing literature. The third aspect explores FOSS programmers’ authorship as manifested in FOSS licensing. It argues that the success of a FOSS project does not merely depend on the virtuosity of individual programmers in isolation. More importantly, a core team of lead programmers’ efforts are essential to channel individual authors’ virtuosity into a coherent work of collective authorship, which can deserve credit for the project as a whole. The study of these three aspects together aims to create a synergy to show that it is possible to graft a few collaborative elements onto the existing legal system—underpinned by a neoliberal ideology assuming that human beings are selfish utility-maximising agents—through carefully crafted licensing schemes.
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Schmidt, Hedvig Kathrine Skytte. "A comparative analysis of EC competition and US antitrust approaches to tying with special reference to economic thinking and intellectual property rights." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495569.
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The thesis analyses the EC competition and US antitrust approaches to tying with special reference to economic thinking and intellectual property rights. It establishes that from an economic perspective that tying cannot be considered purely anticompetitive. Only when certain conditions are present is this the case: market power, an imperfect tied product market, which includes insufficient competition, high barriers to entry, and competitors' inability to compete with the dominant company's tied product package. Even in these circumstances, tying may have pro-competitive effects, which can outweigh the anti-competitive effects. While in the EC, competition law has completely overtaken the dealings with tying, in the US the Patent Act has adopted a per se legality approach only condemning tying when the intellectual property owner holds market power and applies the tying alTangement together with the patent to extend his patent monopoly to staple products. In comparison, competition law on both sides of the Atlantic see tying as (almost) illegal per se - almost because both jurisdictions require establishment of market power. A similar four-step test has.been applied in both the EC and the US: 1) market power in the tying product market 2) two separate products 3) anti-competitive effects on the tied product market 4) no objective justifications By assessing these steps in detail, the thesis identifies that when dealing with more complex products, technologically integrated products and products protected by intellectual property rights, the four-step test is inadequate and will often result in a wrong conclusion. The thesis therefore proposes a new test, which takes into consideration economic thinking, the recent reform debate of Article 82 of the EC Treaty, which has proposed a more economic approach to exclusionary behaviour and the fact that intellectual property rights do not always confer market power and also attempts to create greater legal certainty to ensure that despite having market power a company can tie when the pro-competitive benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects.
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Nguyen, Viet Quoc. "Enhancing the effectiveness of the Vietnamese judicial system in dealing with intellectual property rights cases toward the compliance with the TRIPS agreement." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/434/.
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The question of the thesis is ‘How to enhance the effectiveness of the Vietnamese judiciary in dealing with intellectual property rights cases toward the compliance with requirements of the TRIPs Agreement?’. The critical themes in this thesis are how a developing country at the low level of development as in the case of Vietnam, with various distinctiveness in term of economy, society, culture, politics, or legality can enhance its judicial effectiveness in dealing with IP cases in order to fulfil its international obligations under TRIPs Agreement. Despite the importance of the issue, there has not been any research on the first integration of Vietnamese judiciary in line with international regulations on IPRs protection and enforcement applicable to all WTO member states. This thesis will also examine impacts of this international compliance for the Vietnamese judiciary in particular, and to this South East Asian country in general. After analysing the critical situation of IPRs infringements in Vietnam, which lie behind an impetus for change, the thesis will review the historical development of IPRs and main provisions of the TRIPs Agreement. Next, the thesis will examine the definition of judicial effectiveness in special reference to minimum standards as provided in the TRIPs Agreement. I will argue that judicial effectiveness in enforcing IPRs can not be improved to comply with the TRIPs Agreement unless judiciary’s capacity in preventing and deterring IP infringements, judicial organisation and knowledge, and other factors involving legal procedures are enhanced. In the light of above analysis, I will analyse the judicial organisation and legal knowledge in dealing with IP cases, and the adequacy of legislation concerning judicial measures for IPRs enforcement. I will also argue that any content of the reform of Vietnamese judiciary to comply with TRIPs Agreement must take into account, inter alia, the distinctiveness of Vietnamese judiciary, and other unique factors of this country in terms of its economy, society, politic and culture.
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Burrow, Sheona Mary Lockhart. "Access to justice in the small claims track of the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court (IPEC) : an empirical enquiry into use by creative SMEs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9019/.
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In October 2012, a small claims track was introduced in the Patents County Court, as a forum for low-value copyright, trade mark, unregistered design and passing off claims. This thesis presents the results of a socio-legal empirical investigation into the first three years of claims in this court, renamed the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court in October 2013. The investigation takes the stated policy goal of the introduction of the IP Small Claims Track, which was to improve access to justice for SMEs, and explores whether this was in fact achieved for creative SMEs, using a four-part framework. Access to justice is explored through who uses the court during this period, the procedural and substantive justice these litigants experienced and the access to justice implications for wider society from the data. This thesis demonstrates one particular creative group has enthusiastically embraced the IPEC Small Claims Track, namely freelance photographers, but that uptake by other creative businesses has been low. Further difficulties with court procedure and timescale of cases indicate that litigants may struggle to access procedural justice. With only half of claims actively defended, and defence important in how the case progresses, there also appears to be issues with the substantive justice the court can be seen to deliver. This thesis therefore concludes that any improvement in access to justice for creative SMEs is partial only.
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Pelanda, Brian Lee. "“For The General Diffusion Of Knowledge”: Foundations of American Copyright Ideology, 1783-1790." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1216072749.
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Sozer, Sebnem F. "The Contribution Of Intellectual Property Rights Obtained By Small And Medium-sized Enterprises To Economic And Technological Development: Policies To Be Implemented." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607226/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyses the utilization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) by small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), their contribution to economic and technological
development and policies to be implemented for the SMEs to make more use of the system
in order to reach a desired level of growth.
Small and medium-scaled enterprises constitute more than 90 % of all firms almost
all over the world and a substantial proportion of employment and turnover. This fact bares
the necessity for the SMEs to make more use of the intellectual property rights system which
is one of the components of innovation and technological growth, in order to achieve the
desired level of economic and technological development.
This paper discusses the existing and possible contribution of the IPRs obtained by
SMEs to economic and technological development and the policies to be implemented in
order to encourage intensive utilization of the system by the SMEs. The results of surveys
previously carried out both in Turkey and abroad are incorporated within the results of a
survey which was organized in the context of this thesis among 86 enterprises in 12
organized industrial zones all over Turkey. The latter survey measures the IPR utilization of
the SMEs and the reasons behind under-utilization. Among the firms studied, 60 % of them
are R&<br>D performers, 34 % have a distinct R&<br>D department while 56 % of them reported to
have developed a new product, process or design. However only one third of these
innovative firms have had an IP application and the percentage was even lower with IPR
supports<br>only 2.3 % of the firms applied for IPR supports. The main reason for this underutilization
of both IPRs and IPR supports was found as lack of awareness. Policy proposals
were tried to be put forward depending on the findings of the survey and raising awareness
was defined as the most important measure to be taken.
22
Bidie, Simphiwe Sincere. "The obligation of non-discrimination under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the agreement on Trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): a developmental perspective." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/338.
Full textAbstract:
The non-discrimination obligation has existed since the twelfth century. It has been practiced since then, changing from a conditional to unconditional form with the passage of time. It became firmly applied unconditionally at the multilateral level in 1947 after the formation of the GATT trading system upon which several countries based their trading relations. In 1995 when the WTO was formed, the underlying principles of the GATT 1947 became part of the WTO trading system, including the non-discrimination obligation. When countries join the WTO they automatically become subject to the non-discrimination obligation. The ever increasing value of services and trade in the value of intellectual property has necessitated a look at the fundamental principles of world trade that countries have to adhere to in their trade relations. Incidentally, countries are not at the same level economically, hence one of the purposes of the WTO is to facilitate development in developing countries. Accordingly, this requires different application and/or interpretation of these fundamental principles in different situations, depending on the development level of each Member country. Amongst the five principles that underlie the international trading system, the non-discrimination principle is the focus of this study. The sustainability of the entire economic relations between WTO Member countries is dependent upon their fair compliance with this obligation. The obligation is found in Articles II and XVII of the GATS and Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS. The Membership of the WTO is made up of developed and developing countries. As a result of the fundamental nature of the obligation it is imperative that the scope and interpretation of this obligation, as developed by WTO adjudicating bodies, be analysed to determine if the obligation’s application and/or interpretation satisfies the above fundamental object and purpose of the multilateral system of trade. The intention here is at all times to show the importance that the non-discrimination obligation carries in international economic and legal interactions and how non-observance of this obligation would negatively affect relations between Member countries of the WTO.
23
Pestimalcioglu, Guzin. "A Study Of Free Software Movement: Towards A New Society?" Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604805/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Information and communication technologies and their innovative apparatuses have extensive social consequences. The basic interest of this thesis is to argue whether the information technologies and their technological apparatuses have the power to breach in the current capitalist system and therefore to lead us into a transformation towards an alternative world. In fact, this study more specifically attempts to argue and make sense out of this argument on the basis of an analysis of the Free Software Movement (FSM), since it is a product of the information technologies and has some suggestions for such a transformation towards a new society. Simultaneously, the study also argues the novel parts of the FSM as a new social movement and change agent of today'<br>s contemporary world with reference to the literature on social movements.
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Youssef, Mohammed. "Le contrat d'entreprise et la propriété intellectuelle : étude en droit français et syrien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1028.
Full textAbstract:
La spécificité de l’objet de la PI imprime une singularité au régime du contrat d’entreprise. L’affirmation se constate aussi bien au sujet de la PLA qu’au sujet de la PIND et appelaient donc la recherche d’une théorie générale. Concernant la PLA, l’existence de droits moraux de l’auteur perturbe la relation contractuelle et justifie la mise en œuvre d’un formalisme important. L’objectif du législateur est alors de tenter de protéger l’auteur, envisagé comme la partie faible face au maître de l’ouvrage. Et quoique certaines exceptions aient été mises en place, elles demeurent insuffisantes. Une telle méthode « principe – exception » se révèle néanmoins alternativement inutile ou préjudiciable, de sorte qu’il conviendrait de convertir les exceptions en règle commune. À titre d’exemple, l’attribution initiale des droits d’auteur au maître de l’ouvrage dans le cadre de l’œuvre collective ou le logiciel devrait être généralisé. Si la protection apportée à l’entrepreneur dans le cadre du droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique apparaît ainsi excessive, elle est au contraire insuffisante dans le cadre du droit de la propriété industrielle. En effet, en dépit de fondements identiques, le contrat d’entreprise relatif aux droits de propriété industrielle est régi par les dispositions du Code civil, lesquelles ne protègent pas l’auteur ou le créateur. Ainsi, dans ce cadre, l’inventeur ne bénéficie pas d’un droit à la rémunération proportionnelle, car l’aspect économique domine toutes les étapes de la relation contractuelle, de l’obtention de la création à son exploitation. Néanmoins, les règles de l’attributions du droit à la création industrielle ne sont pas claires<br>The specificity of the subject of intellectual property entitled to a singularity of the contract of enterprise regime. The assertion is evident both on the literary and artistic property as about industrial property and therefore called the search for a general theory.Concerning the literary and artistic property, the existence of moral rights of the author disrupts the contractual relationship and justify the implementation of an important formalism. The aim of the legislator is then to try to protect the author, seen as the weak party to face the project Owner. And although some exceptions have been introduced, they remain insufficient. Nevertheless, such a method "principle - exception" proves alternately unnecessary or harmful, so the exceptions should be converted into common rule. For example, the initial attribution of copyright to the Owner project under the collective work or software should be generalized.If the protection provided to the contractor under the law of literary and artistic property thus appears excessive, it is insufficient otherwise under the law of industrial property. Indeed, despite identical basis, the contract of enterprise for industrial property rights is governed by the provisions of the Civil Code, which do not protect the author or creator. Thus, in this context, the inventor does not have a right to remuneration proportional because the economic aspect dominates all stages of the contractual relationship, obtaining creation to its exploitation. Nevertheless, the rules of the attribution of the right to creation industrial are not clear
25
Donaud, Flora. "Les acteurs du procès civil en contrefaçon." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV120.
Full textAbstract:
De toutes les judiciarisations, le procès civil en contrefaçon est l’un de ceux qui durant ces dernières années a pris le plus d’ampleur, car au-delà de l’atteinte que le fléau de la contrefaçon porte aux monopoles d’exploitation, il rejaillit aussi sur tous les secteurs de notre économie, à savoir les emplois, la santé, la sécurité des consommateurs ou bien encore l’investissement. C’est par l’analyse du rôle que les acteurs ont à tenir dans le procès civil en contrefaçon, que l’on se propose d’étudier la singularité de ce procès au regard du droit commun procédural et d’envisager une possible théorie du procès civil en contrefaçon. Les recherches s’attachent alors à effectuer, tout d’abord, une analyse approfondie de la charge des parties dans le procès civil en contrefaçon ; l’enjeu est de mettre ici en évidence le pouvoir particulier d’impulsion des parties en identifiant les facteurs de divergence ou d’unité de la matière. Parallèlement à l’examen de ce pouvoir d’initiative, il s’agit aussi de mettre l’accent sur les mesures auxiliaires originales, telles que la saisie-contrefaçon ou la retenue en douane ouvertes aux parties afin de leur permettre de mieux prouver ou de mieux anticiper le procès au fond, sans forcément rompre l’équilibre procédural des droits entre les parties. Le sujet nous emmène, ensuite, à mettre à jour l’office du juge dans le procès civil en contrefaçon. Assurément, après que la préparation et l’initiative de l’instance en contrefaçon aient été laissées à la diligence des parties, c’est en effet au juge étatique qu’il appartient de « prendre la main » sur le procès et il convient alors d’étudier sa compétence dérogatoire en matière de contrefaçon, compétence qui se révèle tantôt concentrée, tantôt éclatée en cas de conflit de juridictions, tantôt concurrencée aussi par un juge « privé ». La réflexion conduit in fine à rechercher si le pouvoir qu’a le juge de trancher le litige, en allouant des dommages et intérêts ou en réintégrant la victime dans l’intégralité de son droit de propriété, témoigne ou non de la nature hybride des droits de propriété intellectuelle dépassant la simple sphère privative pour rejoindre une autre dimension plus largement collective. Telles sont les pistes de réflexion menant à l’édification d’un régime commun procédural<br>In all trials, the civil lawsuit for counterfeiting is one of those which is on the increase because, beyond violate a monopoly, the counterfeiting also spills over into all sectors of our economy, ie employment, health, consumer safety or even investment. It’s by analyzing the role that players have in the civil lawsuit for imitation, we will study the specific feature of this case compared with the procedural law and we will consider a possible theory of civil trial for counterfeiting. The research lead to make, first of all, a thorough analysis of the burden of the parties in the civil lawsuit for imitation. The challenge is to highlight the particular impetus of the parties by identifying divergence factors or convergence about the subject. We have also to stress that the original auxiliary measures allow the parties to better prove or to anticipate the trial without break necessarily the procedural balance. Afterwards, we have to study the role of the judge in the civil lawsuit for counterfeiting. Indeed, after the parties have prepared and taken legal action, the judge has to "take over" the trial and it’s then necessary to examine its derogatory competence, which is sometimes concentrated, sometimes exploded in a conflict of jurisdictions, sometimes challenged by a "private" judge. Finally the subject leads to determine if the judge’s power, allocating damages for example, show the dual prism of intellectual property law wich overstep the private monopoly to belong to a wider collective dimension. These are the lines of thought leading to the building of a common procedural regime
26
Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes March 6, 2017." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623059.
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Nandjembo, Lucia Pandulo. "The Effectiveness of the Swkopmund Protocol on the Protection of Traditional knowledge in Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6402.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)<br>Traditional knowledge has been around for centuries and has gained over the
centuries and adapted to the local culture and environment, traditional knowledge is
transmitted orally from generation to generation. It tends to be collectively owned and
takes the form of stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, cultural values, beliefs, rituals,
community laws, local language, and agricultural practices, including the development
of plant species and animal breeds. The Swakopmund Protocol has been one of the
legislations that has been put in place to protect Traditional knowledge and has to be
reviewed. With Traditional communities playing a huge role at the in the Namibian
communities, the aim of the protocol is to protect them by establishing its
effectiveness.
The mini thesis aims to study the intellectual property system in Namibia as a system
of protection which is inadequate for protecting Traditional knowledge, and as a result
there is a huge need for Namibia to develop its national sui generis system for
protecting TK. There are so many gaps existing in Namibia with regards to the existing
intellectual property laws that need to be filled with all the results from the research
this mini this will provide, it could provide the direction the country needs to go in.
The research focuses on the effectiveness of the Swakopmund Protocol that was
implemented in 2010. Questions in the paper to be answered are such as what the
protocol has achieved in the time that it has been in place, but more importantly how
effective the Protocol is in protecting TK within the country and ways forward to
protecting TK and making the protection as efficient as possible to extending
necessary protection for TK and allow the next generations of people to have access
to such knowledge. The mini thesis will be a desk-based research focusing on the
Swakopmund Protocol.
There is today a growing appreciation of the value of traditional knowledge. This
knowledge is valuable not only to those who depend on it in their daily lives, but to
modern industry and agriculture as well. Many widely used products, such as plantbased
medicines, health products and cosmetics, are derived from traditional
knowledge. Other valuable products based on traditional knowledge include
agricultural and non-wood forest products as well as handicraft.
28
Kuudogrme, Barbara Bangfudem. "Towards the effective utilisation of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights flexibilities to improve access to essential medicines in Ghana." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6825.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLM<br>Access to medicines is an essential component of the basic human right to health and a key determinant of the importance attached to the health care system of a country. It essentially entails the availability and acceptability of the essential medicines on the market and the ability of patients to afford such medicines when needed. Globally, countries face access to medicine challenges partly because of patents which undoubtedly accounts for excessive pricing of medicine. As such, efforts have been made to ensure the accessibility of medicines through the Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Beyond these interventions, it is incumbent on Members of the WTO to domesticate the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement before their utilisation because by their very nature, they cannot be self-executed.
With an estimated population of 29.6 million, about 310 000 people in Ghana are living with HIV. The country’s health facilities record 40 per cent of outpatient visits each year and about 14 550 per 100 000 of the population are infected with tuberculosis with cancer on the rise. These diseases require medicines which are mostly patented yet Ghana has access to medicine problems despite the existence of a national health insurance system. Ghana has however not fully incorporated the TRIPS flexibilities in its national legislations and therefore unable to fully utilise the flexibilities as an option to access essential medicines. Questions therefore remain as to why and how Ghana can utilise the flexibilities to improve access to medicines.
Based on an examination of the WTO’s patent system and legislations of Ghana, this mini- thesis contends that, the extent of incorporation of the flexibilities are inadequate due to the existence of lacunas in the Ghanaian legislations. Furthermore, a comparative assessment with South Africa supports an understanding that conditions are not ripe for full utilisation of all the flexibilities. It further argues that the utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities by Ghana has been rendered ineffective due to administrative, political, economic and social challenges which adversely affects the full utilisation of the flexibilities incorporated and those yet to be incorporated. It is therefore important that Ghana adopts holistic approaches taking into consideration best practices if the TRIPS flexibilities must be effectively utilised.
This mini-thesis concludes that, the TRIPS flexibilities are necessary for accessing essential medicines in Ghana to promote the right to health and that a review of Ghana’s current legislations to fully incorporate the TRIPS flexibilities and addressing other non-legal challenges are the required linchpin for effective utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities.
29
Volz, Eckehard. "The trade, development and cooperation agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the European Union : an analysis with special regard to the negotiating process, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the Port and Sherry Agreement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52582.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA)
between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded
in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the
negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the
applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port
and Sherry Agreement.
Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development
cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal
basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA
between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future
cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The
TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the
two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations
between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to
examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global
perspective.
The thesis is divided into six Chapters:
The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the
negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the
economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons
why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part
furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis.
The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that
took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of
negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention
and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement,
are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the
negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the
Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU.
Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of
major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that
indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates
the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised
regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the
EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were
incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the
establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far
the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT.
In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five
deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and
"Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed
more closely.
The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the
investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of
whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the
EU and other ACP countries.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms
(TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in
Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die
onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die
toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan
met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed.
Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte
samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande
gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon
het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir
toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke
van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en
Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik
vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere
onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille
Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en
Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale
perspektief te beskou.
Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel:
Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die
onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid-
Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye
tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n
oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis.
Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die
onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom
dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes
gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms
word ook ontleed.
Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die
Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die
onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n
evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid-
Afrika en die EU aan.
Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die
voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van
uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n
internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese
Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms
tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor
hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier
aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand
te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met
Artikel XXIV GATT strook.
Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten
opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs)
geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die
gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting
van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed.
Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van
die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die
TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander
lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.
30
Sacco, Solomon Frank. "A comparative study of the implementation in Zimbabwe and South Africa of the international law rules that allow compulsory licensing and parallel importation for HIV/AIDS drugs." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1100.
Full textAbstract:
"Zimbabwe and South Africa are facing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of such proportions that the populations of these countries will markedly decline in the next ten years despite the existence of effective drugs to treat the symptoms of AIDS and dramatically lower the communicability of the virus. These drugs are under patent protection by companies in the developed world and the patents raise the prices above the level of affordability for HIV infected persons in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has declared a national emergency on HIV/AIDS, apparently in conformance with TRIPS and has issued compulsory licenses to a local company that has started to manufacture and sell cheap anti-retroviral drugs. South Africa has not declared a national emergency and has not invoked the TRIPS flexibilities or utilized flexibilities inherent in its own legislation. However, while thousands of people die every week in the two countries, neither government has yet provided an effective HIV/AIDS policy. Extensive litigation and public pressure in South Africa has led the government to announce a policy of supplying free HIV drugs in public hospitals while the Zimbabwean government has announced the provision of the same drugs, also in public hospitals, apparently utilising the state of emergency. The TRIPS agreement under which the two governments undertook to protect international patents allows compulsory licensing under certain circumstances (not limited to a national emergency) and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and subsequent agreements by the Ministerial Council of the WTO allow the manufacture and, in limited circumstances, the parallel importation of generic drugs. These provisions provide a theoretical mechanism for poor countries to ensure their citizens' rights of access to health (care). The research is aimed at identifying the extent of the effectiveness of the legal norms created by Articles 20 and 31 of TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and subsequent Council of Ministers' decisions, which together ostensibly provide a framework to allow provision of generic drugs. It is further aimed at investigating how the state of emergency in Zimbabwe has been utilised to provide cheap generic drugs to Zimbabweans and whether this would be an option for South Africa. A comparison of the legal provisions governing the provision of drugs in the two countries will also be undertaken to examine the extent to which international and national constitutional and legal provisions may be utilised to give effect to the right to health." -- Introduction.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.<br>Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the American University in Cairo.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
31
Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes February 5, 2018." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627053.
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Khalil, Sarah. "Skyddet av geografiska ursprungsbeteckningar : en immaterialrättslig figur sui generis." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2566.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.</p>
33
Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes October 2, 2017." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626015.
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García, González Roberto. "A semantic web approach to digital rights management." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7538.
Full textAbstract:
Un dels principals requeriments de la gestió de drets digitals a la Web és un llenguatge compartit per a la representació del copyright. Les aproximacions actuals es basen en solucions purament sintàctiques, simples i difícils de posar en pràctica.<br/><br/>La contribució d'aquesta tesi és aplicar una aproximació semàntica basada en ontologies web a la gestió de drets digitals. Es desenvolupa una Ontologia del Copyright on les peces bàsiques són un model de creació, el drets de copyright i les accions que és poden dur a terme sobre els continguts. Aquesta ontologia facilita el desenvolupament de sistemes de gestió de drets.<br/><br/>També s'ha aplicat l'enfocament semàntic als principals llenguatges d'expressió de drets. S'han integrat amb l'ontologia per tal d'avaluar-la i a la vegada s'han enriquit amb la seva base semàntica. Finalment, tot això s'ha posat en pràctica en un sistema semàntic de gestió de drets.<br>Uno de los principales requerimientos de la gestión de derechos digitales en la Web es un lenguaje compartido para la representación del copyright. Las aproximaciones actuales se basan en soluciones puramente sintácticas, simples y difíciles de poner en práctica.<br/><br/>La contribución de esta tesis es aplicar una aproximación semántica basada en ontologías Web a la gestión de derechos digitales. Se desarrolla una Ontología del Copyright cuyas piezas básicas son un modelo de creación, los derechos de copyright y las acciones que se pueden llevar a cabo sobre los contenidos. Esta ontología facilita el desarrollo de sistemas de gestión de derechos. <br/><br/>También se ha aplicado el enfoque semántico a los principales lenguajes de expresión de derechos. Se han integrado con la ontología para evaluarla y a la vez se han enriquecido con su base semántica. Finalmente, todo esto se ha puesto en práctica en un sistema semántico de gestión de derechos.<br>One of the main requirements of web digital rights management is a shared language for copyright representation. The current approaches are based on syntactic solutions, which are simple and difficult to put into practice.<br/><br/>The contribution of this thesis is to apply a semantic approach based on web ontologies to digital rights management. It develops a Copyright Ontology whose basic pieces are a creation model, the copyrights and the actions that can be carried out on the content. This ontology facilitates rights management systems development. <br/><br/>The semantic approach has also been applied to the main rights expression languages. They have been integrated with the ontology in order to evaluate it and, at the same time, they have been enriched with their base semantics. Finally, all this has been put into practice in a semantic digital rights management system.
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Umeno, Soyoko. "Essays on intellectual property protection and innovation in agriculture /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3243015.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: A, page: 4277. Adviser: Jay P. Kesan. Includes bibliographical references. Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Hwang, Wen-Sheng, and 黃文炫. "The General Discussion of Interior Design Protection from the Aspects of Intellectual Property Law and Fair Trade Law." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65943861619148750637.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>100<br>Abstract
Balancing different interests for the common good of society, and promoting the development of national culture, not all the intellectual property can be protected by the Copyright Act. According to Intellectual Property Office’s e-mail explanation No. 980728C “the protection of the Architectural works cover the whole building, includes the interior and exterior parts.”And the implementation of constructing a building according the architectural plan is also protected by the laws. How about the originated plan of the interior design? What kind of work does it belong to? Do the objects made according to the interior design plan be protected by the Copyright Act?
As the economy and living standards rises in Taiwan, people focus more on the quality of life. The market is becoming saturated with high business competition and a diverse franchise chain store with recreational is growing rapidly in Taiwan. Since the homogeneity of the same shop’s interior decoration or window display etc. have gone more alike than more alike. How to protect your rights become more importance.
From the case of Fuddruckers Inc. v. Doc's B. R. others Inc. in U.S., We know if you intend to plagiarize someone’s “trade dress” on purpose then someone’s “trade dress” will get the “secondary Meaning”, you should to prove that someone’s “trade dress” isn’t existent in court. If any “trade dress” have functional elements , it will not protect by the Lanham Act in U.S..But if a functional element of “trade dress” can combine any functional element of “trade dress” with a discernible element of “trade dress” , it can be protected by the Lanham Act in U.S..How about the thing in Taiwan？
The following are the summary of this thesis:
Part One: Introduction. Outline of the motives, purposes, realms, methodologies,And structure of the research.
Part Two: The General Discussion of Interior Design Protection from the Aspects of the Copyright Law. Introduction of the concept of the American and Taiwan Copyright Law to Protect for Graphic Works、Fine Art Work、Architectural Works. Introduction in matters relating to torts cases of the U.S. and Taiwan.
Part Three: The General Discussion of Interior Design Protection from the Aspects of the Patent Law. This thesis focuses on the development of International Covenant、U.S.’s Design patent and Taiwan’s patent law analyses how The Patent Law protect to The Interior Design.
Part Four: The General Discussion of Interior Design Protection from the Aspects of the Trademark Law. This article collects and researches the related Interior Design cases and scholars’academic papers, and firstly begins from the U.S. trademark legislations and cases to study the concept, function, its scope and content
of the "trade dress", discussing the distinctiveness and non-functional requirements for the protection of "trade dress”in the U.S..Further we analyzes the difference of the Trademark Law between scopes and contents for legal protection among U.S. and Taiwan. Configuration for the purpose of fulfilling the protection of“three-dimensional trademarks “and “trade dress” in the newly amended Trademark Law as our practicing reference, and finally submits the suggestions for the future amendments to the Trademark Law with respect to fulfilling the Interior Design protection ofthree-dimensional trademarks”and“trade dress”.
Part Five: The General Discussion of Interior Design Protection from the Aspects of the Fair Trade Law. Is the “trade dress” provided in the U.S. trademark law conceptually the same as the “configurations” provided in the Article 20 of the Fair Trade Law, which was passed by the Legislative Yuan and announced by the President on February 4th, 1991, and officially implemented on February 4th in 1992, and then amended on February 3rd, 1999? Many questions are worth discussing and researching. And this essay another depicts the core content of the unfair competition law, starting from the keynote of unfair competition law, taking reference from related regulations and general provision in United States, and concluding the essay by comparing with the related regulations of the unfair competition law in Fair Trade Law of our country. Whether Interior Design should intervene in the article 24, however, remain to be discussed.
Part Six: Conclusion. The thesis concludes the interior design protection from part one to part five of The Copyright Law、The Patent Law、The Trademark Law、The Fair Trade Law and finally submits the suggestions for the future amendments .
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Agal, Abdolhamed Masoud M. "To what extent can Libyan intellectual property laws protect traditional cultural expressions from unauthorised use?" Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/114433.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) are an integral part of the cultural heritage of every nation – they are an essential element of the social and cultural identity of each nation and particular communities within those nations. TCEs represent an important part of the TCE holders’ living culture. Hence, indigenous communities in many developed and developing countries have called for effective protection of their TCEs against unauthorised use that could potentially lead to extinction of their TCEs. Protecting such TCEs from extinction should be done by promoting them through encouraging and supporting their holders to keep practising and developing their TCEs. However, to date, there is no mechanism that has been agreed between countries to protect and promote TCEs. Some countries and intergovernmental organisations have provided various mechanisms aimed at protecting and promoting TCEs at national, regional and international levels, although these mechanisms differ from each other regarding the scope and type of protection granted to the TCEs, and in meeting the needs and expectations of the TCE holders. This thesis investigates the extent to which Libyan intellectual property (IP) laws can protect TCEs from unauthorised use, and whether the current protection is adequate. In this regard, the thesis explores the scope and types of protection that are granted to the TCEs through various mechanisms which have been proposed at national, regional and international levels. The thesis commences with an examination of relevant international treaties, including the international treaties within the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It then contrasts the regional and national attempts that have been made to provide adequate mechanisms that protect and promote TCEs, by either using existing IP laws or creating sui generis systems. This research also compares the protection of TCEs under IP laws in Australia and New Zealand with the protection of TCEs under the sui generis systems in Tunis and Panama. To this end, the thesis investigates the appropriateness of the current protection afforded to Libyan TCEs, and whether it is enough to protect such TCEs from extinction. First, the thesis examines the protection of TCEs under the current Libyan IP laws, and then compares such protection with the protection of TCEs in other nations, including Australia and New Zealand. Following this, the thesis considers to what extent the current protection of Libyan TCEs can fulfil the needs and expectations of the indigenous peoples of Libya (the Amazigh peoples). This was achieved through conducting interviews over the phone with representatives from the Libyan Ministry of Culture and Civil Society and the Amazigh communities in the Nafusa Mountains region. The fieldwork, which was conducted by the researcher who is of Amazigh origin from the Nafusa Mountains region, indicates that Amazigh TCEs nowadays are facing extinction more so than at any time previously. It also indicates that the protection of Amazigh TCEs under Libyan IP laws is not adequate because it does not meet the needs of the Amazigh TCE holders. Therefore, there is a need to establish a stand-alone sui generis system that aims to promote and protect Amazigh TCEs through fulfilling the needs and expectations of the Amazigh TCE holders in Libya. This thesis therefore recommends that the current Libyan IP laws should be revised to introduce a stand-alone sui generis TCEs protection system.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2018.
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Weitsman, Faina. "The trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement and access to patented medicines in developing countries - Canada's Bill C-9." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/294.
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TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision.
Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics.<br>October 2006
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Dagne, Teshager Worku. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: THE POTENTIAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS FOR PROTECTING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE-BASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14535.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between international regimes regulating intellectual property, traditional knowledge and biodiversity has received much attention in recent times. Of the many complex and controversial issues in contemporary international legal discourse on this matter, the protection of traditional knowledge (TK) stands out as a significant challenge. Choices abound in the search for modalities to regulate rights to use and control TK systems and their underlying biodiversity.
In recent times, the protection of geographical indications (GIs) has emerged as an option for protecting TK. Despite the considerable enthusiasm over it, there is appreciable research dearth on how far and in what context GIs can be used as a protection model. Indeed, not only is the concept of GIs itself widely misunderstood. As well, analyses as to their applicability for protecting TK often reflect underlying cultural differences in the nature, scope and the jurisprudence regarding GIs across jurisdictions.
This thesis examines the relationship between GIs and TK, focusing on the responsiveness of GIs to the needs and desires of indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). The thesis posits that the search for a model to protect TK should involve identifying different modalities, including those based on intellectual property, to fit to the nature and uses of TK in particular contexts. The analysis conceptualizes GIs as a form of IP that are structurally and functionally suitable to protect aspects of TK in traditional knowledge-based agricultural products (TKBAPs).
Substantively, the thesis draws attention to the conceptual underpinnings of GIs as encompassing cultural and economic objectives in the protection of TK. As such, it is argued that stronger protection of GIs should be achieved by integrating the negotiations and discussion concerning GIs and TK at the international level. Further, the case is made for the determination of immediate challenges and long-term opportunities in choosing a legal means for protecting GIs at the national level. In this connection, the thesis suggests that the potential of GIs to meet national and local imperatives to protect TK be assessed, inter alia, based on their instrumentality for economic, biodiversity, cultural and food security objectives in protecting TKBAPs.
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Lankau, Matthias. "Institutional Designs of Public Goods in the Context of Cultural Property." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E27-A.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil widmet sich der Fragestellung inwiefern formelle Gruppeneigentumsrechte Herkunftsgemeinschaften vor unautorisierten Verwendungen ihrer traditionellen kulturellen Ausdrucksweisen (TKAs) schützen können. Kapitel 2 und 3 führen hierzu einen ökonomischen Vergleich fünf so genannter sui generis Rechte zum Schutz jener TKAs durch und leiten Politikempfehlungen ab. Zum einen bilden die Beiträge eine Rangfolge der Transaktionskosten, die bei Verhandlung über Verwendungen der TKAs entstehen können. Zum anderen vergleichen die Kapitel, ob die Schutzpräferenzen der Ursprungsgemeinschaft durch die Modelgesetze geschützt wären. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass ein Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem auftritt sollten staatliche Behörden über zu viel Verhandlungsmacht verfügen. In diesem Fall werden Bürokraten eher ihre eigenen Interessen als die der Eigentümer der TKAs durchsetzen. Letztendlich existiert zwischen beiden Effekten ein klarer Trade-Off: Je mehr ein Gesetz die Schutzinteressen der Ursprungsgemeinschaften schützt desto höher sind seine Transaktions- und somit sozialen Kosten.
Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit behandelt – auf Basis ökonomischer Laborexperimente – den Fragenkomplex wie Gruppenmitglieder öffentliche Güter im Kontext kulturellen Eigentums – so wie TKAs – bereitstellen. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf dem Einfluss sozialer Identität auf das Ausmaß an positiver sowie negativer Reziprozität der Individuen als Determinanten der sozialen Wohlfahrt. Die bedingte Kooperation der Gruppenmitglieder sowie das gegenseitige Bestrafungsverhalten untereinander bilden hierfür Maße für positive und negative Reziprozität.
Kapitel 4 zeigt, dass Individuen unter dem Einfluss sozialer Identität grundsätzlich divergierende Kooperationspräferenzen abhängig davon mit wem sie interagieren aufzeigen. Auf Basis eines Within-Subject-Designs und mehreren ein-Perioden Spielen in Strategiemethode, zeigt der Beitrag, dass Individuen in identitäts-homogenen Gruppen (In-Group) die Präferenz für eine höhere bedingte Kooperation und weniger Eigennutzorientierung als in einer heterogenen Gruppe (Out-Group) zeigen. Zusätzlich neigen Individuen in heterogenen Gruppen eher zu einem vollständigen Trittbrettfahrerverhalten. Somit könnten Politikinstitutionen, die den Zusammenhalt einer Gruppe betonen, die soziale Wohlfahrt steigern.
Auf der Basis eines zehn-Perioden-Spiels zeigt Kapitel 5, dass hauptsächlich vergleichsweise höhere Erwartungen an die Kooperation der Mitglieder in einer In-Group als an die in einer Out-Group Wohlfahrtsgewinne in homogenen Gruppen im Zuge mehrperiodischer Interaktionen auslösen. Die bedingte Kooperation – hier die Erwiderung der eigenen Erwartungen an die Kooperation der Gruppenmitglieder durch eigene Beiträge – ist hingegen in In- und Out- Groups ähnlich. Insgesamt belegt dieser Beitrag somit, dass Erwartungen der Individuen der entscheidende Faktor für das Beitragsverhalten der Gruppenmitglieder unter sozialer Identität ist.
Kapitel 6 analysiert inwiefern die Möglichkeit einer gegenseitigen Bestrafung die Kooperationsbereitschaft unter dem Einfluss sozialer Identität ändert. Hierzu verwendet der Beitrag ein-Perioden-Spiele in Strategiemethode sowohl mit als auch ohne Bestrafung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Antizipation einer Bestrafung in heterogenen Gruppen zur größten Anhebung der Kooperationsbereitschaft führt, was am deutlichsten durch das Verhalten der Free-Rider ausgelöst wird. Darüber hinaus hebt die Bestrafungsinstitution unterschiede in der Kooperationsbereitschaft zwischen homo- und heterogenen Gruppen auf, die sich typischer Weise zugunsten homogener Gruppen verlagert. Letztlich deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass im Vergleich zu einer Situation in der ausschließlich eine Bestrafungsinstitution vorliegt, eine zusätzliche Identitätszuschreibung die Wohlfahrt zusätzlich erhöht.
Mit Fokus auf negativer Reziprozität untersucht Kapitel 7 die Frage inwiefern soziale Identität das Bestrafungsverhalten gegenüber Gruppenmitgliedern beeinflusst, die weniger zum öffentlichen Gut beitragen als der Bestrafende. Hier zeigt sich, dass Mitglieder identitäts-homogener Gruppen seltener und in geringerer Höhe bestrafen, als es in heterogenen Gruppen der Fall ist. Darüber hinaus ist das Bestrafungsverhalten in heterogenen Gruppen signifikant stärker durch Ärger-ähnliche Emotionen motiviert als in homogenen Gruppen.
Insgesamt zeigt der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation, dass Identitätszuschreibungen sowohl positive als auch negative Reziprozität beeinflussen und somit die soziale Wohlfahrt bei der Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter – auch im Kontext kulturellen Eigentums – beeinflussen. Diese Ergebnisse sind demzufolge für Verhaltensabschätzungen im Rahmen von Politikempfehlungen relevant, die sich auf Situation mit dem Charakter öffentlicher Güter beziehen.
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Fernandes, Denise Elisabete da Cruz. "Mining digital treasures : text and data mining interfering with copyrights in the EU and in the US : which legal system is more favourable to TDM users?" Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37047.
Full text
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Ribeiro, João Pedro Silva. "Internship Reports and Monograph entitled "The Regulatory World of Generic Medicines and Patents"." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83693.
Full textAbstract:
Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia<br>O medicamento genérico é desenvolvido para ser essencialmente similar a um medicamento já existente no mercado, contendo a(s) mesma(s) substância(s) ativa(s) em relação ao medicamento de referência. No entanto, podem ser diferentes quanto ao nome, aspeto e revestimento, tendo em conta o uso de outros excipientes na sua formulação, assim como pelo uso de diferentes bases da substância ativa desde que não afete a sua atividade e biodisponibilidade. Estes são fabricados de acordo com os mesmos parâmetros de qualidade, eficácia e segurança a que todos os restantes medicamentos são sujeitos, sendo esta atividade assegurada pelas autoridades regulamentares, que analisam a documentação de suporte ao pedido de Autorização de Introdução no Mercado (AIM) e realizam inspeções periódicas para comprovar e validar boas práticas de fabrico. Apesar de existir alguma desconfiança quanto a produtos genéricos, esta tendência tem vindo a diminuir progressivamente com o tempo. Apenas após o término do período de exclusividade conferido ao medicamento de referência, é que o Titular de AIM do genérico poderá ter acesso à informação necessária para o seu desenvolvimento. A legislação europeia confere este tempo de exclusividade de mercado e de proteção de dados por um período limitado às empresas responsáveis por criações inovadoras. A Indústria Farmacêutica pode fazer uso da legislação regulamentar da patente com o intuito de obter períodos mais alargados de monopólio de mercado, recorrendo a várias estratégias através de Investigação e Desenvolvimento (I&D), soluções de negócio ou acordos de resoluções litigiosas. Contudo, esta vantagem competitiva inerente ao poder protetivo da patente é crucial para a recuperação de altos gastos realizados em I&D, ao simultaneamente gerar lucro, estimular inovação e crescimento económico. Tendo conhecimento do clima económico e social moderno, é importante valorizarmos os medicamentos genéricos, inseridos numa agenda política de contenção de despesa pública, sendo o seu custo consideravelmente mais barato em relação a um produto de marca. Com o sentido de compreender os requisitos regulamentares para obter uma AIM, a legislação governamental interligada à sustentabilidade dos Sistemas de Saúde e do mercado Europeu, as regras da propriedade intelectual e o acesso da população ao Medicamento. Tendo como propósito final, a luta por melhores cuidados de saúde num mercado mais justo e competitivo, e valorizando a vida, com toda a sua constante capacidade de inovação e sujeita à mudança.<br>A generic medicine is developed to be essentially similar of a medicine that has already been authorized, containing the same active substance(s) of the branded-name reference medicine. However, they can differ in name, appearance and packaging considering the possibility of possessing different excipients, and also different forms of the active substance as long as it does not affect the medicine’s activity. These are manufactured according to the same quality, efficacy and safety standards as all other medicines and health products, as it is assured by pharmaceutical regulatory authorities that perform periodic inspections to ensure and validate good manufacturing practices. Despite a general mistrust on generic products by the population, this tendency has been progressively decreasing. The Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) of a generic product can only obtain data for the developing of its product once the period of exclusivity on the reference medicine has ended. This period of market exclusivity and data protection is given by the European Union legislation to the company that created the original product, for a defined period of time. Pharmaceutical industries as globalized capitalism entities may use patent law in order to obtain longer periods of protection, recurring to a various amount of strategies through Research and Development (R&D), business related solutions or even patent settlement agreements. However, this temporary monopoly position and competitive advantage inherent to a protective patent, allows the recovery of high-stakes investments made in R&D, simultaneously generating revenue, further innovation stimulation and economic growth, as we can comprehend a notable dependency in a system that protects its intellectual property.Having knowledge of the current economic and social climate we live in, it is crucial to value generic medicines in a costs-saving policy driven agenda, as they are much cheaper than innovators. In a sense to comprehend the regulatory legal requirements for a Marketing Authorization Introduction, government legislative measures interconnected with sustainable Health Systems and European markets, patenting rules and the essential medicines’ access to people. For the final purpose to fight for better healthcare provisions in a fair and competitive market, while valorizing life with all its innovative and ever-changing ability.
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Honvou, Dansou Rock Sèmako. "Droits de propriété intellectuelle et protection des plantes: approches, limites et perspectives." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3226.
Full textAbstract:
Le droit de la propriété intellectuelle présente, depuis quelques années, un intérêt particulier à l'évolution de la recherche sur les plantes. Ceci s'est traduit, au plan international, par l'adoption de plusieurs instruments visant à assurer une meilleure protection des investissements consentis dans ce domaine. Il s'agit notamment de la Convention de l'UPOV, qui s'inscrit dans une logique de protection par la voie sui generis avec la possibilité de délivrance de certificat d'obtention végétale aux sélectionneurs; de l'Accord ADPIC, qui, en plus de recommander un système sui generis efficace, ouvre l'option de protection par brevet ou en définitive par le cumul des deux systèmes; de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB) et du Traité de la FAO portant sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, qui, favorables aux deux précédentes formes de protection, demandent que soient prises en compte des considérations relatives aux droits souverains des pays sur leurs ressources végétales, au partage des bénéfices, etc. Au plan régional, on distingue, entre autres, l'initiative de l'Afrique, visant à assurer la protection des plantes suivant une logique partagée entre l'alignement sur les normes internationales existantes (Accord de Bangui) ou l'institution d'une autre législation originale qui reflète les réalités et préoccupations du continent (Loi modèle). Il apparaît donc qu'il existe plusieurs instruments pour cerner la même réalité. Ceci est forcément la source de quelques difficultés qui sont d'ordre conceptuel, socioéconomique, environnemental et juridique. Pour les pallier, il est important que certaines conditions soient satisfaites afin d'harmoniser les points de vue entre les différents acteurs concernés par la question et d'assurer une appropriation conséquente des instruments adoptés.<br>The intellectual property rights have showed increasing attention to the evolution of plant research in recent years. This has been reflected, at the international level through the adoption of several measures to ensure a fairly comprehensive protection of rights arising. These measures include the Convention of the Union for the protection of Plant breeder' Rights, which is part of a logic of protection through sui generis with the possibility of issue plant breeders' rights to breeders; the Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights Related to Trade, which, in addition to recommending an effective sui generis system gives the option of protection by patent or by the combination of the two systems of law to protect plant varieties; the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which supported both previous forms of protection, ask to be taken into account considerations on sovereign rights of nations over their plant resources, benefit sharing, and so on. At the regional level, there are the initiative of the Africa which aimed to ensure the protection of plants following a certain vision shared between alignment on existing international standards or the institution of another original legislation which reflects the realities and concerns of the continent. It then appears that there are several tools to handle the same reality, which can be a source of difficulty. These are difficulties are conceptual, socio-economic, environmental and legal. T0 overcome these difficulties, it is important that certain conditions are met to harmonise points of view between different actors involved in the issue and ensure a consistent ownership of the instruments adopted.
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St-Martin, Frédéric. "The right to health, the TRIPS agreement and the public health safeguards to encourage the universal access to essential medicines." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2403.
Full textAbstract:
The privileges arising from patent protection on pharmaceutical products often prevent the
full realization of the right to health, especially in developing countries with scarce
resources. This thesis first identifies the international agreements that have established the
right to health in international law, obligations and violations associated with it, the
problems encountered in the implementation of human rights on the field, compared with
the implementation and sanctions associated with economic rights from the World Trade
Organization regulatory framework. A comparative study of the legislative frameworks of
both developed and developing countries will reveal to what extent Canada, the United
States, the European Union, Brazil, India, and South Africa conformed with patent
protection exceptions arising from international patent law to protect public health.
Finally, the author identifies the crucial indicators that need to be considered in order to
assess the conformity of a given approach with the right to health, before he underscores
the temporary character of the relevant WTO measures, and the future stakes concerning an
increased access to essential medicines.<br>Les droits issus des brevets d'invention sur les produits pharmaceutiques empêchent
souvent la réalisation pleine et entière du droit à la santé, plus spécialement dans les pays
en voie de développement ayant des ressources plus limitées. Ce mémoire de recherche
retrace d'abord les accords internationaux ayant établi le droit à la santé en droit
international, les obligations et les violations qui en découlent, la problématique quant à
la mise en oeuvre des droits de l'homme sur le terrain, en comparaison avec la mise en
oeuvre et les sanctions pour le non-respect de droits économiques dans le cadre
réglementaire de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Ensuite, une étude
comparative des cadres législatifs de pays développés et de pays en développement
révèlera dans quelle mesure le Canada, les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne, le Brésil,
l'Inde, et l'Afrique du Sud se sont conformés aux exceptions aux règles de protection
issues du droit international des brevets pour cause de santé publique. L'auteur identifie
finalement les points de première importance qu'il considère primordial de considérer
afin d'évaluer si une approche conforme au droit à la santé a été respectée dans le
commerce de médicaments essentiels, avant de souligner l'aspect temporaire des mesures
courantes prévues dans l'OMC et des futurs enjeux quant à l'accroissement de l'accès
aux médicaments essentiels.<br>"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des biotechnologies". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Le jury est impressionné par l'ampleur de la recherche et de la synthèse très instructive du débat Nord-Sud".
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Šimeková, Zuzana. "Soukromoprávní prosazování evroského soutěžního práva." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-308436.
Full textAbstract:
1 Thesis Summary Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law Zuzana Šimeková 1. Starting points and goals of the thesis The main goal of my thesis is the application of the ever-evolving contemporary issues of private enforcement of the EU competition law, its developments in the legislative area and the decision- making practice of the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ECJ) to the pharmaceutical sector area. As regards the functioning of competition rules, the pharmaceutical sector found itself in the cross-hairs of the European Commission fairly recently. Its efforts resulted in the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Final Report of 8 July 2009 (the Final Report). The primary subject-matter of my thesis is the assessment of the competition relationship dynamic between the originator and generic pharmaceutical companies, especially the degree by which the conduct by the originator pharmaceutical companies can delay market entry by the generic pharmaceutical companies and thereby negatively affect the consumers by (among other things) limiting availability of cheaper drugs. Despite the expectations of legal practitioners and academia, the European Commission did not rule in the Final Report whether the discovered conducts constitute violations of the EU competition law. The...