Academic literature on the topic 'Interaction plantes-Pollinisateurs'
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Journal articles on the topic "Interaction plantes-Pollinisateurs"
Fontaine, Colin, Jacques Meriguet, Michel Loreau, and Isabelle Dajoz. "La diversité des interactions plantes-pollinisateurs : un pré-requis indispensable à la stabilité des écosystèmes." médecine/sciences 22, no. 10 (October 2006): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20062210817.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Interaction plantes-Pollinisateurs"
Dubuisson, Candice. "Impact de la pollution atmosphérique par l’ozone sur la communication chimique plante-pollinisateur : le cas de deux interactions emblématiques en Méditerranée." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG001.
Full textAmong the pollutants present in the troposphere, ozone (O3) is probably one of the most stressful for organisms, owing to its strong oxidizing potential. For example, high concentrations of O3 ([O3]) can affect the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that allow plants to communicate with their environment. Moreover, O3 can react with these VOCs in the atmosphere to create new molecules, thus degrading the chemical signals upon which plant-insect interactions, including plant-pollinator interactions, depend. Many studies have shown the effects of O3 on the vegetative parts of plants but very few have studied their effects on their reproductive parts, which are generally responsible for the attraction of pollinators. This work therefore aims to provide knowledge on the effect of O3 in plant-pollinator chemical communication, namely, its effects on (i) the emission of floral VOCs by the plant, (ii) the chemical signal during its transport in the atmosphere and (iii) the recognition of this signal by pollinators.In the Mediterranean region, the interactions between the Mediterranean fig tree, Ficus carica (Moraceae), and its specific pollinator, Blastophaga psenes (Agaonidae), and between the true lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae), and its generalist pollinator, the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Apidae), are the two emblematic study models chosen to meet the objectives of this dissertation, owing to their specificity and to the frequency and intensity of O3 pollution peaks in this region.This work combined descriptive and experimental studies to determine (i) the daily rate of VOCs emission from flowering plants, (ii) the in natura variation in emission of floral VOCs from fig trees exposed chronically or punctually to O3 pollution and other variables affected by climate change, (iii) the response of plants exposed under controlled conditions to a peak of O3 pollution, in terms of their emission of floral VOCs, (iv) the reaction of O3 with floral VOCs in a controlled atmosphere, and (v) the consequences of these two effects on the attraction of pollinators.The results show that (i) for both models, VOCs emission is correlated with light intensity but also shows different emission peaks during the day, depending on identity of the VOCs; (ii) for F. carica, there is marked seasonal variation in the emission of VOCs in natura, with light intensity, temperature, drought and chronic and acute source of O3 pollution responsible for variations in the emission of floral VOCs; (iii) for both species, exposure under controlled conditions for 5h to 200 ppb O3 (maximum ([O3] recorded in the last 15 years in the Mediterranean region) has no immediate effect on emission of floral VOCs, but (iv) floral VOCs alone exposed to different [O3] react differentially with the pollutant to form new molecules, thus modifying the proportions of VOCs in the mixture at [O3] as low as 40 ppb, and finally, (v) in F. carica, these modifications of VOCs significantly inhibit the attraction of the specific pollinator. This study highlights sources of variation in floral VOC emission in the two model species but also provides an integrative view of the effect of acute exposure to high [O3] on the concentration of VOCs around these plants. Behavioral tests with different pollinators are now essential to characterize the resilience of these interactions to the [O3]-induced variations in VOCs highlighted in this study. More generally, this work points to the importance of studying factors of climate change co-occurring in natura, including the effects of the concentrations of different air pollutants, on chemical communication in different plant-pollinator interactions in order to define measures to protect these interactions in the face of current and future environmental changes
Goulnik, Jérémie. "Étude fonctionnelle de la fonction de pollinisation entomophile en prairie permanente sous l'effet d'un gradient d'intensification agricole." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0297.
Full textDecline in biodiversity and its impacts on ecosystem functioning are critical issues we are facing in the 21st century. Intensive agriculture is nowadays considered as one of the factors behind this decline, sparking off a societal desire toward an agroecological transition. Agroecology aims at integrating ecological functions into food production processes. Permanent grasslands are at the core of these issues, because of their essential roles in livestock feeding, but also because of their ability to harbor a rich biodiversity. Intensification of agricultural practices can modify plant and pollinator communities, but also interactions between these two trophic levels. Presently, the mechanisms behind these modifications are little studied, and even less with a functional trait-based approach as we propose in this PhD thesis. The goals of this PhD thesis are: 1) to study the effects of local land-use intensification on functional diversity of floral traits and their consequences on pollination function; 2) to study the relationships between functional diversity of floral traits and both taxonomic and functional diversities of pollinators; 3) to determine if hairiness and surface of pollinator face are good predictors of face pollen load. To do so, we selected 16 permanent grasslands belonging to a land-use intensification gradient in Moselle, France. We measured five floral traits belonging to three categories (cue/signal, exploitation barrier, reward) from plant species in the communities we followed. We established visual plant-pollinator interaction networks by catching foraging insects along transects. Finally, we measured insect body mass, as well as the surface and the hairiness of their face which were related to their face pollen load. Firstly, we found a significant effect of soil fertility on functional diversity of floral traits, but no effect of land-use intensification. While soil fertility is already known to influence functional diversity of vegetative traits, our results show for the first time an effect of soil characteristics on functional diversity of floral traits, that could be caused by exclusive competition. Moreover, an increase in functional diversity of floral traits results in an increase in plant-pollinator interaction frequency, a proxy of pollination function. This result is in congruence with the expected positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We also found that an increase in functional diversity of nectar sugar production increases pollinator taxonomic richness but not functional diversity of their body mass. This result suggests the importance to maximize functional diversity of sugar production to maintain a high taxonomic diversity of pollinators, while pollinators face currently a global decline. Lastly, we showed an increase in face pollen load of pollinators with hairiness as well as surface of this body part, validating these two pollination effect traits for a set of wild plant species, while until now it was only done for a few cultivated plant species. This PhD thesis thus brings a unique perspective of cascading effects from local factors to pollination function in permanent grasslands
Chartier, Marion. "Évolution des interactions plantes-pollinisateurs chez les aracées : contraintes phylogénétiques et écologiques." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1461/.
Full textThis thesis is made up of two parts dealing with the ecological and phylogenetical constraints exerted on the evolution of plant-pollinator interactions in one plant family: the Araceae. In the first part, the pollinator-mediated evolution of floral traits in Araceae has been investigated at the family level. A new nuclear marker was added to the most recent phylogeny of Araceae. Floral traits and pollinators were then mapped on the new tree (with the method of Bayesian stochastic mapping) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of pollination in Araceae. Finally, the correlated evolution of pollination and floral traits was tested in order to find clues for selective pressures exerted by pollinators on the evolution of floral traits. In the second part, the geographical variations of the interaction between two Arum species, A. Italicum and A. Maculatum, and their pollinators in France, was investigated. This work consisted in the sampling of pollinators and the analysis of the attractive odors from Arum inflorescences within different populations. Transplantation tests of the plants between two different sites showed that even if they share some pollinators, these two Arum species have evolved towards different attractive "strategies". Scarce hybrids from the two species presented intermediate ecological traits (odor and attractiveness), and the non-negligible role of the odor as a pre-zygotic reproductive barrier between them was demonstrated
Ferdy, Jean-Baptiste. "Interactions plantes-pollinisateurs et biologie de la conservation : comportement des insectes et succès reproducteur des plantes ; cas des plantes trompeuses et du trolle d'Europe." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0014.
Full textDelmas, Chloé. "Interactions plantes-pollinisateurs et reproduction sexuée en habitat fragmenté : le cas d'un arbuste à floraison massive." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1603/.
Full textThere is increasing evidence that global changes negatively impact plant and pollinator populations. However, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of pollinator and mate limitations on plant mating system have been poorly studied. To contribute to this scientific challenge, we study the importance of pollination failure in a self-compatible and mass-flowering shrub (Rhododendron ferrugineum) along a gradient of floral display size. To explore the causes of pollination failure and the consequences on the reproductive success of this focal species, we used an integrative approach including: the study of plant-pollinator interactions at the community scale, pollinator and stigmatic pollen load analyses and the pollination and mating system of the focal species. We also examine, at the species and community levels, the ecological and evolutionary processes that might be able to alleviate pollination failure. We evidence that pollinator abundance substantially decreased with decreasing R. Ferrugineum floral display size. Nevertheless, this highly attractive species monopolizes pollinators from the surrounding community, mitigating the negative consequences of plant isolation. Pollination failure, assessed by pollen transfer limitation in R. Ferrugineum, is due to low pollinator availability in patches with large floral display sizes (intraspecific competition) while it is due to low conspecific plant availability in patches with small floral display sizes. Our study highlights that pollinator versus mate limitation resulted in contrasted pollination modes (allogamy / facilitated autogamy, respectively), reproductive success (low / high) and selfing rate (low / high). Contrary to our expectations, no evolutionary shift has been observed towards a higher frequency of spontaneous self-fertilization in response to pollen transfer limitation due to either pollinator or mate limitation. This study clearly demonstrates the relevance of using holistic approaches to assess global changes consequences on mating system evolution and adaptive potential of plant species. High inbreeding depression and selective pressures on pollinator attractive structures, allowing both facilitated selfing and outcrossing, are likely to prevent mating system evolution in long-lived mass-flowering species
Ragué, Maxime. "Dynamiques spatiale et temporelle des paysages agricoles : conséquences sur les interactions plantes-pollinisateurs et la pollinisation." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS033.
Full textMaintaining insect pollinators in farmland is essential for ensuring the pollination of crops and wild plants. This partly relies on the increase of floral resource availability. Mass flowering crops (MFC) provide a high amount of resources, but on a short period of time contrary to grasslands or weeds sheltered in fields. This temporal aspect is rarely studied, although it might be crucial in the maintenance of pollinators and insect pollination over the season. The aim of the thesis is to understand how the spatial and temporal distribution of the floral resources in farmland influence plant-pollinator interactions and pollination. Our results indicate that MFC at their peak flowering period, attract wild pollinators from grasslands and the honeybee; thus, supporting the pollination function. Within MFC, the honeybee preferentially consumes floral resources provided by crops, and may exclude wild pollinators from crop flowers which therefore foraged on weeds. After MFC flowering, pollinator insects spillover to grasslands and cereals which support pollination. Weeds, through their diversity in grasslands, and through their abundance in cereals support wild pollinators at this time period. The persistence of pollinators and pollination in farmland landscapes is based on (i) the maintenance of grasslands and weeds that ensure the spatio-temporal continuity of floral resources, (ii) MFC that supplement the landscapes in floral resources, and (iii) the reduction of field size that facilitates the access to the floral resources. Such measures appear to be compatible with crop production
Flacher, Floriane. "Influence des interactions entre espèces végétales sur les relations plantes-pollinisateurs : cas de la compétition induite par la présence d'espèces anémophiles sur l'attractivité aux pollinisateurs d'espèces entomophiles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066017/document.
Full textAttractiveness traits of insect-pollinated plants to pollinators (i.e. flowers and associated rewards) can be sensitive to variations of resources (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorous). As competition between plants can modify resource availability, we studied its effect on insect-pollinated plants and their floral traits involved in attractiveness to pollinators, especially in presence of wind-pollinated plants. We showed that the presence of a competitive wind-pollinated species could reduce total flower production, floral display size and total sucrose allocated to nectar of insect-pollinated species. Especially, the stronger the competitor, the stronger is the effect on floral traits. The study of wild pollinators’ visits on an insect-pollinated plant in competition with a wind-pollinated plant revealed a decrease in the number of visits associated to the decrease of floral display size and total flower production. Therefore, even though they do not interact directly with pollinators, wind-pollinated plant species can modulate plant-pollinator interactions through competitive interactions. This thesis raises new perspectives for the study of plant-pollinator networks, which are generally focused on insect-pollinated plants, by opening them up to the whole plant community
Conchou, Lucie. "Les odeurs dans les interactions plantes-insectes au-delà de la communication. Application au modèle Ficus-pollinisateurs-parasites et conséquences pour la compréhension des processus de coévolution." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20121/document.
Full textThe scents emitted by plants are often interpreted in the light of their interaction with pollinators, phytophagous insects and their natural ennemies, as communication signals whose function is to attract or repel those insects. However, according to the adaptive definition of communication, a trait can be called “signal” only if it has been selected for the sensory interaction with a receptor. In addition, it has been shown that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by leaves participate to the defense of the plant against abiotic (especially oxidative/heat stress) and biotic stresses (pathogens, induction of defenses). The idea underlying this thesis it to put all all the contexts of emission and functions together within a common framework. Using the fig-pollinator-parasite model, the approach I choose was to compare the variation of fig scent with that of leaf scent, along their development and daily. In both cases, leaf scent is a control trait that allows to determine if the variations observed in figs are possibly adaptive regarding the interaction with insects, and to explicitely consider the potential functions of the scents emitted out of receptivity. Stress-protective functions that are evidenced in leaf scents are thus also relevant in figs. Then, the fact that communication is not relevant to describe the role of scents in the fig-parasite interaction led me to develop a reflection on the way phytophagous insects and their natural enemies could influence the evolution of plant scents. Finally, in the case of fig-pollinator communication, studying the case of Ficus septica, that is associated to two co-occuring ecologically differenciated pollinators, allows to imagine a potential co-speciation mechanism, where the divergence of communication mode would contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation
Baude, Mathilde. "Information et compétition dans les systèmes plantes-ôllinisateurs : rôles de la structure spatiale et dela diversité des communautés végétales." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066340.
Full textLepers, Clotilde. "Pollinators : demanding partners : Investigating the interplay between plant-pollinator interactions and plant traits evolution." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10188/document.
Full textThe mode of pollination is often neglected regarding the evolution of plant traits, although the reproduction of most flowering plants is based on their interactions with pollinators. This thesis aims at a better understanding of the interplay between animal-pollination and the evolution of plant traits. First, I will present a detailed review on the interplay between plant mating system and pollinator behavior, which highlights the impact of pollinators on the immediate ecological selfing rate and on its evolution. Second, I modeled the evolution of plant selfing rate when it affects both the demography of plants and pollinators and the investment of plants in pollination. This study provides new theoretical evidence that evolution towards selfing can lead to an evolutionary suicide in some conditions. Third, I will present a modeling analysis of the impact of animal-pollination for species that compulsorily rely on outcross pollination: entomophilous dioecious species. This study revealed that under pollinator-mediated selection, attractiveness of males and females should evolve in large populations that do not suffer from pollen limitation. This result suggests that dimorphism may not be a threat for dioecious populations. Finally, although the previous models integrated pollinators in a basic way, they highlighted strong interplays between pollinators, plant demography, and the evolution of plant traits. The last study of this thesis, aims at defining and quantifying the mechanisms underlying pollinator foraging behavior, and especially the impact of plants floral traits on pollen transfer. This would allow for a better modeling of plant-pollinators interactions
Book chapters on the topic "Interaction plantes-Pollinisateurs"
Schatz, Bertrand, Martine Hossaert-McKey, and Finn Kjellberg. "Chapitre 36. Histoire évolutive et diversité des interactions insectes pollinisateurs-plantes." In Interactions insectes-plantes, 565–76. IRD Éditions, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.22644.
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