Academic literature on the topic 'Interactions, gall–inducing insect'
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Journal articles on the topic "Interactions, gall–inducing insect"
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Fagundes, Marcílio, Pablo Cuevas-Reyes, Letícia F. Ramos Leite, Magno Augusto Zazá Borges, Walter Santos De Araújo, G. Wilson Fernandes, and Walisson Kenedy Siqueira. "Diversity of Gall-Inducing Insects Associated With a Widely Distributed Tropical Tree Species: Testing the Environmental Stress Hypothesis." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 838–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa072.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Abiotic factors can affect plant performance and cause stress, which in turn affects plant–herbivore interactions. The Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) predicts that gall-inducing insect diversity will be greater on host plants that grow in stressful habitats. We tested this hypothesis, considering both historical and ecological scales, using the plant Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Fabaceae) as a model because it has a wide geographic distribution and is a super-host of gall-inducing insects. According to the ESH, we predicted that 1) on a historical scale, the diversity of gall-inducing insects will be higher in habitats with greater environmental stress and 2) on an ecological scale, gall-inducing insect diversity will be greater on plants that possess greater levels of foliar sclerophylly. We sampled gall-inducing insects on plants of C. langsdorffii in five sites with different levels of water and soil nutrient availability and separated from each other by a distance of up to 470 km. The composition, richness, and abundance of gall-inducing insects varied among study sites. Plants located in more stressful habitats had higher levels of foliar sclerophylly; but richness and abundance of gall-inducing insects were not affected by host plant sclerophylly. Habitat stress was a good predictor of gall-inducing insect diversity on a regional scale, thus corroborating the first prediction of the ESH. No relationship was found between plant sclerophylly and gall-inducing insect diversity within habitats. Therefore, on a local scale, we did not find support for our second prediction related to the ESH.
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Sugiura, Shinji, and Kazuo Yamazaki. "Gall-attacking behavior in phytophagous insects, with emphasis on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 2, no. 1 (2009): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498309x435658.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPlant galls are induced by physicochemical interactions between plants and gall-inducing organisms, such as insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Organisms that are unable to create galls on plants, but feed on gall tissues induced by other species, are referred to as gall-attackers (gall-feeders) and include various insect orders (Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera). Gall-attacking weevils (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) may have acquired their gall-feeding habits independently (i.e. cecidophages), whereas other gall-attacking insects, such as inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera) and gall midges (Diptera) may have evolved these habits from gall-inducing ancestors (i.e., inquilines). Most species of gall-attacking weevils feed only on galls (obligate cecidophages), while most gall-attacking moths feed on galls and also on ungalled or normal plant tissues (facultative cecidophages). Weevils may have acquired their gall-attacking habits independently from other types of feeding habits, such as leaf mining, seed-feeding, and bud-feeding, while moths may have acquired them from leaf-chewing and wood-boring. Studies on the effects of gall-attacking weevils on gall-inducing arthropods report a higher proportion of lethal effects than studies on effects from gall-attacking moths. Weevil larvae rarely move around food resources because they have no legs, while moth larvae can actively move among food resources using their prolegs. This difference in mobility between weevils and moth larva may be related to their differential gall-attacking behaviors and effects on gall-inducers. Cecidophages provide a model system for investigating the evolution of feeding habits and the ecology of species interactions.
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Kuzmanich, Nicolás, Melisa Giorgis, and Adriana Salvo. "Insect galls from Córdoba, central Argentina: a case where stem galls predominate." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i3.31947.
Full textAbstract:
Galls are structures produced by plants in response to the activity of several types of organisms. Gall-inducing species have a close relationship with their host plant, as their habitat is largely restricted to the gall and the plant organ in which it develops. All plant organs are susceptible to gall induction by insects, the leaves being the most vulnerable. Knowledge about interactions between gall-inducing insects and plants is fragmented and incomplete in Argentina. In this study, we completed an inventory of galls induced by insects on plants in Córdoba (central Argentina) using information from field surveys and a review of the literature. We also focused on the frequency of plant-insect taxonomic associations and plant organs most commonly attacked by gall-inducing insects. Field surveys were performed systematically in 26 sites of Chaco Serrano, which were visited five times in two consecutive years, and in17 sites of the province, which were sampled one or two times each. A comprehensive literature search of electronic and conventional databases was also conducted to complete the inventory. A total of 99 gall morphospecies on 58 plant species (21 families and 44 genera) were recorded through both field surveys and a literature review, enlarging the list of species available for the region by almost 50 %. Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the plant families most attacked by galling insects, in partial concordance with the most species-rich plant families in the region. Diptera, particularly the family Cecidomyiidae, was the most species-rich group in the community of galling insects, which is in agreement with different studies across the globe. Baccharis was the genus displaying the highest number of gall morphotypes, followed by Acacia, Condalia, Geoffroea, Prosopis and Schinus. Almost 60 % of the morphotypes were stem galls, a pattern uncommon in the literature. Fusiform and globoid-shaped galls were predominant. Our study highlights the scarce knowledge there is about the interactions between plants and gall-inducing insects in Argentina, particularly those involving species of Cecidomyiidae, with more than 30 undescribed species. Possible mechanisms involved in the predominance of stem galls in central Argentina are discussed.
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Favery, Bruno, Géraldine Dubreuil, Ming-Shun Chen, David Giron, and Pierre Abad. "Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes." Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722.
Full textAbstract:
Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological and physiological changes in host roots, leaves, and other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot and cyst nematodes in particular, as well as gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them with food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting in the formation of aberrant and spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here the complex interactions between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites and their infected hosts, focusing on similarities between strategies of plant manipulation. We highlight progress in our understanding of the host plant response to infection and focus on the nematode and insect molecules secreted in planta. We suggest thatlooking at similarities may identify convergent and conserved strategies and shed light on the promise they hold for the development of new management strategies in agriculture and forestry.
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Sharma, Anamika, and Anantanarayanan Raman. "Gall-inducing Psylloidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) – plant interactions." Journal of Plant Interactions 17, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 580–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2022.2065371.
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Araújo, Walter, Érica Freitas, Ján Kollár, Rodrigo Pessoa, Paulo Corgosinho, Henrique Valério, Luiz Falcão, et al. "Host Specialization in Plant-galling Interactions: Contrasting Mites and Insects." Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100180.
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Galling arthropods represent one of the most specialized herbivore groups. On an evolutionary scale, different taxa of insects and mites have convergently adapted to a galling lifestyle. In this study, we have used a multi-taxonomic approach to analyze the interaction specialization between gall-inducing mites and insects and their host plants in the Nitra City Park (Nitra, Slovakia). We used four ecological descriptors for describe plant-galling interactions: number of host plant species used by each arthropod species, galling specificity on host plant species (specificity), exclusivity of interactions between galling and plant species (specialization) and overlap of the interactions between arthropod species (similarity). We have found 121 species of gall-inducing arthropods, totaling 90 insects and 31 mites occurring on 65 host plant species. Our results reveal that mites have high specialization and low similarity of interactions in comparison to insects. A multiple-taxonomic comparison showed that these differences are triggered by gall-wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), the taxon with the lowest levels of specificity of plant-galling interactions (i.e., occurring on different host plant species). Our findings are indicative of different patterns of interaction between distinct gall-inducing arthropods taxa and their host plants, despite the ecological convergence of different taxa to a highly specialized herbivorous habitat.
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Wang, Wei, Yongzhong Cui, Xiaoming Chen, Nawaz Haider Bashir, and Hang Chen. "A new species of aphid of the genus Nipponaphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae) from China, inducing galls on the trunk of a witch-hazel (Hamamelidaceae)." Zoologia 38 (May 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.38.e60598.
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Plants and insects have co-existed for millions of years. Although research has been conducted on various insect species that induce galls on various plant tissues, information is particularly scarce when it comes to insects that form galls on the tough trunk of their host plants. This contribution describes the gall-inducing aphid Nipponaphis hubeiensis sp. nov. from the Zhushan County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province of China. This aphid induces enclosed galls with woody external layer on the trunk of Sycopsis sinensis (Saxifragales: Hamamelidaceae), an uncommon ecological niche in the aphid-plant interaction system. Morphological features for the identification of new species are provided. In addition, a partial sequence of the nuclear gene EF1α was amplified and sequenced to construct a cluster graph. Based on the clustering graph combined with morphology traits, the gall-forming aphid was classified into Nipponaphis. The unique ecological habits of this new aphid will bring innovative perspectives to the study of the evolution and diversity in aphid-host interaction.
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Body, Mélanie J. A., Matthew S. Zinkgraf, Thomas G. Whitham, Chung-Ho Lin, Ryan A. Richardson, Heidi M. Appel, and Jack C. Schultz. "Heritable Phytohormone Profiles of Poplar Genotypes Vary in Resistance to a Galling Aphid." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 6 (June 2019): 654–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0301-r.
Full textAbstract:
Insect galls are highly specialized structures arising from atypical development of plant tissue induced by insects. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Galls are essentially plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the gall-inducing insect and its host plant. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by phytohormones involved in normal organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and defensive phytohormones in ungalled control leaves and galls induced by the aphid Pemphigus betae on narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia that differ genotypically in resistance to this insect. We found that susceptible trees differed from resistant trees in constitutive concentrations of both growth and defense phytohormones. Susceptible trees were characterized by significantly higher constitutive cytokinin concentrations in leaves, significantly greater ability of aphids to elicit cytokinin increases, and significantly lower constitutive defense phytohormone concentrations than observed in resistant trees. Phytohormone concentrations in both constitutive and induced responses in galled leaves exhibited high broad-sense heritability that, respectively, ranged from 0.39 to 0.93 and from 0.28 to 0.66, suggesting that selection can act upon these traits and that they might vary across the landscape. Increased cytokinin concentrations may facilitate forming strong photosynthate sinks in the galls, a requirement for galling insect success. By characterizing for the first time the changes in 15 phytohormones belonging to five different classes, this study offers a better overview of the signaling alteration occurring in galls that has likely been important for their ecology and evolution. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Andersen, Jeremy C., Monica J. Davis, Katherine N. Schick, and Joseph S. Elkinton. "Molecular Placement of an Outbreak-Causing Gall Wasp, Zapatella davisae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with Comments on Phylogenetic Arrangements in the Tribe Cynipini." Journal of Entomological Science 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.1.84.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) have fascinated researchers for centuries due to the elaborate diversity of charismatic galls they produce, the presence of unique reproductive systems (e.g., a form of cyclical parthenogenesis), the possible convergent evolution of semiparasitic gall wasp forms (i.e., “inquilines”), and their multitrophic interactions. While many classifications for gall wasps have been proposed, recent DNA sequence efforts combined with taxonomic revisions are beginning to clarify the evolutionary relationships of this group. To date, however, a well resolved phylogeny is lacking, complicating the study of outbreak-causing pest species. Outbreaks by one such species, the black oak gall wasp, Zapatella davisae Buffington & Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), have led to extensive damage and mortality of black oaks, Quercus velutina L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), in the northeastern United States. Here we sequenced fragments of the nuclear ribosomal gene 28S, and the nuclear protein coding gene long-wavelength opsin from samples of Z. davisae collected on Cape Cod, MA, and Long Island, NY. Using these sequences and sequences previously published from the mitochondrial locus cytochrome b, we performed Bayesian and maximum likelihood multilocus phylogenetic reconstructions based on a concatenated alignment including species of gall wasps in the tribe Cynipini from which all three loci were present in the GenBank database. Confirming morphological work, we find that Z. davisae is most closely related to species in the genera Callirhytis and Neuroterus, and appears to be a basal member of the “Quercus” section of the tribe Cynipini. We find that recent generic reclassifications within the Cynipini have made great progress towards clarifying the taxonomic relationships of species of gall-inducing wasps in this tribe, and we comment on several classifications that require additional research.
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Hernández-Vera, Gerardo, Ivo Toševski, Roberto Caldara, and Brent C. Emerson. "Evolution of host plant use and diversification in a species complex of parasitic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." PeerJ 7 (March 20, 2019): e6625. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6625.
Full textAbstract:
Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) represent one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth; interactions with their host plants have been recognized to play a central role in their remarkable diversity, yet the exact mechanisms and factors still remain poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, here we investigate the evolution of host use and its possible role in diversification processes ofRhinusaandGymnetron, two closely related groups of weevils that feed and develop inside plant tissues of hosts within the families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. We found strong evidence for phylogenetic conservatism of host use at the plant family level, most likely due to substantial differences in the chemical composition of hosts, reducing the probability of shifts between host families. In contrast, the use of different plant organs represents a more labile ecological trait and ecological niche expansion that allows a finer partitioning of resources.RhinusaandGymnetronweevils initially specialized on plants within Scrophulariaceae and then shifted to the closely related Plantaginaceae; likewise, a gall inducing behavior evolved from non-galler weevils, possibly in response to resource competition, as galls facilitate larval development by providing enhanced nutrition and a favorable microhabitat. Results from trait-dependent diversification analyses suggest that both use of hosts within Plantaginaceae and parasitism on fruits and seed capsules are associated with enhanced diversification ofRhinusaandGymnetronvia low extinction rates. Our study provides quantitative evidence and insights on the ecological factors that can promote diversification in phytophagous insects that feed and develop inside plant tissues.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interactions, gall–inducing insect"
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Islam, Md Rashedul. "Interactions between a gall–inducing wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and its host plant Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae)." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2020. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/176374.
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Sallow Wattle (Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia) is a native Australian shrub which is an invasive weed in some parts of Australia, and internationally. A gall-forming wasp (Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae), also native to Australia, causes abnormal growth of tissues (galls) in Sallow Wattle. This wasp is used outside of Australia to control invasive populations of this plant species. However, in Australia, the wasp is not effective in managing the spread of Sallow Wattle. This study investigates various aspects of the relationship between the wasp and its host plant in Australian ecosystems to better understand the physiological and ecological processes involved. The study shows that this wasp is host-specific on Sallow Wattle. The feeding action of the larval wasps increase secondary plant compounds in gall tissue, which may assist the plant to defend itself chemically against other insects and microorganisms. The growth of the galls redirects resources which are otherwise used by the plant for growth and reproduction. A second insect species was found within the galls and was identified as Megastigmus sp. This second species is likely to be a parasitoid, killing the larvae of the gall-former and occupying the gall. The presence of Megastigmus sp. in Australian ecosystems may be a key factor affecting the ability of T. acaciaelongifoliae to control Sallow Wattle in its native range. The structure of galls formed by each type of gall-inducing insects is unique and the process of gall induction also varies across species. The present study has specifically examined the initiation and development of galls formed by T. acaciaelongifoliae on A. l. longifolia. Unlike other hymenopteran groups, which induce galls during oviposition, T. acaciaelongifoliae appears to form galls on A. l. longifolia via the larval feeding process. Three major stages of gall development were identified and described: induction of gall, growth and maturation of gall, and shrinking and desiccation of gall. These findings have significantly extended our current knowledge of gall induction and development by the hymenopteran group of insects. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenol (TP), and total anthocyanin (TA) were measured in galls formed by T. acaciaelongifoliae at different growth stages of galls and in other plant tissue samples of A. l. longifolia to understand the effect of gall formation on plant phytochemistry. The results indicated differences in the amounts of phytochemicals in tissue samples from galls of different growth stages of galls and between gall tissue samples and other plant samples of A. l. longifolia. The highest amount of total antioxidant capacity, total phenols and total anthocyanin were recorded in samples of early stages galls, whereas the minimum amounts of phytochemicals were in stems of A. l. longifolia. Amounts of antioxidant capacity, phenols and anthocyanin gradually declined as galls developed and larvae became less active in their feeding activity prior to pupation. It is assumed that the active feeding action of the larvae results in increased amounts of these chemicals in the early growth stages of the galls. The effect of galls formed by the wasp, T. acaciaelongifoliae on the growth and reproduction of A. l. longifolia was investigated in the native home range of both species, where the plant is invasive. Differences in the average number of phyllodes per sub-branch were found between galled and ungalled plants. Galls were also shown to affect the growth rate of branches. The number of galls correlated positively with twig mortality; and negatively with the number of seedpods per sub-branch. While galls formed by T. acaciaelongifoliae have impacts on the growth and reproduction of A. l. longifolia plants, the plant continues to invade Australian ecosystems. An experiment was conducted to investigate the host plant preference of T. acaciaelongifoliae. Ten different native host plant species (co-occurring with A. l. longifolia in the study locations) were tested in two set of experiments; a ‘free choice test’ and ‘no choice test’. The results showed that T. acaciaelongifoliae is highly host-specific on A. l. longifolia plants. Thus, it was concluded that the presence of other plant species does not explain the continued invasiveness of A. l. longifolia in Australia. A second insect species was found in the galls developed by T. acaciaelongifoliae on A. l. longifolia. The insect species has been identified as another hymenopteran from the genus Megastigmus. Since no T. acaciaelongifoliae emerged from the galls occupied by Megastigmus sp, it is proposed that Megastigmus sp. may feed upon T. acaciaelongifoliae larvae and kill them inside the galls. This might be a key factor affecting the performance of the wasp, T. acaciaelongifoliae in controlling A. l. longifolia in its native distribution. Parasitism rates of Megastigmus sp. should be investigated in future experiments.Doctor of Philosophy
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Barnewall, Emily C., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Plant-insect interactions between yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris, and a potential biocontrol agent, the gall-forming weevil, Rhinusa pilosa." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Department of Biological Sciences, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2618.
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Yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill. (Plantaginaceae), is a non-native invasive plant. Rhinusa pilosa Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a proposed biocontrol agent. Gall development by R. pilosa was described using histological methods and compared between plant populations from native and introduced ranges. Key stages of oviposition were isolated histologically to determine their importance in gall induction. Rhinusa pilosa galled and developed on four geographically distinct Canadian populations in a pre-release quarantine study. Low agent densities only negatively affected one population. High densities of R. pilosa reduced potential reproductive output and plant biomass. Conducting detailed investigations into the biology, impact, and development of R. pilosa on populations from invasive and native ranges may help predict the efficacy of R. pilosa in the field if approved for release and.goes beyond current pre-release testing requirements.ix, 168 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 29 cm
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Dardeau, France. "Modulation de la manipulation du peuplier par le puceron lanigère, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Sign.), via la résistance de l’hôte et l’environnement." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2054/document.
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Phloeomyzus passerinii est un important ravageur des peupleraies en Europe. Ce puceron se développe sur les troncs de peuplier, avec un mode nutrition mal connu, et présente des performances variables selon les génotypes de peuplier. Dans une optique de gestion de cet insecte, il était nécessaire de clarifier la nature de ses interactions trophiques avec son hôte. En complément, nous avons étudié comment la résistance de l’hôte et des facteurs environnementaux, comme la fertilisation et une contrainte hydrique, pouvaient affecter ces interactions. Des approches histologiques et biochimiques ont permis de mettre en évidence l’induction par l’insecte d’un tissu organise dans l’écorce d’un génotype sensible (I-214), qualifiable de pseudo-galle, où les composés phénoliques solubles disparaissent mais ou des acides aminés s’accumulent. Des approches complémentaires ont montré que le comportement de nutrition du puceron était optimisé sur ces tissus modifiés, et son développement larvaire amélioré. Concernant les mécanismes de résistance, dans un génotype très résistant (Brenta), la formation de la pseudogalle était totalement inhibée, suite à une lignification intense et étendue des tissus, empêchant l’installation du puceron. Dans un génotype de résistance intermédiaire (I-45/51), la formation était seulement partiellement inhibée, diminuant les performances démographiques et comportementales de l’insecte, et la capacité du tissu modifié à accumuler des acides aminés. Pour étudier l’impact environnemental, nous avons considéré les effets de trois niveaux de fertilisation et de trois niveaux d’irrigation du sol. La fertilisation n’a pas modifié les performances du puceron, probablement à cause d’une accumulation d’acides aminés par la pseudogalle d’autant plus forte que la fertilisation était faible. Le déficit hydrique a affecté les interactions, notamment au travers d’un effet génotype dépendant, favorisant le développement de l’insecte lors d’une contrainte intermédiaire chez le génotype résistant seulement et affectant négativement le développement chez les génotypes sensible et résistant lors d’une contrainte élevéePhloeomyzus passerinii is an important pest of cultivated poplar stands in Europe. It develops onpoplar trunks, thanks to an undefined feeding mode, and exhibits variable performances depending on poplargenotypes. To develop efficient management strategies, we have investigated the trophic interactions betweenthis pest and its host. In addition, we have studied how host resistance and environmental factors, like fertilizationand water deficit, could affect these interactions. Histological and biochemical approaches highlighted theinduction by the aphid of an organized tissue in the bark of a susceptible poplar genotype (I-214), considered as apseudogall, where soluble phenolic compounds disappear but amino acids accumulate. Behavioral andphysiological approaches showed that the aphid nutrition behavior is optimized on these modified tissues, andthat its nymphal development is improved. Regarding resistance mechanisms, on a highly resistant genotype(Brenta), pseudogall formation was totally inhibited, due to an intense and extended lignification, preventing aphidsettlement. On a moderately resistant genotype (I-45/51), pseudogall formation was only partially inhibited,reducing demographic and behavioral performances of the insect, and the ability of the pseudogall to accumulateamino acids. To study environmental impacts, we considered the effects of three soil fertilization levels and threeirrigation levels. Fertilization did not modify aphid performances, probably due to an increase in amino acidsaccumulation by the pseudogall when fertilization decreased. Water deficit affected the interactions, through agenotype dependant effect, favoring insect development under an intermediate deficit on the resistant genotypeonly, and negatively affecting the development on both susceptible and resistant genotypes during a severe waterdeficit
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Purcell, Michaela. "Phylogeny and host relationships of the Australian gall-inducing fly Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera: Fergusoninidae)." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143779.
Full textAbstract:
Fergusoninidae is a monogeneric family of mainly Australian
flies. In a unique obligate mutualism with a nematode, these
flies induce galls on plants in the family Myrtaceae, and have
been recorded on seven genera of host plants, most commonly on
the eucalypts. Most host plants are associated with multiple
species of Fergusonina, usually galling different sites on the
plant. Despite the abundance and diversity of Fergusoninidae and
its tight association with Australia’s most iconic flora, the
host specificity and coevolutionary relationships of Fergusonina
with its plant hosts have not previously been examined in depth.
I used a phylogenetic approach based on mitochondrial COI to
examine the evolutionary relationships between Fergusonina
species and their plant hosts, initially performing a Bayesian
analysis of 41 putative species on flies from Eucalyptus plant
hosts. This analysis revealed well-supported lineages of flies
characterised by larval morphology and gall type, usually from
the same plant host subgenus. The deeper phylogenetic
relationships between groups of species remained unclear, so I
performed a further analysis of an expanded dataset including
flies from four host genera, using separate and concatenated COI
and nuclear CAD sequences.
Having disparate evolutionary time scales, Fergusonina and their
hosts cannot have codiverged early in the history of Myrtaceae,
but current fly-plant host specificity suggested that there may
be cospeciation at finer taxonomic levels. A fine-scale analysis
of
vi
flies collected from a clade of ten Eucalyptus species explored
the plant-fly coevolutionary relationships in three clades of
flies from different sites of the host plant: flower buds, leaf
blades and vegetative shoot buds. The degree of host specificity
displayed by the three fly groups varied markedly, with flower
bud gallers exhibiting the most cophylogenetic history, and leaf
blade gallers the least. These results suggest that host
switching occurred often in the history of Fergusonina and
Myrtaceae.
I compared molecular, morphological and ecological criteria for
determining species limits, including a number of molecular
species delimitation models. Delimiting species using a 2%
pairwise distance was most consistent with other data such as
larval and adult morphology, host and gall site. However,
molecular methods were not adequate to clarify some ambiguous
species limits, highlighting the need to integrate multiple
criteria when identifying species in this group.
Over the course of the study, I discovered around 95 unrecorded
host plant/gall site associations, indicating that the potential
number of species in this family is very large. The definable
morphological and ecological differences among the lineages of
Fergusonina, supported by molecular evidence, argue for a
revision of the genus along these lines. The type species for
Fergusonina, collected in Sydney in 1924, is in poor condition
and is not identifiable; there are no records of its host, gall
type or larval morphology, and I could not extract and DNA from
it. A neotype will need to replace the existing holotype, or the
type species assigned to a probable group. After a comparison of
morphological characters I concluded that the type species is
likely to belong to a group associated with the host genus
Corymbia.
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Kim, Il-Kwon. "Evolution of gall inducing Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) on Myrtaceae in Australia." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110000.
Full textAbstract:
The present thesis consists of two main parts: 1) descriptive works including new
species descriptions and a gall community study and 2) phylogenetic studies. The major
aim is to determine the evolutionary pathway of gall induction biology among
Australian parasitic Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).
The descriptive works include three new gall inducing tetrastichines; Quadrastichus
erythrinae Kim from Erythrina (Fabaceae) as the first gall-former in the genus, Moona
spermophaga Kim and La Salle from seeds of Corymbia (Myrtaceae) and Leprosa
milga Kim and La Salle from seeds of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). Also, a new gall
inducing tribe Boucekelimini has been described from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae), and this
new tribe contains two new genera Boucekelimus Kim and La Salle and Tatiana Kim
and La Salle.
A gall community study including species composition, abundances and seasonal
occurrence was conducted. This gall community on Eucalyptus appears very complex in
its species composition and interactions among gall-formers, parasitoids and inquilines.
The wasp community consists of twelve species of five families in two hymenopteran
superfamilies. Two unidentified Ophelimus speices (Eulophidae: Ophelimini) are
dominant species among wasps emerged from the galls. The first Ophelimus species
was found to be a primary gall-former. The second Ophelimus seems to be a parasitoid
or an inquiline of the first Ophelimus. All other associates seem to be parasitoids or inquilines.
Morphological and molecular data were used to infer the evolution of gall induction
biology on Eucalyptus in Australian Tetrastichinae. Also the combined analysis with
both morphological and molecular data was conducted. Each morphological, molecular
and the combined analysis yielded contradicting results.
47 characters from 24 tetrastichine species and two outgroup species were used for the
morphological analysis. Cladograms were constructed, and the results were compared
with Graham's suggestion (1987) about relationships among the tetrastichine genus
groups. His suggestion was largely contradicted by the present analyses. The analyses
suggested that both the Aprostocetus-complex and the Tetrastichus s. str. are nonmonophyletic.
However, some group clustering appeared to fit relatively well with
Graham's suggestion: Aprostocetus + Neotrichoporoides, Crataepus + Pronotalia, and
the separation of the Australian gall inducing group from the European fauna.
The barcoding region (619 bps fragment) of Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) on
the mitochondrial gene was sequenced from 25 tetrastichines as ingroup and one
outgroup species. The Barcode gene failed to resolve phylogeny at genus level but is
very useful for identification of species in a genus or cryptic species. Molecular
analyses found that the Leptocybe species group consists of seven unique sequences.
Two species in this species group drew my attention: Leptocybe invasa Fisher and La
Salle, which is a devastating invasive pest in Israel, and Leptocybe sp. 9, which was most recently found in Australia. They were thought to be the same species due to the
same biology and gall type. However, the molecular analyses suggest that Leptocybe sp.
9 is not L. invasa but a very close species.
The evolution of gall induction on Eucalyptus among Australian Tetrastichinae was
estimated from the morphological and molecular data. Overall, the morphological
analysis suggests two independent origins of gall induction on Myrtaceae in
Tetrastichinae while the combined analysis only one origin. Also, the results of the
analyses suggest that gall inducing lineages may have evolved from a parasitic
progenitor and the ancestral stock of the Australian gall-inducers may have first induced
galls on seeds of Eucalyptus. Leaf galling and leaf & twig galling genera except
Epichrysocharis may have evolved deep within the seed-galling lineage.
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Cook, Lynette Gai. "The biology, evolution and systematics of the Gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147890.
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Joshi, Anupama. "Map-based cloning of the Hessian fly resistance gene H13 in wheat." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39145.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Plant Pathology
Bikram S. Gill
H13, a dominant resistance gene transferred from Aegilops tauschii into wheat (Triticum aestivum), confers a high level of antibiosis against a wide range of Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor) biotypes. Previously, H13 was mapped to the distal arm of chromosome 6DS, where it is flanked by markers Xcfd132 and Xgdm36. A mapping population of 1,368 F2 individuals derived from the cross: PI372129 (h13h13) / PI562619 (Molly, H13H13) was genotyped and H13 was flanked by Xcfd132 at 0.4cM and by Xgdm36 at 1.8cM. Screening of BAC-based physical maps of chromosome 6D of Chinese Spring wheat and Ae. tauschii coupled with high resolution genetic and Radiation Hybrid mapping identified nine candidate genes co-segregating with H13. Candidate gene validation was done on an EMS-mutagenized TILLING population of 2,296 M₃ lines in Molly. Twenty seeds per line were screened for susceptibility to the H13-virulent HF GP biotype. Sequencing of candidate genes from twenty-eight independent susceptible mutants identified three nonsense, and 24 missense mutants for CNL-1 whereas only silent and intronic mutations were found in other candidate genes. 5’ and 3’ RACE was performed to identify gene structure and CDS of CNL-1 from Molly (H13H13) and Newton (h13h13). Increased transcript levels were observed for H13 gene during incompatible interactions at larval feeding stages of GP biotype. The predicted coding sequence of H13 gene is 3,192 bp consisting of two exons with 618 bp 5’UTR and 2,260 bp 3’UTR. It translates into a protein of 1063 amino acids with an N-terminal Coiled-Coil (CC), a central Nucleotide-Binding adapter shared by APAF-1, plant R and CED-4 (NB-ARC) and a C-terminal Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domain. Conserved domain analysis revealed shared domains in Molly and Newton, except for differences in sequence, organization and number of LRR repeat in Newton. Also, the presence of a transposable element towards the C terminal of h13 was indicative of interallelic recombination, recent tandem duplications and gene conversions in the CNL rich region near H13 locus. Comparative analysis of candidate genes in the H13 region indicated that gene duplications in CNL encoding genes during divergence of wheat and barley led to clustering and diversity. This diversity among CNL genes may have a role in defining differences in the recognition specificities of NB-LRR encoding genes. Allele mining for the H13 gene in the core collection of Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat cultivars identified different functional haplotypes. Screening of these haplotypes using different HF biotypes would help in the identification of the new sources of resistance to control evolving biotypes of HF. Cloning of H13 will provide perfect markers to breeders for HF resistance breeding programs. It will also provide an opportunity to study R-Avr interactions in the hitherto unexplored field of insect-host interaction.
Books on the topic "Interactions, gall–inducing insect"
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J, Williams Michele A., British Plant Gall Society, and Systematics Association, eds. Plant galls: Organisms, interactions, populations. Oxford: Published for the Systematics Association by Clarendon Press, 1994.
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1951-, Raman A., Schaefer Carl W, and Withers Toni M, eds. Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Enfield, (NH): Science Publishers, 2005.
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Blanche, Rosalind. Life in a Gall. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106444.
Full textAbstract:
What are plant galls and how are they caused? This book introduces the Australian native insects that induce galls on plants and the plant species that host them. It explores the ways the insects have adapted to living part of their lives in the confined spaces of galls, and describes the strategies employed by different insect groups to find a suitable site to induce a gall, obtain food, mate and escape the gall.
Life in a Gall also looks at the predators, parasitoids, inquilines, kleptoparasites and micro-organisms that prey on gall-inducing insects and the ways the insects defend themselves from these enemies. It covers the problems gall-inducing insects can cause for agriculture, forestry and horticulture, and gives examples of several pest species. On the positive side, the book describes the essential services gall-inducing insects provide by pollinating figs, controlling invasive weeds and contributing to indigenous food.
The final chapter provides tips for people who want to collect and study galls, and shows that answering many of the questions still surrounding gall-inducing insects is not restricted to professional scientists but can be achieved by diligent amateurs too.
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Australian gall-inducing scale insects on Eucalyptus: Revision of Opisthoscelis Schrader (Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) and descriptions of a new genus and nine new species. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Interactions, gall–inducing insect"
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Raman, Anantanarayanan. "Insect–Plant Interactions: The Gall Factor." In All Flesh Is Grass, 119–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9316-5_5.
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Medianero, Enrique, Héctor Barrios, and José Luis Nieves-Aldrey. "Gall-Inducing Insects and Their Associated Parasitoid Assemblages in the Forests of Panama." In Neotropical Insect Galls, 465–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8783-3_22.
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Price, Peter W., Timothy P. Craig, and Mark D. Hunter. "Population ecology of a gall-inducing sawfly, Euura lasiolepis, and relatives." In Insect Populations In theory and in practice, 323–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4914-3_14.
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Cuevas-Reyes, Pablo, Norma Angélica Espinosa-Olvera, Maldonado-López Yurixhi, and Ken Oyama. "Mexican Gall-Inducing Insects: Importance of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on Species Richness in Tropical Dry Forest." In Neotropical Insect Galls, 519–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8783-3_24.
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Bentur, Jagadish S., R. M. Sundaram, Satendra Kumar Mangrauthia, and Suresh Nair. "Molecular Approaches for Insect Pest Management in Rice." In Rice Improvement, 379–423. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_11.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter focuses on the progress made in using molecular tools in understanding resistance in rice to insect pests and breeding rice for multiple and durable insect resistance. Currently, molecular markers are being extensively used to tag, map, introgress, and clone plant resistance genes against gall midge, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. Studies on cloned insect resistance genes are leading to a better understanding of plant defense against insect pests under different feeding guilds. While marker-assisted breeding is successfully tackling problems in durable and multiple pest resistance in rice, genomics of plants and insects has identified RNAi-based gene silencing as an alternative approach for conferring insect resistance. The use of these techniques in rice is in the developmental stage, with the main focus on brown planthopper and yellow stem borer. CRISPR-based genome editing techniques for pest control in plants has just begun. Insect susceptibility genes (negative regulators of resistance genes) in plants are apt targets for this approach while gene drive in insect populations, as a tool to study rice-pest interactions, is another concept being tested. Transformation of crop plants with diverse insecticidal genes is a proven technology with potential for commercial success. Despite advances in the development and testing of transgenic rice for insect resistance, no insect-resistant rice cultivar is now being commercially cultivated. An array of molecular tools is being used to study insect-rice interactions at transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, mitogenome, and metagenome levels, especially with reference to BPH and gall midge, and such studies are uncovering new approaches for insect pest management and for understanding population genetics and phylogeography of rice pests. Thus, it is evident that the new knowledge being gained through these studies has provided us with new tools and information for facing future challenges. However, what is also evident is that our attempts to manage rice pests cannot be a one-time effort but must be a continuing one.
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Fernandes, G., Marco Carneiro, and Rosy Isaias. "Gall-Inducing Insects." In Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management, 369–96. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11713-19.
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"Plant Galls: Protection and Food for the Young." In The Chemistry of Plants and Insects: Plants, Bugs, and Molecules, 111–17. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782624486-00111.
Full textAbstract:
When certain insects sting a plant part and proceed to lay an egg into it, a local plant tumor, called a ‘gall’, is formed. Plant galls exhibit a great diversity of shapes, sizes, and colors, with each species of gall-making insect causing a different type and shape of gall, and on a specific plant. A few gall-inducing insects cause great damage, like the grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) or the rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae). Growth of plant galls can also be caused by mites, fungi, viruses, or bacteria. Some galls have been used as dyes, for making inks, and for medicinal purposes. Galls, especially oak galls, have a high content of tannins. Some galls are edible fruits as in the case of figs (Ficus sp.). Different species of Ficus have different pollination mechanisms, but all require a specific species of wasp for pollination. The exact mechanisms of the induction and growing of galls are still largely unknown. It has been suggested that secretions from the insect, when it stings a plant part and lays an egg into it, trigger the local production of plant hormones or plant growth factors, like auxins and cytokinins.
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Floate, Kevin D. "Gall-inducing aphids and mites associated with the hybrid complex of cottonwoods, Populus spp. (Salicaceae) on Canada's grasslands." In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 1): Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats, 281–300. Biological Survey of Canada, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3752/9780968932148.ch13.
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Hassan, Alahyane, Ouknin Mouhamed, Mounir Abdelaziz, and Majidi Lhou. "Impact of Climate Change on the Insect and Mite Pests of Moroccan Citrus." In Climate Change and the Economic Importance and Damages of Insects, 48–72. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4824-3.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change has greatly affected citrus production and pests. They affect agriculture by expanding the geographical range of insect and mite pests, and by modifying the lifecycle inducing an increase in the number of generations and survival during the wintering period. These changes in climatic parameters altered interspecific and intraspecific interactions between plants and pests and increased the risk of invasive species and reduced efficacy of biological control, especially those used by natural enemies, causing serious risks as well as crop damages. To mitigate the negative effects of climate change in plant agriculture, management strategies must be taken to deal with the new status of agricultural pests.
Conference papers on the topic "Interactions, gall–inducing insect"
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Yukawa, Junichi. "What we have learned from the interactions between gall-inducing insects and their host plants." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94196.
Full textReports on the topic "Interactions, gall–inducing insect"
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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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Chamovitz, A. Daniel, and Georg Jander. Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597917.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development Glucosinolates are a class of defense-related secondary metabolites found in all crucifers, including important oilseed and vegetable crops in the Brassica genus and the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon tissue damage, such as that provided by insect feeding, glucosinolates are subjected to catalysis and spontaneous degradation to form a variety of breakdown products. These breakdown products typically have a deterrent effect on generalist herbivores. Glucosinolate breakdown products also contribute to the anti-carcinogenic effects of eating cabbage, broccoli and related cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, forms conjugates with several other plant metabolites. Although some indole-3-carbinol conjugates have known functions in defense against herbivores and pathogens, most play as yet unidentified roles in plant metabolism, and possibly also plant development. At the outset, our proposal had three main hypotheses: (1) There is a specific detoxification pathway for indole-3-carbinol; (2) Metabolites derived from indole-3-carbinol are phloem-mobile and serve as signaling molecules; and (3) Indole-3-carbinol affects plant cell cycle and cell-differentiation pathways. The experiments were designed to enable us to elucidate how indole-3-carbinol and related metabolites affect plants and their interactions with herbivorous insects. We discovered that indole-3- carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescued auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of TIR1 with Aux/IAA proteins, supporting the notion that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. Furthermore, transcript profiling experiments revealed the influence of indole-3-carbinol on auxin signaling in root tips, and indole-3-carbinol also affected auxin transporters. Brief treatment with indole-3-carbinol led to a reduction in the amount of PIN1 and to mislocalization of PIN2. The results indicate that chemicals induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development, which implies transport of indole-3- carbinol that we are as yet unsuccessful in detecting. Our results indicate that plant defensive metabolites also have secondary functions in regulating aspects of plant metabolism, thereby providing diversity in defense-related plant signaling pathways. Such diversity of of signaling by defensive metabolites would be beneficial for the plant, as herbivores and pathogens would be less likely to mount effective countermeasures. We propose that growth arrest can be mediated directly by the herbivory-induced chemicals, in our case, indole-3-carbinol. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown to I3C following herbivory would have two outcomes: (1) Indole-3-carbinaol would inhibit the herbivore, while (2) at the same time inducing growth arrest within the plant. Thus, our results indicate that I3C is a defensive phytohormone that modulates auxin signaling, leading to growth arrest.