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Journal articles on the topic 'Inter-observer Variation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Lam, Andrew K. C., Chun-fai Lam, Wai-kit Leung, and Pui-kwan Hung. "Intra-observer and inter-observer variation of Hertel exophthalmometry." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 29, no. 4 (2009): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00617.x.

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Compston, J. E., S. Vedi, and A. J. Stellon. "Inter-observer and intra-observer variation in bone histomorphometry." Calcified Tissue International 38, no. 2 (1986): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02556831.

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3

Jørsboe, Hanne, Maya Schrøder, Marianne Barylak, and Philip Anderson. "Inter-observer variation in the triage-process." Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 18, Suppl 1 (2010): P16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-18-s1-p16.

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Gasperini, C., M. Rovaris, M. P. Sormani, et al. "Intra-observer, inter-observer and inter-scanner variations in brain MRI volume measurements in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 7, no. 1 (2001): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245850100700106.

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Introduction: Measurement of brain volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is regarded as an objective marker of multiple sclerosis (MS) severity with the potential to monitor treatment efficacy accurately. This study was performed to assess the variability of brain MRI volume measurements. Patients and methods: We studied nine patients with relapsing-remitting MS, who were imaged on two occasions (separated by an interval of 24 h) using two different MR scanners and fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (fast-FLAIR) sequences. The whole brain volume computed from each image was me

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Hadoura, L., C. Douglas, G. W. McGarry, and D. Young. "Mapping surgical coordinates of the sphenopalatine foramen: surgical navigation study." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, no. 7 (2009): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215109004344.

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AbstractObjectives:To identify measurements that may help intra-operative localisation of the sphenopalatine foramen.Design:The study used three-dimensional surgical navigation software to study radiological anatomy, in order to define the distances and angulations between identifiable bony landmarks and the sphenopalatine foramen.Results:The distance from the anterior nasal spine to the sphenopalatine foramen was 59 mm (±4 mm; inter-observer variation = 0.866; intra-observer variation = 0.822). The distance from the piriform aperture to the sphenopalatine foramen was 48 mm (±4 mm; inter-obser

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Wright, C. D. P., S. Vedi, N. J. Garrahan, M. Stanton, S. W. Duffy, and J. E. Compston. "Combined inter-observer and inter-method variation in bone histomorphometry." Bone 13, no. 3 (1992): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(92)90198-6.

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7

Charalambous, CP, M. Tryfonidis, F. Alvi, et al. "Inter- and Intra-Observer Variation of the Schatzker and AO/OTA Classifications of Tibial Plateau Fractures and a Proposal of a New Classification System." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 4 (2007): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x187667.

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INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer variation of the Schatzker and AO/OTA classifications in assessing tibial plateau fractures, using plain radiographs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty tibial plateau fractures were classified independently by six observers as per the Schatzker and AO/OTA classifications, using antero-posterior and lateral plain radiographs. Assessment was done on two occasions, 8 weeks apart. RESULTS We found that both the Schatzker and AO/OTA classifications have a high intra-observer (κ = 0.57 and 0.53, respectively), and inter-observ

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Arimoto, Maya Kato, Yuji Nakamoto, Tatsuya Higashi, Takayoshi Ishimori, Mana Ishibashi, and Kaori Togashi. "Intra- and inter-observer agreement in the visual interpretation of interim 18F-FDG PET/CT in malignant lymphoma: influence of clinical information." Acta Radiologica 59, no. 10 (2018): 1218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185117751279.

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Background Interim PET/CT is widely performed in lymphoma patients in clinical practice and clinical trials. Visual assessment using a 5-point scale is proposed for PET/CT interpretation, but intra- and inter-observer variation is not fully investigated. Purpose To investigate intra- and inter-observer variations in the reporting of interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in lymphoma patients, and the influence of clinical information on the interpretation. Material and Methods Three expert readers from different institutions interpreted interim PET/CT images of 42 co

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Enke, C., K. Ayyangar, C. B. Saw, W. Zhen, R. B. Thompson, and N. V. Raman. "Inter-observer variation in prostate localization utilizing BAT." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 54, no. 2 (2002): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(02)03521-6.

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10

Pyott, A. A. E., and D. M. I. Montgomery. "Inter-observer variation in clinical optic disc biometry." Eye 7, no. 3 (1993): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1993.91.

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Raaby, Line, Line Raaby, Mia Bendix-Struve, Jens Nielsen, and Christian Wejse. "Inter-observer variation of the Bandim TB-score." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 41, no. 3 (2009): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540802684070.

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12

Zygmunt, Arkadiusz, Zbigniew Adamczewski, Agnieszka Zygmunt, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, and Andrzej Lewinski. "The Influence of the Manner of Performing the Thyroid Ultrasound Examination on the Reliability of the Assessment of the Thyroid Size in School-Aged Children." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 87, no. 6 (2017): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000473877.

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Background/Aims: Goitre incidence in school-aged children evaluated using ultrasonography is one of the essential indicators of iodine intake in a given area. The aim of the study was to examine what the difference is between the volume of the thyroid gland measured in the supine and sitting position and to determine the intra-observer, inter-observer, and inter-position variations. Methods: The survey was conducted among 87 children (56 girls and 31 boys aged 7–13 years, mean age 10.44 ± 1.72 years). Results: The thyroid volume measured in a sitting position was significantly lower than that

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Dias, Paulo Eduardo Miamoto, Thiago Leite Beaini, and Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff Melani. "Evaluation of osifix software with craniofacial anthropometric purposes." Journal of Research in Dentistry 1, no. 4 (2013): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v1e42013351-367.

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Forensic Facial Reconstruction is a branch of Forensic Anthropology that attempts to approximate the appearance of an unknown individual through soft tissue reconstruction, after anthropological craniofacial analysis is carried out. The reconstruction publicized in the media aims at a recognition, which can trigger formal human identification. Knowing the anthropometric relationships between hard and soft tissues is useful to increase the accuracy of reconstructions. It was sought to evaluate the performance of the software OsiriX as a tool for anthropometric analysis of both hard and soft tis

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Lyman, R. Lee, and Todd L. VanPool. "Metric Data in Archaeology: A Study of Intra-Analyst and Inter-Analyst Variation." American Antiquity 74, no. 3 (2009): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600048721.

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Metric data are regularly presented, analyzed, and compared. Despite acknowledgment that metric data can vary both when collected by one observer and when collected by multiple observers, few studies of these sources of variation in archaeological metric data have been undertaken. Intra-observer and inter-observer measurement errors are examined across four dimensions of 23 modern bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) astragali and five dimensions of 30 specimens of stone projectile point representing 4 culture-historical (temporal) types. Statistical and graphical analyses indicate that measuring d

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Sham, Kishore K., B. Manjunatha, H. V. Chandrakant, Kanchana R. Ghodke, and GN Pramod Kumar. "Inter Observer Variation in Analysis of Palatal Rugae Pattern." Medico-Legal Update 14, no. 2 (2014): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-1283.2014.00760.9.

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16

Holtedahl, Knut Arne. "Inter-observer Variation on Registration of Signals of Cancer." Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 5, no. 3 (1987): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02813438709013993.

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17

Murdoch, MichaelJ, and MarkD Fairchild. "Effects of Inter-Observer Variation on Color Rendering Metrics." Color and Imaging Conference 2016, no. 1 (2016): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2017.32.187.

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18

Shaw, N. J., M. Hendry, and O. B. Eden. "Inter-Observer Variation in Interpretation of Chest X-Rays." Scottish Medical Journal 35, no. 5 (1990): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309003500505.

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19

Buntinx, F., H. Beckers, A. Briers, et al. "Inter-observer variation in the assessment of skin ulceration." Journal of Wound Care 5, no. 4 (1996): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.1996.5.4.166.

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20

Tomizawa, Yutaka, Kenneth K. Wang, Ganapathy A. Prasad, Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song, Navtej Buttar, and Lori S. Lutzke. "Sa1538 Endocytoscopy in Barrett's Esophagus: Inter-Observer Variation Study." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 73, no. 4 (2011): AB201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.03.272.

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Theodossi, A., R. P. Knill-Jones, A. Skene, et al. "Inter-observer variation of symptoms and signs in jaundice." Liver 1, no. 1 (2008): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0676.1981.tb00019.x.

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22

Henshaw, D. J. E., M. Holland, K. O. Stewart, and M. W. Gill. "Inter-Observer Variation in Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Scoring Systems." Age and Ageing 26, suppl 1 (1997): P23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/26.suppl_1.p23-b.

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23

Hansen, C. C., T. M. Churilla, S. B. Hayes, E. Handorf, S. Kaylor, and S. E. Weiss. "Analysis of Inter-observer Variation From Meningioma eContouring Session." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 105, no. 1 (2019): E65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2410.

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24

Murdoch, MJ, and MD Fairchild. "Modelling the effects of inter-observer variation on colour rendition." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 1 (2017): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153517744387.

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The colour rendition characteristics of light sources are quantified with measures based on CIE standard observers, which are reasonable representations of population averages. However, even among people with normal colour vision, the natural range of variation in colour sensitivity means any individual may see something different than the standard observer. Modelling results quantify the effects of these inter-observer differences on colour rendition measures defined by IES TM-30-15. In general, inter-observer differences tend to be smaller for light sources with high colour fidelity values,

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25

Sushma and Roshny Jacob. "Implications of inter observer variability in cervical smear reporting." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 9 (2017): 4104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173991.

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Background: In spite of the Bethesda system 2001 (TBS 2001), formulating strict guidelines for reporting cervical smears, intra observer and inter observer variations are unavoidable and can be considered an inherent part of the reporting system. The implications of this variation are in the quality of performance of the reporting laboratory and in the patient management. Rescreening is a tool to reduce the variations and improve the quality of both the laboratory staff and laboratory as such. Rescreening by two or more experienced observers has helped in identifying new cases better. The pres

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Takai, Seiko, Tomoki Takahashi, Manabu Taguchi, et al. "Inter-observer Variation in Garden's Classification for Femoral Neck Fracture." Orthopedics & Traumatology 60, no. 3 (2011): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.60.522.

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Mouritsen, Lone, Charlotte Strandberg, Anette Reimer Jensen, Arne Berget, Cai Frimodt-Møller, and Kirsten Folke. "Inter- and intra-observer variation of colpo-cysto-urethrography diagnoses." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 72, no. 3 (1993): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016349309013372.

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28

Abbattista, Teresa, and Francesco Ridolfi. "2083791 Inter-Observer Variation In Ultrasonographic Detection Of Gallbladder Diseases." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 41, no. 4 (2015): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.12.117.

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29

Nicholson, A. G. "Inter-observer variation between pathologists in diffuse parenchymal lung disease." Thorax 59, no. 6 (2004): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2003.011734.

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30

Aziz, Z. A. "HRCT diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: inter-observer variation." Thorax 59, no. 6 (2004): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2003.020396.

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31

Korhonen, U., R. Solja, J. Laitinen, S. Heinonen, and P. Taipale. "MR pelvimetry measurements, analysis of inter- and intra-observer variation." European Journal of Radiology 75, no. 2 (2010): e56-e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.11.018.

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32

Waldron, Tony, and Juliet Rogers. "Inter-observer variation in coding osteoarthritis in human skeletal remains." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1, no. 1 (1991): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390010107.

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33

Innes, J. F., F. McConnell, M. J. Guilliard, et al. "Observer variation in the evaluation and classification of severe central tarsal bone fractures in racing Greyhounds." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 03 (2011): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-06-0085.

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SummaryObjectives: To determine observer agreement on radiographic evaluation of central tarsal bone (CTB) fractures and compare this with evaluation of the same fractures using computed tomography (CT).Methods: Radiographs and CT scans were obtained of the right tarsi from limbs of Greyhounds euthanatized after sustaining severe CTB fracture during racing. Four observers described and classified each fracture. Inter- and intra-observer agreements were calculated.Results: Inter-observer agreement was higher for assessment of fractures using CT. Several fractures assessed by radiography were mi

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Silveira Junior, Dario Maciel, Tiago Soares Baumfeld, Daniel Soares Baumfeld, Wilel Almeida Benevides, and Thiago Alexandre Alves Silva. "Evaluation of calcaneal enthesophytes in insertional Achilles tendinopathy by radiography and magnetic resonance imaging: intra- and inter-observer reliability." Journal of the Foot & Ankle 14, no. 1 (2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/jfootankle.2020.v14.1162.

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Objective: Evaluate intra- and inter-observer variation in the presence of enthesophytes in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy on radiographic (X-ray) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Methods: We selected X-ray and MRI images of 20 patients diagnosed with an injury. We sent a questionnaire to five foot and ankle surgeons and five radiologists. We obtained answers about diagnosis accuracy and the presence of insertional enthesophytes (bone spurs). Results: Intra-observer agreement with regards to diagnosis accuracy in the MRI analysis was a K of 0.77 (0.62 to 1.00), whi

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Solgaard, S., A. Carlsen, M. Kramhøft, and V. S Petersen. "Reproducibility of goniometry of the wrist." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 18, no. 1 (2020): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/1650197719861857.

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The wrist motion in 31 healthy probands was measured by four observers with a simple goniometer under standardized conditions. The INTRA-observer variation was calculated to 5 to 8 degrees and the INTER-observer variation to 6 to 10 degrees. No difference between experienced and non-experienced observers was found. The difference between the right and the left wrist was negligible, indicating that the opposite wrist can be used as reference when evaluating restrictions in motion.

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Bendtsen, Lars, Rigmor Jensen, Jannick Brennum, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, and Jes Olesen. "Exteroceptive Suppression Periods in Jaw-Closing Muscles. Variability and Relation to Experimental Pain and Sustained Muscle Contraction." Cephalalgia 13, no. 3 (1993): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1303184.x.

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The duration of the late exteroceptive suppression period (ES2) of temporal muscle EMG activity has been reported to be reduced in patients suffering from chronic tension-type headache. Methods of recording and analysing ES2 have varied between centers and reproducibility of results within subjects, although insufficiently studied, has generally been poor. ES2 was investigated in 30 healthy subjects, using a computerized technique of recording, rectifying and averaging the EMG signals. Hour to hour and week to week variations of ES2 durations were calculated, and the influence of pain during a

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Bulakhova, Nina A., Wolfgang Böhme, Astrid Clasen, et al. "Inter-observer and intra-observer differences in measuring body length: a test in the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara." Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 4 (2011): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853811x601636.

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AbstractThe snout-vent length (SVL), a conventional measure of overall body size in lizards and snakes, is used in a wide variety of ecological, evolutionary, and taxonomical studies. Trends in SVL variation are often analysed using data from several researchers (observers), but possible confounding effects due to inter-observer differences in measurement protocols have never been appropriately examined. This study reports inter-observer biases between eleven herpetologists who measured the same specimens of the Eurasian common lizards (21 adult specimens were examined by eight observers and a

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Hansen, JM, DL Pedersen, VA Larsen, et al. "Magnetic Resonance Angiography Shows Dilatation of the Middle Cerebral Artery after Infusion of Glyceryl Trinitrate in Healthy Volunteers." Cephalalgia 27, no. 2 (2007): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01257.x.

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Previous studies have reported dilatation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during acute glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)-induced headache, using imaging techniques such as transcranial Doppler (TCD), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). In the present study we aimed to evaluate whether magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) may be used to examine the effect of GTN on the MCA, with respect to changes in diameter and cross-sectional area in healthy volunteers. In addition, we wanted to determine the intra- and inter-observer variation of the me

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Nicholas, O., G. Lewis, B. Thomas, M. Smyth, E. Spezi, and S. H. Gwynne. "PD-0422: Evaluating inter-observer variation in oesophageal target volume delineation." Radiotherapy and Oncology 152 (November 2020): S229—S230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00444-8.

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Weiss, S., and C. Hansen. "PO-0856: Analysis of inter-observer variation from meningioma eContouring session." Radiotherapy and Oncology 152 (November 2020): S461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00873-2.

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41

Jackson, E. A., Z. F. Udwadia, P. M. Rothwell, and P. G. Lawler. "APACHE II expected outcome calculations are subject to inter-observer variation." Anaesthesia 45, no. 10 (1990): 888–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14593.x.

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42

Ashton, Fiona, Jayasree Ramas Ramaskandhan, Adam Farrier, and Malik Siddique. "Topographic Pain Mapping versus Radiological Inter-observer Variation in Ankle Arthritis." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (2017): 2473011417S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000100.

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Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Topographic pain mapping has gained popularity during 20th century, providing opportunities for patients to demonstrate spatial distribution of pain. Despite this, evidence of clinical application in orthopaedics remains largely limited to spinal pathologies. We investigate how clinician interpretation of routine radiological studies compares to patient pain mapping in ankle arthritis. Methods: Between 2014 and 2016 we identified 21 patients ultimately diagnosed with ankle arthritis, who underwent comprehensive gait analysis (including top

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Roberge, D., T. Skamene, R. E. Turcotte, T. Powell, N. Saran, and C. Freeman. "Inter- and intra-observer variation in soft-tissue sarcoma target definition." Cancer/Radiothérapie 15, no. 5 (2011): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2011.03.006.

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Serup-Hansen, Eva, Helle Westergren Hendel, Helle Hjorth Johannesen, et al. "Variation in gross tumor volume delineation using CT, MRI, and FDG-PET in planning radiotherapy of anal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 4_suppl (2012): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.4_suppl.652.

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652 Background: Radiotherapy (RT) outcome depends on accurate delineation of gross tumor volume (GTV) regarding tumor size and position. CT and MRI are standard image modalities as they provide the necessary structural information. Positron emission tomography with flourodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) visualizes glucose metabolism in active tumor tissue. The main objective was to explore the intra-observer and inter-modality variation of the GTV delineated on CT, MRI and PET images. Methods: Between November 2006 and July 2009, 22 patients with biopsy-proven anal carcinoma stage T1-T4/N0-3/M0-1 schedu

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Bada, Carlos, Nilton Yhuri Carreazo, Juan Pablo Chalco, and Luis Huicho. "Inter-observer agreement in interpreting chest X-rays on children with acute lower respiratory tract infections and concurrent wheezing." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 125, no. 3 (2007): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802007000300005.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Many children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) present to the emergency ward with concurrent wheezing. A chest x-ray is often requested to rule out pneumonia. We assessed inter-observer agreement in interpreting x-rays on such children. DESIGNS AND SETTING: Prospective consecutive case study at Instituto de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru. METHODS: Chest x-rays were obtained from eligible children younger than two years old with ALRI and concurrent wheezing who were seen in the emergency ward of a nationwide pediatric referral hospital. The x-rays were rea

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Maanani, Yacine, and Arezki Menacer. "Modeling and Diagnosis of the Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault for the Sensorless Input-Output Linearization Control of the PMSM." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 63, no. 3 (2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.13658.

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The purpose of this paper is the inter-turn short circuit fault Modeling and detection for the sensorless input-output linearization control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on the Extended Kalman Filter observer (EKF). The fault detection procedures are based through the estimation of the stator resistance variation by the Extended Kalman Filter observer and the Fast Fourier Transformer (FFT) for the stationary state, and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) analysis of the electrical characteristics of the PMSM, for the non-stationary state. However, the FFT spectral an

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Peyrottes, Arthur, Marie Chicaud, Cyril Fourniol, et al. "Clinical Reproducibility of the Stone Volume Measurement: A “Kidney Stone Calculator” Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 19 (2023): 6274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196274.

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Background: An accurate estimation of the stone burden is the key factor for predicting retrograde intra-renal surgical outcomes. Volumetric calculations better stratify stone burden than linear measurements. We developed a free software to assess the stone volume and estimate the lithotrity duration according to 3D-segmented stone volumes, namely the Kidney Stone Calculator (KSC). The present study aimed to validate the KSC’s reproducibility in clinical cases evaluating its inter-observer and intra-observer correlations. Methods: Fifty patients that harbored renal stones were retrospectively

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Machiels, Mélanie, Peng Jin, Jeanin E. van Hooft, et al. "Reduced inter-observer and intra-observer delineation variation in esophageal cancer radiotherapy by use of fiducial markers." Acta Oncologica 58, no. 6 (2019): 943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0284186x.2019.1588991.

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Combes, Anaïs, Emmelie Stock, Elke Van der Vekens, Luc Duchateau, Bernadette Van Ryssen, and Jimmy H. Saunders. "Ultrasonographical examination of feline adrenal glands: intra- and inter-observer variability." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 16, no. 12 (2014): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x14522049.

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Interpretation of ultrasonographical measurements requires an understanding of the source and the magnitude of variation. A substantial part of the variation can be attributed to the observer, the equipment or the animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate which adrenal gland measurement is the least variable within and between observers. Three experienced ultrasonographers examined six cats at three different times on the same day, more than 1 h apart, according to a strict scanning protocol. Seven ultrasonographical measurements were performed on each adrenal gland (maximal length on sagi

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Naimi, Z., R. Moujahed, S. Ghorbel, et al. "PO-1850: Inter-observer variation in delineating cardiac substructures and coronary arteries." Radiotherapy and Oncology 152 (November 2020): S1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(21)01868-5.

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