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Journal articles on the topic 'Intensional-extensional'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bourdier, Tony, Horatiu Cirstea, Daniel Dougherty, and Hélène Kirchner. "Extensional and Intensional Strategies." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 15 (January 26, 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.15.1.

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Pitt, Eduardo Antônio. "Considerações acerca dos critérios de Identidade Intensional e Extensional na Conceitografia de Frege/Considerations on extensional and intensional identity criteria in Frege’s Begriffsschrift." Pensando - Revista de Filosofia 5, no. 10 (March 28, 2015): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/pensando.v5i10.2894.

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Neste artigo daremos principal atenção aos dois critérios de identidade de conteúdo conceitual que estão presentes nos §§ 3 e 8 da Conceitografia de Gottlob Frege. Nosso propósito é analisar as características destes critérios da notação conceitual de Frege porque pretendemos delimitar a discussão em torno dos problemas relacionados às noções de identidade intensional e extensional. Dessa forma, pretendemos: (i) analisar os critérios de identidade de conteúdo conceitual presentes nos §§ 3 e 8 da Conceitografia com o objetivo de mostrar que Frege apresentou uma caracterização híbrida da noção de conteúdo conceitual (valor semântico) e (ii) fazer considerações a respeito de relações que podemos estabelecer entre os critérios intensionais e extensionais de Frege e Richard Kirkham presentes no livro Teorias da Verdade: Uma Introdução Crítica. Com tais comparações pretendemos averiguar: (iii) se o critério de identidade do § 8 da Conceitografia é idêntico ao critério extensional de equivalência material de Kirkham e (iv) se o critério de identidade do § 3 da Conceitografia é mais forte, mais fraco ou idêntico aos critérios intensionais de equivalência essencial e de equivalência de sinonímia de Kirkham.Abstract: In this paper we will give primary attention to two identity criteria of conceptual content that are present in §§ 3 and 8 of Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift. Our purpose is to analyze the characteristics of these criteria of conceptual notation of Frege because we want to delimit the discussion around problems related to the notions of intensional and extensional identity. Thus, we intend to: (i) analyze the identity criteria of conceptual content present in §§ 3 and 8 of Begriffsschrift aiming to show that Frege introduced a hybrid characterization of the notion of conceptual content (semantic value) and (ii) make considerations about the relationships that we establish between intensional and extensional criteria of Frege and Richard Kirkham present in the book Theories of Truth: A Critical Introduction. With such comparisons we intend to investigate: (iii) if the identity criterion of § 8 of Begriffsschrift is identical to the extensional criterion of material equivalence in Kirkham and (iv) if the identity criterion of § 3 of Begriffsschrift is stronger, weaker or identical to intensional criteria of essential equivalence and of synonyms equivalence of Kirkham. Key words: Identity, Intensional Criterion, Extensional Criterion.

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Park, Seungbae. "Extensional scientific realism vs. intensional scientific realism." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 59 (October 2016): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2016.06.001.

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Gay, Simon, and Rajagopal Nagarajan. "Intensional and Extensional Semantics of Dataflow Programs." Formal Aspects of Computing 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-003-0018-1.

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Смирнова, Е. Д. "An approach to the interpretation on intensional contexts." Logical Investigations 19 (April 9, 2013): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-1472-2013-19-0-238-245.

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The paper introduces a non-standard analysis of intensional contexts on the ground of generalized approach to semantics construction. The principles of building such kind semantics are consider. As far as I can see it is an idea on domains and anti-domains that lays in the ground a semantics of intensional contexts. Intensional contexts differ from extensional by ascription of specific values to intensional predicates (operators) and, what is more important, by a way of their combination with arguments. Thus constructing operations play the leading role in proposed analysis. The peculiarities of IPL: any expression including intensional predicates and operators has an intension as well as an extension.

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VAN DEN BERG, BENNO. "Three extensional models of type theory." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 19, no. 2 (April 2009): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129509007440.

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We compare three categorical models of type theory with extensional constructs: setoids over extensional type theory; setoids over intensional type theory and a certain free exact category (the free ‘ΠW-pretopos’). By studying the amount of choice available in these categories, we are able show that they are distinct.

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Majkić, Zoran. "Conservative Intensional Extension of Tarski's Semantics." Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2013 (February 26, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/920157.

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We considered an extension of the first-order logic (FOL) by Bealer's intensional abstraction operator. Contemporary use of the term “intension” derives from the traditional logical Frege-Russell doctrine that an idea (logic formula) has both an extension and an intension. Although there is divergence in formulation, it is accepted that the “extension” of an idea consists of the subjects to which the idea applies, and the “intension” consists of the attributes implied by the idea. From the Montague's point of view, the meaning of an idea can be considered as particular extensions in different possible worlds. In the case of standard FOL, we obtain a commutative homomorphic diagram, which is valid in each given possible world of an intensional FOL: from a free algebra of the FOL syntax, into its intensional algebra of concepts, and, successively, into an extensional relational algebra (different from Cylindric algebras). Then we show that this composition corresponds to the Tarski's interpretation of the standard extensional FOL in this possible world.

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Duží, Marie, and Aleš Horák. "Hyperintensional Reasoning Based on Natural Language Knowledge Base." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 28, no. 03 (May 21, 2020): 443–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021848852050018x.

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The success of automated reasoning techniques over large natural-language texts heavily relies on a fine-grained analysis of natural language assumptions. While there is a common agreement that the analysis should be hyperintensional, most of the automatic reasoning systems are still based on an intensional logic, at the best. In this paper, we introduce the system of reasoning based on a fine-grained, hyperintensional analysis. To this end we apply Tichy’s Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) with its procedural semantics. TIL is a higher-order, hyperintensional logic of partial functions, in particular apt for a fine-grained natural-language analysis. Within TIL we recognise three kinds of context, namely extensional, intensional and hyperintensional, in which a particular natural-language term, or rather its meaning, can occur. Having defined the three kinds of context and implemented an algorithm of context recognition, we are in a position to develop and implement an extensional logic of hyperintensions with the inference machine that should neither over-infer nor under-infer.

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Palopoli, Luigi, Luigi Pontieri, Giorgio Terracina, and Domenico Ursino. "Intensional and extensional integration and abstraction of heterogeneous databases." Data & Knowledge Engineering 35, no. 3 (December 2000): 201–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-023x(00)00028-8.

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Tselishchev, Vitaliy V., and Alexander V. Khlebalin. "The Gap between the Intensional and Extensional in Mathematics." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 18, no. 2 (2020): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2020-18-2-48-58.

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The paper is devoted to the study of the divergence of the intensionalist and extensionalist traditions in the foundations of mathematics. One of the important manifestations of this discrepancy was the debate on the status of the Axiom of Choice. In particular, we argue that Russell's challenging Axioms of the Choice is connected with his intensionalist philosophy of mathematics and the extensionalist approach of Zermelo. It is shown that the opposition of the intensionalist and extensionalist approaches includes such key problems of the philosophy of mathematics as the epistemological features of theorems and axioms, the nature of logical-philosophical analysis, and the role of logic in mathematics.

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Tomiyama, Tetsuo, and Paul J. W. ten Hagen. "Representing knowledge in two distinct descriptions: Extensional vs. intensional." Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0954-1810(90)90032-y.

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Garibaldi, U., and M. A. Penco. "Intensional vs extensional probabilities from their origins to Laplace." Historia Mathematica 18, no. 1 (February 1991): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(91)90349-3.

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13

Lechthaler, Manuel. "Intensional Composition as Identity." Grazer Philosophische Studien 97, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000089.

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Composition as Identity claims that a composite object is identical to its parts taken collectively. This is often understood as reducing the identity of composite objects to the identity of their parts. The author argues that Composition as Identity is not such a reduction. His central claim is that an intensional notion of composition, which is sensitive to the arrangement of the composing objects, avoids criticisms based on an extensional understanding of composition. The key is to understand composition as an intensional kind of identity relation, many-one identity. Eventually, the author suggests an arrangement condition for many-one identity that allows him to distinguish between composite objects, even if they have the same parts.

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GLASHOFF, KLAUS. "AN INTENSIONAL LEIBNIZ SEMANTICS FOR ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC." Review of Symbolic Logic 3, no. 2 (March 17, 2010): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020309990396.

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Since Frege’s predicate logical transcription of Aristotelian categorical logic, the standard semantics of Aristotelian logic considers terms as standing for sets of individuals. From a philosophical standpoint, this extensional model poses problems: There exist serious doubts that Aristotle’s terms were meant to refer always to sets, that is, entities composed of individuals. Classical philosophy up to Leibniz and Kant had a different view on this question—they looked at terms as standing for concepts (“Begriffe”). In 1972, Corcoran presented a formal system for Aristotelian logic containing a calculus of natural deduction, while, with respect to semantics, he still made use of an extensional interpretation. In this paper we deal with a simple intensional semantics for Corcoran’s syntax—intensional in the sense that no individuals are needed for the construction of a complete Tarski model of Aristotelian syntax. Instead, we view concepts as containing or excluding other, “higher” concepts—corresponding to the idea which Leibniz used in the construction of his characteristic numbers. Thus, this paper is an addendum to Corcoran’s work, furnishing his formal syntax with an adequate semantics which is free from presuppositions which have entered into modern interpretations of Aristotle’s theory via predicate logic.

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MAKSIMOVIĆ, KATARINA. "FACETS OF INTENSIONALITY." Arhe 27, no. 34 (March 17, 2021): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/arhe.2020.34.61-83.

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The goal of this paper is to introduce the reader to the distinction between intensional and extensional as a distinction between different approaches to meaning. We will argue that despite the common belief, intensional aspects of mathematical notions can be, and in fact have been successfully described in mathematics. One that is for us particularly interesting is the notion of deduction as depicted in general proof theory. Our considerations result in defending a) the importance of a rule-based semantical approach and b) the position according to which non-reductive and somewhat circular explanations play an essential role in describing intensionality in mathematics.

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HARRISON, AMELIA, and VLADIMIR LIFSCHITZ. "Stable models for infinitary formulas with extensional atoms." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 16, no. 5-6 (September 2016): 771–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068416000314.

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AbstractThe definition of stable models for propositional formulas with infinite conjunctions and disjunctions can be used to describe the semantics of answer set programming languages. In this note, we enhance that definition by introducing a distinction between intensional and extensional atoms. The symmetric splitting theorem for first-order formulas is then extended to infinitary formulas and used to reason about infinitary definitions.

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Tomai, Eleni, Poulicos Prastacos, and Marinos Kavouras. "A Framework for Intensional and Extensional Integration of Geographic Ontologies." Transactions in GIS 11, no. 6 (December 2007): 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2007.01081.x.

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Wybraniec-Skardowska, Urszula. "On Language Adequacy." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 257–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0013.

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Abstract The paper concentrates on the problem of adequate reflection of fragments of reality via expressions of language and inter-subjective knowledge about these fragments, called here, in brief, language adequacy. This problem is formulated in several aspects, the most general one being: the compatibility of the language syntax with its bi-level semantics: intensional and extensional. In this paper, various aspects of language adequacy find their logical explication on the ground of the formal-logical theory of syntax T of any categorial language L generated by the so-called classical categorial grammar, and also on the ground of its extension to the bi-level, intensional and ex- tensional semantic-pragmatic theory ST for L. In T, according to the token- type distinction of Ch. S. Peirce, L is characterized first as a language of wellformed expression-tokens (wfe-tokens) - material, concrete objects - and then as a language of wfe-types - abstract objects, classes of wfe-tokens. In ST the semantic-pragmatic notions of meaning and interpretation for wfe-types of L of intensional semantics and the notion of denotation of extensional seman- tics for wfe-types and constituents of knowledge are formalized. These notions allow formulating a postulate (an axiom of categorial adequacy) from which follow all the most important conditions of the language adequacy, including the above, and a structural one connected with three principles of compositionality.

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McNamara, Timothy P. "Semantic memory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 1997): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97360014.

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Glenberg tries to explain how and why memories have semantic content. The theory succeeds in specifying the relations between two major classes of memory phenomena – explicit and implicit memory – but it may fail in its assignment of relative importance to these phenomena and in its account of meaning. The theory is syntactic and extensional, instead of semantic and intensional.

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ter Meulen, Alice G. B. "Agency, argument structure, and causal inference." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 6 (December 2008): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08006055.

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AbstractLogically, weighting is transitive, but similarity is not, so clustering cannot be either. Entailments must help a child to review attribute lists more efficiently. Children's understanding of exceptions to generic claims precedes their ability to articulate explanations. So agency, as enabling constraint, may show coherent covariation with attributes, as mere extensional, observable effect of intensional entailments.

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21

Bücking, Sebastian. ""Painting cows" from a type-logical perspective." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 60 (January 1, 2018): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.60.2018.467.

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Depiction verbs such as paint license i(mage)- and p(ortrait)-readings; for instance,Ben painted a cow can convey that Ben produced an image of an unspecific cow or a portrait ofa specific cow. This paper takes issue with a property-based intensional analysis of depictionverbs (Zimmermann, 2006b, 2016) and instead argues for an extensional account. Accordingly,the i-reading is rooted in the introduction of worldly representations by the explicit noun cowas such, whereas the p-reading is rooted in the interpolation of an implicit representation viacoercion. This take on the ambiguity captures the following key traits. On i-readings, only representationsare accessible to quantifiers and anaphors; moreover, intensional effects such assubstitution failure disappear once ordinary objects and representations are adequately distinguished.P-readings, by contrast, involve representations that depend on the portrayed ordinaryobjects as particulars; correspondingly, only ordinary objects are accessible to quantifiers andanaphors. The proposal is spelled out in Asher’s (2011) Type Composition Logic.Keywords: depiction verbs, visual representations, intensional transitives, coercion, TypeComposition Logic.

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Galton, Antony, and Zena Wood. "Extensional and intensional collectives and the de re/de dicto distinction." Applied Ontology 11, no. 3 (October 6, 2016): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ao-160168.

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Storms, Gert, Paul De Boeck, Iven Van Mechelen, and Dirk Geeraerts. "Dominance and noncommutativity effects in concept conjunctions: Extensional or intensional basis?" Memory & Cognition 21, no. 6 (November 1993): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03202743.

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Mouakher, Amira, Oumaima Ktayfi, and Sadok Ben Yahia. "Scalable computation of the extensional and intensional stability of formal concepts." International Journal of General Systems 48, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2018.1543666.

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Qin, Biao, and Shan Wang. "Combining intensional with extensional query evaluation in tuple independent probabilistic databases." Information Sciences 181, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 812–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2010.11.001.

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Di Pinto, Floriana, Giuseppe De Giacomo, Domenico Lembo, Maurizio Lenzerini, and Riccardo Rosati. "Acquiring Ontology Axioms through Mappings to Data Sources." Future Internet 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11120260.

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Although current languages used in ontology-based data access (OBDA) systems allow for mapping source data to instances of concepts and relations in the ontology, several application domains need more flexible tools for inferring knowledge from data, which are able to dynamically acquire axioms about new concepts and relations directly from the data. In this paper we introduce the notion of mapping-based knowledge base (MKB) to formalize the situation where both the extensional and the intensional level of the ontology are determined by suitable mappings to a set of data sources. This allows for making the intensional level of the ontology as dynamic as the extensional level traditionally is. To do so, we resort to the meta-modeling capabilities of higher-order description logics, in particular the description logic Hi ( DL-Lite R ) , which allows seeing concepts and relations as individuals, and vice versa. The challenge in this setting is to design efficient algorithms for answering queries posed to MKBs. Besides the definition of MKBs, our main contribution is to prove that answering instance queries posed to MKBs expressed in Hi ( DL-Lite R ) can be done efficiently.

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Graves, Syelle. "Differences in Sameness: A Semantic Account of Ambiguity and Argument Structure of Predicate Same." Cognitive Semantics 6, no. 2 (August 12, 2020): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10010.

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Abstract This article is an investigation and analysis of the word same. It focuses first on the ambiguous nature of same, in that the same x can be (i) one entity seen on different occasions, or (ii) two different entities of the same kind. I discuss the empirical differences associated with these two readings, and hypothesize that they can be explained in terms of the formal semantic concepts of extension and intension: Reading (i) is extensional while reading (ii) is intensional (a “kind of” reading). In addition, I suggest that the two readings do not mean that there are two completely different meanings to same, but rather that the reading of same is determined by context and the nouns being modified by it; indeed, this polysemy exists largely below the speaker’s conscious awareness. I then provide a formal representation of the syntax and semantics of same as a two-place predicate. I show that when either of the two arguments we expect to be obligatory is not overt, it is because same has undergone a derivation to license this null argument—one derivation type in extensional cases of same, and a different derivation in intensional cases.

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Janík, Tomáš, Jan Slavík, Petr Najvar, and Darina Jirotková. "The Same and the Different: On Semantization and Instrumentalization Practices in the (Maths) Classroom." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402095038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020950380.

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There is no education without content. Teaching and learning in schools is devoted to “something,” not to “nothing” or “anything.” The more heterogeneous, multicultural, and multilingual the classroom, the more semantization of educational content within teaching and learning is needed. Therefore, the role of various languages in the classroom is revisited. In this article, we elaborate on the theory of language-sensitive content transformation and introduce the concept of operational isomorphism and its potential in the field of didactics, research on teaching, and learning and teacher education. Using a case study of mathematics teaching, we illustrate, how students can benefit from semantization and instrumentalization practices in the classroom and how these processes take the form of extensional deconstruction and intensional expansion or intensional condensation.

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Lawlor, Michael Syron. "Keynes, Meltzer and Involuntary Unemployment: The Intensional and Extensional Logic of Definitions." Review of Social Economy 49, no. 3 (September 1991): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346769100000029.

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Abkarian, G. G. "Object Grouping Strategies by Adults." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 51, no. 2 (May 1986): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5102.110.

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Eighty unimpaired adult subjects were exposed to the iconic-symbolic (I-S) subtest (Muma & Muma, 1979), an instrument designed to provide evidence regarding object grouping processes in clinical populations. I-S instructions and a revised (REV) instruction were employed. Subjects were also asked to provide a rationale statement for each object grouping. The 2,880 rationale statements thus generated were analyzed on the isomorphism between the statements and the object grouping criteria presumed by the I-S test design. Significantly higher isomorphic levels occurred under REV instructions, although fewer than one-half of the REV subjects performed at the cognitive (i.e., symbolic) stage defined and predicted by the I-S protocols. Subjects demonstrated an overwhelming preference for the formation of taxonomic classes rather than for schematic-based object groupings as has been argued by some writers. Analysis of rationale statements strongly suggested that three major strategies were employed by individual subjects in the establishment of object classes: an intensional, an extensional, and a mixed intensional-extensional strategy. It was concluded that (a) adult subjects show a range of classification strategies, (b) those strategies are best described by using something other than an iconic-symbolic dichotomy, and (c) classification tasks devoid of a rationale component may foster incomplete and potentially distorted conclusions concerning grouping abilities and underlying processes.

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Zirk-Sadowski, Marek. "Metodologie teorii prawa a problem polityczności prawoznawstwa. Aspekt behawioralny i intensjonalny." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 110 (November 30, 2017): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.110.4.

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THE METHODOLOGIES OF THE THEORY OF LAW AND THE PROBLEM OF THE POLITICAL NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE. BEHAVIOURAL AND INTENSIONAL ASPECTSThe paper is devoted to the problem of the impact of theory of law methodologies on the political nature of jurisprudence. The author seeks to demonstrate that some theory of law methods are more susceptible to politicisation than other. Referring to H. Hart, he introduces a distinction between the external and internal theories of law. Among the external theories he distinguishes the so-called integrating theories and cognitive theories, while dividing the internal theories into intensional and extensional, drawing on the division of interpretation theories. The author demonstrates that the so-called political nature of theories is aphenomenon most often encountered in internal and intensional approaches. In particular, theories based on the agonistic discourse concept C. Mouffe politicise the legal discourse by strengthening the illocutionary force of political arguments in comparison with legal arguments. Only consensual discourse concepts R. Alexy avoid this danger.

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Bezem, Marc. "Compact and majorizable functionals of finite type." Journal of Symbolic Logic 54, no. 1 (March 1989): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275030.

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The main result of this paper will be that various notions of majorizability and compactness coincide in the full typestructure over the natural numbers. Moreover we shall show that the extensional typestructure of strongly majorizable functionals can be obtained by applying Zucker's construction ( )E to any of these coinciding intensional typestructures. A different result is proved in the typestructure of effective operations, where not every majorizable functional is compact. Finally we shall introduce the concept of relative compactness in the full typestructure and prove that there are just two degrees of compactness.

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Pisanelli, Domenico M., Fabrizio L. Ricci, and Laura Tarantino. "Exploitation of Statistical Tables: Conceptual Interaction with Epidemiologic Data." Medical Decision Making 11, no. 4_suppl (December 1991): S52—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x9101104s09.

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Health-care applications need flexible data and interaction models capable of dealing with data of different natures coming from different sources. These applications are usually devoted to diverse user groups, often casual or novice. The user interface must help the user to understand the database information content in his or her querying process. The authors synthetically describe FLN, a system featuring an integrated interaction with epidemiologic data. In an integrated model the statistical aspects of data (macro data) are represented, together with the intensional and extensional views of the variables involved in statistical tables.

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Fong, A. C. M., and G. Hong. "Boosted Supervised Intensional Learning Supported by Unsupervised Learning." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 11, no. 2 (March 2021): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.2.1020.

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Traditionally, supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms rely heavily on large sets of annotated data. This is especially true for deep learning (DL) neural networks, which need huge annotated data sets for good performance. However, large volumes of annotated data are not always readily available. In addition, some of the best performing ML and DL algorithms lack explainability – it is often difficult even for domain experts to interpret the results. This is an important consideration especially in safety-critical applications, such as AI-assisted medical endeavors, in which a DL’s failure mode is not well understood. This lack of explainability also increases the risk of malicious attacks by adversarial actors because these actions can become obscured in the decision-making process that lacks transparency. This paper describes an intensional learning approach which uses boosting to enhance prediction performance while minimizing reliance on availability of annotated data. The intensional information is derived from an unsupervised learning preprocessing step involving clustering. Preliminary evaluation on the MNIST data set has shown encouraging results. Specifically, using the proposed approach, it is now possible to achieve similar accuracy result as extensional learning alone while using only a small fraction of the original training data set.

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Sharvit, Yael, and Penka Stateva. "Against 'Long' Movement of the Superlative Operator." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 10 (September 3, 2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v10i0.3110.

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It is a matter of considerable debate whether degree operators are interpreted in their base position or in some higher position. Kennedy ( 1 997) has shown that degree operators (e.g., the comparative operator) do not interact scopally with quantified expressions. On the other hand, Heim ( 1 999) and Stateva (to appear) have presented evidence that the superlative operator (as in the highest grade) interacts scopally with intensional predicates. This paper argues that despite the fact that the superlative operator seems to interact scopally with intensional predicates, the facts receive a better account under an in situ analysis, rather than a movement analysis, of the operator. This point will be made by (a) looking at examples where a superlative expression is embedded under a propositional attitude verb, and focussing on readings which are neither de re (in the strict sense) nor de dicto (in the strict sense); and (b) examining negative superlatives (e.g., the least high grade) in extensional contexts. Our conclusion will be that Kennedy' s claim that degree operator movement is highly restricted is correct.

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Zimmermann, Thomas Ede. "Intensional logic and two-sorted type theory." Journal of Symbolic Logic 54, no. 1 (March 1989): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275016.

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Among the symbolic languages used most frequently in the indirect interpretation of natural language are Montague's Intensional Logic IL [5, 384ff.] and its extensional counterpart, the language Ty2 of two-sorted type theory. The question of which of these two formal languages is to be preferred has been obscured by lack of knowledge about the exact relation between them. The present paper is an attempt to clarify the situation by showing that, modulo a small, decidable class of formulas irrelevant to these applications, IL and Ty2 are equivalent in the strong sense that there exists a reversible translation between the terms of either language.In [3, 6Iff.] Gallin has shown that there exists a simple and natural translation * of IL into Ty2. Following Gallin's translation procedure, it is even possible to conceive of IL as a highly restricted sublanguage of Ty2, viz. as that part which only contains expressions of certain intensional types plus one variable of the basic type of indices or worlds. In an obvious sense, this sublanguage has less expressive power than the whole of Ty2, where it is possible to express conditions on entities that do not even exist in IL's ontology. However, by a certain amount of coding, one can translate Ty2 into IL [3, 105]. Conditions on nonintensional entities then become conditions on corresponding intensional objects; and these paraphrases preserve (standard) validity and entailment. On the other hand, this retranslation of Ty2 into IL is not an inversion of *, as can be seen from a simple example.

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Napoli, Donna Jo, Rachel Sutton Spence, and Ronice Müller de Quadros. "Influence of predicate sense on word order in sign languages: Intensional and extensional verbs." Language 93, no. 3 (2017): 641–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2017.0039.

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Sharvit, Yael, and Penka Stateva. "Against 'Long' Movement of the Superlative Operator." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 10 (April 3, 2015): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v10i0.2733.

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It is a matter of considerable debate whether degree operators are interpreted in their base position or in some higher position. Kennedy (1997) has shown that degree operators (e.g., the comparative operator) do not interact scopally with quantified expressions. On the other hand, Heim (1999) and Stateva (to appear) have presented evidence that the superlative operator (as in <it>the highest grade</it>) interacts scopally with intensional predicates. This paper argues that despite the fact that the superlative operator seems to interact scopally with intensional predicates, the facts receive a better account under an <it>in situ</it> analysis, rather than a movement analysis, of the operator. This point will be made by (a) looking at examples where a superlative expression is embedded under a propositional attitude verb, and focussing on readings which are neither <it>de re</it> (in the strict sense) nor <it>de dicto</it> (in the strict sense); and (b) examining negative superlatives (e.g., <it>the least high grade</it>) in extensional contexts. Our conclusion will be that Kennedy's claim that degree operator movement is highly restricted is correct.

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Marques, Rui. "Mínimo e máximo em estruturas nominais – uma análise semântica." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a18.

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This paper is concerned with the semantics of the portuguese phrases with the form o mínimo/máximo N (‘the minimum N’) and o mínimo/máximo de N (‘the minimum/maximum of N’). Some nouns may occur in both of these constructions, while others might occur in only one of them, and still other nouns might occur only if accompanied by a modal operator. The proposal is made that these facts can be straightforwardly explained by the hypothesis that the first and the second of these syntactic constructions have, respectively, an extensional and an intensional meaning, together with the fact that some nouns have the same denotation in any possible world, while others denote different sets of entities in different possible worlds.

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Seoane, José. "El programa lógico de Vaz Ferreira: ¿reforma o revolución?" REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE FILOSOFÍA 45, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36446/rlf2019182.

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El programa encarnado en Lógica Viva supone un antagonismo en relación al tratamiento tradicional de los sofismas. Podría entenderse tal oposición como crítica extensional: el enfoque tradicional solo considera algunos paralogismos, pero hay otros que no tomó en cuenta y es necesario hacerlo. También puede entendérselo en clave intensional: se rechaza la forma tradicional de caracterización de los paralogismos. En el primer caso, la dimensión positiva del programa vazferreiriano operaría por adición; en el segundo, operaría por reconfiguración del campo. ¿Cuál de estas alternativas puede atribuirse a Lógica Viva? Este artículo analiza dos perspectivas de la crítica de Vaz Ferreira: la de Paladino y la de Seoane. La conclusión principal es que ambas perspectivas (con diferencias relevantes) estimulan la alternativa revolucionaria.

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Chong, Chaehyun. "Xunzi’s Sanhuo (Three Types Of Cognitive Delusions)." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-03903008.

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This article explicates Xunzi’s three types of cognitive delusions in Xunzi’s Zhengming Pian. The followings are my conclusions: first, general names such as “a white horse,” “a horse,” “a thief,” and “a man” are thought of as proper nouns because the classic Chinese theory of language concerned pragmatics rather than semantics. Second, classic Chinese epistemology does not address conceptual (logical) knowledge or knowledge based on argumentation distinguished from the art of description.Third, Gongsun Long believes in an extreme form of one-name-one-thingism. Fourth, Neo-Moists’ theory of inference is based on intensional contexts. Fifth, Hui Shi’s position presupposes the art of knowing objects before any verbal expression and suggests the arbitrariness in the expressions of known objects. Sixth, Xunzi’s logic and semantics are extensional.

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Chaffin, Roger, Leslie Peirce, and Isaac Bejar. "Intensional and extensional analogy items: Differences in performance as a function of academic major and sex." Applied Cognitive Psychology 4, no. 6 (November 1990): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350040605.

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HUANG, YAN-NONG, VERONICA DAHL, and JIAWEI HAN. "FACT UPDATES IN LOGIC DATABASES." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 05, no. 03 (September 1995): 467–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819409500023x.

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A logic database has two components. One comprises the base knowledge, represented explicitly, called the extensional base. The other stores more general knowledge in the form of derivation rules, and is called the intensional base. One may calculate derived facts in advance and store (or materialize) them. Thus, the response time can be expected to speed up. In this paper, we study a new evaluation technique for incrementally maintaining derived facts whenever updates occur on base facts. Our method is based on the seminaive evaluation so it is easy to implement; it is set-oriented, multiple updates may be dealt within a single manipulation; and insertion and deletion are treated uniformly. The method is evaluated analytically as well as experimentally. We indicate the potential application of our incremental method to a computational linguistic problem, i.e., parsing incomplete sentences. Related work in both areas of logic databases and computational linguistics are discussed.

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Berski, Szymon, and Martyna Bilau. "Safety Mechanisms in Relational Database as Part of the IT System of the Enterprise." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0068.

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Abstract The work examines the effectiveness of the replication mechanism of the X production company database. In order to extend the functionality of the computer database of the enterprise, a model of its resource flow was created and an intensional and extensional part was created for a test database based on real enterprise resources. The model has been simplified to 3-rd normal form. The implementation was done in the MySQL database system. Two different operating systems were selected for testing: Windows and Linux. The database management system (DBMS) is working under the GPL license. MySQL DBMS offers many security mechanisms, and to secure the database, system of users permissions to objects have been selected and also an encryption of access passwords for users and connections to servers was used. A replication engine based on the binary log and the model “main server and backup server” was used to create a copy of the enterprise data.

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Vollet, Lucas Ribeiro. "LINGUAGEM, OBJETO E INTENSÃO: UMA LINHA INVESTIGATIVA DO INTENSIONALISMO NÃO CONCILIÁVEL COM A METAFÍSICA." Revista Ideação 1, no. 43 (June 6, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/ideac.v1i43.5943.

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A política de policiamento rigoroso dos atributos e outros esquemas de individuação feita por W. Quine – em Relatividade Ontológica e outros ensaios (1969) – guarda uma semelhança argumentativa com a polarização da ciência contra a antropomorfização do discurso teórico. Apesar de disfarçada, essa semelhança retórica encontra eco em trechos de Falando de Objetos e em Dois Dogmas do Empirismo. Nesse artigo, seguindo a sugestão de Ruth B. Marcus de que o discurso intensional se distingue do extensional por uma pretensão de força da identidade invocada, iremos propor que Quine está preso a um preconceito cientificista antigo, cuja característica principal é a incapacidade de reconhecer – ou relegar à recursos de uma época pré-científica (antropomórfica) – meios não ortodoxos ou informais de consolidar a força dos padrões de identidade da linguagem. Isso nos ajudará a sugerir um argumento em que a discussão sobre as intensões envolve uma miscigenação com problemas hermenêuticos e históricos sobre o significado e a interpretação.

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46

Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen. "Collective quantification and the homogeneity constraint." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 24 (April 5, 2015): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v24i0.2428.

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<p>The main theoretical claim of the paper is that a slightly revised version of the analysis of mass quantifiers proposed in Roeper 1983, Lønning 1987 and Higginbotham 1994 extends to <em>collective</em> quantifiers: such quantifiers denote <em>relations between sums of entities</em> (type e), <em>rather than relations between sets of sums</em> (type <e,t>). Against this background I will explain a puzzle observed by Dowty (1986) for <em>all</em> and generalized to all quantifiers by Winter 2002: plural quantification is not allowed with all the predicates that are traditionally classified as ”collective”. The Homogeneity Constraint – as well as the weaker requirement of divisiveness - will be shown to be too strong (for both collective and mass quantifiers). What is required is that the nominalization of the nuclear-scope predicate denotes a maximal sum (rather than a group). Divisiveness is a sufficient, but not a necessary condition for this to happen. Non-divisive predicates such as <em>form a circle</em>, which denote sets of ‘extensional’ groups are allowed, because extensional groups are equivalent to the maximal sum of their members. It is only intensional group predicates that block collective Qs.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: collective quantification, mass quantification, homogeneous, cumulative, divisive, groups, sums, maximality operator, plural logic</p>

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Chu, Ling, Vaishnavi Kannan, Mujeeb A. Basit, Diane J. Schaeflein, Adolfo R. Ortuzar, Jimmie F. Glorioso, Joel R. Buchanan, and Duwayne L. Willett. "SNOMED CT Concept Hierarchies for Computable Clinical Phenotypes From Electronic Health Record Data: Comparison of Intensional Versus Extensional Value Sets." JMIR Medical Informatics 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): e11487. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11487.

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Bergadano, F., D. Gunetti, and U. Trinchero. "The Difficulties of Learning Logic Programs with Cut." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 1 (November 1, 1993): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.26.

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As real logic programmers normally use cut (!), an effective learning procedure for logic programs should be able to deal with it. Because the cut predicate has only a procedural meaning, clauses containing cut cannot be learned using an extensional evaluation method, as is done in most learning systems. On the other hand, searching a space of possible programs (instead of a space of independent clauses) is unfeasible. An alternative solution is to generate first a candidate base program which covers the positive examples, and then make it consistent by inserting cut where appropriate. The problem of learning programs with cut has not been investigated before and this seems to be a natural and reasonable approach. We generalize this scheme and investigate the difficulties that arise. Some of the major shortcomings are actually caused, in general, by the need for intensional evaluation. As a conclusion, the analysis of this paper suggests, on precise and technical grounds, that learning cut is difficult, and current induction techniques should probably be restricted to purely declarative logic languages.

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Wiegand, Herbert Ernst. "Gedruckte Gebrauchsgegenstände mit lexikographischen Formeigenschaften." Lexicographica 29, no. 1 (November 2013): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2013-0014.

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AbstractAs an introduction the typological position of printed utility tools with formal properties of a lexicographic nature (hereafter abbreviated as GlexFE) is determined within a typology of utility tools. This follows an extensional and intensional definition of GlexFE. Using examples a number of concepts are then informally introduced and it is shown that why and when the action-theoretically based theory of dictionary use can also be employed for a theory-based description of the use of GlexFE. The central part of this paper gives a detailed and critical examination of a regional telephone directory with special reference to its text compound constituents, its arrangement structures, its cross-reference culture, its telephone directory functions and its textual architecture. It is shown that the theory of dictionary structures allows detailed examinations and that it is so robust that it functions well and renders informative results without changing its basic concepts when expanding its application domain to include GlexFE. The analysis clearly shows that the compilation of a good telephone directory also needs lexicographic-theoretical knowledge.

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Milicev, Dragan. "Towards understanding of classes versus data types in conceptual modeling and UML." Computer Science and Information Systems 9, no. 2 (2012): 505–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis110716006m.

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Traditional conceptual modeling and UML take different vague, ambiguous, and apparently incompatible approaches to making a distinction between two different entity types - classes and data types. In this paper, an in-depth theoretical study of these ambiguities and discrepancies is given and a new semantic interpretation is proposed for consolidation. The interpretation is founded on the premise that populations of the two kinds of entity types are defined in two substantially different ways: by intensional (for data types) and extensional (for classes) definitions. The notion of a generative relationship set is introduced to explain the role of specific relationship types that are used to define populations of structured data types by cross-combinations of populations of the related entity types. Finally, some important semantic consequences are described through the proposed interpretation: value-based vs. object-based semantics, associations vs. attributes, and identity vs. identification. The given interpretation is based on runtime semantics and allows for fully unambiguous discrimination of the related concepts, yet it fits into intuitive understanding and common practical usage of these concepts.

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