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Boniforti, Aldo. "Adaptive Scheduling in Intelligent Transportation Systems." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99005.
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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can substantially improve roadsafety and trac eciency. This is possible by allowing communicationamong nearby vehicles and among vehicles and xed roadside units. A popularstandard for vehicular communications is IEEE 802.11p. It is basedon a CSMA/CA MAC method that does not guarantee channel access in anite time and so is not suitable for real-time communications. It also needsmethods to control and limit the load, since the transmission of periodicinformation among vehicles can saturate the channel. In this thesis, a newreal-time scheduling algorithm suitable for ITS applications is introduced. Itis based on a TDMA MAC method, where the roadside unit has the tasks toestimate the channel conditions and assign fractions of time slot to users. Alinear programming approach is considered to minimize an index of utility ofthe transmissions. Multi-hop communication scenarios among the vehiclesare considered for both uplink and downlink communications. It is shownhow the optimal duration of the fraction of time slot depends on the channelconditions. A higher channel gain corresponds to a higher transmission timewhereas a lower channel gain corresponds to a lower transmission time. Itis concluded that the approach studied in the thesis can guarantee a highutility provided that the complexity of the optimization is reduced as thenumber of involved vehicles increases.
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Sochor, Jana. "User Perspectives on Intelligent Transportation Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Trafik och logistik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122209.
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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), or the advanced use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the transportation context, offers new tools in the continual effort to develop an accessible, safe, and sustainable transportation system. In this thesis, focus is placed on ITS targeting individual use or the end users’ transportation experiences, e.g. video surveillance, cashless payments, pedestrian navigation, real-time information, emergency communications, and parking services. For the end user, such services can serve to enhance one’s sense of assurance by reducing uncertainty and facilitating planning and dealing with unforeseen circumstances. However, ITS and the data collection and processing upon which it is built bring their own challenges, as personal data and privacy are fundamentally intertwined. Individuals’ data is routinely collected, from which one can infer a broad range of activities and lifestyle choices, and which may have implications over time or in other contexts. Perceptions of technology and data use are contextual; what may be considered acceptable or privacy-invasive in one situation and for one purpose may not hold true for other persons, situations, or purposes. Concerns often focus on aspects of anonymity, lack of knowledge or control, function creep, etc. Furthermore, although individual, end users are affected by policies and technologies guiding data collection and processing, they are rarely involved in decision-making processes, offered realistic alternatives, or able to control their own data. The aim of this thesis is to investigate end users’ perceptions of ITS. As various contexts and factors have proven to influence perception in other research areas, the approach has been to use empirical case studies of different end user groups and ITS systems. Additionally, the case studies vary contexts and contrast potential negative consequences of ITS, such as privacy infringement, with potential positive benefits (which may depend on the circumstances of the particular user group and/or the ITS system), such as increased assurance and independence. Users are surveyed via structured interviews and questionnaires that include items addressing perceptions of benefits/risks, privacy, trust, etc. In investigating ITS from the users’ perspective, this research attempts to paint a more holistic view of the issues surrounding the use of ITS in our daily, mobile lives. The broad-spectrum conclusions are that the respondents, in general, perceive ITS as relatively beneficial, more so on a general, social level, and feel more reassured due to the systems. Privacy concerns are generally not a major barrier for acceptance in the scenarios presented, although respondents do not necessarily express high levels of trust for the data collectors or low levels of risk for data misuse. Results show that perceptions are influenced by a number of factors, such as: the targeted beneficiary; addressing a specific, personal need; perceived personal control of a situation; the actor (data collector); status within the organization; gender and parenthood. There are also indications that end users feel a sense of resignation due to lack of choice, control, or perceived influence. For example, there is no strong interest in discussing technological applications with companies, government agencies, or elected representatives, nor in searching for information about technological applications irrespective of perceived privacy infringement or acceptability. This may have broader implications, e.g. for decision-making and democratic processes, as perceived lack of influence and perceived lack of interest in participation feed back into each other. As such, recommendations include informed consent, choice (e.g. opt-in/opt-out), control over one’s personal data, ongoing, two-way dialogue between stakeholders (from the beginning of the design process), comprehensive technological assessments, as well as following through on the use of Fair Information Practices/Principles such as limitation of data collection and use, purpose specification, transparency, individual participation, etc. ITS and data collection and processing are not “silver bullets” able solve all problems via “complete and perfect” information. They are additional tools in the toolbox that bring with them their own challenges related to issues such as privacy, lack of choice/control, and technological accessibility. Thus, efforts should be made to address these new challenges, such as technological mechanisms, personal actions and user participation, and proactive organizational policy and public legislation. The research presented in this thesis serves to remind us that a coordinated effort on multiple fronts is vital in addressing users’ needs and meeting broader social goals.QC 20130515
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Ercan, Tolga. "Sustainability Analysis of Intelligent Transportation Systems." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5934.
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Commuters in urban areas suffer from traffic congestion on a daily basis. The increasing number of vehicles and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are exacerbating this congested roadway problem for society. Although literature contains numerous studies that strive to propose solutions to this congestion problem, the problem is still prevalent today. Traffic congestion problem affects society's quality of life socially, economically, and environmentally. In order to alleviate the unsustainable impacts of the congested roadway problem, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has been utilized to improve sustainable transportation systems in the world. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the sustainable impacts and performance of the utilization of ITS in the United States.
This thesis advances the body of knowledge of sustainability impacts of ITS related congestion relief through a triple bottom line (TBL) evaluation in the United States. TBL impacts analyze from a holistic perspective, rather than considering only the direct economic benefits. A critical approach to this research was to include both the direct and the indirect environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the chain of supply paths of traffic congestion relief. To accomplish this aim, net benefits of ITS implementations are analyzed in 101 cities in the United States. In addition to the state level results, seven metropolitan cities in Florida are investigated in detail among these 101 cities. For instance, the results of this study indicated that Florida saved 1.38 E+05 tons of greenhouse gas emissions (tons of carbon dioxide equivalent), $420 million of annual delay reduction costs, and $17.2 million of net fuel-based costs. Furthermore, to quantify the relative impact and sustainability performance of different ITS technologies, several ITS solutions are analyzed in terms of total costs (initial and operation & maintenance costs) and benefits (value of time, emissions, and safety). To account for the uncertainty in benefit and cost analyses, a fuzzy-data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology is utilized instead of the traditional DEA approach for sustainability performance analysis. The results using the fuzzy-DEA approach indicate that some of the ITS investments are not efficient compared to other investments where as all of them are highly effective investments in terms of the cost/benefit ratios approach. The TBL results of this study provide more comprehensive picture of socio-economic benefits which include the negative and indirect indicators and environmental benefits for ITS related congestion relief. In addition, sustainability performance comparisons and TBL analysis of ITS investments contained encouraging results to support decision makers to pursue ITS projects in the future.M.S.C.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
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Dilworth, Virginia Ann. "Visitor perceptions of alternative transportation systems and intelligent transportation systems in national parks." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/509.
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Meogrossi, Giada. "Real time scheduling in Intelligent Transportation Systems." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104018.
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In recent years Intelligent Transportation Systems leveraged numerous applications in vehicular networks. To achieve an ecient network utilization while ensuring acceptable performance, it is instrumental to design the transportation systems and to optimize network resources. In this thesis, we focus on real time scheduling algorithms for Intelligent Transportation Systems. The proposed scheduling algorithms consider TDMA based MACs, and aim at minimizing the average delay. Each algorithm allocates the resources based on the channel conditions: a user with good channel should transmit for longer time than a user with bad channel condition. The scheduling algorithms are devised by solving a related linear programming problem. It is shown how the average delay can be minimized by using appropriate multi-hop con gurations.
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Tsukada, Manabu. "Communications Management in Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems." Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0092.
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Les systèmes de transport intelligents (STI) coopératifs sont des systèmes ou les véhicules, l'infrastructure routière, les centres de contrôle de trafic et d'autres entités échangent des informations afin d'assurer une meilleure sécurité routière, l'efficacité du trafic et le confort des usagers de la route. C'est dans ce but que l'architecture de station STI a été spécifié par l'ISO et l'ETSI. Le concept de cette architecture de référence permet aux stations STI-véhicules et stations STI-infrastructures de s'organiser dans un réseau véhiculaire adhoc (VANET), tout en utilisant des protocoles de communication tels qu'GeoNetworking IP v6 et IEEE802. 11p ainsi que toute autre technologie d'accès afin de se connecter de manière transparente à internet. Plusieurs chemins peuvent donc être accessibles à une station STI véhicule pour communiquer avec d'autres stations STI. Les chemins sont de trois types: le chemin direct, le chemin optimisé, et le chemin d'ancré. L'objectif de cette étude est d'optimiser la communication entre stations STI en sélectionnant le meilleur chemin de communication disponible. . Cela exige d'abord de recueillir les informations disponibles localement dans la station STI (la position, la vitesse, les exigences des applications, les caractéristiques des supports de communication, les capacités , l'état du chemin), ainsi que les informations des stations STI voisines (position, vitesse, services, etc. . ). Ces informations sont ensuite traitées par le biais d'un algorithme de prise de décision. Premièrement, nous définissons un module réseau qui permet la combinaison d'IPv6 avec le Geo Networking. Deuxièmement, nous proposons un module de gestion inter-couche pour la sélection du meilleur chemin. Nos contributions s'intègrent dans l'architecture de station STI par la définition de la relation entre la couche réseau et transport (qui héberge la contribution Geonetworking IPv6) et l'entité verticale de gestion inter-couche (qui accueille l'algorythme de décision pour la sélection de chemin). Nous avons spécifié les fonctions permettant l'échange de paramétres par l'intermédiaire de la SAP (Service Acess Point) entre la couche réseau et l'entité de gestion (MN-SAP). Les paramètres utilisés dans l'entité de gestion inter-couche sont extraits d'une manière agnostique par rapport aux protocoles de la couche réseau et transport, ce qui permet de remplacer facilement les éléments d'une couche sans affecter les autres (par exemple, remplacer NEMO par une autre protocole de mobilité) et de permuter plusieurs piles réseau (on peut choisir d'utiliser la pile par une autre protocole de mobilité) et de permuter plusieurs piles réseau (on peut choisir d'utiliser la pile IPv6 ou bien la pile GeoNetworking, ou encore une combinaison des deux à la fois ou même une autre pileCooperative Intelligent transportation Systems (Cooperative ITS) are the systems where multiple entities share information and tasks to achieve the ITS objectives (i. E. Road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort). Today, ITS Station architecture is being specified in ISO and ETSI as a result of discussion and consensus of the researchers and developers in ITS domain. In the architecture, ITS Stations are essential entities, that are distributed in vehicles, roadside infrastructure, centers and mobiles, to achieve the ITS objectives. The vehicle and roadside ITS Stations organize Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) to adapt multi-hop and highly dynamic network topology. GeoNetworking is a great candidate for VANET because the geographic routing shows strength in dynamic topology. In addition to VANET, the ITS Station equips multiple wireless network interfaces and connects to networks with multiple paths, which is called multihoming. The objective of the study is to optimize the communication between ITS Stations by improved decision-making algorithm using inter-component information exchange in IP-based cooperative ITS. First, we develop IPv6 GeoNetworking to take the advantages of both IP and GeoNetworking. Seconds, we propose a cross-layer based path selection management by extending a Service Access Point (SAP) between the network layer and the management entity specified in the ITS Station Architecture. The extended SAP is designed as most abstracted as possible to adapt to the future development of the ITS Station architecture. The proposed system is designed and implemented as a prototype. The prototype implementation is evaluated in both ideal and realistic scenarios using up to four vehicles. The network performance measurement is processed, visualized and analyzed with web-based tools
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Kim, Dong Won. "Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Multilevel Policy Network." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28087.
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This dissertation is a descriptive study of a policy network designed for U.S. government and global cooperation to promote Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It is aimed at exploring the historical and structural features of the ITS policy network, and evaluating its roles in the policy process.
Until now, the network literature has barely examined the full arrays of networks, catching just part of their full pictures. First, this study draws attention to transnational networks and their organic or systematic relationships with lower levels of networks. Second, it examines the individual properties and synergy of three core elements of the ITS policy network: public-private partnerships, professional networks, and intergovernmental networks. Third, it takes a close look at the pattern of stability change and power relations of the policy network from within the net. Finally, this study discusses what difference networks make, compared to hierarchies and markets.
This dissertation employed multiple sources of evidence: unstandardized elite interviews, government documents, and archival records. Through a networking strategy to find the best experts, face-to-face, telephone, and e-mail interviews were conducted with twenty-two public officials and ITS professionals.
It was found that the U.S. ITS policy network was a well-designed strategic governance structure at the planning level, but an experimental learning-focused one at the implementation level. It was initially designed by a new, timely, cross-sectional coalition, which brought together field leaders from both the public and the private sectors under the slogan of global competitiveness. Yet, day-to-day managers within the net often experience much more complex power relationships and internal dynamics as well as legal obstacles; also, they confront external uncertainty in political support and market.
For better results, policy networks should be designed in flexible ways that will handle their disadvantages such as ambiguous roles, exclusiveness, and increased staff time. In this respect, it is inevitable for the networks to include some components of a wide range of conventional structures, ranging from highly bureaucratic to highly entrepreneurial, on the one hand, and ranging between issue networks (grounded in American pluralism) and policy communities (based on European corporatism), on the other hand.Ph. D.
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Lin, Sandi Shih 1981. "An institutional deployment framework for intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8036.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-177).
Increasing traffic congestion around the world is limiting urban mobility and contributing to unsustainable environmental, economic, and social conditions. The concept of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which is defined as the application of computing and electronics technologies to transportation, offers potential for alleviating the negative effects of traffic congestion. These negative effects include impacts on road efficiency, the environment, safety, and cost. Institutional obstacles, however, limit ITS deployment. This thesis presents a portfolio of ITS technologies that are relevant in combating congestion. Technologies studied include Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS), Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS), and many others. Each technology is analyzed on the basis of benefits and costs, real world examples, barriers to implementation, and social implications. From this portfolio, an institutional deployment framework for ITS is developed based on the barriers to implementation shared by many of these technologies. This framework addresses political, economic, organizational, financial, legal, and information issues. After developing this framework, it is applied to ITS institutions in the cities of Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three conclusions can be drawn from this comparison. First, ITS can make significant impacts on congestion, efficiency, safety, and the environment. At the same time, one must consider the social implications and costs of deployment. Second, deploying ITS in urban areas is a complex challenge, requiring the consideration of a wide range of factors. Finally, implementation of ITS must be specific to a particular region; the imitation of other cities without localized planning may result in unsuccessful deployments.
by Sandi Shih Lin.
S.M.
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Daoud, Ramez. "Wireless and wired Ethernet for intelligent transportation systems." Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ace94389-4796-4b12-b00d-9d4eb917a682.
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Cette étude se focalise sur les aspects de communications filaires et sans fil des systèmes de transports intelligents. Dans une première partie, le réseau embarqué d’un véhicule est constitué à l’aide du réseau Ethernet. Cette approche vise à diminuer la quantité de câbles présents dans les véhicules actuels. Le modèle proposé apporte une aide pour satisfaire les demandes de communications des passagers des véhicules futurs en ce qui concerne les connections Internet, les vidéos en demande, les communications Voice over IP (VoIP) et les vidéos conférences. Un système de communication, interactif et temps réel, est également proposé pour assister le conducteur en fournissant des informations sur le trafic. Une seconde partie est consacrée à la communication sans fil pour la gestion des informations échangées entre entités mobiles dans une zone de trafic urbain. Un modèle de système de communication, s'appuyant sur la technologie WiFi, est utilisé pour les échanges d'informations entre les entités mobiles et entre un point central de communication (noeud de correspondance). Des algorithmes stigmergiques sont utilisés pour le pilotage des entités mobiles. Les entités mobiles communiquent continuellement avec le système de pilotage pour mettre à jour les informations du trafic. Le système de pilotage analyse ces informations et diffuse à tous les véhicules, sous forme de messages, la cartographie du trafic. Le modèle de communication "burst communication" et les techniques de communications mobiles MIPv6 ont été exploités. L'optimisation de l’architecture du modèle de communication permet d'obtenir un nombre minimum de messages perdus lors de la communication entre le point central et les mobiles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'on peut parvenir à une réception satisfaisante des messages au niveau des entités mobilesThis study focuses on the wireless as well as the wired aspect of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The On-Board network of a future smart vehicle is designed using Switched Ethernet as a backbone. This architecture aims at minimizing the amount of wiring present in today’s cars. With the increasing demand of entertainment and connectivity, the proposed model provides the vehicle passengers with internet connection, video on-demand, voice over IP (VoIP) and video conference capabilities. Also, to help the driver, a smart real-time interactive communication scheme is developed to supply traffic information. A wireless communication model is built to support the moving entities in a light urban traffic area; the model is based on stigmergic algorithms running at the core of the system infrastructure. A WiFi model is used to supply wireless connectivity to mobile nodes in a given region. The Mobile IPv4 as well as Mobile IPv6 are tested. The mobile nodes always communicate with the central intelligence of the system to update the traffic information. The stigmergic algorithm processes this data and sends to all moving vehicles messages regarding the actual traffic map. This research focuses on the wireless aspect of the problem and optimizes the architecture to satisfy minimum packet loss in the path from the central correspondent node (CN) to the mobile nodes (MN). It is found that based on MIPv6 technique and using redundant packet transmission (burst communication) one can statistically reach satisfactory
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Rupinsky, Michael J. "Smart material electrohydrostatic actuator for intelligent transportation systems." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391701972.
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Lei, Jia. "Control, optimization and simulation of intelligent transportation systems /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486398528555702.
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Avgoustis, Alexis. "Quantifying the Safety Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33327.
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An average of 6.5 million crashes are reported to the police every year in the United States. Safety is significantly important considering the rapid increase on traffic volume on American roads. This thesis describes the development of a safety model whose primary objective is to capture the benefits of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) on safety. The specific ITS component that is examined in more detail is traffic signal coordination. The model was tested in a micro-simulation environment using INTEGRATION traffic simulation model as well as in a field data evaluation.
The General Estimates System (GES) database was chosen as the primary national database to extract accident data. These data were used for the development of the statistical foundation for the safety model. Crash rates were produced using extracted crash frequencies and annual vehicle miles traveled figures from the Highway Statistics (FHWA, 1997). Regression analysis was performed to predict the behavior of several crash types, as they were associated with a variety of variables, for example the facility speed limit and time the crash occurred.
The model was developed in FORTRAN code that estimates the accident risk of a facility based on its free-speed. Two methods were used to test the model: 1. field data from the city of Phoenix, Arizona were used in a GPS (Global Positioning Systems) floating car that tracked the accident risk on a second by second basis. Before and after signal coordination scenarios were tested thus yielding a result that the accident risk is less in the after scenario. 2. the model was then tested in a micro-simulation environment using the INTEGRATION traffic model. A hypothetical network, as well as the Scottsdale/Rural road corridor in Phoenix were used. The sensitivity analysis of before and after signal coordination scenarios indicated that after the signals were coordinated, the crash risk was lower, thus proving that the model could capture the benefits of this ITS component. Reducing the number of crashes is an important aspect of improving safety. Traffic signal coordination smoothens traffic on a facility and reduces its potential accident risk by producing less vehicle-to vehicle interactions. Also, traffic signal control increases the free-speed of a facility. The advantage of this safety model is the fact that it can be used to capture a variety of ITS technologies and not only signal coordination that is examined in more detail in this thesis.
Master of Science
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Dabiri, Sina. "Application of Deep Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87409.
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The rapid growth of population and the permanent increase in the number of vehicles engender several issues in transportation systems, which in turn call for an intelligent and cost-effective approach to resolve the problems in an efficient manner. A cost-effective approach for improving and optimizing transportation-related problems is to unlock hidden knowledge in ever-increasing spatiotemporal and crowdsourced information collected from various sources such as mobile phone sensors (e.g., GPS sensors) and social media networks (e.g., Twitter). Data mining and machine learning techniques are the major tools for analyzing the collected data and extracting useful knowledge on traffic conditions and mobility behaviors. Deep learning is an advanced branch of machine learning that has enjoyed a lot of success in computer vision and natural language processing fields in recent years. However, deep learning techniques have been applied to only a small number of transportation applications such as traffic flow and speed prediction. Accordingly, my main objective in this dissertation is to develop state-of-the-art deep learning architectures for resolving the transport-related applications that have not been treated by deep learning architectures in much detail, including (1) travel mode detection, (2) vehicle classification, and (3) traffic information system. To this end, an efficient representation for spatiotemporal and crowdsourced data (e.g., GPS trajectories) is also required to be designed in such a way that not only be adaptable with deep learning architectures but also contains efficient information for solving the task-at-hand. Furthermore, since the good performance of a deep learning algorithm is primarily contingent on access to a large volume of training samples, efficient data collection and labeling strategies are developed for different data types and applications. Finally, the performance of the proposed representations and models are evaluated by comparing to several state-of-the-art techniques in literature. The experimental results clearly and consistently demonstrate the superiority of the proposed deep-learning based framework for each application.PHD
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Javadi, Mohammad Saleh. "Computer Vision Algorithms for Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications." Licentiate thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för matematik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-17166.
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In recent years, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have emerged as an efficient way of enhancing traffic flow, safety and management. These goals are realized by combining various technologies and analyzing the acquired data from vehicles and roadways. Among all ITS technologies, computer vision solutions have the advantages of high flexibility, easy maintenance and high price-performance ratio that make them very popular for transportation surveillance systems. However, computer vision solutions are demanding and challenging due to computational complexity, reliability, efficiency and accuracy among other aspects. In this thesis, three transportation surveillance systems based on computer vision are presented. These systems are able to interpret the image data and extract the information about the presence, speed and class of vehicles, respectively. The image data in these proposed systems are acquired using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a non-stationary source and roadside camera as a stationary source. The goal of these works is to enhance the general performance of accuracy and robustness of the systems with variant illumination and traffic conditions. This is a compilation thesis in systems engineering consisting of three parts. The red thread through each part is a transportation surveillance system. The first part presents a change detection system using aerial images of a cargo port. The extracted information shows how the space is utilized at various times aiming for further management and development of the port. The proposed solution can be used at different viewpoints and illumination levels e.g. at sunset. The method is able to transform the images taken from different viewpoints and match them together. Thereafter, it detects discrepancies between the images using a proposed adaptive local threshold. In the second part, a video-based vehicle's speed estimation system is presented. The measured speeds are essential information for law enforcement and they also provide an estimation of traffic flow at certain points on the road. The system employs several intrusion lines to extract the movement pattern of each vehicle (non-equidistant sampling) as an input feature to the proposed analytical model. In addition, other parameters such as camera sampling rate and distances between intrusion lines are also taken into account to address the uncertainty in the measurements and to obtain the probability density function of the vehicle's speed. In the third part, a vehicle classification system is provided to categorize vehicles into \private car", \light trailer", \lorry or bus" and \heavy trailer". This information can be used by authorities for surveillance and development of the roads. The proposed system consists of multiple fuzzy c-means clusterings using input features of length, width and speed of each vehicle. The system has been constructed by using prior knowledge of traffic regulations regarding each class of vehicle in order to enhance the classification performance.
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Fang, Hsiao-jung Belinda. "The environmental economic & social implications of the intelligent transport system in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576593.
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Manolopoulos, Vasileios. "Security and Privacy in Smartphone Based Intelligent Transportation Systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Integrerade komponenter och kretsar, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-59987.
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Zichichi, Mirko. "A Distributed Ledger based infrastructure for Intelligent Transportation Systems." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18440/.
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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are proposed as an efficient way to improve performances in transportation systems applying information, communication, and sensor technologies to vehicles and transportation infrastructures. The great amount of vehicles produced data, indeed, can potentially lead to a revolution in ITS development, making them more powerful multifunctional systems. To this purpose, the use of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) can provide comfort and security to drivers through reliable communications. Meanwhile, distributed ledgers have emerged in recent years radically evolving the way that we used to consider finance, trust in communication and even renewing the concept of data sharing and allowing to establish autonomous, secured, trusted and decentralized systems. In this work an ITS infrastructure based on the combination of different emerging Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and VANETs is proposed, resulting in a transparent, self-managed and self-regulated system, that is not fully managed by a central authority. The intended design is focused on the user ability to use any type of DLT-based application and to transact using Smart Contracts, but also on the access control and verification over user’s vehicle produced data. Users "smart" transactions are achieved thanks to the Ethereum blockchain, widely used for distributed trusted computation, whilst data sharing and data access is possible thanks to the use of IOTA, a DLT fully designed to operate in the Internet of Things landscape, and IPFS, a protocol and a network that allows to work in a distributed file system. The aim of this thesis is to create a ready-to-work infrastructure based on the hypothesis that every user in the ITS must be able to participate. To evaluate the proposal, an infrastructure implementation is used in different real world use cases, common in Smart Cities and related to the ITS, and performance measurements are carried out for DLTs used.
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Wahle, Joachim. "Information in Intelligent Transportation Systems - Information in Intelligenten Transportsystemen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965913104.
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Law, Lap-tak Brendan, and 羅立德. "An investigation of realtime data in intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31945715.
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Law, Lap-tak Brendan. "An investigation of realtime data in intelligent transportation systems." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?
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Gao, Jason Hao. "Distributed mobile platforms and applications for intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79327.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-75).
Smartphones are pervasive, and possess powerful processors, multi-faceted sensing, and multiple radios. However, networked mobile apps still typically use a client-server programming model, sending all shared data queries and uploads through the cellular network, incurring bandwidth consumption and unpredictable latencies. Leveraging the local compute power and device-to-device communications of modern smartphones can mitigate demand on cellular networks and improve response times. This thesis presents two systems towards this vision. First, we present DIPLOMA, which aids developers in achieving this vision by providing a programming layer to easily program a collection of smartphones connected over adhoc wireless. It presents a familiar shared data model to developers, while underneath, it implements a distributed shared memory system that provides coherent relaxed-consistency access to data across different smartphones and addresses the issues that device mobility and unreliable networking pose against consistency and coherence. We evaluated our prototype on 10 Android phones on both 3G (HSPA) and 4G (LTE) networks with a representative location-based photo-sharing service and a synthetic benchmark. We also simulated large scale scenarios up to 160 nodes on the ns-2 network simulator. Compared to a client-server baseline, our system shows response time improvements of 10x over 3G and 2x over 4G. We also observe cellular bandwidth reductions of 96%, comparable energy consumption, and a 95.3% request completion rate with coherent caching. With RoadRunner, we apply our vision to Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). RoadRunner implements vehicular congestion control as an in-vehicle smartphone app that judiciously harnesses onboard sensing, local computation, and short-range communications, enabling large-scale traffic congestion control without the need for physical infrastructure, at higher penetration across road networks, and at finer granularity. RoadRunner enforces a quota on the number of cars on a road by requiring vehicles to possess a token for entry. Tokens are circulated and reused among multiple vehicles as they move between regions. We implemented RoadRunner as an Android application, deployed it on 10 vehicles using 4G (LTE), 802.11p DSRC and 802.11n adhoc WiFi, and measured cellular access reductions up to 84%, response time improvements up to 80%, and effectiveness of the system in enforcing congestion control policies. We also simulated large-scale scenarios using actual traffic loop-detector counts from Singapore.
by Jason Hao Gao.
S.M.
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Fang, Yajun Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Fusion-layer-based machine vision for intelligent transportation systems/." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60143.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-317).
Environment understanding technology is very vital for intelligent vehicles that are expected to automatically respond to fast changing environment and dangerous situations. To obtain perception abilities, we should automatically detect static and dynamic obstacles, and obtain their related information, such as, locations, speed, collision/occlusion possibility, and other dynamic current/historic information. Conventional methods independently detect individual information, which is normally noisy and not very reliable. Instead we propose fusion-based and layered-based information-retrieval methodology to systematically detect obstacles and obtain their location/timing information for visible and infrared sequences. The proposed obstacle detection methodologies take advantage of connection between different information and increase the computational accuracy of obstacle information estimation, thus improving environment understanding abilities, and driving safety.
by Yajun Fang.
Ph.D.
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Geng, Yanfeng. "Optimization methods for intelligent transportation systems in urban settings." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12760.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are those utilizing advanced infrastructure, synergistic technologies and systems engineering concepts to develop and improve transportation systems of all kinds. This dissertation focuses on studying two important topics of ITS: Smart Parking (SP) and Traffic Light Control (TLC). Both are viewed as dynamic optimization problems in stochastic hybrid system environments. The first part of this dissertation focuses on describing a novel "Smart Parking" system for an urban environment. As opposed to simply providing parking information to drivers in Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems, the proposed approach is to assign and reserve an optimal parking space based on a driver's cost function that combines proximity to destination and parking cost. This is accomplished by solving a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem at each decision point defined over a sequence of time instants. The solution of each MILP problem is an optimal allocation based on current state information, and is updated at the next decision point with a guarantee that there is no resource reservation conflict and that no driver is ever assigned a resource with a higher than this driver's current cost function value. Based on simulation results, compared to uncontrolled parking processes or state-of-the-art guidance-based systems, this system reduces the average time to find a parking space and the parking cost, while the overall parking capacity is more efficiently utilized. An in-door laboratory testbed is described to demonstrate the functionality of a system prototype. A full implementation in a garage is also discussed where this system has been tested in real time. In the second part, the traffic light control problem is addressed by viewing it as a stochastic hybrid system and developing a Stochastic Flow Model (SFM) for it. Using the theory of Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis (IPA), online gradient estimates of a cost metric are derived with respect to the controllable green and red cycle lengths. The IPA estimators obtained require counting traffic light switchings and estimating car flow rates only when specific events occur. The estimators are used to iteratively adjust light cycle lengths to improve performance and, in conjunction with a standard gradient-based algorithm, to obtain optimal values which adapt to changing traffic conditions. The method is first applied to a single-intersection TLC problem, and then extended to multiple intersections with blocking. Simulation results are included to illustrate the approach and demonstrate the improved performance over predefined traffic light cycles.
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Bakhsh, Kelarestaghi Kaveh. "A Risk Based Approach to Intelligent Transportation Systems Security." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91421.
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Security threats to cyber-physical systems are targeting institutions and infrastructure around the world, and the frequency and severity of attacks are on the rise. Healthcare manufacturing, financial services, education, government, and transportation are among the industries that are the most lucrative targets for adversaries. Hacking is not just about companies, organizations, or banks; it also includes critical infrastructure. Wireless Sensors Networks, Vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X), Dynamic Message Signs (DMS), and Traffic Signal Controllers are among major Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) infrastructure that has already been attacked or remain vulnerable to hacking. ITS has been deployed with a focus on increasing efficiency and safety in the face of dramatic increases in travel demand. Although many studies have been performed and many security primitives have been proposed, there are significant concerns about flawless performance in a dynamic environment. A holistic security approach, in which all infrastructure performs within the satisfactory level of security remains undiscovered. Previously, hacking of road infrastructure was a rare event, however, in recent years, field devices such as DMS are hacked with higher frequency. The primary reason that transportation assets are vulnerable to cyber-attacks is due to their location. A more dramatic scenario occurs when hackers attempt to convey tampered instructions to the public.
Analyzing traveler behavior in response to the hacked messages sign on the basis of empirical data is a vital step toward operating a secure and reliable transportation system. There may be room for improvement by policymakers and program managers when considering critical infrastructure vulnerabilities. With cybersecurity issues escalating every day, road users' safety has been neglected. This dissertation overcomes these challenges and contributes to the nascent but growing literature of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) security impact-oriented risk assessment in threefold.
• First, I employ a risk-based approach to conduct a threat assessment. This threat assessment performs a qualitative vulnerability-oriented threat analysis. The objective is to scrutinize safety, security, reliability, and operation issues that are prompted by a compromised Dynamic Message Signs (DMS).
• Second, I examine the impact of drivers' attitudes and behaviors on compliance, route diversion behavior, and speed change behavior, under a compromised DMS. We aim to assess the determinants that are likely to contribute to drivers' compliance with forged information. To this extent, this dissertation evaluates drivers' behavior under different unauthentic messages to assess in-depth the impact of an adversarial attack on the transportation network.
• Third, I evaluate distracted driving under different scenarios to assess the in-depth impact of an adversarial attack on the transportation network. To this extent, this dissertation examines factors that are contributing to the manual, visual, and cognitive distractions when drivers encountering fabricated advisory information at a compromised DMS.
The results of this dissertation support the original hypothesis and indicate that with respect to the forged information drivers tend to (1) change their planned route, (2) become involved in distracting activities, and (3) change their choice speed at the presence of a compromised DMS. The main findings of this dissertation are outlined below:
1. The DMS security vulnerabilities and predisposing conditions allow adversaries to compromise ITS functionality. The risk-based approach of this study delivers the impact-likelihood matrix, which maps the adverse impacts of the threat events onto a meaningful, visual, matrix. DMS hacking adverse impacts can be categorized mainly as high-risk and medium-risk clusters. The safety, operational (i.e., monetary losses) and behavioral impacts are associated with a high-risk cluster. While the security, reliability, efficiency, and operational (i.e., congestion) impacts are associated with the medium-risk cluster.
2. Tech friendly drivers are more likely to change their route under a compromised DMS. At the same time, while they are acquiring new information, they need to lowering their speed to respond to the higher information load. Under realistic-fabricated information, about 65% of the subjects would depart from their current route. The results indicate that females and subjects with a higher driving experience are more likely to change their route. In addition, those subjects who are more sensitive to the DMS's traffic-related messages and those who use DMS under congested traffic condition are more likely to divert. Interestingly, individuals with lower education level, Asians, those who live in urban areas, and those with trouble finding their direction in new routes are less likely to pick another route rather the one they planned for.
3. Regardless of the DMS hacking scenarios, drivers would engage in at least one of the distractive activities. Among the distractive activities, cognitive distraction has the highest impact on the distracted driving likelihood. Meaning, there is a high chance that drivers think of something other than driving, look at surrounding traffic and scenery, or talk to other passengers regarding the forged information they saw on the DMS. Drivers who rely and trust in technology, and those who check traffic condition before starting their trips tend to become distracted. In addition, the result identified that at the presence of bogus information, drivers tend to slow down or stop in order to react to the DMS. That is, they would either (1) become involved in activities through the means of their phone, (2) they would mind wander, look around, and talk to a passenger about the sign, and (3) search for extra information by means of their vehicle's radio or internet.
4. Females, black individuals, subjects with a disability, older, and those with high trust in DMS are less likely to ignore the fabricated messages. In contrary, white, those who drive long hours, and those who see driving as a tedious task are more likely to ignore the bogus messages. Drivers who comply with traffic regulations and have a good driving record are likely to slow down under the tampered messages. Furthermore, female drivers and those who live in rural areas are more likely to slow down under fabricated advisory information. Furthermore, this dissertation identifies that planning for alternative route and involvement in distractive activities cause speed variation behaviors under the compromised DMS.
This dissertation is the first to investigate the adverse impact of a compromised DMS on the road users and operators. I attempt to address the current gap in the literature by assessing and evaluating the impact of ITS security vulnerabilities. Broader impacts of this study include (1) to systematically raising awareness among policy-makers and engineers, (2) motivating further simulations and real-world experiments to investigate this matter further, (3) to systematically assessing the adverse impact of a security breach on transportation reliability and safety, and drivers' behavior, and (4) providing insights for system operators and decision-makers to prioritize the risk of a compromised DMS. Additionally, the outcome can be integrated with the nationwide connected vehicle and V2X implementations and security design.Doctor of Philosophy
Security threats are targeting institutions and infrastructure around the world, and the frequency and severity of security attacks are on the rise. Healthcare manufacturing, financial services, education, government, and transportation are among the industries that are the most lucrative targets for adversaries. Hacking is not just about companies, organizations, or banks; it also includes critical infrastructure. Intelligent Transportation Systems have been deployed with a focus on increasing efficiency and safety in the face of dramatic increases in traffic volume. Although many studies have been performed and many security primitives have been proposed, there are significant concerns about flawless performance in a dynamic environment. A holistic security approach, in which all infrastructure performs within the satisfactory level of security remains undiscovered. Previously, hacking of road infrastructure was a rare event, however, in recent years, field devices, such as dynamic message signs, are hacked with higher frequency. The primary reason that transportation assets are vulnerable to cyber-attacks is that of their location in public. A more dramatic scenario occurs when hackers attempt to convey tampered instructions to the public. Analyzing traveler behavior in response to the hacked messages sign on the basis of empirical data is a vital step toward operating a secure and reliable transportation system. This study is the first to investigate the adversarial impact of a compromised message sign on the road users and operators. I attempt to address the current gap in the literature by assessing and evaluating the impact of ITS security vulnerabilities.
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Silva, Saul Emanuel Delabrida. "Ideal traffic : a framework for building monitoring systems for intelligent transportation systems." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/5729.
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Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação. Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-11-03T18:46:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_IdealTrafficFramework.pdf: 4394447 bytes, checksum: 59957d5d4058cc84135f55c4a16f0df1 (MD5)
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The evolution and dissemination of network communication technology and the advanced status of embedded devices encourage the creation of solutions for monitoring cities in various environments. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is an area that makes use of these technologies, so that end-users can benefit from applications that deliver information in real time. On the other hand, administrating these applications is not a trivial task. Components may fail and invalidate an application. Usually, traffic application's architecture is centralized, fact that increases the cost of maintenance and reduces the flexibility of resources reuse. There are features required on ITS such as adaptability, scalability, heterogeneity, interoperability, openness, accessibility, and flexibility. It was not found on the literature any related work that aims to cover all these features, although some of them are requisites for ITS developed for use in North America and Europe. In this work we present IDEAL-TRAFFIC: a framework based on SOA architecture for building monitoring applications, with the ability to manage the state of the applications. IDEAL-TRAFFIC provides a simple interface that enables system administrators create applications and make them available to end-users. A self-adaptation process is included in the IDEAL-TRAFFIC framework in order to ensure fault tolerance. For the implementation of these features, rules of the application need to be considered and might depend upon the minimum of human intervention, since the framework can use third part systems or legacy systems to retrieve relevant data to continue running an application. In this thesis we have applied the IDEAL-TRAFFIC to two use cases to illustrate its use for ITS. In the first use case, we demonstrate the use of the framework in static nodes. In the second use case, we show how the framework may be integrated with vehicular networks. Three experiments have been launched. In all executions we reproduced the first use case over embedded devices. In order to demonstrate the framework accordance with the main ITS requirements, we illustrate the creation of services using XML SOA files, the communication among devices, the integration of the framework with a legacy system, and the scalability of the system. In all experiments we have obtained the expected results. This fact shows that the IDEAL-TRAFFIC is in accordance with the main ITS requirements. In the experiments launched, it was proved that the use of XML is an effective and efficient alternative, to create applications using services available by several nodes on the network. The proposed process reduces the time of creation of applications.
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Jia, Xudong. "A client/server-based intelligent GIS shell for transportation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20756.
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Subramanian, Shivaram. "Routing Algorithms for Dynamic, Intelligent Transportation Networks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37056.
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Traffic congestion has been cited as the most conspicuous problem in traffic management. It has far-reaching economic,social and political effects. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) research and development programs have been assigned the task of developing sophisticated techniques and counter-measures to reduce traffic congestion to manageable levels, and also achieve these objectives using area-wide traffic management methods. During times of traffic congestion, the traffic network in a transient, time-dynamic state, and resembles a dynamic network. In addition, in the context of ITS, the network can accurately detect such transient behavior using traffic sensors, and several other information gathering devices. In conjunction with Operations Research techniques, the time-varying traffic flows can be routed through the network in an optimal manner, based on the feedback from these information sources. Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) methods have been proposed to perform this task. An important step in DTA is the calculation of user-optimal, system-optimal, and multiple optimal routes for assigning traffic. One would also require the calculation of user-optimal paths for vehicle scheduling and dispatching problems.
The main objective of this research study is to analyze the effectiveness of time-dependent shortest path (TDSP) algorithms and k-shortest path (k-SP) algorithms as a practical routing tool in such intelligent transportation networks. Similar algorithms have been used to solve routing problems in computer networks. The similarities and differences between computer and ITS road networks are studied. An exhaustive review of TDSP and k-SP algorithms was conducted to classify and determine the best algorithms and implementation procedures available in the literature. A new (heuristic) algorithm (TD-kSP) that calculates multiple optimal paths for dynamic networks is proposed and developed. A complete object-oriented computer program in C++ was written using specialized network representations, node-renumbering schemes and efficient path processing data structures (classes) to implement this algorithm. A software environment where such optimization algorithms can be applied in practice was then developed using object-oriented design methodology. Extensive statistical and regression analysis tests for various random network sizes, densities and other parameters were conducted to determine the computational efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, the algorithm was incorporated within the GIS-based Wide-Area Incident Management Software System (WAIMSS) developed at the Center for Transportation Research, Virginia Tech. The results of these tests are used to obtain the empirical time-complexity of the algorithm. Results indicate that the performance of this algorithm is comparable to the best TDSP algorithms available in the literature, and strongly encourages its possible application in real-time applications.
Complete testing of the algorithm requires the use of real-time link flow data. While the use of randomly generated data and delay functions in this study may not significantly affect its computational performance, other measures of effectiveness as a routing tool remains untested. This can be verified only if the algorithm itself becomes a part of the user-behavior feedback loop. A closed loop traffic simulation/ system-dynamics study would be required to perform this task. On the other hand, an open-loop simulation would suffice for vehicle scheduling/dispatching problems.Master of Science
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Barrett, Daniel J. "Intelligent Transportation Systems: Development of Transportation Information Management System for a Small Urban Community." Full text, Acrobat Reader required, 1998. http://viva.lib.virginia.edu/etd/theses/barrett98.pdf.
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Bridgelall, Raj. "Pavement Performance Evaluation Using Connected Vehicles." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25000.
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Roads deteriorate at different rates from weathering and use. Hence, transportation agencies must assess the ride quality of a facility regularly to determine its maintenance needs. Existing models to characterize ride quality produce the International Roughness Index (IRI), the prevailing summary of roughness. Nearly all state agencies use Inertial Profilers to produce the IRI. Such heavily instrumented vehicles require trained personnel for their operation and data interpretation. Resource constraints prevent the scaling of these existing methods beyond 4% of the network. This dissertation developed an alternative method to characterize ride quality that uses regular passenger vehicles. Smartphones or connected vehicles provide the onboard sensor data needed to enable the new technique. The new method provides a single index summary of ride quality for all paved and unpaved roads. The new index is directly proportional to the IRI. A new transform integrates sensor data streams from connected vehicles to produce a linear energy density representation of roughness. The ensemble average of indices from different speed ranges converges to a repeatable characterization of roughness. The currently used IRI is undefined at speeds other than 80 km/h. This constraint mischaracterizes roughness experienced at other speeds. The newly proposed transform integrates the average roughness indices from all speed ranges to produce a speed-independent characterization of ride quality. This property avoids spatial wavelength bias, which is a critical deficiency of the IRI. The new method leverages the emergence of connected vehicles to provide continuous characterizations of ride quality for the entire roadway network. This dissertation derived precision bounds of deterioration forecasting for models that could utilize the new index. The results demonstrated continuous performance improvements with additional vehicle participation. With practical traversal volumes, the achievable precision of forecast is within a few days. This work also quantified capabilities of the new transform to localize roadway anomalies that could pose travel hazards. The methods included derivations of the best sensor settings to achieve the desired performances. Several case studies validated the findings. These new techniques have the potential to save agencies millions of dollars annually by enabling predictive maintenance practices for all roadways, worldwide.Mountain Plains Consortium (MPC)
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Li, Ying. "Interest management scheme and prediction model in intelligent transportation systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45856.
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This thesis focuses on two important problems related to DDDAS: interest management (data distribution) and prediction models. In order to reduce communication overhead, we propose a new interest management mechanism for mobile peer-to-peer systems. This approach involves dividing the entire space into cells and using an efficient sorting algorithm to sort the regions in each cell. A mobile landmarking scheme is introduced to implement this sort-based scheme in mobile peer-to-peer systems. The design does not require a centralized server, but rather, every peer can become a mobile landmark node to take a server-like role to sort and match the regions. Experimental results show that the scheme has better computational efficiency for both static and dynamic matching. In order to improve communication efficiency, we present a travel time prediction model based on boosting, an important machine learning technique, and combine boosting and neural network models to increase prediction accuracy. We also explore the relationship between the accuracy of travel time prediction and the frequency of traffic data collection with the long term goal of minimizing bandwidth consumption. Several different sets of experiments are used to evaluate the effectiveness of this model. The results show that the boosting neural network model outperforms other predictors.
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Alshudukhi, Jalawi. "Fixed chain-based wireless sensor network for intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2016. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/339e8000-1a19-4363-a307-9df2456c2b27/1/.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are distributed and interconnected wirelessly sensors that are used in a variety of fields of our daily life, such as the manufacturing, utility operations and traffic monitoring. Many WSN applications come with some technical weaknesses and issues, especially when they are used in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). For ITS applications that use a fixed chain topology which contains road studs deployed at ground level, there are some challenges related to radio propagation, energy constraints and the Media Access Control (MAC) protocol. This thesis develops a ground level radio propagation model for communication between road studs, and energy efficiency metrics to manage the resources to overcome the energy constraints, as well as a MAC protocol compatible with chain topology and ground level communication. For the challenges of the physical layer, this thesis investigates the use of a WSN for communicating between road-based nodes. These nodes are situated at ground level, and two-way wireless communication is required between the nodes and from the nodes to a roadside control unit. Field measurements have been carried out to examine the propagation close to the ground to determine the maximum distance between road-based nodes as a function of the antenna height. The results show that for a frequency of 2.4 GHz, a range of up to 8m is achievable with 2mW equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). An empirical near-ground level radio propagation model has been derived, and the predicted results from this model are shown to match closely to the measured results. Since wireless sensor networks have power constraints, green energy efficiency metrics have been proposed for low-power wireless sensors operating at ground level. A numerical analysis is carried out to investigate the utilisation of the green energy efficiency metrics for ground level communication in wireless sensor networks. The proposed metrics have been developed to calculate the optimal sensor deployment, antenna height and energy efficiency level for the near ground wireless sensor. As an application of the proposed metrics, the relationship between the energy efficiency and the spacing between the wireless sensor nodes has been studied. The results provide guidance for energy efficient deployment of near ground level wireless sensors. To manage the communication between large numbers of nodes deployed on a chain topology, this research presents a time division multiple access (TDMA) MAC protocol that is specifically designed for applications requiring periodic sensing of the sensor field. Numerical analysis has been conducted to investigate the optimum transmission scheduling based on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) for ground level propagation model applied on wireless chain topology. The optimised transmission schedule considers the SINR value to enable simultaneous transmission from multiple nodes. The most significant advantages of this approach are reduced delay and improved Packet Received Ratio (PRR). Simulation is performed to evaluate the proposed protocol for intelligent transport system applications. The simulation results validate the MAC protocol for a fixed chain topology compared with similar protocols.
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Beinhaker, Ross 1978. "The impact of intelligent transportation systems on supply chain management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29522.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-195).
Businesses are constantly searching for ways to reduce costs and increase revenue. This is a fact of life in a world where shareholder value drives corporate actions. In order to become more profitable, these businesses develop new processes and techniques to create efficiency. This paper is focused on one particular new technology that can be used to increase corporate profitability--intelligent transportation systems. The primary research objective of this thesis is to determine the impact that differing levels of information can have on transportation practices, and therefore, in turn on corporate profitability. This information is collected, analyzed, and disseminated through the use of intelligent transportation systems. The end result of this work is a quantification of this impact and conclusions related to which informational practices should be implemented into the supply chain. An experimental setup is designed that uses the Los Angeles Highway System as a test-bed. Traffic data is collected on this network over a two-week period. This data is used as the foundation to perform a series of simulations using differing levels of information. Each of these information levels is compared to a baseline to yield a % time savings. Next, a sensitivity analysis is performed by introducing a random error term which is normally distributed with mean zero and a specified standard deviation. The author concludes that there appears to be a fairly consistent trend in the way differing levels of information provide value. Progressing up the information spectrum, it appears that more and more value can be extracted in the form of time savings over the baseline. A monetary framework is examined which translates the time savings derived in the simulations into financial
(cont.) performance. It is shown that a regional carrier with a modest fleet size is able to add millions of dollars per year in operating profit by using the highest levels of information in its supply chain practices. After the implementation costs are incorporated into the analysis, the savings from ITS have the potential to unlock significant value for a company. The author recommends that supply chain professionals incorporate intelligent transportation systems into their operations. All in all, the author believes that the pre-trip, predictive information level is likely to offer the most benefit to corporations at a reasonable cost for the near-term if an accurate forecast can be made.
Ross Beinhaker.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Ma, Xiren. "Deep Learning-Based Vehicle Recognition Schemes for Intelligent Transportation Systems." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42247.
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With the increasing highlighted security concerns in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Vision-based Automated Vehicle Recognition (VAVR) has attracted considerable attention recently. A comprehensive VAVR system contains three components: Vehicle Detection (VD), Vehicle Make and Model Recognition (VMMR), and Vehicle Re-identification (VReID). These components perform coarse-to-fine recognition tasks in three steps. The VAVR system can be widely used in suspicious vehicle recognition, urban traffic monitoring, and automated driving system. Vehicle recognition is complicated due to the subtle visual differences between different vehicle models. Therefore, how to build a VAVR system that can fast and accurately recognize vehicle information has gained tremendous attention.
In this work, by taking advantage of the emerging deep learning methods, which have powerful feature extraction and pattern learning abilities, we propose several models used for vehicle recognition. First, we propose a novel Recurrent Attention Unit (RAU) to expand the standard Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture for VMMR. RAU learns to recognize the discriminative part of a vehicle on multiple scales and builds up a connection with the prominent information in a recurrent way. The proposed ResNet101-RAU achieves excellent recognition accuracy of 93.81% on the Stanford Cars dataset and 97.84% on the CompCars dataset. Second, to construct efficient vehicle recognition models, we simplify the structure of RAU and propose a Lightweight Recurrent Attention Unit (LRAU). The proposed LRAU extracts the discriminative part features by generating attention masks to locate the keypoints of a vehicle (e.g., logo, headlight). The attention mask is generated based on the feature maps received by the LRAU and the preceding attention state generated by the preceding LRAU. Then, by adding LRAUs to the standard CNN architectures, we construct three efficient VMMR models. Our models achieve the state-of-the-art results with 93.94% accuracy on the Stanford Cars dataset, 98.31% accuracy on the CompCars dataset, and 99.41% on the NTOU-MMR dataset. In addition, we construct a one-stage Vehicle Detection and Fine-grained Recognition (VDFG) model by combining our LRAU with the general object detection model. Results show the proposed VDFG model can achieve excellent performance with real-time processing speed. Third, to address the VReID task, we design the Compact Attention Unit (CAU). CAU has a compact structure, and it relies on a single attention map to extract the discriminative local features of a vehicle. We add two CAUs to the truncated ResNet to construct a small but efficient VReID model, ResNetT-CAU. Compared with the original ResNet, the model size of ResNetT-CAU is reduced by 60%. Extensive experiments on the VeRi and VehicleID dataset indicate the proposed ResNetT-CAU achieve the best re-identification results on both datasets. In summary, the experimental results on the challenging benchmark VMMR and VReID datasets indicate our models achieve the best VMMR and VReID performance, and our models have a small model size and fast image processing speed.
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Georgakis, Panagiotis. "Methodology for the design and modelling of integrated intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403254.
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Sciandra, Vincent. "Toward unifying on-board intelligent transportation systems architecture in public transports." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1097/document.
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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une démarche Européenne de recherche sous l'égide du projet European Bus System of the Futur (EBSF). Ce projet vise à définir le bus de demain et de préparer son architecture embarquée, aux systèmes de transport intelligents (STI) critiques ou de divertissement, de plus en plus présents dans les véhicules. Les systèmes autrefois hétérogènes et autonomes, devrons à l'avenir communiquer sur une architecture orientée service (SOA) unique. L'objectif est d'optimiser le fonctionnement de l'architecture dans son ensemble grâce à des protocoles de communication ouverts et standards. C'est à partir de cette base, à laquelle nous avons activement apportée notre contribution, que notre thèse s'appuie. Le dimensionnement et la validation de ces architectures sont restés des éléments sans réponse à la suite du projet EBSF. Cette thèse présente premièrement une méthode dimensionnement des architectures STI basée sur les méthodes de décision multi-critères. Nous nous basons sur une étude poussée des besoins opérationnels collectés tout au long de la thèse. Dans un deuxième temps, nous adaptons le modèle de Criticité Mixte, définit dans le domaine du temps réel, aux flux de communication entre le véhicule et l'infrastructure. Enfin nous présentons les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de la standardisation européenne afin de promouvoir ce type d'architecture et les travaux de cette thèseIntelligent Transportation systems (ITS) are massively used in the Public Transport sector since the Two decades. This profusion of systems on-board and off-board vehicles generates inter-operability issues. The growth of urban zones and the increase of public transport attractiveness, brought multi-modal constraints that are today limited due to a lack of architecture vision embracing all ITS. This thesis proposes to unify the architecture vision of on-board ITS. We based our technical architecture on the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) proposed in the European Bus System of the Future (EBSF) project, in which this thesis actively contributed. We study first the global requirements of different transportation modes operated in Europe. Those requirements are a basis to the definition of technical constraints of a global architecture. Those constraints are ranked in terms of importance using a proposed method based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. The method that we propose permits to size the technical architecture. We then study the flow management of data, considering the context of operation of vehicles and the criticality of ITS applications. We propose to adapt the Real-time Mixed-Criticality model to communication systems on-board the vehicles. We apply this method on a communication gateway of a bus, through its journey. Finally we present the work done at the standardization level (CEN) in order promote the global architecture vision presented in the thesis
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Knaian, Ara N. (Ara Nerses) 1977. "A wireless sensor network for smart roadbeds and intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9072.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-38).
We have developed a wireless sensor package to instrument roadways for Intelligent Transportation Systems. The sensor package counts passing vehicles, measures the average roadway speed, and detects ice and water on the road. Clusters of sensors can transmit this information in near real-time to wired base stations for use controlling and predicting traffic, and in clearing road hazards. The sensor package draws a maximum time-averaged current of 17 tA from an internal lithium battery, allowing it to operate in the roadbed for at least 10 years without maintenance. The nodes cost well under $30 to manufacture, and can be installed without running wires under the road, facilitating wide deployment. Unlike many other types of traffic sensors, these sensors count vehicles in bumper-to-bumper traffic just as well as in widely separated traffic. The devices detect vehicles by detecting the perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the vehicles. They measure this perturbation using an anisotropic magneto-resistive magnetic field sensor. The radio transmitters in the sensor are frequency-agile, and the sensors use a randomized sparse TDMA protocol, which allows several transmit-only devices to share a channel. The sensor package includes a custom-designed, compact, broadband, inexpensive printed circuit microstrip antenna for the 915 MHz U.S. ISM band. We built a prototype sensor package, and installed it in a pothole in a city street. We used the sensor to monitor the traffic flow rate during free-flowing traffic and a traffic jam.
by Ara N. Knaian.
M.Eng.
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Gao, Jason Hao. "Intelligent transportation systems leveraging next-generation mobile devices, sensors, and networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107332.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 122-137).
Urban transportation is becoming increasingly intelligent and connected, with the potential for high societal, economic, and environmental impact as it changes the way we work and live in cities. Mobile apps today already provide navigation, transit prediction, mobility-on-demand, and other transportation services. Other urban transportation challenges, such as managing traffic congestion with high granularity and wide coverage, accessing real-time transportation and city information on-the-go, and deploying driver-less vehicles at scale, are still difficult to address pervasively because existing approaches require costly and slow-to-deploy infrastructure. Our goal is to leverage the technological and marketplace forces of the mobile revolution to build and rapidly deploy pervasive, widespread, infrastructure-less intelligent transportation systems (ITS) that can address the needs of future smart cities. This thesis presents fully-integrated hardware and software systems with working, phone-based prototype deployments in cities. By focusing on pushing new technologies into the device rather than infrastructure, we can realize future ITS for smart cities more rapidly. Together, these systems enable a foundation for resilient, next-generation ITS apps that blur the line between city and software. In the first part of this thesis, we observe the trend of increasingly diverse and varied wireless communications interfaces available on mobile phones, and design and build a prototype of an 802.11p radio that is suited for the power and size constraints mobile devices, allowing them to communicate directly with each other without routing through a router or cellular network. Our evaluation shows reductions in power consumption of 47-56% compared to an off-the-shelf 802.11p radio, and a significantly reduced system footprint, showing that 802.11p can be integrated as a future wireless communications interface on mobile devices. We then propose and design a future ITS application that leverages device-to-device (D2D) communications to enable highly granular, widespread traffic management in cities: RoadRunner. We evaluate RoadRunner with both simulation studies and an experimental deployment on real vehicles to show that it achieves fine-grained traffic management and reduces traffic congestion, while eliminating the need for the costly and coarse-grained infrastructure of existing traffic management systems. In the second part of this thesis, we observe that mobile computing performance is improving rapidly, and propose that future ITS can eschew the traditional client-server approach and instead leverage the heavy-duty computation and D2D communications on the devices to improve user experience. We propose and design a suitable programming model and framework that seamlessly ties together device-centric computation and communications, allowing mobile app develops to easily develop applications in this proposed paradigm. We build and evaluate this programming framework, DIPLOMA, and an example ITS application on top of it, and demonstrate order-of-magnitude improvements in responsiveness/latency and reduced dependence on infrastructure-centric cellular networking. In the final part of this thesis, we observe that mobile sensing is evolving rapidly and incorporating different sensing modalities. We propose that future ITS can use new sensors, such as laser distance sensors, by leveraging heavy-duty mobile computing performance, and design a low-cost laser distance sensor on a mobile phone. We build and evaluate our laser distance sensor in real-world conditions and on autonomous vehicles, and show that our prototype achieves performance suitable for collision avoidance for driver-less vehicles operating at up to 15-18 km/h, costs a fraction of the cost of other comparable laser distance sensors, and straightforwardly leverages improvements in mobile computing performance.
by Jason Hao Gao.
Ph. D.
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Pinelis, Lev. "The application of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Information Technology systems to disaster response." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37972.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-199).
Disaster response operations during recent terrorist attacks and natural disasters have been a cause for concern. Lack of planning is one source of difficulties with these operations, but even if a perfect plan is agreed upon before a disaster occurs, it is unlikely that disaster response operations will be successful without better technological support. For this thesis, three prominent and recent disaster cases are analyzed in order to better understand current disaster response problems that result from insufficient Information Technology (IT) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) support. After presenting this analysis, we provide results of a technology review, whose goal was to search for emerging technologies that could perform better during a disaster response than the standard, currently available systems. .
(cont.) Using these emerging technologies, a Disaster Response Support System (DRSS) is proposed that would provide improved capability, interoperability, and robustness compared to the currently available support systems. Finally, potential barriers to deployment of a system such as the DRSS are discussed and ways in which these barriers can be overcome are suggested
by Lev Pinelis.
S.M.
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Alghwiri, Alaa Ali. "INTELLIGENT PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLATFORM IN A UNIVERSITY SETTING." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1543919012077744.
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Sochor, Jana. "Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems on Users' Mobility: A Case Study Analysis." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Trafik och logistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102327.
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People have many reasons to be mobile, from day-to-day activities involving work, studies, and family, to maintaining participation in society, health, and quality of life. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly being deployed in the transportation context to improve individuals' mobility; for example via information provision. Advanced use of ICT in transportation is commonly referred to as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Despite many opportunities for ITS services to enhance personal mobility, the collection and use of movement and activity data also poses challenges, as it facilitates easier access to more information for people to use, but about them as well. Knowledge about users' perceptions of advantages and disadvantages (for example assurance and privacy) associated with the use of ITS services is limited. Even less is known regarding to what degree their perceptions influence their acceptance of the services or their behavior. The aim of this thesis project is to gather empirical interview and survey data from multiple user groups in order to learn more about the factors impacting users' attitudes towards ITS services. In exploring not only demographic factors, but also the potential positive and negative impacts from the users' perspective, this project attempts to paint a more holistic view of the issues surrounding the possibilities for ITS to enhance mobility. From the two case studies presented in this thesis, results indicate that respondents are pro-technology and are not highly concerned about privacy in general, but other ethical issues serve to shed light on the situations of different user groups. In the first case study with visually impaired individuals, the ability to lead an autonomous and independent life is a strong driver for the acceptance of a pedestrian navigation system, which the users themselves would choose to use. While the participants are generally optimistic about the possibilities of using ITS to enhance their mobility, their comments illustrate that ICT development does not necessarily result in ethically sound, universally accessible technology, and that a coordinated effort on multiple fronts is vital in addressing users' needs and meeting broader social goals such as social inclusion and the accessibility of transportation, technology, and information. In the second case study with professional heavy goods vehicle drivers and their employers, the drivers are in a dependent (employee) position and have less personal control over the use of ITS services in the vehicles. The employers are perceived as the greater beneficiaries of the services, which could be linked to the systematic lack of feedback to the drivers. Generally, the respondents trust the employers to protect the drivers' privacy. However, there also exist gaps in organizational communication regarding data gathering and handling practices as well as in expected versus stated behavior modification as a result of workplace monitoring. As employees are not normally able to provide informed consent due to their dependent position, recommendations for organizations include performing comprehensive impact assessments, engaging in an ongoing dialogue with employees, and providing an opt-out option in order to move towards a more informed consent.QC 20120917
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Gopalakrishnan, Subramanian. "Prediction of short-term traffic volume for applications in intelligent transportation systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ54710.pdf.
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Kim, Jeffrey H. 1974. "Strategies for developing an intelligent transportation systems industrial base in South Korea." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30031.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-44).
Thirty years of high economic growth has transformed South Korea into a middle-income country with strengths in many promising industries. However, the government of South Korea realizes that the country must constantly push into new areas to maintain its economic growth rates and achieve its goal of joining the ranks of advanced, First World nations. With the economic emergence of China and Southeast Asia, this pressure to advance up the value chain has intensified. Thus the government has been actively seeking new growth areas that will aid in the next level of South Korea's development. This thesis aims to examine the prospects of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) industry as a source of growth for the South Korean economy over the coming 20 years. It investigates the industry's potential for domestic growth as well as South Korea's prospects for becoming a major participant in the global market for ITS equipment and integration services. This paper discusses the arguments for various policies to encourage the development of the ITS industry. In particular, it draws on information about the latest ITS enabling technologies and South Korea's existing data infrastructure, as well as the country's financial constraints to analyze the feasibility of building a common ITS data transport infrastructure in the Seoul Metropolitan area. It also reviews the arguments for policies designed to develop ITS as an export industry. The examination suggests that South Korea's existing strengths in related technical fields, and the unique circumstances which make it an ideal test bed for new technologies, presents the country with opportunities for taking an early lead in this still developing market. In addition, the costs of funding key policies to encourage the development of ITS are well within reach for the national government, considering its financial situation. The paper concludes that the prospects for the ITS equipment and integration market over the next two decades are bright, and that the Korean government should consider nurturing it as a potential high-growth industry. ITS should not only be viewed as a promising technology for improving the efficiency of Korea's domestic transportation system, but as an industry that should be actively supported for its export potential.
by Jeffrey H. Kim.
S.M.
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Ozbilgin, Guchan Ozbilgin. "Relationship of Simulator and Emulator and Real Experiments on Intelligent Transportation Systems." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462817337.
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Palmer, Sally J. "Planner Technical Skills, Intelligent Transportation Systems Inclusion, and Deployment| A Correlational Study." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10265378.
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The research explored a barrier to intelligent transportation systems (ITS) deployment. The purpose of the research involved understanding whether practitioner technical skills correlated to the frequency by which planners’ incorporated ITS within planning studies and whether projects resulting from studies managed or performed by technically-skilled practitioners more frequently reached deployment status. The predictor variables in the research included planner composite technical skills (composite ITS skill [PV] and composite IS/T skill [PV]) and planner inclusion of ITS in transportation and transit planning studies (PV). The criterion variable reflected three different project status groups for which separate data collection occurred: deployed, active, and completed study (CV). Transportation and transit planners across the United States participated in the research. The research incorporated a correlational design employing survey methodology. Participants used the Planner Skills and ITS survey instrument to provide data. Multiple regression was used to test significance of correlation between the variables. In the active and completed study project status groups, the null hypotheses were rejected in favor of the alternate where p = .023 and p = .001, respectively. In the deployed status group, p = .117, thus retaining the null hypothesis. The conclusion drawn from results indicated that the higher a planner’s ITS skills, the more frequently a planner included ITS in planning studies, and the more frequently those study-related projects reached deployed status.
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Park, Jaeyong. "Safe Controller Design for Intelligent Transportation System Applications using Reachability Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366201401.
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Parhad, Ashutosh. "Energy scavenging using piezoelectric sensors to power in pavement intelligent vehicle detection systems." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1603752.
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Intelligent transportation systems use in-pavement inductive loop sensors to collect real time traffic data. This method is very expensive in terms of installation and maintenance. Our research is focused on developing advanced algorithms capable of generating high amounts of energy that can charge a battery. This electromechanical energy conversion is an optimal way of energy scavenging that makes use of piezoelectric sensors. The power generated is sufficient to run the vehicle detection module that has several sensors embedded together. To achieve these goals, we have developed a simulation module using software’s like LabVIEW and Multisim. The simulation module recreates a practical scenario that takes into consideration vehicle weight, speed, wheel width and frequency of the traffic.
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Edwards, Derek L. "Designing optimal demand-responsive transportation feeder systems and comparing performance in heterogeneous environments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52230.
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The goal of this research is to develop a method of objectively comparing and optimizing the performance of demand-responsive transportation systems in heterogeneous environments. Demand-responsive transportation refers to modes of transportation that do not follow fixed routes or schedules, including taxis, paratransit, deviated-route services, ride sharing as well as other modes. Heterogeneous environments are transportation environments in which streets do not follow regular patterns, passenger behavior is difficult to model, and transit schedules and layouts are non-uniform. An example of a typical heterogeneous environment is a modern suburb with non-linear streets, low pedestrian activity, and infrequent or sparse transit service. The motivation for this research is to determine if demand-responsive transportation can be used to improve customer satisfaction and reduce operating costs in suburban and low-density urban areas where fixed-route transportation may be inefficient.
This research extends existing comparison and optimization techniques that are designed to work in homogeneous environments. Homogeneous environments refer to transportation systems where the streets follow regular and repeating patterns, passengers are evenly distributed throughout the system, and the transit system is easily modeled. The performance of systems with these characteristics can be approximated with closed-form analytical expressions representing passenger travel times, vehicle distances traveled, and other performance indicators. However, in the low-density urban areas studied in this research, the street patterns and transit schedules are irregular and passenger behavior is difficult to model. In these areas, analytical solutions cannot be found. Instead, this research develops a simulation-based approach to compare and optimize performance in these heterogeneous environments. Using widely-available route-planning tools, open-source transit schedules, and detailed passenger data, it is possible to simulate the behavior of transit vehicles and passengers to such an exacting degree that analytical solutions are not needed.
A major technical contribution of this research is the development of a demand-responsive transportation simulator to analyze performance of demand-responsive systems in heterogeneous environments. The simulator combines several open-source tools for route planning with a custom-built demand-responsive vehicle and passenger-itinerary optimizer to simulate individual vehicles and passengers within a large system. With knowledge of the street network, the transit schedule, passenger locations, and trip request times, the simulator will output exact passenger transit times, passenger travel distances, vehicle travel distance, and other performance indicators for a particular transportation setup in a given area.
The simulator is used to develop a method of comparing various demand-responsive and fixed-route systems. By predefining a set of performance indicators, such as passenger travel time and operating cost, the simulator can be used to ascertain the performance of a wide array of transportation systems. Comparing the weighted cost of each type of system permits a transportation engineer or planner to determine what type of system will provide the best results in a given area.
The simulator is extended to assist in optimization of the demand-responsive transportation system layout. A key problem that needs to be solved when implementing a demand-responsive system is to determine the size, shape, and location of the demand-responsive coverage areas, i.e., the areas in which passengers are eligible for demand-responsive transportation. Using a particle swarm optimization algorithm and the simulation-based comparison technique, the optimal size and shape for a demand-responsive coverage area can be determined.
The efficacy of the comparison and optimization techniques is demonstrated within the city of Atlanta, GA. It is shown that for certain areas of the city of Atlanta, demand-responsive transportation is more efficient than the currently implemented fixed-route system. Depending on the objective of the transportation planner, passenger satisfaction as well as operating costs can be improved by implementing a demand-responsive system in certain low-density areas.
The techniques introduced in this research, and the simulation tool developed to implement those techniques, provide a repeatable, accurate, and objective method with which to optimize and compare demand-responsive transportation systems in heterogeneous environments.
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Luk, Yiu-wah Everett, and 陸耀華. "Potential applications of intelligent transport systems in urban freight transport." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29851397.
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Sabounghi, Raouf Lewis. "Modeling the impact of intelligent transportation systems on surface goods movement in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23658.pdf.
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Park, Taehyung. "Network Design and Analysis Problems in Telecommunication, Location-Allocation, and Intelligent Transportation Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30658.
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This research is concerned with the development of algorithmic approaches for solving
problems that arise in the design and analysis of telecommunication networks, location-allocation distribution contexts, and intelligent transportation networks. Specifically, the corresponding problems addressed in these areas are a local access and transport area (LATA) network design problem, the discrete equal-capacity p-median problem (PMED), and the estimation of dynamic origin-destination path ows or trip tables in a general network.
For the LATA network problem, we develop a model and apply the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT) to construct various enhanced tightened versions of the proposed model. We also design efficient Lagrangian dual schemes for solving the linear programming relaxation of the various enhanced models, and construct an effective heuristic procedure for deriving good quality solutions in this process. Extensive computational results are provided to demonstrate the progressive tightness resulting from the enhanced formulations and their effect on providing good quality feasible solutions. The results indicate that the proposed procedures typically yield solutions having an optimality gap of less than 2% with respect to the derived lower bound, within a reasonable effort that involves the solution of a single linear program.
For the discrete equal-capacity p-median problem, we develop various valid inequalities, a separation routine for generating cutting planes via specific members of such inequalities, as well as an enhanced reformulation that constructs a partial convex hull representation that subsumes an entire class of valid inequalities via its linear programming relaxation. We also propose suitable heuristic schemes for solving this problem, based on sequentially rounding the continuous relaxation solutions obtained for the various equivalent formulations of the problem. Extensive computational results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed valid inequalities, enhanced formulations, and heuristic schemes. The results indicate that the proposed schemes for tightening the underlying relaxations play a significant role in enhancing the performance of both exact and heuristic solution methods for solving this class of problems.
For the estimation of dynamic path ows in a general network, we propose a parametric optimization approach to estimate time-dependent path ows, or origin-destination trip tables, using available data on link traffic volumes for a general road network. Our model assumes knowledge of certain time-dependent link ow contribution factors that are a dynamic generalization of the path-link incidence matrix for the static case. We propose a column generation approach that uses a sequence of dynamic shortest path subproblems in order to solve this problem. Computational results are presented on several variants of two sample test networks from the literature. These results indicate the viability of the proposed approach for use in an on-line mode in practice.
Finally, we present a summary of our developments and results, and offer several related recommendations for future research.Ph. D.