Journal articles: 'Interactions, gall–inducing insect'

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Fagundes, Marcílio, Pablo Cuevas-Reyes, Letícia F. Ramos Leite, Magno Augusto Zazá Borges, Walter Santos De Araújo, G. Wilson Fernandes, and Walisson Kenedy Siqueira. "Diversity of Gall-Inducing Insects Associated With a Widely Distributed Tropical Tree Species: Testing the Environmental Stress Hypothesis." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 838–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa072.

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Abstract Abiotic factors can affect plant performance and cause stress, which in turn affects plant–herbivore interactions. The Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) predicts that gall-inducing insect diversity will be greater on host plants that grow in stressful habitats. We tested this hypothesis, considering both historical and ecological scales, using the plant Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Fabaceae) as a model because it has a wide geographic distribution and is a super-host of gall-inducing insects. According to the ESH, we predicted that 1) on a historical scale, the diversity of gall-inducing insects will be higher in habitats with greater environmental stress and 2) on an ecological scale, gall-inducing insect diversity will be greater on plants that possess greater levels of foliar sclerophylly. We sampled gall-inducing insects on plants of C. langsdorffii in five sites with different levels of water and soil nutrient availability and separated from each other by a distance of up to 470 km. The composition, richness, and abundance of gall-inducing insects varied among study sites. Plants located in more stressful habitats had higher levels of foliar sclerophylly; but richness and abundance of gall-inducing insects were not affected by host plant sclerophylly. Habitat stress was a good predictor of gall-inducing insect diversity on a regional scale, thus corroborating the first prediction of the ESH. No relationship was found between plant sclerophylly and gall-inducing insect diversity within habitats. Therefore, on a local scale, we did not find support for our second prediction related to the ESH.

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Sugiura, Shinji, and Kazuo Yamazaki. "Gall-attacking behavior in phytophagous insects, with emphasis on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 2, no. 1 (2009): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498309x435658.

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AbstractPlant galls are induced by physicochemical interactions between plants and gall-inducing organisms, such as insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Organisms that are unable to create galls on plants, but feed on gall tissues induced by other species, are referred to as gall-attackers (gall-feeders) and include various insect orders (Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera). Gall-attacking weevils (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) may have acquired their gall-feeding habits independently (i.e. cecidophages), whereas other gall-attacking insects, such as inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera) and gall midges (Diptera) may have evolved these habits from gall-inducing ancestors (i.e., inquilines). Most species of gall-attacking weevils feed only on galls (obligate cecidophages), while most gall-attacking moths feed on galls and also on ungalled or normal plant tissues (facultative cecidophages). Weevils may have acquired their gall-attacking habits independently from other types of feeding habits, such as leaf mining, seed-feeding, and bud-feeding, while moths may have acquired them from leaf-chewing and wood-boring. Studies on the effects of gall-attacking weevils on gall-inducing arthropods report a higher proportion of lethal effects than studies on effects from gall-attacking moths. Weevil larvae rarely move around food resources because they have no legs, while moth larvae can actively move among food resources using their prolegs. This difference in mobility between weevils and moth larva may be related to their differential gall-attacking behaviors and effects on gall-inducers. Cecidophages provide a model system for investigating the evolution of feeding habits and the ecology of species interactions.

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Kuzmanich, Nicolás, Melisa Giorgis, and Adriana Salvo. "Insect galls from Córdoba, central Argentina: a case where stem galls predominate." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i3.31947.

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Galls are structures produced by plants in response to the activity of several types of organisms. Gall-inducing species have a close relationship with their host plant, as their habitat is largely restricted to the gall and the plant organ in which it develops. All plant organs are susceptible to gall induction by insects, the leaves being the most vulnerable. Knowledge about interactions between gall-inducing insects and plants is fragmented and incomplete in Argentina. In this study, we completed an inventory of galls induced by insects on plants in Córdoba (central Argentina) using information from field surveys and a review of the literature. We also focused on the frequency of plant-insect taxonomic associations and plant organs most commonly attacked by gall-inducing insects. Field surveys were performed systematically in 26 sites of Chaco Serrano, which were visited five times in two consecutive years, and in17 sites of the province, which were sampled one or two times each. A comprehensive literature search of electronic and conventional databases was also conducted to complete the inventory. A total of 99 gall morphospecies on 58 plant species (21 families and 44 genera) were recorded through both field surveys and a literature review, enlarging the list of species available for the region by almost 50 %. Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the plant families most attacked by galling insects, in partial concordance with the most species-rich plant families in the region. Diptera, particularly the family Cecidomyiidae, was the most species-rich group in the community of galling insects, which is in agreement with different studies across the globe. Baccharis was the genus displaying the highest number of gall morphotypes, followed by Acacia, Condalia, Geoffroea, Prosopis and Schinus. Almost 60 % of the morphotypes were stem galls, a pattern uncommon in the literature. Fusiform and globoid-shaped galls were predominant. Our study highlights the scarce knowledge there is about the interactions between plants and gall-inducing insects in Argentina, particularly those involving species of Cecidomyiidae, with more than 30 undescribed species. Possible mechanisms involved in the predominance of stem galls in central Argentina are discussed.

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Favery, Bruno, Géraldine Dubreuil, Ming-Shun Chen, David Giron, and Pierre Abad. "Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes." Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722.

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Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological and physiological changes in host roots, leaves, and other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot and cyst nematodes in particular, as well as gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them with food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting in the formation of aberrant and spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here the complex interactions between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites and their infected hosts, focusing on similarities between strategies of plant manipulation. We highlight progress in our understanding of the host plant response to infection and focus on the nematode and insect molecules secreted in planta. We suggest thatlooking at similarities may identify convergent and conserved strategies and shed light on the promise they hold for the development of new management strategies in agriculture and forestry.

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Sharma, Anamika, and Anantanarayanan Raman. "Gall-inducing Psylloidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) – plant interactions." Journal of Plant Interactions 17, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 580–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2022.2065371.

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Araújo, Walter, Érica Freitas, Ján Kollár, Rodrigo Pessoa, Paulo Corgosinho, Henrique Valério, Luiz Falcão, et al. "Host Specialization in Plant-galling Interactions: Contrasting Mites and Insects." Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100180.

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Galling arthropods represent one of the most specialized herbivore groups. On an evolutionary scale, different taxa of insects and mites have convergently adapted to a galling lifestyle. In this study, we have used a multi-taxonomic approach to analyze the interaction specialization between gall-inducing mites and insects and their host plants in the Nitra City Park (Nitra, Slovakia). We used four ecological descriptors for describe plant-galling interactions: number of host plant species used by each arthropod species, galling specificity on host plant species (specificity), exclusivity of interactions between galling and plant species (specialization) and overlap of the interactions between arthropod species (similarity). We have found 121 species of gall-inducing arthropods, totaling 90 insects and 31 mites occurring on 65 host plant species. Our results reveal that mites have high specialization and low similarity of interactions in comparison to insects. A multiple-taxonomic comparison showed that these differences are triggered by gall-wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), the taxon with the lowest levels of specificity of plant-galling interactions (i.e., occurring on different host plant species). Our findings are indicative of different patterns of interaction between distinct gall-inducing arthropods taxa and their host plants, despite the ecological convergence of different taxa to a highly specialized herbivorous habitat.

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Wang, Wei, Yongzhong Cui, Xiaoming Chen, Nawaz Haider Bashir, and Hang Chen. "A new species of aphid of the genus Nipponaphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae) from China, inducing galls on the trunk of a witch-hazel (Hamamelidaceae)." Zoologia 38 (May 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.38.e60598.

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Plants and insects have co-existed for millions of years. Although research has been conducted on various insect species that induce galls on various plant tissues, information is particularly scarce when it comes to insects that form galls on the tough trunk of their host plants. This contribution describes the gall-inducing aphid Nipponaphis hubeiensis sp. nov. from the Zhushan County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province of China. This aphid induces enclosed galls with woody external layer on the trunk of Sycopsis sinensis (Saxifragales: Hamamelidaceae), an uncommon ecological niche in the aphid-plant interaction system. Morphological features for the identification of new species are provided. In addition, a partial sequence of the nuclear gene EF1α was amplified and sequenced to construct a cluster graph. Based on the clustering graph combined with morphology traits, the gall-forming aphid was classified into Nipponaphis. The unique ecological habits of this new aphid will bring innovative perspectives to the study of the evolution and diversity in aphid-host interaction.

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Body, Mélanie J. A., Matthew S. Zinkgraf, Thomas G. Whitham, Chung-Ho Lin, Ryan A. Richardson, Heidi M. Appel, and Jack C. Schultz. "Heritable Phytohormone Profiles of Poplar Genotypes Vary in Resistance to a Galling Aphid." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 6 (June 2019): 654–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0301-r.

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Insect galls are highly specialized structures arising from atypical development of plant tissue induced by insects. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Galls are essentially plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the gall-inducing insect and its host plant. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by phytohormones involved in normal organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and defensive phytohormones in ungalled control leaves and galls induced by the aphid Pemphigus betae on narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia that differ genotypically in resistance to this insect. We found that susceptible trees differed from resistant trees in constitutive concentrations of both growth and defense phytohormones. Susceptible trees were characterized by significantly higher constitutive cytokinin concentrations in leaves, significantly greater ability of aphids to elicit cytokinin increases, and significantly lower constitutive defense phytohormone concentrations than observed in resistant trees. Phytohormone concentrations in both constitutive and induced responses in galled leaves exhibited high broad-sense heritability that, respectively, ranged from 0.39 to 0.93 and from 0.28 to 0.66, suggesting that selection can act upon these traits and that they might vary across the landscape. Increased cytokinin concentrations may facilitate forming strong photosynthate sinks in the galls, a requirement for galling insect success. By characterizing for the first time the changes in 15 phytohormones belonging to five different classes, this study offers a better overview of the signaling alteration occurring in galls that has likely been important for their ecology and evolution. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

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Andersen, Jeremy C., Monica J. Davis, Katherine N. Schick, and Joseph S. Elkinton. "Molecular Placement of an Outbreak-Causing Gall Wasp, Zapatella davisae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with Comments on Phylogenetic Arrangements in the Tribe Cynipini." Journal of Entomological Science 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.1.84.

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Abstract Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) have fascinated researchers for centuries due to the elaborate diversity of charismatic galls they produce, the presence of unique reproductive systems (e.g., a form of cyclical parthenogenesis), the possible convergent evolution of semiparasitic gall wasp forms (i.e., “inquilines”), and their multitrophic interactions. While many classifications for gall wasps have been proposed, recent DNA sequence efforts combined with taxonomic revisions are beginning to clarify the evolutionary relationships of this group. To date, however, a well resolved phylogeny is lacking, complicating the study of outbreak-causing pest species. Outbreaks by one such species, the black oak gall wasp, Zapatella davisae Buffington & Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), have led to extensive damage and mortality of black oaks, Quercus velutina L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), in the northeastern United States. Here we sequenced fragments of the nuclear ribosomal gene 28S, and the nuclear protein coding gene long-wavelength opsin from samples of Z. davisae collected on Cape Cod, MA, and Long Island, NY. Using these sequences and sequences previously published from the mitochondrial locus cytochrome b, we performed Bayesian and maximum likelihood multilocus phylogenetic reconstructions based on a concatenated alignment including species of gall wasps in the tribe Cynipini from which all three loci were present in the GenBank database. Confirming morphological work, we find that Z. davisae is most closely related to species in the genera Callirhytis and Neuroterus, and appears to be a basal member of the “Quercus” section of the tribe Cynipini. We find that recent generic reclassifications within the Cynipini have made great progress towards clarifying the taxonomic relationships of species of gall-inducing wasps in this tribe, and we comment on several classifications that require additional research.

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Hernández-Vera, Gerardo, Ivo Toševski, Roberto Caldara, and Brent C. Emerson. "Evolution of host plant use and diversification in a species complex of parasitic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." PeerJ 7 (March 20, 2019): e6625. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6625.

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Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) represent one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth; interactions with their host plants have been recognized to play a central role in their remarkable diversity, yet the exact mechanisms and factors still remain poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, here we investigate the evolution of host use and its possible role in diversification processes ofRhinusaandGymnetron, two closely related groups of weevils that feed and develop inside plant tissues of hosts within the families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. We found strong evidence for phylogenetic conservatism of host use at the plant family level, most likely due to substantial differences in the chemical composition of hosts, reducing the probability of shifts between host families. In contrast, the use of different plant organs represents a more labile ecological trait and ecological niche expansion that allows a finer partitioning of resources.RhinusaandGymnetronweevils initially specialized on plants within Scrophulariaceae and then shifted to the closely related Plantaginaceae; likewise, a gall inducing behavior evolved from non-galler weevils, possibly in response to resource competition, as galls facilitate larval development by providing enhanced nutrition and a favorable microhabitat. Results from trait-dependent diversification analyses suggest that both use of hosts within Plantaginaceae and parasitism on fruits and seed capsules are associated with enhanced diversification ofRhinusaandGymnetronvia low extinction rates. Our study provides quantitative evidence and insights on the ecological factors that can promote diversification in phytophagous insects that feed and develop inside plant tissues.

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Xu, Ting-Ting, Li-Yun Jiang, Jing Chen, and Ge-Xia Qiao. "Host Plants Influence the Symbiont Diversity of Eriosomatinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040217.

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Eriosomatinae is a particular aphid group with typically heteroecious holocyclic life cycle, exhibiting strong primary host plant specialization and inducing galls on primary host plants. Aphids are frequently associated with bacterial symbionts, which can play fundamental roles in the ecology and evolution of their host aphids. However, the bacterial communities in Eriosomatinae are poorly known. In the present study, using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we surveyed the bacterial flora of eriosomatines and explored the associations between symbiont diversity and aphid relatedness, aphid host plant and geographical distribution. The microbiota of Eriosomatinae is dominated by the heritable primary endosymbiont Buchnera and several facultative symbionts. The primary endosymbiont Buchnera is expectedly the most abundant symbiont across all species. Six facultative symbionts were identified. Regiella was the most commonly identified facultative symbiont, and multiple infections of facultative symbionts were detected in the majority of the samples. Ordination analyses and statistical tests show that the symbiont community of aphids feeding on plants from the family Ulmaceae were distinguishable from aphids feeding on other host plants. Species in Eriosomatinae feeding on different plants are likely to carry different symbiont compositions. The symbiont distributions seem to be not related to taxonomic distance and geographical distance. Our findings suggest that host plants can affect symbiont maintenance, and will improve our understanding of the interactions between aphids, their symbionts and ecological conditions.

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Pascual-Alvarado, Enrique, Douhglas Eliseo Castillejos-Lemus, Pablo Cuevas-Reyes, and Ken Oyama. "Diversity of galls induced by wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini) associated with oaks (Fagaceae: Quercus) in Mexico." Botanical Sciences 95, no. 3 (October 10, 2017): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1215.

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Background. Gall-inducing insects make up a guild of highly specialized endophagous herbivores. The cynipids (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are highly diversified gall-inducing wasps that are largely associated with oaks (Fagaceae: Quercus). Mexico is one of the centers of diversification for the Quercus genus with 161 described species, of which 109 are endemic.Questions / hypothesis. The present study aims to identify the gall richness, gall morphological variation and degree of specificity to oaks in Mexico.Methods. An intensive collection was conducted from March to September each year from 2008 to 2012 for a total of 80 oak species in 120 localities in Mexico.Results. A total of 224 morphologically distinct galls associated with 73 of the 80 oak species were found. The largest number of morphotypes was found in leaves (125), followed by branches (37), buds (31), petioles (20), catkins (5), acorns (3) and roots (3). The degree of specificity between the gall-inducing wasps and their hosts was highly variable; between one to 20 distinct gall morphotypes were found in each species. Only 23 oak species had a single gall morphotype associated.Conclusions. This study demonstrates the important interaction between oaks and gall-inducing wasps, which is a very complex co-evolutionary process. It also shows the relevance of basic taxonomic studies of little-known groups such as gall-inducing wasps, especially in a highly biodiverse country such as Mexico.

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Cuevas-Reyes, Pablo, Fabricio T. De Oliveira-Ker, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, and Mercedes Bustamante. "Abundance of gall-inducing insect species in sclerophyllous savanna: understanding the importance of soil fertility using an experimental approach." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 6 (September 30, 2011): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000368.

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Abstract:Although many studies have now demonstrated that both richness and abundance of gall-inducing insect species are directly and indirectly (via the host plant) influenced by soil quality, the empirical evaluation of it in the field remains anecdotal at best. The effects of soil fertility on richness and abundance of gall-inducing insects associated with a widespread savanna species, Eremanthus glomerulatus, were evaluated under experimental field conditions in Brasilia, central Brazil. The effect of soil fertility on gall-inducing insects species richness was evaluated using three treatments: (1) plots fertilized with nitrogen; (2) plots fertilized with phosphorus; and (3) control plots: soils without fertilization. Species richness of gall-inducing insects (six species of Cecidomyiidae) did not differ among the treatments. Leaves with galls had higher nitrogen concentrations (mean = 15.0 ± 0.5 mg g−1), compared with leaves without galls (mean = 9.0 ± 0.7 mg g−1) on plants that occurred in soils with addition of nitrogen. Similarly, leaves with galls had higher foliar phosphorus concentration (mean = 1.0 ± 0.04 mg g−1) than leaves without galls (mean = 0.6 ± 0.05 mg g−1) in plots with addition of phosphorus. In galled leaves, a negative relationship between gall density and nitrogen concentration was found for one gall-inducing insect species, while three species showed a positive relationship between gall density and leaf nitrogen concentration. A negative relationship between gall density and concentration of leaf phosphorus was observed for four of the six gall-inducing insect species studied. No relationship was found between gall density and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in ungalled leaves. We argue that foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentration respond to gall density in galled leaves and therefore, gall-inducing insect species are capable of manipulating their host plant, modifying the foliar nutrients of E. glomerulatus in sclerophyllous savanna.

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Andreas, Peter, Anna Kisiala, R. J. Neil Emery, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, John F. Tooker, Peter W. Price, Donald G. Miller III, Ming-Shun Chen, and Edward F. Connor. "Cytokinins Are Abundant and Widespread among Insect Species." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020208.

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Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of compounds that have long been thought to be exclusively plant growth regulators. Interestingly, some species of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi have been shown to, and gall-inducing insects have been hypothesized to, produce CKs and use them to manipulate their host plants. We used high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of a wide range of CKs in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all six orders of Insecta that contain species known to induce galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found CKs in all six orders of insects, and they were not associated exclusively with gall-inducing species. We detected 24 different CK analytes, varying in their chemical structure and biological activity. Isoprenoid precursor nucleotide and riboside forms of trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) were most abundant and widespread across the surveyed insect species. Notably, the observed concentrations of CKs often markedly exceeded those reported in plants suggesting that insects are synthesizing CKs rather than obtaining them from the host plant via tissue consumption, compound sequestration, and bioaccumulation. These findings support insect-derived CKs as means for gall-inducing insects to manipulate their host plant to facilitate cell proliferation, and for both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects to modify nutrient flux and plant defenses during herbivory. Furthermore, wide distribution of CKs across phytophagous insects, including non-gall-inducing species, suggests that insect-borne CKs could be involved in manipulation of source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation to sustain the feeding site and altering plant defensive responses, rather than solely gall induction. Given the absence of any evidence for genes in the de novo CK biosynthesis pathway in insects, we postulate that the tRNA-ipt pathway is responsible for CK production. However, the unusually high concentrations of CKs in insects, and the tendency toward dominance of their CK profiles by tZ and iP suggest that the tRNA-ipt pathway functions differently and substantially more efficiently in insects than in plants.

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Silva, Elienai Cândida e., Benedito Baptista dos Santos, and Walter Santos de Araújo. "Insect gall occurrence in savanna and forest remnant sites of Hidrolândia, GO, Brazil Central." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 (February 20, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.04.

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In this study we perform an inventory of the insect galls in savanna and forest sites of Hidrolândia, Goiás, Brazil. We found 150 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 39 botanical families and 104 plant species. Among the insect galls, 81 gall morphotypes were recorded in the savanna site and 73 in the forest site. The plant taxa richest in insect galls were the family Fabaceae with 22 gall morphotypes, the genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae) with 15, and the species Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaceae) with seven gall morphotypes. We found gall-inducing insects belonging to orders Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. The galling insects of family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common inducing 48.1% of the gall morphotypes. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the city of Hidrolândia, being this the site with the higher insect gall diversity already cataloged to the Central region of Brazil.

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Miller, Donald G., and Anantanarayanan Raman. "Host–Plant Relations of Gall-Inducing Insects." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say034.

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Takeda, Seiji, Tomoko Hirano, Issei Ohshima, and Masa H. Sato. "Recent Progress Regarding the Molecular Aspects of Insect Gall Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179424.

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Galls are characteristic plant structures formed by cell size enlargement and/or cell proliferation induced by parasitic or pathogenic organisms. Insects are a major inducer of galls, and insect galls can occur on plant leaves, stems, floral buds, flowers, fruits, or roots. Many of these exhibit unique shapes, providing shelter and nutrients to insects. To form unique gall structures, gall-inducing insects are believed to secrete certain effector molecules and hijack host developmental programs. However, the molecular mechanisms of insect gall induction and development remain largely unknown due to the difficulties associated with the study of non-model plants in the wild. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have allowed us to determine the biological processes in non-model organisms, including gall-inducing insects and their host plants. In this review, we first summarize the adaptive significance of galls for insects and plants. Thereafter, we summarize recent progress regarding the molecular aspects of insect gall formation.

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Nogueira, Ravena Malheiros, Elaine Cotrim Costa, Juliana Santos Silva, and Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias. "Structural and histochemical profile of Lopesia sp. Rübsaamen 1908 pinnula galls on Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. in a Caatinga environment." Hoehnea 45, no. 2 (June 2018): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-80/2017.

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ABSTRACT Gall-inducing insects can change the anatomical pattern of host plant tissues by inducing peculiar gall morphotypes. In this study, the structural changes observed in Lopesia galls on Mimosa tenuiflora resemble those found in other Cecidomyiidae, with two tissue compartments. Nevertheless, the parenchyma layers of the inner compartment, between the mechanical zone and the nutritive tissue, are peculiar. Gall development does not impair the synthesis of any compounds detected by histochemical tests on non-galled tissues of M. tenuiflora. Lignin, polyphenols, alkaloids and terpenoids were detected in the outer compartment, suggesting their involvement in chemical defence of galls. Proteins, reducing sugars and lipids were detected both in outer and inner compartments, whereas nutritive tissue is rich in reducing sugar. This profile is linked with the nutrition of the gall-inducing insect. The Caatinga environment does not seem to constrain the development of galls, but the thick periclinal cell wall and homogeneous parenchyma may contribute to the control of humidity and light radiation, thus favouring the survival of the gall-inducing insect.

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Costa, Kelly Christie dos Santos, and Walter Santos de Araújo. "Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59 (July 3, 2019): e20195931. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.31.

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In the present study, we inventoried gall-inducing arthropod species and evaluated the effects of habitat anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality on this group in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The gall-inducing fauna was sampled between April 2017 and February 2018 from 20 plots distributed in anthropized and preserved habitats. A total of 29 morphospecies of gall-inducing arthropods and 21 species of host plants were recorded. The Fabaceae plant family had the highest number of gall morphospecies (n = 10), while the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) insect family induced the most galls (41.3%). Mean gall richness did not differ between preserved and anthropized plots, but was negatively affected by mean vegetation height and density. The total number of gall morphospecies recorded during each sampling did not differ between dry and rainy seasons, but the mean richness of galls per plot was higher in the rainy season. In conclusion, natural factors, such as vegetation structure and seasonality, were more important for the distribution of gall-inducing species than anthropic factors, such as vegetation anthropization level.

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Bergamini, Bárbara Araújo Ribeiro, Leonardo Lima Bergamini, Benedito Baptista dos Santos, and Walter Santos de Araújo. "Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 57, no. 32 (September 15, 2017): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.32.

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In the present paper we investigated the insect gall distribution along savanna and forest sites in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. The insect gall fauna was surveyed bi-monthly between December 2009 and June 2010. In total we found 186 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 35 botanical families and 61 plant species. Ninety-nine insect gall morphotypes were recorded in the forest and 87 in the savanna. Gall-inducing insects belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera, with highlight to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induced 34.1% of the gall morphotypes. Parasitoids and/or inquilines were recorded in 38 morphotypes, mainly from the families Eulophidae, Eurytomidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae was the botanical family with the greatest richness of galls, followed by Asteraceae and Sapindaceae, being Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) and Serjania (Sapindaceae) the main host genera. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the Flona-Silvânia, which result in six plant species are recorded for the first time in Brazil as host of insect galls.

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Glasgow, Benny. "Gall Inducing and Gall Associated Arthropods and Plant Hosts in Great Smoky Mountains National Park." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 136-137, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/jncas-d-22-00004.1.

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Abstract Gall inducing and gall associated arthropods were surveyed in Great Smoky Mountains National Park from 2017 until 2021, to find species presence, diversity, and distribution. Survey results identified 36 species or genera and 11 are new reports for Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Notes on host plants, arthropods, and associated species interactions of galls are presented.

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Bentur, Jagadish S., Nidhi Rawat, D. Divya, Deepak K. Sinha, Ruchi Agarrwal, Isha Atray, and Suresh Nair. "Rice–gall midge interactions: Battle for survival." Journal of Insect Physiology 84 (January 2016): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.09.008.

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Ozaki, Kenichi. "Insect-plant interactions among gall size determinants of adelgids." Ecological Entomology 25, no. 4 (November 2000): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00281.x.

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Rezende, Uiara, Ana Silvia Moreira, Vinícius Kuster, and Denis Oliveira. "Structural, histochemical and photosynthetic profiles of galls induced by Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32531.

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Gall-inducing insects manipulate the structural, histochemical and physiological profiles of host-plant tissues to develop galls. We evaluated galls induced by Eugeniamyia dispar on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora in an attempt to answer the following questions: (i) How does this gall-inducing insect change the structural and histochemical profiles of the host-plant organ? (ii) Despite structural changes, can gall tissues maintain photosynthetic activity? Starch, proteins, reducing sugars and reactive oxygen species were detected mainly in the nutritive tissue surrounding the larval chamber. Despite structural changes, the galls induced by E. dispar on E. uniflora retain chlorophyllous tissue, although its amount and photosynthetic activity are less than that of non-galled leaves. This reduced photosynthetic activity, in association with the presence of large intercellular spaces, could improve gas diffusion and, consequently, avoid hypoxia and hypercarbia in gall tissue.

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Medianero, Enrique, Alicia Ibáñez, and José L. Nieves-Aldrey. "The importance of beta diversity in local gall-inducing arthropod distribution." Neotropical Entomology 39, no. 3 (June 2010): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2010000300009.

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26

Skuhravý, V., M. Skuhravá, and J. W. Brewer. "Some survival adaptations of gall-inducing midges (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae)." Journal of Applied Entomology 120, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1996): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1996.tb01597.x.

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27

Wu, Pengxiang, Yang Ge, Jia He, Muhammad Haseeb, and Runzhi Zhang. "Positive Interactions between Aceria pallida and Bactericera gobica on Goji Berry Plants." Insects 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070577.

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The gall mite Aceria pallida and the psyllid Bactericera gobica are serious Goji berry pests. The mite can be phoretic on the psyllid to overwinter, but it is unclear whether the vector can obtain benefits from the phoront during the growing season. After detachment, the mite shares the same habitat with its vector, so there are very likely to be interspecific interactions. To better understand whether the interactions are positive or negative, information on relationships between abundances of A. pallida and B. gobica on leaves is needed. Here, B. gobica abundance was represented by the egg abundance because the inactive nymphs develop on the same sites after hatching. (1) We found a positive linear relationship between the gall diameter and the mite abundance in the gall (one more millimeter on gall diameter for every 30 mites increase), which provided a way to rapidly estimate mite abundances in the field by measuring gall diameters. (2) There was a positive relationship between the abundance of mites and psyllid eggs on leaves. (3) Both species had positive effects on each other’s habitat selections. More importantly, the interactions of the two species prevented leaf abscission induced by B. gobica (leaf lifespan increased by 62.9%), increasing the continuation of the psyllid population. Our study suggests positive interactions between two pests during the growing season. The positive relationship between A. pallida and B. gobica egg abundances highlights the increasing need for novel methods for Goji berry pest management. In practice, A. pallida control can be efficient by eliminating its vector B. gobica. Both pests can be controlled together, which reduces chemical usage.

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Shorthouse, J. D. "ADAPTATIONS OF GALL WASPS OF THE GENUS DIPLOLEPIS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) AND THE ROLE OF GALL ANATOMY IN CYNIPID SYSTEMATICS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 125, S165 (1993): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm125165139-1.

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AbstractAdaptations and attributes of gall-inducing cynipid wasps are reviewed to emphasize that differences in life cycles and anatomical features of their galls are just as useful for systematic purposes as are structural differences in the adult insects themselves. The extent to which cynipid wasps have specialized is illustrated by the genus Diplolepis, all species of which are restricted to native and introduced roses and induce structurally distinct galls. Various aspects of Diplolepis biology including life cycles, host specificity, and gall development and anatomy are reviewed. The biologies of two species of Diplolepis that commonly co-exist in the same habitat in central Ontario are then examined in detail. Diplolepis polita (Ashmead) induces a single-chambered gall on the leaves of Rosa acicularis Lindl. whereas Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead) induces a multi-chambered gall on the stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Differences in life cycles, distribution, host and organ specificity, oviposition, gall initiation and development, along with differences in the communities of parasitoids and inquilines attracted to the galls, confirm the existence of distinct species and allow some speculation on their ecological and phylogenetic relationships.

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Srivastava, A. K. "Fossil evidences of gall-inducing arthropod—plant interactions in the Indian subcontinent." Oriental Insects 41, no. 1 (January 2007): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2007.10417505.

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Fernandes, G. Wilson, Emmanuel D. Almada, and Marco Antonio A. Carneiro. "Gall-Inducing Insect Species Richness as Indicators of Forest Age and Health." Environmental Entomology 39, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 1134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en09199.

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Jones, Ian, and Ellen Lake. "Interactions between Two Biological Control Agents on Lygodium microphyllum." Insects 9, no. 4 (December 2, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040180.

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Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae) is an invasive climbing fern in peninsular Florida. Two classical biological control agents are currently being released against L. microphyllum: a leaf galling mite, Floracarus perrepae (Acariformes: Eriophyidae), and a moth, Neomusotima conspurcatalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Little is known about how the two species interact in the field; thus we conducted oviposition choice tests to determine the effects of F. perrepae presence on oviposition behavior in N. conspurcatalis. Further, we conducted feeding trials with N. conspurcatalis larvae to establish the effects of gall presence on larval survival and rate of development, and determine whether N. conspurcatalis larvae would directly consume F. perrepae galls. Neomusotima conspurcatalis laid significantly more eggs on mite galled (52.66 ± 6.211) versus ungalled (34.40 ± 5.587) L. microphyllum foliage. Feeding trials revealed higher mortality in N. conspurcatalis larvae raised on galled (60%) versus ungalled (36%) L. microphyllum material. In gall feeding trials, N. conspurcatalis larvae consumed or damaged 13.52% of galls, and the rate of direct gall feeding increased over time as leaf resources were depleted. Our results suggest that, where N. conspurcatalis and F. perrepae co-occur, competitive interactions could be more frequent than previously anticipated; however, we do not expect these antagonistic interactions to affect the establishment of either agent.

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Araújo, Walter Santos de, Fernando Landa Sobral, and Leandro Maracahipes. "Insect galls of the Parque Nacional das Emas (Mineiros, GO, Brazil)." Check List 10, no. 6 (December 9, 2014): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.6.1445.

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In this study we perform an inventory of the insect leaf galls of the Parque Nacional das Emas, Goiás State, Brazil. We found 97 gall morphotypes, distributed on 24 botanical families comprising 37 genera and 55 species. The plant taxa that showed the greatest richness of galls were the families Myrtaceae, with 17 morphotypes and Fabaceae with 14, and the genera Myrcia (Myrtaceae) and Qualea (Vochysiaceae) with 10 and eight morphotypes, respectively. The plant species Andira cujabensis Benth. (Fabaceae) and Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC., with four morphotypes each, were the most diverse. We found galling insects belonging to Diptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. The galling insects of family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common inducing 38.1% of the gall morphotypes. All recorded gall morphotypes are first records to Parque Nacional das Emas. Among the 55 host plant species listed in the survey, 16 species (20%) have the first report of hosting galls.

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33

Silva, Ana Flávia de Melo, Vinícius Coelho Kuster, Uiara Costa Rezende, and Denis Coelho de Oliveira. "The early developmental stages of gall-inducing insects define final gall structural and histochemical profiles: the case of Bystracoccus mataybae galls on Matayba guianensis." Botany 97, no. 8 (August 2019): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0017.

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Gall morphotypes depend on continuous chemical and feeding stimuli of the gall inducer, which promotes specific structural and metabolic changes in plant tissues. The galling insect manipulates host-plant tissues and may stimulate the production of primary and secondary metabolites. The type of chemical arsenal and the storage site varies according to the developmental potentials of the host plant and the insect’s feeding habit. Here, we investigated whether the structural and histochemical profiles of the gall system Matayba guianensis Aubl. (Sapindaceae) – Bystracoccus mataybae (Eriococcidae) are dependent on the instars of the galling insect. Standard anatomical analyses were carried out, as well as histochemical evaluation of reactive oxygen species and primary and secondary metabolites. Structural changes induced by the first instar nymphs were detected on the stem, while deep changes induced by the second instar nymphs and adult females were detected in leaflet galls, indicating that the host-plant tissue can impose more limits on gall development and complexity than the stages of galling insect development. The compartmentalization of primary and secondary compounds is established during the early stages of development of the leaflet gall by the second instar nymphs. Despite deep structural differences between stem and leaflet galls, there were no significant changes in the establishment of the histochemical profiles.

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Chen, Jing, and Ge-Xia Qiao. "Galling Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in China: Diversity and Host Specificity." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/621934.

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Gall formation is an interesting plant response to aphid feeding. This paper presents a review of galling aphids in China. Altogether, 157 species and subspecies in ten families and subfamilies are found to induce galls on their host plants. As many as 39% species are endemic to China. The Eriosomatinae include the highest percentage of gall-inducing species. The great diversity of gall morphology may be described in terms of five characteristics: type, site, size, shape, and structure. The host association and host specificity of galling aphids are also discussed.

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Santos, Jean Carlos, Jarcilene Silva de Almeida-Cortez, and Geraldo Wilson Fernandes. "Gall-inducing insects from Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 3 (September 2012): 196–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000300020.

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An inventory of gall inducing insects and their host plants in the Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil is presented. Samples of galls and their host plants were taken in six fragments of Atlantic forest. One hundred thirty-six different morphotypes of insect galls on 79 host plant species belonging to 35 plant families and 53 genera were recorded. The host plant families most attacked by galling insects were: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae, and Nyctaginaceae. The most frequent galling taxa were Diptera of the Cecidomyiidae family (95%), followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Galls occurred most frequently on leaves and stems, had globoid and elliptical shapes, green color and absence of trichomes on the external walls. The data indicate an intermediary richness of gall inducing insects when compared to other Brazilian Atlantic forests.

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Groenteman, R., D. Kelly, S. V. Fowler, and G. W. Bourd?t. "Interactions between nodding thistle seed predators." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4674.

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The biological control program against nodding thistle Carduus nutans commenced in New Zealand in 1972 with the introduction of the receptacle weevil Rhinocyllus conicus Seed predation by the larvae of this univoltine weevil did not bring about the desired reduction in nodding thistle populations and in 1992 a further seed predator was introduced the bivoltine gall fly Urophora solstitialis Possible interference between these two nichesharing agents may have resulted in lessthanadditive seed predation This recent study quantified the interactions between the two agents for the first time in New Zealand and found the mean number of gall flies per seedhead was reduced by 4693 in the presence of the receptacle weevil This suggests that the weevil may limit the gall flys populations thus reducing seed predation later in the nodding thistle flowering period The potential effects of this reduced attack on nodding thistle population growth rate were simulated using an existing matrix model

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Hayat, Mohammad, L. Roni K. Singh, and Rajesh Kumar. "A new species of encyrtid (Hymenoptera) on gall-inducing psyllids (Hemiptera) from India." Oriental Insects 47, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2013): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2013.811013.

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Ponce, Gabriela E., Megumi Fuse, Annette Chan, and Edward F. Connor. "The localization of phytohormones within the gall-inducing insect Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 15, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09817-5.

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39

Dorchin, Netta, Amnon Freidberg, and Roni Aloni. "Morphogenesis of stem gall tissues induced by larvae of two cecidomyiid species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Suaeda monoica (Chenopodiaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-104.

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Izeniola obesula Dorchin and Stefaniola defoliata Dorchin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lasiopterini) are monophagous gall midges each inducing a unique kind of gall on stems of the salt marsh plant Suaeda monoica Gmelin (Chenopodiaceae). The morphogenesis of these two types of galls was studied in relation to the life history of the midges as observed both in the field and the laboratory. Izeniola obesula larvae penetrate the pith parenchyma through the growing shoot apex, causing intensive cell proliferation and inducing differentiation of novel vascular tissues and a sclerenchyma sheath around their chambers. Vascular differentiation in this gall originates from the larval chamber, a phenomenon attributed to local stimulation by the larva. It is suggested that the sclerenchyma layer in these galls is also induced by insect activity. Stefaniola defoliata larvae penetrate the stem laterally and reside inside the primary phloem, causing proliferation of phloem parenchyma, and are later encapsulated by secondary xylem tissue. Both galls are associated with a symbiotic fungus that grows along the inner walls of the larval chambers. The possible hormonal mechanisms controlling morphogenesis of the galls are discussed.Key words: gall morphogenesis, phytohormones, sclerenchyma, vascular differentiation.

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40

Oliveira, Denis Coelho de, Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves Soares, and Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias. "Phytotoxicity of the extracts of Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl. (Fabaceae) leaflets and galls on seed germination and early development of lettuce." Acta Botanica Brasilica 22, no. 4 (December 2008): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062008000400020.

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Galls induced by Euphalerus ostreoides (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) cause structural and chemical alterations on Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus leaflets. Healthy and galled leaflet tissues of this plant species are rich in secondary metabolites with potential allelopathic effects. This research compares the allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts of L. muehlbergianus leaflets and galls on seeds and seedlings of Lactuta sativa, and evaluates the chemical impact produced by a gall-inducing insect on the other trophic levels associated with it. The extracts were obtained through static maceration in distilled water (5% p/v). The treatments consisted of aqueous crude extracts and those previously filtered in polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP). After seven days, seedling height was measured, and the radicles were fixed in FAA50 for anatomical analyses. Healthy leaflet and gall aqueous extracts, and those filtered in PVP, significantly inhibited seed germination, with no significant differences between the two groups. Treatments with aqueous extracts reduced seed germination speed and vegetative axis length. Plant tissue alterations confirm the phytotoxicity of allelochemical substances present in the extracts. The differences among the treatments indicated that gall formation altered L. muehlbergianus leaflet metabolism, and this could influence the other trophic levels associated with this gall inducing-host plant system.

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Kot, Izabela, and Katarzyna Kmieć. "Poplar Tree Response to Feeding by the Petiole Gall Aphid Pemphigus spyrothecae Pass." Insects 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050282.

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Pemphigus spyrothecae Pass. which is a member of the subfamily Pemphiginae is one of the gall-inducing aphids that occurs on poplar trees. Phloem feeding of a founding mother on leaf petiole results in the formation of a new organ, i.e., the spiral gall. This study documents aphid development inside the galls during the growing season and the effect of their feeding on leaf architecture and physiology of the host plant. In particular, leaf length, width, and area were measured, as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and the activity of ascorbate (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were determined in galls and galled leaves. The presence of petiole galls significantly decreased the length, width, and leaf area. Aphid activity increased H2O2 concentration in galls and EL from galls and leaf tissues, which was accompanied by a strong decrease in MDA content and both peroxidase activities, especially in gall tissues. It can be suggested that P. spyrothecae can manipulate physiological machinery of the host plant for its own benefit.

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Martinez, Jean-Jacques Itzhak. "Anti-insect effects of the gall wall of Baizongia pistaciae [L.], a gall-inducing aphid on Pistacia palaestina Boiss." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4, no. 1 (October 24, 2009): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-009-9081-8.

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Kranz, Brenda D., Michael P. Schwarz, Laurence A. Mound, and Bernard J. Crespi. "Social biology and sex ratios of the eusocial gall-inducing thrips Kladothrips hamiltoni." Ecological Entomology 24, no. 4 (November 1999): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00207.x.

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44

Ivanova, Larissa A., Philipp E. Chetverikov, Leonid A. Ivanov, Igor V. Kuzmin, Alexey G. Desnitskiy, and Andrei V. Tolstikov. "The effect of gall mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea) on leaf morphology and pigment content of deciduous trees in West Siberia." Acarina 30, no. 1 (2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/0132-8077-2022-30-1-89-98.

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Phytophagous mites of the superfamily Eriophyoidea are capable of inducing gall formation on various organs of higher vascular plants. However, the question of how gallogenesis affects leaf assimilation surface and photosynthetic activity of the host plants is poorly understood. We have examined the influence of gall-forming mites from the genera Eriophyes and Acalitus on leaf size, shape and photosynthetic pigment content in five deciduous tree species near the city of Tyumen, West Siberia. The gall mite infestation resulted in chlorosis, destruction of photosynthetic apparatus in gall-infected leaf parts, leaf deformation and a decrease in leaf area. The magnitude of the effects on leaf size and shape varied among the studied mite–tree systems and did not depend on the infection severity. On the contrary, chlorophyll and carotenoid amounts per leaf decreased in an infection severity-dependent manner in all mite–host plant variants. Mite-induced galls did not influence the pigment concentration in green uninfected gaps between galls. Additionally, the chlorophyll amount in the infected leaves has decreased due to the destruction of the pigment complex in the galled leaf areas and a decrease of the whole-leaf area. As a result, the losses of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leaves of all studied trees were directly related to the infection severity (quantified as the proportion of damaged leaf area to the total leaf area). Our results may help developing an approach to assess the effect of gall mites on the chlorophyll content and the photosynthetic productivity of trees, based on the direct or remote analysis of damaged leaf surface.

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Fernando, Denise R., Chaya S. Smith, Martin J. Steinbauer, Kevin Farnier, Simon J. Watson, and Peter T. Green. "Does foliage metal accumulation influence plant–insect interactions? A field study of two sympatric tree metallophytes." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 9 (2018): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17366.

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Gossia (Myrtaceae) is a highly restricted tree genus most speciose in New Caledonia and eastern Australia. The latter group accumulates above-normal foliar manganese (Mn) concentrations, with some individuals exhibiting the rare Mn-hyperaccumulative trait. Whether foliar metals contribute to chemical defence has been addressed via numerous feeding experiments and very few field studies. This investigation exploited specifically different insect activities on the foliage of sympatric Gossia grayi (N.Snow & Guymer) and Gossia shepherdii (F.Muell.) N.Snow & Guymer, endemic to north-eastern Australia, to test for direct and indirect effects of foliar Mn enrichment on plant–insect interactions. Leaf organic and inorganic chemistries, specific weight, surface damage, gall infestation and occupancy were quantified. Discovery that both species are Mn hyperaccumulators augments the world listing by 5–7%. Highly elevated gall-Mn concentrations coupled with negligible gall parasitisation suggested chemical fortification and adaptation by the host insect – a Cecidomyiidae fly. Linear mixed modelling (LMM) showed differences in leaf Mn, phenolics, toughness and surface damage across tree species and leaf age. There was no direct relationship between leaf Mn and insect impact. However, LMM did resolve indirect effects, i.e. between insect impact and certain foliar elements, consistent with nutritional dynamics in a physiologically novel plant system where Mn is vastly overaccumulated.

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CARNEIRO, RENÊ G. S., DANIEL BURCKHARDT, and ROSY M. S. ISAIAS. "Biology and systematics of gall-inducing triozids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Psidium spp. (Myrtaceae)." Zootaxa 3620, no. 1 (March 5, 2013): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3620.1.6.

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Psidium myrtoides (Myrtaceae) shelters the gall inducer Nothotrioza myrtoidis gen. et sp. n. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) which is described and illustrated here. Nothotrioza belongs to the family Triozidae and is probably most closely related to Neolithus, a monotypic Neotropical genus associated with Sapium (Euphorbiaceae). Three species are recognized with-in Nothotrioza: the type species N. myrtoidis sp. n. associated with Psidium myrtoides, N. cattleiani sp. n. (misidentified by Butignol & Pedrosa-Macedo as Neotrioza tavaresi) with Psidium cattleianum, and N. tavaresi (Crawford) comb. n. (from Neotrioza) with an unidentified species of Malpighiaceae, respectively. A lectotype is designated here for Neotrioza tavaresi. Also, the diversity of insect galls associated with P. myrtoides and the biology of N. myrtoidis were examined. N. myrtoidis presents five instars and an annual life cycle synchronised with the phenology of P. myrtoides. Gall size was proportional to the insect developmental stages, and rates of parasitism and mortality were 15.7 % and 29.8 %, respective-ly. The red colour is an important macroscopic diagnostic feature of the gall that could be associated with parasite-free condition of the galling insect. The biological features presented by the system Psidium myrtoides – Nothotrioza myrtoidis are in accordance with other systems involving sucking galling insects, however, it is exceptional by its univoltine life cycle associated with a perennial plant in the Neotropics. The galls induced by the three known Nothotrioza spp. are mor-phologically similar, i.e. closed, globoid and unilocular, as well as the opening mechanism for releasing the adults.

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HODGSON, C. J., I. M. MILLAR, and P. J. GULLAN. "Cissococcus Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), a unique gall-inducing soft scale genus on Vitaceae from South Africa, with description of a new species." Zootaxa 2996, no. 1 (August 16, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2996.1.1.

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The gall-inducing genus Cissococcus Cockerell is revised to include two species. The family placement of Cissococcus has been uncertain, but characters of the first-instar nymph and adult male clearly show that Cissococcus is a soft scale insect (Coccidae) and is therefore the only member of the Coccidae known to induce a complex covering gall. All stages of the type species, C. fulleri Cockerell, are described and illustrated, plus the adult and third-instar female and first-instar nymph of a new, closely-related species, C. braini Hodgson & Millar sp. n. Both species are known only from wild vines in the southeast and C. fulleri also in the northeast of South Africa, but each induces a unique gall and each appears to be restricted to a different species of Rhoicissus (Vitaceae). The galls of each species are described and figured, and gall induction in the Coccidae is briefly discussed.

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Mills, Penelope J., Thomas L. Semple, Kathleen L. S. Garland, and Lyn G. Cook. "Two recently discovered species of Apiomorpha (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) feeding on eudesmid eucalypts in Western Australia reaffirm host conservatism in this gall-inducing scale insect genus." Invertebrate Systematics 30, no. 3 (2016): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is15039.

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Gall-inducing insects are relatively host-specific compared with their non-galling relatives. In Australia, there have been at least four origins of gall induction among eriococcid scale insects, with the most species-rich genus, Apiomorpha, inducing galls only on species of Eucalyptus. Here we describe two recently discovered species of Apiomorpha that induce galls on eudesmid eucalypts in Western Australia: Apiomorpha gongylocarpae, sp. nov., which is very similar morphologically to A. pomaphora, and A. jucundacrispi, sp. nov., the adult females of which induce an unusual gall covered in woody protrusions that, when older, have a knobbly appearance. Using molecular, morphological and host-association data, we show that these two species form a monophyletic group with the only other species of Apiomorpha that feed on eudesmid eucalypts (A. hilli and A. pomaphora). We place all four species of eudesmid-feeding Apiomorpha in the A. hilli species group, thus revising the current placement of A. pomaphora by removing it from the A. malleeacola species group. This study highlights additional faunal diversity endemic to Western Australia, with two of the four species being restricted to the globally recognised biodiversity hotspot of the South West Australia Floristic Region. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D6245EB6-903E-483C-B69B-3ED7EA35AD04.

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Price, Peter W., Takayuki Ohgushi, Heikki Roininen, Michihiro Ishihara, Timothy P. Craig, Jorma Tahvanainen, and Sharon M. Ferrier. "Release of phylogenetic constraints through low resource heterogeneity: the case of gall-inducing sawflies." Ecological Entomology 29, no. 4 (August 2004): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00626.x.

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DE S. MENDONÇA, JR., MILTON. "Galling arthropod diversity in the subtropical neotropics: Espinilho savannah and riparian forests compared." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 37, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v37i1.9053.

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Xeric sites with scleromorphic vegetation appear to have higher gall-inducing arthropod richness as revealed in studies of local faunas across the world, and the harsh environment hypothesis (HEH) was proposed to explain this. However, plant richness also seems to influence galling arthropod richness positively, which appears paradoxical on a biogeographical scale. To test the HEH in southern Brazil, a sampling regime distinct from the usual local survey was adopted: eight transects were sampled during 90 min counting all galls; this was repeated three times over one year for the same transects. Xeric espinilho savannah (five transects) and mesic Uruguay River riparian forests (three transects) in subtropical Brazil were compared. Fifty-nine gall morphotypes on 15 host families were recognized out of 12,355 individual galls. Riparian forests were richer (individual-based rarefaction) and had higher gall equitabilities (bootstrapped 95% CIs); this contradicted the HEH. The plant richness hypothesis was generally supported because forests were recorded as richer in both plants and host plants. Vegetation types had different galling and host plant compositions; the latter may drive the former. Species pools appear distinct among environments, even adjacent ones, given the low similarities found. This further negates the ecological process of preference for xeric sites proposed in the HEH.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Interactions, gall–inducing insect'

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