Academic literature on the topic 'Inter - religious dialogue'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inter - religious dialogue"
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Bakker, Freek L. "Inter-Religious Dialogue and Migrants." Mission Studies 31, no. 2 (July 14, 2014): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341335.
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In the Netherlands the first official inter-religious dialogues were initiated in the first half of the 1970s. But the Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk, one of the most important churches had taken the first steps towards an attitude of dialogue already in 1949 and 1950. The atrocities against the Jews and the deportation of the 90 per cent of the Dutch Jews in the Second World War as well as the solidarity deeply felt by many church members with the new state of Israel prompted this church, and later two other large mainline churches, to alter their attitudes towards Jews and Judaism. After 1970 they extended these dialogues to Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists, who together outnumber the Jews today. The altered Dutch religious landscape had made inter-religious dialogue inevitable. This dialogue was held with migrants, so the position of the adherents of non-Christian religions was weaker than that of Christians. This inequality is reflected in the dialogue, for it became predominantly a dialogue of life, in which the Christians started with helping their partners to find a good position in Dutch society. The dialogue with the Jews, however, already quickly became a dialogue of the mind. In the second half of the 1990s a dialogue of the mind was initiated with Muslims, and in the first decade of the twenty-first century with some Hindus. The vulnerability of migrants was underscored by the impact of the governments in their countries of origin and by the fact that the Christians paid for almost everything. In 2000 the churches began to hesitate; nonetheless they remained in dialogue.
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Nweke, Kizito Chinedu. "The Necessities and Limitations of Inter-Religious Dialogue." Exchange 46, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341435.
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Inter-religious dialogue has been conceived as an antidote to all the problems of religious tensions, attracting resources and expectations.1 However, it has come short of these expectations. In fact, religious tensions are on the increase, despite increased inter-religious encounters.2 Hence, the research question: what exactly are our expectations of inter-religious dialogue and what are its limits? This work distilled out in two areas the necessities and limitations of inter-religious dialogue: liberalism in religion, and concatenation or practicalisation of inter-religious dialogue. It argues for caution on issues of religious truth, relativistic pluralism, equality / sameness of religions, etc. Inter-religious dialogue would perhaps have more success if not for the problems of inner strife and contradictions of theological perspectives. It proffered a solution in the ‘model of mutual enrichment’. This model checks our expectations of interreligious dialogue.
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Rahmat, Stephanus Turibius. "Dialog Antropologis Antaragama dengan Spiritualitas Passing Over." Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jw.v2i2.1704.
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Inter-religious dialogue is very important discourse in the context of many religions in Indonesia. Inter-religious dialogue is the efforts to solve the difficulty of a relationship among each other followers of religions in which some conflicts and strained situations often happened. This article is a theoretical study in the purpose to describe the matter of inter-religious dialogue and formulate the model of inter-religious dialogue for creating the tolerance, the harmony, the safeness, and the peace in the religious life. By using the librarian research, the resulting study discovered that any models of inter-religious dialogue can be categorized into two models of inter-religious dialogue that are ‘theological-spiritual dialogue’ and ‘social humanity dialogue’. Theologically and spiritually, all religions have a universal message and passing over spirit (out of the border of religions) in greatly committing to the human values. Anthropologically, the presence of all religion aims to bring the enlightenment and the enthusiasm of life among their adherents. It can be concluded that anthropological dialogue based on passing over spirituality is one of the interaction model in inter-religious dialogue, or positive and constructive communication which is oriented to create the safeness and the peace in the religious life, based on passing over spirituality, in which all religions have the initial spirit of the presence that religion plays a role to illuminate (illuminative), save (prophetic), liberate (liberative) and transform (transformative). Here, religion has a self-image as rahmatan lil ‘alamīn.
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Moseyko, Aida N. "Inter-religious Dialogues in Africa. Islam-Christian Dialogue." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 4-2 (2022): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2022-4-411-425.
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Fadilah, Umatin. "Dialog Inter-Religius: Konsep Pengembangan Dakwah Pluralis." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Raushan Fikr 3, no. 2 (April 15, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/jimrf.v3i2.1015.
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This writing discusses about the inter-religious dialogue as propaganda pluralist concept development. Inter-religious dialogue is a dialogue between two or more religions, which has a different view and its main purpose is to learn each other so that they could have changed his view or add increased their religious experience. Inter-religious dialogue and develop the concept of religious experience that is no longer oriented propaganda that connotes coronation but mutually enrich and deepen their own experience of religious traditions.
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Valantiejūtė, Lina. "DIALOGO PRINCIPAS KAIP RELIGINIO PLIURALIZMO PAGRINDAS." Religija ir kultūra 9 (January 1, 2011): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2011.0.2749.
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Šiame straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kad dialogas, suprantamas visų pirma kaip santykis su Kitu, leidžia ne tik esmingai (per)interpretuoti vyraujančią tarpreliginio dialogo kaip formalių sąveikos modelių tarp religijų sampratą, bet ir religinio pliuralizmo fenomeną atskleidžia kaip iš pagrindų dialogišką. Martino Buberio dialogo kaip santykio samprata bei Emmanuelio Levino įžvalgos ir dialogo, kaip pažintinio santykio, kritika leidžia ne tik parodyti pliuralizmo fenomeno vidinį paradoksą – neredukuojamą daugio ir įvairovės reikalavimą tuo pat metu siekiant tą daugį valdyti ir institucionalizuoti, – bet ir paaiškinti angažavimosi tarpreliginiam dialogui galimybę.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: dialogas, Buberis, Levinas, pliuralizmas, Kitas.THE PRINCIPLE OF THE DIALOGUE AS A BASIS FOR THE RELIGIOUS PLURALISMLina Valantiejūtė SummaryThe main aim of this article is to show that the dialogue, primarily understood as a relation with the Other, allows us not only to essentially (re)interpret the dominating streams of understanding of inter-religious dialogue as a formal interaction between the religions as systems, but it also enables us to see the phenomena of religious pluralism as fundamentally dialogical. The concept of a dialogue as a dual relationship by Martin Buber combined with the philosophical insights of Emmanuel Levinas and the criticism of the concept of the dialogue as a cognitive relation allows us to reveal the internal paradox of the phenomena of religious pluralism (a fundamental demand for a non reductive quantity and diversity as well as need to control it) and to explain a possibility of engagement in an inter-religious dialogue.Keywords: dialogue, Buber, Levinas, pluralism, the Other.
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Mohamed Yasin, Suraya. "Existing Framework of Inter-Religious Dialogue in Malaysia." AL-ITQAN: JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/al-itqan.v4i2.120.
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This paper attempts to examine the existing framework of inter-religious dialogue in Malaysia and its development from the very beginning. The goal of this study is to explore the framework of inter-religious dialogue in Malaysia, which promotes mutual respect and better understanding among the adherents of different religions in Malaysia. This research is very important. It presents the evolution of inter-religious dialogue in Malaysia’s multi-religious society. This study focuses on:(1) Factors behind the development of inter-religious dialogue in Malaysia; and(2) The role of selected governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as higher education institution in promoting peace and harmony through inter-religious dialoguein Malaysia. Descriptive and analytical methods are utilized in this paper. The findings will add new insights to the exiting literature on inter-religious dialogue.
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Fauzi, Maria Ulfa. "Javanese-Christian Church Belief and Inter-religious Dialogue." DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 2, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v2i3.105.
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This study attempts to elucidate both of Muslim and Christian understandings toward the idea of religious pluralism, with the case study of Javanese-Christian Church of Pogung and its relation to the surrounding community. It provides the discussion with some theological analyses on how people conceive the meaning of truth and, how this has led to the possibility and necessity of a dialogue; more specifically how their religious doctrines maintain their communities in dealing with other communities. Based on the qualitative approach, wherein the data gathered through in-depth interview and observation, the result of this study revealed that dialogue must be based on personal religious experiences and firm truth claims. Without personal religious experience, there is no way of grasping what the dialogue is all about. Dialogue must be based on the recognition of the possible truth in all religions; the ability to recognize this truth must be grounded in the hypothesis of common ground and goal for all religions. Dialogue must be based on openness to the possibility of genuine change or conversion.Keywords: Religious doctrine, Religious pluralism, Dialogue
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GHIBANU, Ionut. "Inter-religious and inter-Christian Dialogue – a Contemporary Ecclesial Educational Priority." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/44.
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The contemporary world is dominated by communication and dialogue despite conflicts and wars of all kinds. Dialogue is an actual existential need and a responsibility that the current generation has for the future. From this perspective, inter-Christian and inter-religious dialogue is a life necessity and a pledge of genuine faith in God, because, beyond everything that separates us, He is the Creator of all of us, the source of life, and we are all part of the same human family.If inter-Christian dialogue seeks to achieve the unity of the Church of Christ by concrete actions, theological dialogue and philanthropic gestures, inter-religious dialogue aims at establishing communication bridges in order to give common testimony as regards matters of wide interest, such as the ecological issue, defence of unborn life, peace, justice or social equity. Modern inter-Christian or ecumenical movement arose about a century ago and although the road to full unity seems long, many steps have been made in this direction. The inter-religious movement especially focuses on the dialogue among the major monotheistic religions of the world and today it gives us many hopes.Our study aims to show that ecumenical and inter-religious education is a necessity of our times that may lead to defusing many conflicts and preventing future tensions based on religion. Here, we have in mind the education within the Romanian Orthodoxy received during the religion classes in school and also with the help of the media.
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Mitias, Michael H. "Mysticism as a Basis of Inter-Religious Dialogue." Dialogue and Universalism 29, no. 2 (2019): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du201929224.
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Some philosophers and theologians have argued that God-centeredness cannot be a condition of inter-religious dialogue for at least four reasons. First, it is an existential fact that all religions tend to view the truth of their beliefs and values as absolute. Second, all religions are embedded in radically different cultural contexts; this kind of difference undercuts the possibility of inter-religious dialogue. Third, grounding all the religions in a transcendent reality relativizes their beliefs and values. Moreover, people worship “their” God, not a neutral reality. Fourth, it is difficult to ground all the religions in a transcendent, neutral realty. This paper critically evaluates these arguments and defends the proposition that the mystical experience provides a justifiable basis for the claim that the transcendent is not only a wealth of being but also an infinite wealth of being and that the same transcendent is “revealed” in the mystical experience which underlies all the major religions. The transcendent is the common ground on which all the religions stand in inter-religious dialogue qua religions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inter - religious dialogue"
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Kenny, Joseph. "CHRISTOLOGY AND THE CHALLENGE OF INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 2003. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,865.
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Song, Young Seok. "Inter-religious dialogue in the religious situation of Korea the need, basis and principles /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p007-0202.
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Esselius, Sonja. "How do religion and a religious dialogue foster social cohesion? : A study of the Inter-religious Council of Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413327.
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Europe has in recent years recognized the need of the inclusion of religions in the dialogue on social cohesion and building of its future. Analysts of the interreligious dialogue suggest that understanding the process of it may be helpful to both the initiators of such conversations as well as all the participants. The idea of different religions working together raises some questions. One of the first questions asked is whether interreligious dialogue really works. How can diverse religions dialogue when there are disputes even within the same religions and within their branches? The understanding of the process offers a better chance of such dialogue being successful and useful for the building of the world we live in. This thesis explores interreligious dialogue by looking into the interreligious council of Stockholm, which currently includes eighteen different religions, representing some of the city’s diversity, its thoughts and culture. For the analysis, we will use Orton’s discussion and recommendations. In his “Interfaith dialogue: seven key questions for theory, policy and practice” (2016), Orton considers many of the nuances involved in such dialogue. Questioning and reflections allow for the observations and insight into the complexities of interreligious dialogue which provides for better understanding of the process included. Theories and angles consider social and psychological elements, as well as religious concerns. Using qualitative research, coming from the interpretive paradigm, this thesis analyses how interreligious dialogue works within a local interreligious council. Analysing the reflections and answers of the respondents, we find the answers to some of the questions given by Orton and reflect over the practical understanding of the theories we looked at.
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SODRÉ, OLGA REGINA FRUGOLI. "MONK`S DIALOGUE IN THE WAY TO ABSOLUTE: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTER-RELIGIOUS MONASTIC DIALOGUE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7556@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA presente tese investiga uma forma nova de diálogo entre monges, o diálogo de experiência, focalizando o processo psicossocial de identidadealteridade religiosa. A pesquisa baseou-se em documentos e testemunho do Diálogo Inter-religioso Monástico (DIM), órgão ligado ao Conselho Pontifício para o Diálogo Inter-religioso (CPDI) do Vaticano, que reúne monges de mosteiros católicos do mundo inteiro, participando de comissões de diálogo com monges de outras tradições religiosas. Embora recente este tipo de diálogo indica uma tendência inovadora na relação entre as religiões ocidentais e orientais; e é fruto não apenas do esforço pessoal de alguns pioneiros, mas também das transformações religiosas e sociais que se aceleraram na atual etapa de mundialização. Assim sendo, após apresentar os fundamentos do monaquismo, tendo salientando as diferenças entre suas principais tendências e a referência a uma base comum, situo o desenvolvimento deste tipo de diálogo na perspectiva da história monástica cristã, do atual contexto de pluralismo religioso e de elaboração católica sobre o tema. A importância deste tipo de diálogo para o campo de estudo da religião reside em sua ênfase na experiência, em sua associação entre diálogo e contemplação (ou meditação), e no compartilhamento de práticas monásticas por membros de diferentes tradições religiosas. Ao mesmo tempo, como as experiências relatadas pelos monges estão enraizadas em uma vida religiosa tanto pessoal como comunitária e foram orientadas para o testemunho, elas permitiram um enfoque das representações históricas que relaciona estas representações às práticas religiosas, às experiências espirituais, e às histórias de vida dos monges e comunidades monásticas. A convergência da reflexão vinda de vários campos do conhecimento em direção à experiência transformou esta última em um ponto nodal de referência, em torno do qual foi possível integrar estes campos e estabelecer uma articulação com o testemunho, a narração e o processo psicossocial. Baseada na fenomenologia hermenêutica de Ricoeur e na concepção da consciência religiosa de Nabert, e tendo colocado em evidência a contribuição da psicologia social para esclarecer a dinâmica de identidade-alteridade entre o ego e o alter, a tese analisa o sentido, a formação e a consolidação de uma nova dinâmica desenvolvida no contexto do diálogo intermonástico, estudando-a do ponto de vista da comunidade monástica católica e de sua experiência viva e histórica de diálogo e contemplação. Esta rompe com a visão de subjetividades separadas e com a negação e exclusão da alteridade religiosa, chegando a uma perspectiva de unidade na pluralidade e a um novo tipo de identidade e espiritualidade dialogal. Tendo verificado a importância central desta dinâmica e seu sentido religioso para o desenvolvimento do diálogo entre contemplativos, a tese destaca não apenas a dimensão psicossocial desta dinâmica, mas seu enraizamento no mais profundo centro do ser, sublinhando a relação estabelecida pelos monges católicos entre o diálogo inter-religioso e seu diálogo com Deus. A concepção cristã da alteridade de Deus e do próximo foi determinante para a formulação e prática dialogal de reconhecimento mútuo e para as experiências monásticas de paz e harmonia entre os monges de diferentes religiões. É possível, portanto, distinguir a dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo da dinâmica de autoafirmação e recusa do outro, relacionada à experiência de negação da diferença, de guerra e eliminação da alteridade. A dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo é favorecida pela ruptura social da vida monástica, pelas práticas contemplativas e pelo profundo processo de reformulação da identidade- alteridade pela qual passam os monges em sua caminhada para o Absoluto. Atualmente, o reconhecimento
The present thesis investigates a new form of dialogue among monks, the dialogue of experience, bringing into focus the psychosocial process of religious identity-alterity. The research is based on documents and testimonies of the Monastic Inter-religious Dialogue (MID), organism attached to the Vatican`s Pontifical Council for Inter-religious Dialogue (PCID), that gathers monks from Catholic`s monasteries of all the world participating at dialogue`s commissions with monks of others religious traditions. Although recent, this type of dialogue indicates a renewable tendency in the occidental and oriental religions` relationship; and it is fruit not only of the personal efforts of some pioneers, but also of religious and social transformations, that are accelerating in the actual world-wideness stage. Then, after presenting the monachism`s foundations, having presented the differences among their main tendencies and the references to a common base, I situate the dialogue`s development in the perspective of Christian monastic history, of the current context of religious pluralism and of Catholic`s elaboration about this subject. The importance of this type of dialogue to the religious study`s field lies in its experience`s emphasis, in its association between dialogue and contemplation (or meditation) and in the sharing of monastic practices by the different religious traditions` members. At the same time, as the monk`s experience accounts are rooted in their personal and communitarian religious life and are orientated to testimony, they allowed an approach of historical representations that relates these representations to religious practices, to spiritual experiences and to life`s histories of monks and monastic communities. The convergence of reflections coming from various fields toward experience has transform this one in a central point of reference around which it was possible to integrate these fields and establish the articulation of experience to testimony, narration and psychosocial process. Based on Ricoeur`s hermeneutical phenomenology and on Nabert`s conception of religious consciousness, and having put in evidence the social psychology`s contribution to clarify identityalterity`s dynamic between the ego and the alter, this thesis analysis the sense, the formation and the consolidation of a new dynamic developed in the inter-monastic dialogue`s context, studying it from the point of view of the catholic`s monastic community and of their living and historical dialogue and contemplation`s experience. This one breaks off with the separated subjectivities` vision and with the negation and exclusion`s of religious alterity, arriving to a unity in plurality`s inter-subjectivity perspective and to a new type of catholic dialogical identity and spirituality. Having verified the central importance of this dynamic and its religious sense to the dialogue`s development among contemplatives, the thesis stands out not only this dynamic`s psychosocial dimension, but also its rooting in the deepest center of being, underlying relation established by catholic monks between the inter-religious dialogue and their dialogue with God. The Christian conception of God and fellow`s alterity has been determinant to the dialogical mutual recognition and to the peace and harmony`s monastic experiences among monks from different religions. The study of this conception and of its application on inter-monastic dialogue conducts to the distinction between this dialogical dynamics from the one established in terms of auto- affirmation and other`s deny, that is related to the differences` negation, to war, and to several kinds of alterity` s elimination. The mutual recognition was favored for the monastic social rupture, for the contemplative practices and for the profound process of identityalterity`s reformulation the monks go through in their path toward the Absolute. Nowadays, the recognition of
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Caixeiro, Ana Luzia. "Fraternidade cósmica universal: um estudo sobre a dinâmica do diálogo inter-religioso." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/920.
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Este trabalho tem como foco o estudo da Fraternidade Cósmica Universal, um grupo sediado na cidade de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O grupo realiza encontros entre segmentos religiosos e não religiosos, promovendo o conhecimento, a interação e o diálogo entre as diversas tradições. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender essa dinâmica. Para sua execução foram realizadas visitas ao grupo, observações, participações em suas atividades e entrevistas com seus membros efetivos e visitantes. O resultado encontra-se organizado em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo serão abordados o diálogo inter-religioso no atual contexto do pluralismo, a questão da identidade, da busca pelo sentido e as novas configurações religiosas. No segundo capítulo serão apresentados a criação e o histórico do grupo, as atividades desenvolvidas pela casa, a dinâmica dos encontros e os espaços físicos onde ocorrem. O terceiro capítulo apresentará os personagens envolvidos nesse processo, suas trajetórias até o grupo e as funções que desempenham na construção de um espaço para o exercício do diálogo inter-religioso e na formação de uma identidade para o grupo. A análise final apresentará os elementos desta dinâmica do diálogo inter-religioso que ocorre na Fraternidade Cósmica Universal.
This research focuses on the study of the Fraternidade Cósmica Universal, a group headquartered in the city of Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The group set up meetings between religious and non-religious segments, promoting knowledge, interaction and dialogue between different traditions. The purpose of this work was to understand this dynamics. For its implementation, visits were done to the group, observations, participation in activities and interviews with its members and visitors. The result of this research is organized into three chapters. In the first chapter will be addressed interfaith dialogue in the current context of pluralism, the question of identity, the search for meaning and new religious settings. In the second chapter will be presented the creation and history of the group, the activities of the home, the dynamics of the meetings and the physical spaces in which they occur. The third chapter introduces the characters involved in this process, their trajectories to the group and the roles they play in the construction of a space for the exercise of interfaith dialogue and the formation of an identity for the group. The final analysis will present the elements of the dynamics of interfaith dialogue that occurs in Fraternidade Cósmica Universal.
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Munjid, Achmad. "Building a Shared Home: Investigating the Intellectual Legacy of the Key Thinkers of Inter-Religious Dialogue in Indonesia." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/290756.
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ReligionPh.D.
How does inter-religious dialogue in Indonesia transform and being transformed by the New Order authoritarian regime in the creation of a strong civil society and a religiously plural and democratic country? By discussing the politicization of religion and mobilization of religious communities by the New Order regime to fight against the Communists in the wake of the 1965 tragedy as the background, this dissertation seeks to analyze the anatomy of inter-religious relations in the country, including its historical roots, pivotal events, enduring issues and consequential development in the later period. The discussion is placed in a wider theoretical context on the role of religion in public life. Based on the analysis of topical biography, academic works, media reports and other reliable unpublished documents as the main sources, the dissertation investigates the intellectual legacy of four selected key thinkers in the field of inter-religious dialogue. It critically discusses the complex interplay between religion and politics in particular relation to such issues as religious pluralism, religious tolerance, exclusivism, human rights, freedom of religion, legal discrimination, and minority-majority relations. It highlights why and how the contesting discourse within a particular religious community about other group, between different religious communities, especially the Muslims and the Christians, as well as between religious communities and the regime move toward certain direction in particular context and then move towards the opposite direction in other context. Despite the wide spread conflict towards the end of the New Order regime and during the 2000s, the dissertation proved that inter-religious relations in Indonesia in general developed from antagonism to more dialogical relations over the period. The four selected key thinkers of inter-religious dialogue and their intellectual legacy demonstrated how religion could make fundamental contribution in the creation of democracy in a religiously plural society.
Temple University--Theses
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Sereičikas, Gražvydas. "Religijų dialogas ir tolerancijos ugdymas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_174300-96113.
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Darbe analizuotas religijų dialogas ir jo plėtotei būtina sąlyga - tolerancijos buvimas. Globalėjančiame pasaulyje tolerancijos ugdymas padeda įgyvendinti teisingumą, taikų įvairių religijų sugyvenimą. Šiandieninė religijų dialogo situacija Lietuvoje atskleidžiama, analizuojant Bažnyčios Susirinkimų dokumentus, Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymus, vyriausybės nutarimus, Švietimo ir mokslo ministerijos patvirtintas bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų programas. Apžvelgiamas Lietuvos religinių bendruomenių indėlis į tarpusavio toleranciją, kuri vykdoma ekumeninio judėjimo pagrindu.Aptartos teorinės ir praktinės konfesijų dialogo suderinamumo kliūtys, ištirta moksleivių nuostata tarpreliginio dialogo ir tolerancijos klausimu. Atkreiptas dėmesys į visuomenės religinio bei etinio švietimo būtinumą ir galimybes vertybių pervertinimo situacijoje.A dialogue and the necessary condition for its development – the presence of tolerance were analyzed in this work. In today’s world of globalization the raising of tolerance is helpful in implementing justice and peaceful living in concord among the religions. The present situation of the dialogue between religions in Lithuania is revealed by analyzing the documentation of Church Assemblies, the laws of the Lithuanian Republic, the governmental legal acts, the secondary school curriculums confirmed by the Ministry of Education and Science. The work is also reviewing the input of the Lithuanian religious communities into common tolerance, which is performed on the basis of ecumenical movement. The theoretical and practical compatibility obstacles of the confessions’ dialogue are discussed as well as pupils’ attitude towards the issue of inter-religious dialogue and tolerance is investigated. The attention is paid on the necessity of religious and ethic education in the society and the possibilities of the reassessment of values in this situation.
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Uusisilta, Matias. "The Sultanate of Oman as a Venue for Inter-faith Dialogue and Intercultural Immersion : A Case-Study on Christian Semester Abroad Students living in a Muslim Context." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397721.
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This paper is a case-study on a group of American students, who spent a four- month period in Oman on a semester abroad program hosted by Al Amana Cen- tre. This paper examines the changes that have occurred in the students concep- tual thinking, their attitudes towards Muslims, Arabs and Islam and their personal theology, and identifies causes of those changes. In the first section, I will introduce the interfaith work that Al Amana Centre does, and lay a summary of the history and theory of Christian-Muslim dialogue. I will also explain the concept of Theology of Religion, which is central in examining the students’ own theological views. I will also introduce transformative learning theory that I use as a theoretical framework in this study In the last section of this paper, I analyze the research material which includes program curriculum, student interviews, student essays and students’ answers to questionnaires and surveys. From this material, I have identified repeating ideas and patterns and compared them to the framework offered by transformational learning theory. This paper seeks to answer to the question: what kind of effects does the Al Amana semester abroad program, infused with cultural immersion, have on the students in this particular case study. In the conclusion part of this paper, I con- clude that the semester abroad program facilitates opportunities for deep reflec- tion and extrarational experiences that work as a catalyst for transformation. It is hoped that this study can offer guidelines for other programs that aim at transforming attitudes and believes, and that work with cultural immersion and interfaith dialogue. It should be noted though, that the conclusions and outcomes of this study are tied to the specific context and people who attended the semes- ter abroad program, and should not be taken as universal or context-free.
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Sneddon, David. "A history of faith-based micro, meso and macro dialogue between Muslims and non-Muslims in Australia prior to 9/11." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2021. https://doi.org/10.26199/acu.8wq7v.
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Inter-religious dialogue is an essential means for different faiths and believers to develop friendship and understanding in an increasingly global and multifaith society. Additionally, it could provide for increased levels of social harmony in a seemingly divided yet ever-shrinking globalised world. Islam has a long history with Australia that pre-dates European colonisation; however, research into the nature and impact of interfaith dialogue between Muslims and non-Muslims is scarce.
To date, there is an extensive gap in the academic record as no comprehensive historical exploration on inter-religious dialogue prior to 9/11 between Muslims and non-Muslims has been undertaken in Australia. Accordingly, it is envisaged that this will be the most comprehensive research on the topic to date. Uniquely, through the application of the sociological population-level constructs of micro, meso and macro-level analysis this research has looked for evidence of cyclical patterns of inter-religious dialogue over Australia’s long history and contact with Islam. A key question for this research is how, if at all, have different sociological levels of dialogue, as represented in the public and private record, contributed to meaningful social harmony? It is hoped that this historical enquiry will place some light on past paradigm shifts in interfaith relations and assist in the future of interfaith dialogue in a uniquely Australian context.
Using the public record, along with other related academic works, this research has analysed the available evidence to establish the sociological levels of interfaith dialogue that existed in Australia up to 2001. A brief overview of the history of global and local inter-religious dialogue has been provided that includes the approaches taken by the various religions as outlined in the sacred texts, the Torah, Gospels and Qur’an. It also looks to outline the changes that have occurred surrounding religion in Australia over time.
Initial research has demonstrated levels of micro and meso-level dialogue in the pre-colonial period between the Muslim Baijini, Macassans and Australia's Indigenous peoples. Following colonisation, this dialogue largely disappeared and was replaced by a period of mutual monologue, enforced by the dominant Christian hegemony, notwithstanding the contribution by members of the Islamic community to the exploration and construction of modern Australia. Despite the effects of the Immigration Restriction Act (1901), Muslims continued to migrate to Australia and integrate into the community, including those from British India and Albania. Many kept their religious beliefs and thrived in several Australian towns through the 20th Century. As the century progressed, so did the growth of the Australian umma, with migrants arriving from Turkey, Lebanon, Bosnia, Indonesia, the Middle East and North Africa. Through a critical historical analysis of the public and private records, this research has looked to illustrate to true nature of the sociological levels and effectiveness of dialogue from the first contact with Islam, sometime before the 17th Century until the beginning of the 21st Century.
Importantly, the key contribution of this research has also found that the levels of dialogue have been measurable and over time, cyclical in nature, when measured using the sociological constructs of micro, meso and macro. Additionally, this research has uncovered the importance of ecumenical dialogue as a precursor to any meaningful inter-religious dialogue, largely driven by the Catholic Church’s Declaration Nostra Aetate in 1965. Other aspects of the findings include, the need for a critical mass, some form of organisation and favourable political conditions. Finally, shortcomings and suggestions for further avenues of research are discussed.
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Bodenbender, Stanislava. "The Role of Religious Leaders in Conflict Transformation." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197398.
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Religion has often been viewed as a source of conflict and violence in international relations. Yet history provides that religion has also been a source and inspiration for peace building and non-violent resistance. The role of religious leaders in conflict transformation has been treated as a marginal phenomenon. Appleby (2000) points out that identifying and documenting the roles of religious actors in resolving protracted conflicts remains an unfinished task. This thesis is an attempt to meet such challenge by focusing on religious leaders and their role in search of solutions in deeply rooted conflicts. Working from the premise that religious leaders can make a substantial contribution in conflict transformation, the overarching goal of this thesis is to examine what roles religious actors play and how equipped they are to serve their communities in their capacity as peacemakers.
Books on the topic "Inter - religious dialogue"
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Board, Silsilah Publications Editorial, ed. Inter-religious dialogue: A paradox? Zamboanga City, Philippines: Silsilah Publications, 1991.
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Dialogue with the other: The inter-religious dialogue. Louvain: Peeters Press, 1991.
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Tracy, David. Dialogue with the other: The inter-religious dialogue. Louvain: Peeters Press, 1991.
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International, Seminar on "Inter-religious Dialogue Chance For Peace" (2002 Dhaka Bangladesh). Inter-religious dialogue: Chance for peace. Dhaka: Goethe-Institut, 2004.
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Bidmos, M. A. Inter-religious dialogue: The Nigerian experience. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau, 1993.
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Caroline, Britto, and Nexus, eds. The future of inter-religious dialogue. Birmingham: Nexus, 1992.
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Nwaiwu, Francis O. Inter-religious dialogue in African context. Roma: Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, Facultas Theologiae, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Inter - religious dialogue"
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Cardoza-Orlandi, Carlos F. "Inter-Religious Dialogue." In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Latino/a Theology, 475–92. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118718612.ch26.
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Emmanuel, Dominic. "From Ecumenical Dialogue to Inter-Religious Dialogue." In Challenges of Christian Communication and Broadcasting, 35–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14859-2_3.
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Gabriel, Theodore. "Movements for inter-religious dialogue in Pakistan." In Christian Citizens in an Islamic State, 89–102. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315260372-8.
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Martínez-Torrón, Javier. "Law and Religion: The Perspective of Inter-Religious Dialogue." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 49–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20659-8_4.
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Cobb, John B. "Order Out of Chaos: A Philosophical Model of Inter-Religious Dialogue." In Inter-Religious Models and Criteria, 71–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23017-4_5.
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Insalaco, Eleonora. "Inter-religious dialogue in the Euro-Mediterranean region." In Routledge Handbook of EU–Middle East Relations, 276–86. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429317873-29.
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Nagel, Alexander-Kenneth. "Crossing the Lines? Inter- and Multifaith Governance as an Arena of Boundary Work." In Religious Diversity and Interreligious Dialogue, 103–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31856-7_8.
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King, Sallie B. "Self and Other in Contemporary Buddhist Inter-Communal Relations: Engaged Buddhist, Buddhist Nationalist and Buddhist Theological Perspectives." In Religious Diversity and Interreligious Dialogue, 297–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31856-7_21.
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Cullen, Sandra. "The Role of The School in Promoting Inter-religious and Inter-Cultural Dialogue." In International Handbooks of Religion and Education, 993–1000. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5246-4_69.
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Farley, Wendy. "Schleiermacher and the Negative Way: Implications for Inter-Religious Dialogue." In Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities, 839–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5219-1_70.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Inter - religious dialogue"
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Kayaoglu, Turan. "PREACHERS OF DIALOGUE: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND INTERFAITH THEOLOGY." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/bjxv1018.
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While the appeal of ‘civilisational dialogue’ is on the rise, its sources, functions, and con- sequences arouse controversy within and between faith communities. Some religious lead- ers have attempted to clarify the religious foundations for such dialogue. Among them are Jonathan Sacks, the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Britain and the Commonwealth, Edward Idris, Cardinal Cassidy of the Catholic Church, and Fethullah Gülen. The paper compares the approach of these three religious leaders from the Abrahamic tra- dition as presented in their scholarly works – Sacks’ The Dignity of Difference, Cardinal Cassidy’s Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue, and Gülen’s Advocate of Dialogue. The discussion attempts to answer the following questions: Can monotheistic traditions accom- modate the dignity of followers of other monotheistic and polytheistic religions as well as non-theistic religions and philosophies? Is a belief in the unity of God compatible with an acceptance of the religious dignity of others? The paper also explores their arguments for why civilisational and interfaith dialogue is necessary, the parameters of such dialogue and its anticipated consequences: how and how far can dialogue bridge the claims of unity of God and diversity of faiths? Islam’s emphasis on diversity and the Quran’s accommodation of ear- lier religious traditions put Islam and Fethullah Gülen in the best position to offer a religious justification for valuing and cherishing the dignity of followers of other religions. The plea for a dialogue of civilizations is on the rise among some policymakers and politi- cians. Many of them believe a dialogue between Islam and the West has become more urgent in the new millennium. For example following the 2005 Cartoon Wars, the United Nations, the Organization of the Islamic Conferences, and the European Union used a joint statement to condemn violent protests and call for respect toward religious traditions. They pled for an exchange of ideas rather than blows: We urge everyone to resist provocation, overreaction and violence, and turn to dialogue. Without dialogue, we cannot hope to appeal to reason, to heal resentment, or to overcome mistrust. Globalization disperses people and ideas throughout the world; it brings families individuals with different beliefs into close contact. Today, more than any period in history, religious di- versity characterizes daily life in many communities. Proponents of interfaith dialogue claim that, in an increasingly global world, interfaith dialogue can facilitate mutual understanding, respect for other religions, and, thus, the peaceful coexistence of people of different faiths. One key factor for the success of the interfaith dialogue is religious leaders’ ability to provide an inclusive interfaith theology in order to reconcile their commitment to their own faith with the reality of religious diversity in their communities. I argue that prominent leaders of the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) are already offering separate but overlapping theologies to legitimize interfaith dialogue. A balanced analysis of multi-faith interactions is overdue in political science. The discipline characterises religious interactions solely from the perspective of schism and exclusion. The literature asserts that interactions among believers of different faiths will breed conflict, in- cluding terrorism, civil wars, interstate wars, and global wars. According to this conven- tional depiction, interfaith cooperation is especially challenging to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam due to their monotheism; each claims it is “the one true path”. The so-called “monothe- istic exclusion” refers to an all-or-nothing theological view: you are a believer or you are an infidel. Judaism identifies the chosen people, while outsiders are gentiles; Christians believe that no salvation is possible outside of Jesus; Islam seems to call for a perennial jihad against non-Muslims. Each faith would claim ‘religious other’ is a stranger to God. Political “us versus them” thinking evolves from this “believer versus infidel” worldview. This mindset, in turn, initiates the blaming, dehumanizing, and demonization of the believers of other reli- gious traditions. Eventually, it leads to inter-religious violence and conflict. Disputing this grim characterization of religious interactions, scholars of religion offer a tripartite typology of religious attitude towards the ‘religious other.’ They are: exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism. Exclusivism suggests a binary opposition of religious claims: one is truth, the other is falsehood. In this dichotomy, salvation requires affirmation of truths of one’s particular religion. Inclusivism integrates other religious traditions with one’s own. In this integration, one’s own religion represents the complete and pure, while other religions represent the incomplete, the corrupted, or both. Pluralism accepts that no religious tradi- tion has a privileged access to religious truth, and all religions are potentially equally valid paths. This paper examines the theology of interfaith dialogue (or interfaith theology) in the Abrahamic religions by means of analyzing the works of three prominent religious lead- ers, a Rabbi, a Pope, and a Muslim scholar. First, Jonathan Sacks, the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Britain and the Commonwealth, offers a framework for the dialogue of civilizations in his book Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations. Rather than mere tolerance and multiculturalism, he advocates what he calls the dignity of difference—an active engagement to value and cherish cultural and religious differences. Second, Pope John Paul II’s Crossing the Threshold of Hope argues that holiness and truth might exist in other religions because the Holy Spirit works beyond the for- mal boundaries of Church. Third, the Turkish Islamic scholar Fethullah Gülen’s Advocate of Dialogue describes a Muslim approach to interfaith dialogue based on the Muslim belief in prophecy and revelation. I analyze the interfaith theologies of these religious leaders in five sections: First, I explore variations on the definition of ‘interfaith dialogue’ in their works. Second, I examine the structural and strategic reasons for the emergence and development of the interfaith theologies. Third, I respond to four common doubts about the possibility and utility of interfaith di- alogue and theologies. Fourth, I use John Rawls’ overlapping consensus approach to develop a framework with which to analyze religious leaders’ support for interfaith dialogue. Fifth, I discuss the religious rationales of each religious leader as it relates to interfaith dialogue.
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Osman, Muhammad Nawab. "GÜLEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO A MODERATE ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/diek4743.
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This paper aims to demonstrate the relevance of the Gülen movement as a counter to extremist ideology and an encouragement to inter-religious dialogue in the Southeast Asia region. The movement presents a Middle Way Islam, which can accommodate local cultural differences and make a hospitable space for positive relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. Following an account of Fethullah Gülen’s views on extremism and inter-religious dialogue, the paper turns to case studies of Gülen-inspired organisations in Singapore and Indonesia to show how they have applied his ideas to enable inter-religious dialogue and offer an effective alternative to legalistic teaching of Islam. The case studies allow for comparison of the move- ment’s approach to a Muslim-majority and Muslim-minority context. The paper concludes by charting the trajectory of the movement’s role and contribution to the development of a Middle Way Islam in Southeast Asia. The paper is based on a combination of fieldwork with a qualitative approach and documen- tary research. The fieldwork comprises data gathered through participatory observation in Singapore and interviews with key members of the two organisations and their local partners. The documentary research comprises data from the movement’s publications – books, maga- zines (Asya Pasifik), newspaper articles, brochures and online materials. The emergence of Islam as a political force is a recent development in Southeast Asia. Earlier, the impact of the resurgence of Islam had been felt both in the social and cultural realms, through the mushrooming of Muslim organizations attempting to promote a ‘purer’ form of Islam in the region. In more recent times, however, the expression of religiosity has been brought about by way of participation in political parties and groups. More shockingly, some of these groups, such as the terror network known as Jemaati Islamiyah, have sought to use violence to achieve their aims. This has had severe ramifications for both intra-Muslim rela- tions and Muslim-non-Muslim relations in the region. In this chaotic socio-political climate, a group has emerged in the region advocating peace, tolerance and understanding between people of different races and religions. This group is known as the Gülen movement, or is commonly referred to as the hizmet, in Turkey. This paper will demonstrate how the Gülen movement has addressed the issues facing them and remained relevant by developing a counter-trend through proactive measures to oppose extremist ideology and enhance inter-religious discussion in the Southeast Asian region. Its key thrust is to show that the Gülen movement can reverse the current distorted state of Islam back to its original form. The teachings of Islam which is the teachings of the Middle Way can accommodate the cultural differences in Southeast Asia and enhance inter-religious ties between Muslims and non-Muslims in the region. The paper will first examine Fethullah Gülen’s views on extremism and inter-religious dialogue. The paper will then proceed to examine case studies of organizations inspired by Gülen in Singapore and Indonesia and how these organizations utilized his ideas to enhance inter-religious dialogue and provide an alternative to the legalistic discourse on Islam. This section will also attempt to compare and contrast the approach of the organization in a Muslim-majority country (Indonesia) and in a Muslim minority country (Singapore). The paper will conclude by charting a trajectory of the movement’s role its potential contributions to the development of moderate Islam in Southeast Asia. It will be argued that these contributions will become an important counter to extremist ideologies and enhance ties amongst Muslims and between members of different faiths in the region.
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Pratt, Douglas. "ISLAMIC PROSPECTS FOR INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE: THE CONTRIBUTION OF FETHULLAH GÜLEN." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/pnmx6276.
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Countering extremist ideology may be a problem primarily for the Muslim world, but it has major implications for, and so the interest of, the wider world. Although it might seem that it is the strident militant voices that are gaining ground in the Muslim world, there are also strong voices from within Islam seeking to proclaim the Muslim priority for peaceful and harmonious relations with the wider world, including with religious neighbours. Such a voice is that of Fethullah Gülen. This paper seeks to understand the prospects and appropriate contexts for dialogue: what enables, and what hinders, good interfaith relations? The paper addresses the issue of Islamic paradigms for inter-religious relations and dialogue, then analyses and critically discusses the views of Fethullah Gülen. The intention is to identify a perspective that will encourage future inter-religious dialogue and enhance the relations of Islam to other faiths, a perspective indicative of transitions within the Muslim world and one that gives cause to be hopeful for the recovery of the true way of peace.
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Manolache, Stelian. "The topicality and the necessity of the inter-religious dialogue in a world full of conflict and violence." In DIALOGO-CONF 2019 IRDW. Dialogo, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/dialogo.2019.5.2.3.
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Williams, Ian. "“A STATION ABOVE THAT OF ANGELS”: THE VISION OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION WITHIN PLURALISTIC SOCIETIES IN THE THOUGHT OF FETHULLAH GÜLEN - A STUDY OF CONTRASTS BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE UK." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/jmbu4194.
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Gülen cites ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib as saying, ‘... if a person’s intellect dominates his or her desire and ferocity, he or she rises to a station above that of angels ...’. Both historically as well as in modern contexts Muslim education is not characterised by uniformity but rather by a plurality of actors, institutions, ideas and political milieus. The two central questions are: What is required to live as a Muslim in the present world? Who is qualified to teach in this time? The debate over the nature and purpose of Islamic education is no recent phenomenon. It has been conducted for the past two centuries throughout the Islamic world: the transmission of both spiritual and empirical knowledge has always been dependent upon the support of religious, social and political authorities. Based on fieldwork in Turkey and the UK amongst schools associated with the Gülen move- ment, examination of national government policies and on readings of contemporary Muslim educationalists, this paper seeks to examine the ideals of Fethullah Gülen on contemporary Islamic and religious education. It reports critically on the contribution of these schools to social cohesion, inter-religious dialogue and common ambitions for every child and student. We should accept the fact that there is a specific way of being Muslim, which reflects the Turkish understanding and practices in those regions [which] stretch from Central Asia to the Balkans. [Ocak 1996 79] Islam, a rich and strong tradition in many diverse societies is both a living faith and in every generation has been the means of enabling Muslims to address social developments, justice, and both corporate and individual questions of identity and ethics. Drawing on the Qur’an, Hadith, Sunnah and fiqh new Islamic social movements have constantly formed fresh public spaces in which new identities and lifestyles could emerge. Some of the finest expressions of Islam have occurred in the most pluralist religio-social circumstances when intellectual dis- course, educational achievements and social harmony have flourished. Amongst contempo- rary Islamic thinkers who are professedly concerned to interpret the sources and their practice in an “Islamically correct” manner is Fethullah Gülen [b. 1938], the spiritual father of what is probably the most active Turkish-Islamic movement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In considering this movement however, one soon realizes that Fethullah Gülen is neither an innovator with a new and unique theology nor a revolutionary. His understanding of Islam is oriented within the conservative mainstream and his arguments are rooted in the traditional sources of Islam. They stand in a lineage represented as I shall argue through al-Ghazali, Mevlana Jalal ud-Din Rumi, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, and in company with Muhammad Asad and Muhammad Naquib Syed Al-Attas, and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Nonetheless, in less than thirty years his followers as Islamic activists have made significant contributions to inter-communal and national peace, inter-religious dialogue, economic development, and most certainly in the field of education out of all proportion to their numbers. Moreover, this is a de-centralised polymorphic social movement.
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Aslandogan, Y. Alp, and Bekir Cinar. "A SUNNI MUSLIM SCHOLAR’S HUMANITARIAN AND RELIGIOUS REJECTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CIVILIANS." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/yynr3033.
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This paper analyses the multi-faceted response of a Sunni-Hanafi scholar, Fethullah Gülen, to the phenomenon of violence against civilians under a religious rhetoric. Gülen’s response involves four components: (a) humanitarian, (b) religious, (c) political or realist, and (d) practical/educational. (a) Gülen categorically condemns acts of violence against innocent non-combatants including women and children as inhuman. (b) Gülen sets out the principles of Islamic jurisprudence that invalidate any declaration of war by individuals or groups: hence, such self-declared wars under the banner of Islam cannot be regarded as legitimate. He refutes ‘the end justifies the means’ argument, calling it a Marxist-Communist rhetoric, with no Islamic justification whatever. (c) While discussing misunderstanding, misrepresentation and abuse of religious texts, Gülen hints at the presence of individuals, interest groups, and other entities that benefit from friction and violent conflict. He suggests that the possibility should be considered that some individuals have been manipulated, perhaps even ‘hypnotised’ through special drugs, to carry out actions they would otherwise not carry out. (d) Gülen offers practical approaches to rooting out the problem of hate-mongering and violent conflict. The underlying dynamic of this approach is to provide, through education, mutual understanding, respect, opportunity and hope. Only educational institutions that foster inter- faith and intercultural dialogue, mutual understanding and respect, and offer hope of upward mobility, can provide lasting solutions. Concepts such as ‘love of creation due to the Creator’ can be located in every culture and spiritual tradition. Gülen’s own emphasis on Islamic spirituality provides an example that is particularly significant for Muslims: his argument against terrorism and for peaceful interfaith relations is based upon the authoritative view of the Sunni tradition, to which 90% of the world’s Muslims adhere.