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Journal articles on the topic 'Interactive toxicity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Venturini, Loretta, and Sheldon B. Sparber. "Salicylate and cocaine: interactive toxicity during chicken mid-embryogenesis." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 30, no. 2 (January 2001): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00455-x.

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2

Kalichman, Seth Charles, Harold Katner, Marnie Hill, Moira O’Connor Kalichman, and Dominica Hernandez. "Alcohol-Related Intentional Antiretroviral Nonadherence among People Living with HIV: Test of an Interactive Toxicity Beliefs Process Model." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 18 (January 1, 2019): 232595821982661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219826612.

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Beliefs that it is harmful to mix medications with alcohol (ie, interactive toxicity beliefs) are a known source of intentional antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence. This study examined a serial process model of alcohol-ART interactive toxicity beliefs, alcohol-ART avoidance behaviors, and ART adherence in the association between alcohol use and HIV viral load. Participants were 198 patients receiving ART from a community clinic in the southeastern United States; 125 reported current alcohol use. Results showed that current alcohol use was associated with detectable HIV viral load, partially accounted for by alcohol-ART interactive toxicity beliefs, alcohol-ART avoidance behaviors, and ART adherence. There was a significant indirect effect of the serial chain of interactive toxicity beliefs—avoidance behaviors—adherence, indicating the 3 intermediating variables partially accounted for the relationship between alcohol use and HIV viral load. Addressing alcohol use as a barrier to ART adherence requires multipronged approaches that address intentional nonadherence.

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3

Sun, Hong-Jie, Bala Rathinasabapathi, Bing Wu, Jun Luo, Li-Ping Pu, and Lena Q. Ma. "Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans." Environment International 69 (August 2014): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.019.

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4

Kacham, R., S. Karanth, P. Baireddy, J. Liu, and C. Pope. "Interactive toxicity of chlorpyrifos and parathion in neonatal rats: Role of esterases in exposure sequence-dependent toxicity." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 210, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2005.09.014.

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5

Ianevski, Aleksandr, Sanna Timonen, Alexander Kononov, Tero Aittokallio, and Anil K. Giri. "SynToxProfiler: An interactive analysis of drug combination synergy, toxicity and efficacy." PLOS Computational Biology 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): e1007604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007604.

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6

Dryden, Christina L., Andrew S. Gordon, and John R. Donat. "Interactive regulation of dissolved copper toxicity by an estuarine microbial community." Limnology and Oceanography 49, no. 4 (July 2004): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.4.1115.

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7

Nelson, B. K., David L. Conover, Peter B. Shaw, Dwight M. Werren, Richard M. Edwards, and Alan M. Hoberman. "Interactive developmental toxicity of radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol in rats." Teratology 50, no. 4 (October 1994): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420500403.

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8

Elyamine, Ali, Javaria Afzal, Muhammad Rana, Muhammad Imran, Miaomiao Cai, and Chengxiao Hu. "Phenanthrene Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity in Earthworms Eisenia fetida (Epigeic Specie) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Endogeic Specie) in Soil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112384.

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In classical toxicology studies, the interaction of combined doses of chemicals with dissimilar modes of toxic action in soil is complex and depending on the end point investigated and the experimental protocol employed. This study was used to examine the interactive effect of phenanthrene and Cadmium on two ecologically different species of earthworms; Eisenia. fetida and Aporrectodea. caliginosa. This interactive effect was scrutinized by using the acute toxicity test with the concentrations of 2.51 mg kg−1 and 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively, being lethal for 50% of E. fetida and A. caliginosa. The results showed that in the mixture treatment, phenanthrene at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg−1 significantly mitigated both earthworms species mortality and body-mass loss. Moreover, the factor of Cd accumulated in E. fetida and A. caliginosa tissues was significantly decreased by about 12% and 16%, respectively. Linear regression correlation coefficient revealed that the reduction of both earthworm species mortality was negatively and significantly correlated (r2 = 0.98 ± 0.40 and 1 ± 3.9 p < 0.001) with phenanthrene concentration in soil. However, over 20 mg kg−1 of phenanthrene, both organisms mortality rate increased again, as was the Bioaccumulation factor of phenanthrene. Thus, this study proposes that the antagonistical effect of phenanthrene on Cd at a degree of concentration can be used to mitigate Cd effect on soil living organisms. However, as an implication of these results, the interpretation of standardized toxicity bioassays, including whole effluent toxicity tests and single-compound toxicity tests, should be performed with caution. In addition, risk assessment protocols for environment pollution by a mixture of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons should include robust methods that can detect possible interactive effects between contaminants to optimize environmental protection.

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9

Kungolos, A., P. Samaras, A. M. Kipopoulou, A. Zoumboulis, and G. P. Sakellaropoulos. "Interactive toxic effects of agrochemicals on aquatic organisms." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0067.

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The effects of three common agrochemicals, lindane, methyl parathion and atrazine, on crustacean Daphnia magna, alga Selenastrum capricornutum and marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri were investigated in this study. Methyl parathion was the most toxic compound towards all three organisms, while lindane was more toxic to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri than atrazine, and atrazine was more toxic to Selenastrum capricornutum than lindane. Among the three aquatic organisms, Selenastrum capricornutum was most sensitive in detecting lindane and atrazine toxicity, while Daphnia magna was most sensitive in detecting methyl parathion toxicity. The interactive effects of the pesticides were also investigated. The interactive effect between lindane and methyl parathion on survival of Daphnia magna was synergistic, while the ones between lindane and atrazine and between methyl parathion and atrazine were generally additive. The interactive effect of the three pesticides applied together on Daphnia magna was synergistic. The interactive effect of the three pesticides on the growth of Selenastrum capricornutum was antagonistic with few cases of addition, while the effect of all the three pairs of pesticides on algal growth was also antagonistic. The interactive effect of lindane and methyl parathion on Vibrio fischeri was additive.

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10

Ahsanullah, M., MC Mobley, and P. Rankin. "Individual and combined effects of zinc, cadmium and copper on the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 1 (1988): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880033.

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The acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and copper to A. compressa was assessed in single, paired and triad combinations. Copper was 1.6 times more toxic than cadmium and 4 times more toxic than zinc. When tested in combinations of paired metals, independent dissimilar and simple similar action models, both of which are non-interactive in their classification, were rejected. In one case, the expected mortalities were lower (antagonism) which suggested that paired metals acted interactively. For the combination of three metals, the mortalities were predictable by the simple similar action model (non- interactive). Except for the Zn-Cd combination, the toxic unit concept underestimated the expected mortalities in the test combinations.

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11

Laetz, Cathy A., David H. Baldwin, Vincent Hebert, John D. Stark, and Nathaniel L. Scholz. "Interactive Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Diazinon, Malathion, and Ethoprop to Juvenile Coho Salmon." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 6 (February 28, 2013): 2925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es305058y.

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12

Sahu, Saura C., Michael W. O'Donnell, and Robert L. Sprando. "Interactive toxicity of usnic acid and lipopolysaccharides in human liver HepG2 cells." Journal of Applied Toxicology 32, no. 9 (July 9, 2012): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2768.

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13

Nyström-Persson, Johan, Yoshinobu Igarashi, Maori Ito, Mizuki Morita, Noriyuki Nakatsu, Hiroshi Yamada, and Kenji Mizuguchi. "Toxygates: interactive toxicity analysis on a hybrid microarray and linked data platform." Bioinformatics 29, no. 23 (September 17, 2013): 3080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt531.

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14

Chen, Bor-Yann, Kai-Wei Lin, Yu-Min Wang, and Chia-Yi Yen. "Revealing interactive toxicity of aromatic amines to azo dye decolorizer Aeromonas hydrophila." Journal of Hazardous Materials 166, no. 1 (July 2009): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.030.

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15

Blonk, Baxter, and Ian E.Cock. "Interactive Antimicrobial and Toxicity Profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. Extracts with Conventional Antibiotics." Pharmacognosy Journal 10, no. 5 (July 31, 2018): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.5.174.

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16

Cleveland, Laverne, Edward E. Little, Steven J. Hamilton, Denny R. Buckler, and Joseph B. Hunn. "Interactive Toxicity of Aluminum and Acidity to Early Life Stages of Brook Trout." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115, no. 4 (July 1986): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<610:itoaaa>2.0.co;2.

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17

Blonk, Baxter, and Ian E. Cock. "Interactive antimicrobial and toxicity profiles of Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd. extracts with conventional antimicrobials." Journal of Integrative Medicine 17, no. 4 (July 2019): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2019.03.006.

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18

Qin, Li-Tang, Jie Wu, Ling-Yun Mo, Hong-Hu Zeng, and Yan-Peng Liang. "Linear regression model for predicting interactive mixture toxicity of pesticide and ionic liquid." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 16 (May 2, 2015): 12759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4584-6.

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19

Hübsch, Z., R. L. Van Zyl, I. E. Cock, and S. F. Van Vuuren. "Interactive antimicrobial and toxicity profiles of conventional antimicrobials with Southern African medicinal plants." South African Journal of Botany 93 (July 2014): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.04.005.

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20

Acharya, Sonal, Kajal Mehta, Smita Krishnan, and C. Vaman Rao. "A subtoxic interactive toxicity study of ethanol and chromium in male Wistar rats." Alcohol 23, no. 2 (February 2001): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00139-7.

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21

Karanth, Subramanya, Jing Liu, Kenneth Olivier, and Carey Pope. "Interactive toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion in adult rats." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 196, no. 2 (April 2004): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.014.

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22

AZRI-MEEHAN, SHANA, H. P. MATA, A. J. GANDOLFI, and KLAUS BRENDEL. "The Interactive Toxicity of CHCl3 and BrCCl3 in Precision-Cut Rat Liver Slices." Toxicological Sciences 22, no. 2 (1994): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/22.2.172.

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23

Azri-Meehan, S. "The Interactive Toxicity of CHCI3 and BrCCI3 in Precision-Cut Rat Liver Slices." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 22, no. 2 (February 1994): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/faat.1994.1021.

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24

Hadjispyrou, S., A. Kungolos, and A. Anagnostopoulos. "Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Interactive Effects of Organotin, Cadmium, and Chromium on Artemia franciscana." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 49, no. 2 (June 2001): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2001.2059.

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25

Netten, Jordie J. C., Tjisse van der Heide, and Alfons J. P. Smolders. "Interactive effects of pH, temperature and light during ammonia toxicity events inElodea canadensis." Chemistry and Ecology 29, no. 5 (July 2013): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2013.769971.

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26

Li, Jiping, Zhongfang Min, Wei Li, Lijie Xu, Jiangang Han, and Pingping Li. "Interactive effects of roxithromycin and freshwater microalgae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa: Toxicity and removal mechanism." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 191 (March 2020): 110156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110156.

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27

Chen, Zhengjia, Zhibo Wang, Haibin Wang, Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Jeanne Kowalski, and Fadlo R. Khuri. "Interactive Software “Isotonic Design using Normalized Equivalent Toxicity Score (ID-NETS©TM)” for Cancer Phase I Clinical Trials." Open Medical Informatics Journal 7, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874431101307010008.

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Isotonic Design using Normalized Equivalent Toxicity Score (ID-NETS) is a novel Phase I design that integrates the novel toxicity scoring system originally proposed by Chen et al. [1] and the original Isotonic Design proposed by Leung et al. [2]. ID-NETS has substantially improved the accuracy of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) estimation and trial efficiency in the Phase I clinical trial setting by fully utilizing all toxicities experienced by each patient and treating toxicity response as a quasi-continuous variable instead of a binary indicator of dose limiting toxicity (DLT). To facilitate the incorporation of the ID-NETS method into the design and conduct of Phase I clinical trials, we have designed and developed a user-friendly software, ID-NETS©TM, which has two functions: 1) Calculating the recommended dose for the subsequent patient cohort using available completed data; and 2) Performing simulations to obtain the operating characteristics of a trial designed with ID-NETS. Currently, ID-NETS©TMv1.0 is available for free download at (http://winshipbbisr.emory.edu/IDNETS.html).

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28

Song, X. "Interactive Effects of Paraoxon and Pyridostigmine on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Cholinergic Toxicity." Toxicological Sciences 78, no. 2 (January 21, 2004): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh076.

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29

Kalichman, Seth C., Moira O. Kalichman, Charsey Cherry, Ginger Hoyt, Christopher Washington, Tamar Grebler, Brandi Welles, and Cindy Merely. "Intentional Medication Nonadherence Because of Interactive Toxicity Beliefs Among HIV-Positive Active Drug Users." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 70, no. 5 (December 2015): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000776.

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30

Tiensing, Tinnakorn, Norval Strachan, and Graeme I. Paton. "Evaluation of interactive toxicity of chlorophenols in water and soil using lux-marked biosensors." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 4, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b202070j.

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31

Naddy, Rami B., Adam S. Cohen, and William A. Stubblefield. "The interactive toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc toCeriodaphnia dubiaand rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34, no. 4 (February 20, 2015): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2870.

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32

Kalichman, Seth C., Christina M. Amaral, Denise White, Connie Swetsze, Moira O. Kalichman, Chauncey Cherry, and Lisa Eaton. "Alcohol and Adherence to Antiretroviral Medications: Interactive Toxicity Beliefs Among People Living With HIV." Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 23, no. 6 (November 2012): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2011.11.005.

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33

Pham, Ben, Ana Miranda, Graeme Allinson, and Dayanthi Nugegoda. "Assessing interactive mixture toxicity of carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides in the yabby (Cherax destructor)." Ecotoxicology 27, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 1217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-018-1973-x.

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34

Raiesi, Fayez, and Ellham Sadeghi. "Interactive effect of salinity and cadmium toxicity on soil microbial properties and enzyme activities." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 168 (January 2019): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.079.

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35

Stacey, Neill H. "Toxicity of Mixtures of Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Similarity of in Vitro to in Vivo Responses." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 3 (July 1989): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500305.

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The toxicities of various combinations of trichloroethylene (TRI), tetrachloroethylene (TET) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) were examined in suspensions of rat hepatocytes and in vivo. For each pair and for the three solvents together, an interactive toxicity was demonstrated in vitro, as determined by release of potassium ion and cytoplasmic enzymes. A similar pattern of response was found after administration to the intact rat for increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, both indices of hepatotoxicity. Plasma urea levels were significantly elevated on exposure to the three chemicals together. Thus a remarkably similar pattern of toxicity was found in vitro and in vivo, which supports the possible use of hepatocyte suspensions as a screening procedure for toxicity of mixtures.

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36

Delorenzo, Marie E. "Impacts of climate change on the ecotoxicology of chemical contaminants in estuarine organisms." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.641.

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Abstract Global climate change effects will vary geographically, and effects on estuaries should be independently considered. This review of the impacts of climate change on the ecotoxicology of chemical contaminants aims to summarize responses that are specific to estuarine species. Estuarine organisms are uniquely adapted to large fluctuations in temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH, and yet future changes in climate may make them more susceptible to chemical contaminants. Recent research has highlighted the interactive effects of chemical and nonchemical stressors on chemical uptake, metabolism, and organism survival. Assessments have revealed that the nature of the interaction between climate variables and chemical pollution will depend on estuarine species and life stage, duration and timing of exposure, prior stressor exposure, and contaminant class. A need for further research to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity under different abiotic conditions and to incorporate climate change factors into toxicity testing was identified. These efforts will improve environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants and management capabilities under changing climate conditions.

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37

Yang, Dao Li, Jiang Zhu, Gen Xiang Shen, Wen Hua Wang, Xiao Pin Guo, Zhen Qi Wang, and Hong Wei Yao. "The Acute Toxicity of Single and Combined Exposure of Mercury and Bromoxynil on Fridericia Bulbosa." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.280.

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The acute toxic effects of mercury (Hg) and bromoxynil (BX) on Enchytraediae Fridericia bulbosa in OECD soil were investigated. The results suggested there was statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between negative controls and exposure experiments except the lowest concentration of single pollutant. The 14-d LC50 values for F. bulbosa exposed to Hg and BX were 0.73 and 0.48 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration of BX significantly influenced to the mortality of earthworms by Hg，and BX was the main contributive factor of the combined toxic effects. The interactive effects between Hg and BX were synergistic when the concentrations of BX were 0.25 and 1 mg kg-1. While BX concentration was 4 mg kg-1, the interactive effects were antagonistic. It can be concluded that F. bulbosa is a suitable test species to measure the acute toxicity of HM and pesticide, and the morality may be considered as a valuable and sensitive biomarker diagnose adverse effects of Hg or BX in soil environment.

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38

Herbrandson, Carl, Steven P. Bradbury, and Deborah L. Swackhamer. "Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna: I. Interactive effects." Aquatic Toxicology 63, no. 4 (May 2003): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-445x(02)00206-0.

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39

Mehendale, H. M. "Amplified interactive toxicity of chemicals at nontoxic levels: mechanistic considerations and implications to public health." Environmental Health Perspectives 102, suppl 9 (November 1994): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s9139.

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40

Du, Yan-Li, Meng-Meng He, Meng Xu, Zeng-Guang Yan, You-Ya Zhou, Guan-Lin Guo, Jing Nie, Lin-Quan Wang, Hong Hou, and Fa-Sheng Li. "Interactive effects between earthworms and maize plants on the accumulation and toxicity of soil cadmium." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 72 (May 2014): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.02.004.

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41

KOZUKA, Hiroshi. "Interactive Exhibition of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Bone Metabolism. From the Viewpoint of Deductive Toxicology." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 115, no. 3 (1995): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.115.3_157.

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42

Rohan, A., P. Natasha, D. Sylvian, K. Smitha, and C. V. Rao. "A study of interactive toxicity of lind ane (BHC) and ethanol on male Wistar rats." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 45, no. 1-2 (August 1994): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358068.

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43

Brown, Alicia L., Timothy R. Cavagnaro, Ros Gleadow, and Rebecca E. Miller. "Interactive effects of temperature and drought on cassava growth and toxicity: implications for food security?" Global Change Biology 22, no. 10 (August 4, 2016): 3461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13380.

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44

Ren, Jing-Hua, Hong-Jie Sun, Song-Feng Wang, Jun Luo, and Lena Q. Ma. "Interactive effects of mercury and arsenic on their uptake, speciation and toxicity in rice seedling." Chemosphere 117 (December 2014): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.035.

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45

Kefalas, V., and N. H. Stacey. "Use of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes to study interactive toxicity: Carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene." Toxicology in Vitro 7, no. 3 (May 1993): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(93)90006-q.

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46

Pounds, Joel G., Jamal Haider, D. G. Chen, and Moiz Mumtaz. "Interactive toxicity of simple chemical mixtures of cadmium, mercury, methylmercury and trimethyltin: model-dependent responses." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 18, no. 2 (November 2004): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.05.012.

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47

Bacetty, A. A., M. E. Snook, A. E. Glenn, C. W. Bacon, P. Nagabhyru, and C. L. Schardl. "Nematotoxic effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue toxins and extracts in an in vitro bioassay using the nematode Pratylenchus scribneri." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3167.

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Biotypes of the Neotyphodium coenophialum-tall fescue grass symbiota are provided with enhanced protection from grazing vertebrate herbivores due to the production of toxic secondary metabolites. However, considerable controversy exists concerning this symbiotum and its toxicity to nematode species. A sterile in vitro system was developed to determine the interactive nature of known toxins specific to this mutualistic association and compounds within grass extracts known to be nematotoxic. The in vitro assay used Pratylenchus scribneri, the lesion nematode, as the target organism to determine the interactive nature of ergot alkaloids, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (the lolines), total phenolic fractions, and specific phenolic compounds. The in vitro assay is described along with methods for testing toxicity. The results indicate that only two of three ergot alkaloids were toxic to P. scribneri, and there were possible potentiating or synergistic effects with other alkaloids and water soluble polyphenolics. HPLC analysis and UV mass spectrometry of root extracts revealed the presence of two major polyphenolics, chlorogenic and di-caffeoylquinic acids, both of which are natural constituents of this and other plants and have known toxicity to several species of nematodes. Further, it was determined that there were quantitative differences between the total phenolic and specific phenolic contents in roots of endophyte infected and noninfected tall fescue, cultivar Jesup. This in vitro assay offers a rapid and routine screen for acute testing chemical components of the tall fescue-endophyte symbiotum for toxicity to this nematode species. Keywords: Chlorogenic acid, di-caffeoylquinic acids, ergot alkaloid, lolines, nematode, polyphenolics, Pratylenchus scribneri, pyrrolizidine alkaloid

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48

Rafieepour, Athena, Mansour Rezazadeh Azari, Fariba Khodagholi, Jalal Pourahmad Jaktaji, Yadollah Mehrabi, and Habibollah Peirovi. "Interactive toxicity effect of combined exposure to hematite and amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles in human A549 cell line." Toxicology and Industrial Health 37, no. 5 (May 2021): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07482337211002373.

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The study on the health effects of combined exposure to various contaminants has been recommended by many authors. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of the co-exposure to hematite and amorphous silicon dioxide (A-SiO2) nanoparticles on the human lung A549 cell line. The A549 cell line was exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 250 µg/ml concentrations of hematite and A-SiO2 nanoparticles both independently and in combination. Their toxicity in both circumstances was investigated by MTT, intracellular reactive oxygen species, cell glutathione content, and mitochondrial membrane potential tests, and the type of interaction was investigated by statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, v. 21). Results showed that the independent exposure to either hematite or A-SiO2 compared with the control group produced more toxic effects on the A549 cell line. The toxicity of combined exposure of the nanoparticles was lower compared with independent exposure, and antagonistic interactive effects were detected. The findings of this study could be useful in clarifying the present debate on the health effects of combined exposure of hematite and A-SiO2 nanoparticles. Because of the complexities of combined exposures, further studies of this kind are recommended.

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YAZDANI, Mojtaba, Sara SAADATMAND, Shekoofeh ENTESHARI, and Saeed HABIBOLAHI. "MITIGATING ALUMINUM TOXICITY IN SEEDLINGS OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L. USING SILICON." PERIÓDICO TCHÊ QUÍMICA 18, no. 37 (March 20, 2021): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq-v18-n73-pgi.33-2021.

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Background: Silicon is a beneficial element for the plant, with the primary role in increasing plant resistance to heavy metals' toxicity and considering the importance of phytoremediation to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils. It could be used for the exogenous application for alleviating the harmful effects of heavy metals on the plant. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of Silicon in balancing the destructive effects of aluminum on Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Methods: the seedlings were grown under a hydroponic system using Long Ashton nutrient solution; the 15-day-old seedlings were exposed to Silicon (0, 0.5, 1.5 mM) for 110 days and afterward stressed by interactions of aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O; 0, 100, 250, and 400 M). Result and Discussion: the interactive effects of Silicon significantly ameliorated the negative consequences of aluminum toxicity. The combination of Si 1.5 mM and Al 400 ?M produced the highest biomass in shoots (45.67 g). The simple effect of Si 1.5 mM (12.14 g) made the highest shoot dry weight. On the other hand, the highest quantity of root fresh and dry weight (12.52 and 3.22 g, respectively) was observed in Si 1.5 mM. Among the treatments, Si 0.5 mM + Al 100 ?M had the most stem height (38 cm) among interaction treatments. Similarly, photosynthetic pigments affected by Silicon, Al 250 ?M + Si 1.5 mM had the highest content of chlorophyll a (1.91 ?g/g FW), while Al 400 + 1.5 mM indicated the most increase in chlorophyll b (0.78 ?g/g FW) among interaction effects. This treatment by producing 0.663 ?g/g FW yielded the highest carotenoid content. The highest proline content in shoots and roots (69.54 and 81.46 ?g/g FW, respectively) were observed in the interaction of Al 400 ?M and Si 1.5 mM. Additionally, this treatment was observed to have the highest concentration of catalase (1.22 U/mg protein). The lowest malondialdehyde content was marked in Si 1.5 mM + Al 100 ?M (0.702 nM/g FW). Conclusion: overall, Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. seems to have high Al phytoremediation potential that can be enhanced with the exogenous application of a moderate Silicon level.

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Fremy, J. M., I. Alassane-Kpembi, I. P. Oswald, B. Cottrill, and H. P. Van Egmond. "A review on combined effects of moniliformin and co-occurring Fusarium toxins in farm animals." World Mycotoxin Journal 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2018.2405.

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Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed represents the rule rather than the exception. Information about combinatory toxic effects of co-occurring mycotoxins is scarce, in particular the effects that mixtures of mycotoxins in feed may have on farm animals. This review focusses on studies on the combined effects of moniliformin and co-occurring mycotoxins in feed on farm animals. Moniliformin is a mycotoxin of emerging scientific interest, which may co-occur with many other mycotoxins, especially Fusarium mycotoxins. Oral exposure to moniliformin reduces feed consumption and body weight gain in poultry, in pigs and catfish, and induces cardiotoxic effects and/or alterations in serum biochemical and haematological parameters. In this review only experiments comparing effects as a result of the exposure to a combination of mycotoxins with effects due to the exposure to single mycotoxins were considered. Identified published studies on combined toxicity have been limited to combinations of moniliformin with either fumonisin B1 or deoxynivalenol, and were performed with poultry, pigs, and catfish. Most of the moniliformin/fumonisin B1 investigations involved poultry and focussed on adverse effects on feed intake, weight gain and immune response, as well as organ lesions. These studies mainly reported an interactive toxicity of moniliformin and fumonisin B1 but did not allow identification of the type of interaction. Likewise, no indication could be given for the interaction detected for both mycotoxins on weight gains of catfish. For the moniliformin/deoxynivalenol combination, only one study with broiler chickens was found relevant. This study concluded additive or less than additive toxicity, using kidney lesions and renal tubular epithelial degeneration as endpoints. While possible interactions between moniliformin and fumonisin B1 or deoxynivalenol were identified, the conclusions are based on limited studies and experimental designs. Further studies on the combined toxicity of moniliformin with other mycotoxins and other animal species would be needed.

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