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CHENG, EUGENIA. "Iterated distributive laws." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 150, no. 3 (2011): 459–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004110000599.
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AbstractWe give a framework for combining n monads on the same category via distributive laws satisfying Yang–Baxter equations, extending the classical result of Beck which combines two monads via one distributive law. We show that this corresponds to iterating n-times the process of taking the 2-category of monads in a 2-category, extending the result of Street characterising distributive laws. We show that this framework can be used to construct the free strict n-category monad on n-dimensional globular sets; we first construct for each i a monad for composition along bounding i-cells, and then we show that the interchange laws define distributive laws between these monads, satisfying the necessary Yang–Baxter equations.
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Hyder-Rahman, Nishat. "Commercial Gestational Surrogacy: Unravelling the threads between reproductive tourism and child trafficking." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 16 (April 29, 2021): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201221168.
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Narratives of commercial gestational surrogacy (CGS) as ‘baby-selling’ often conflate or interchange the transfer of children born via surrogacy with trafficking in children or the sale of children, two sometimes overlapping but nonetheless distinct offenses. Moreover, anti-trafficking laws have been used to police cross-border CGS. But when do CGS arrangements fall within the category of legitimate ‘reproductive tourism’ and when do they amount to child trafficking? In this paper I critically explore intersections between human trafficking laws and CGS, vis-à-vis the child, charting the relevant trafficking laws in the context of international surrogacy, and analysing whether trafficking laws are an appropriate mechanism through which to regulate CGS. I conclude that while child trafficking might occur via surrogacy, CGS in itself is not child trafficking under international law.
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Olsen, Jeppe, Jens Madsen, Anders Henry Nielsen, Jens Juul Rasmussen, and Volker Naulin. "Temperature dynamics and velocity scaling laws for interchange driven, warm ion plasma filaments." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 58, no. 4 (2016): 044011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/58/4/044011.
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Keskinen, M. J. "Scaling laws for the spectrum of interchange instabilities in the high-latitude ionosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, A11 (1990): 19137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja095ia11p19137.
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Bremner, Murray, and Vladimir Dotsenko. "Boardman–Vogt tensor products of absolutely free operads." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 150, no. 1 (2019): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prm.2018.60.
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AbstractTo the memory of Trevor Evans (1925–1991),the pioneer of interchange laws in universal algebraWe establish a combinatorial model for the Boardman–Vogt tensor product of several absolutely free operads, that is, free symmetric operads that are also free as 𝕊-modules. Our results imply that such a tensor product is always a free 𝕊-module, in contrast with the results of Kock and Bremner–Madariaga on hidden commutativity for the Boardman–Vogt tensor square of the operad of non-unital associative algebras.
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Tousley, Martha M., and Kathleen Kobberger. "Supervision in Psychotherapy: A Systems Viewpoint." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 14, no. 2 (1985): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/e1qa-x264-ng73-xqke.
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What is presently known about the supervision of psychotherapy is described from a systems point of view. Supervision is conceptualized as a dynamic interchange between two individuals whose differing sets of expectations can profoundly affect the process. The authors propose that the supervisory relationship is best understood as a social learning system, with its own characteristic structure, rules of organization, hierarchical order and mode of extracting influence. Research reports on the supervisory process are also reviewed. Finally, given the emphasis placed on the supervised practice of psychotherapy by training programs, certification requirements and licensure laws, the need for further investigation is emphasized.
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Hu, Ya-Peng. "Tension term, interchange symmetry, and the analogy of energy and tension laws of the AdS soliton solution." Journal of High Energy Physics 2009, no. 05 (2009): 096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2009/05/096.
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Edmunds, Charles C. "Constructing Double Magma on Groups Using Commutation Operations." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 58, no. 3 (2015): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2015-037-0.
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AbstractA magma (M, *) is a nonempty set with a binary operation. A double magma (M, *, •) is a nonempty set with two binary operations satisfying the interchange law (w * x) • (y * z) = (w • y)*(x•z). We call a double magma proper if the two operations are distinct, and commutative if the operations are commutative. A double semigroup, first introduced by Kock, is a double magma for which both operations are associative. Given a non-trivial group G we define a system of two magma (G, *, •) using the commutator operations x * y = [x, y](= x−1 y−1x y) and x • y = [y, x]. We show that (G, *, •) is a double magma if and only if G satisfies the commutator laws [x, y; x, z] = 1 and [w, x; y, z]2 = 1. We note that the first lawdefines the class of 3-metabelian groups. If both these laws hold in G, the double magma is proper if and only if there exist x0, y0 ∊ G for which [x0 , y0]2 ≠ 1. This double magma is a double semigroup if and only if G is nilpotent of class two. We construct a specific example of a proper double semigroup based on the dihedral group of order 16. In addition, we comment on a similar construction for rings using Lie commutators.
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Kulinich, Aleksandr I., and Evgeniy I. Sorogin. "Monitoring Law Enforcement in Archival Legislation for Legal Loop-Holes: A Case-Study of the Activities of the Archival Agency of the Kurgan Region." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-146-154.
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The authors study legal loop-holes in the archival legislation. As it is impossible to analyze the whole of archival legislation, including regional laws and regulations of all subjects of Russia, the article focuses on the Federal law. It draws on practices of the Archival Agency of the Kurgan Region and addresses practical concerns. It analyzes inconsistencies and legal loop-holes in implementation of following three laws: the Federal law of October 22, 2004 no. 125-FZ ‘On archiving in the Russian Federation,’ the Federal law of 26 December, 2008 no. 294-FZ ‘On protection of rights of legal persons and self-employed entrepreneurs in the exercise of state control (supervision) and municipal control,’ and the Federal law of April 5, 2013 no. 44-FZ ‘On contract systems in the sphere of procurement of goods, works and services for provisioning governmental and municipal needs.’ The study has identified the following legal loop-holes and inconsistencies: (1) There is a legal loop-hole in implementation of the control function. No clear demarcation of jurisdictions of the Russian Federation and those of the subjects of the Russian Federation is provided in Federal laws no. 294-FZ and no. 125-FZ; (2) There is a contradiction between Federal laws no. 125-FZ and no. 44-FZ. In case of winding-up of a state procurement agency and transferring its powers to a government agency, documents on primary activity are to be filed in a state archive and also to remain in the new government agency; (3) Lack of uniform and federally approved methodology for division of ownership of archival documents between municipalities and subjects of the Russian Federation result in similar documents falling under different forms of ownership in different regions; (4) Lack of regulatory framework in acquisition and transfer of e-documents to state archives hinders introduction of a full-featured e-document interchange between state authorities. The authors contend that these legal loop-holes and inconsistencies should be corrected.
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Le, Qi Lang. "The Distribution Laws of Interlayer-Gliding Structure Controlled by Panji Anticline and the Research of Quantitative Evaluation in Seams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3.
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Based on the research of interlayer-gliding structures in Panbei and Panji No.1 coal mine that are located in the each wing of Panji anticline, the Panji mining area is divided into 9 main interlayer-gliding areas and 29 sub-regions. The results indicate that the interlayer-gliding structures mainly developed in the anticline wings, which show obvious symmetry at the type and distribution. The types of the interlayer-gliding structures are fault-sliding and corrugation type in the wings and fracture type in the core area. The type and manifestation of the interlayer-gliding structures also show symmetry in the similar depth. From up to down, the interlayer-gliding type show obvious regularity that fracture type is mainly developed in the shallow area, down is fault-sliding type and corrugation type is mainly developed in the deep or the interchange of the faults. Take fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the inter-gliding structure in west area of Panji No.1 coal mine. The results showed that the results from using fuzzy comprehensive assessment were similar with the results exposed by coal mine. Good effects were obtained for predicting the development intensity of the seam-gliding structure in deep unmined areas in combination with geological conditions of coal mine, providing references for production arrangement of coal mine.
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Raymond, Gerald P. "Track and support rehabilitation for a mine company railroad." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 2 (2000): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-108.
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The initial support and tie foundation problems of a railroad track built in 1974 to carry axle loads 21% greater than presently (1998) permitted under interchange laws at a speed of 88 km/h are presented. Some of the concerns related to and affecting the final rehabilitation that resulted in a final satisfactory performance are documented. The foundation engineer's interest is directed to the ballast, the tie, and to a lesser extent the rail's behaviour. Cobble-sized (75-150 mm) river gravel was used as the source for the ballast in the rehabilitation. The ballast's satisfactory performance has permitted the establishment of guidelines for future use of this type source of material where suitable quarried rock is not available. The railroad's satisfactory performance after rehabilitation has proven that the design concepts involving 36 t (40 tons) axle loads operating on 60 kg/m (119 lb/yd) continuously welded rail, concrete ties, and ballast manufactured by crushing from a river aggregate were achievable.Key words: railway track, concrete ties, ballast aggregate, aggregate, crushed face, rail, 36 t (40 tons) axle loads.
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Solecka, Katarzyna, Łukasz Dumanowski, Igor Taran, and Yana Litvinova. "Application of the Hierarchy Analysis Method to Assess Interchanges in Cracow." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (2021): 10593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910593.
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We propose an assessment methodology of interchanges, which is based on one of four multi-criteria decision aid method, the AHP method, allowing the ranking of interchanges from best to worst with regard to specific criteria. The selected criteria account for different evaluation aspects (social, technical, functional, environmental, and economic ones). The final ranking of the interchanges from best to worst allows making conclusions related to assessed elements of interchanges, which should be improved to make interchanges friendlier to the passengers. The proposed interchange assessment method allows the identification of the weakest elements of the assessed interchanges, which require improvement in order to make the interchanges friendlier for passengers, with a view to increasing the number of passengers and boosting passengers’ willingness to use the interchanges.
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Goldner Lang, Iris. "The European Union and Migration: An Interplay of National, Regional, and International Law." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.4.
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If global migration law “includes all levels of the law,” then the European Union represents the most developed instance of the interplay of national, regional, and international law. Migration law in the European Union involves the interaction of EU Member States’ national laws, EU regional law, and international law. This complex interchange of different migratory legal regimes is the consequence of diverse, and sometimes conflicting, objectives and interests of the Union and its Member States, and the nature of EU law itself. This essay explores the impact of these three levels of the law on the four migratory regulatory categories—EU citizens, “desirable” third-country nationals, asylum seekers, and all other third-country nationals—and the three objectives associated with these categories. The predominance of one legal regime over another varies depending on the regulatory category of migrants and the objectives associated therewith. While describing the existing legal systems, the essay outlines their attributes and shortcomings, the most prominent being: a clear rift between the rights granted to EU citizens and to third-country nationals; EU Member States’ determination to reserve to their respective national territories a high level of national control over labor migration; and significant deficiencies of the EU asylum law which were brought to the surface by the recent refugee influx into the EU.
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Almoshaogeh, Meshal, Hatem Abou-Senna, Essam Radwan, and Husnain Haider. "Sustainable Design of Diverging Diamond Interchange: Development of Warrants for Improving Operational Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (2020): 5840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145840.
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Conventional diamond interchanges are facing ever-growing challenges related to traffic operations and safety risks due to increasing traffic volumes and worsening congestions. The agencies are well aware of the high socioeconomic (e.g., user delay cost, fuel cost, and high accident rates) and environmental losses (traffic emissions due to vehicles queuing) associated with the conventional interchange design. This paper provides insight into the different factors that affect the sustainability performance (operational and safety) of a conventional interchange through its redesign into the Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) with the increased left-turn demand. It also assesses the need to redesign an interchange to improve the efficiency. Two interchanges that have DDI designs were selected for investigations, and the required data were collected from the relevant agency. The average delay and the capacity were used as the Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) for data analysis. Numerous factors, that affected these MOEs, were used to design an experiment. This experiment included different levels of volumes, geometric designs, and signal plans. The micro-simulation software (VISSIM 8.0) was employed to calibrate and validate the existing conditions through several steps, including signal optimization and driving behavior parameter optimization. The analysis of the results detected the key thresholds of switching from the conventional design to the innovative design under 90 different scenarios. Finally, the sustainability evaluation of DDI and Conventional Design Interchange was conducted based on their operation and safety performance comparison. The results and findings of this research will act as a guideline for decision-makers regarding when they should consider switching from the conventional interchange design to an innovative design.
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Katzir, Shaul. "Hermann Aron's Electricity Meters: Physics and Invention in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 39, no. 4 (2009): 444–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2009.39.4.444.
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This paper examines how Hermann Aron, a well-trained physicist, exploited his multilayered knowledge of science for technological innovations, innovations upon which he built a successful industrial company with more than 1,000 employees. In his academic training, research, and teaching, Aron gained expertise in electromagnetic theory and experimentation, which he later put to use to invent a new electricity meter for the emerging electric power industry of the 1880s. While Aron employed established physical laws and data, particular methods and techniques were central to his development of technology. Moreover, these and the scientific ethos of precision, which he adopted from his training in the Neumann School, were crucial to his invention of a pendulum electricity meter. Contrary to a recent claim about the lack of a scientific basis to the electrical industry, Aron's case shows a direct transformation of knowledge from physics to technology. Still, his work also displays the influence of technology on many topics of scientific research. The relevance of Aron's particular scientific expertise to the technological questions he examined was a central factor in his unusual move from academic physics to his own industrial firm. The move also benefited from sharing ideas, methods, and interests between scientists and engineers. Berlin, in particular, provided a nexus for such an interchange. On the other hand, Aron's poor prospects for a professorship in physics (further reduced by being Jewish), made him more receptive to opportunities outside the academy.
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Conticelli, Elisa, Gianluca Gobbi, Paula Isabella Saavedra Rosas, and Simona Tondelli. "Assessing the Performance of Modal Interchange for Ensuring Seamless and Sustainable Mobility in European Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13021001.
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In the European Union, more than 70% of the population lives in urban areas. Achieving more efficient and low-carbon mobility is crucial to ensuring urban systems are sustainable and tackling important challenges, such as reduction of CO2 emissions, air and noise pollution, and traffic congestion. Identifying effective strategies and design solutions that boost multimodal mobility and effective interchange among different sustainable means of transport can be a significant contribution in this area. This paper presents an easy-to-use methodology to assess the performance of policy measures and design solutions-oriented to foster modal interchange, with special regard to the configuration of the interchange hubs. The methodology is based on identifying key factors necessary to ensure an efficient multimodal interchange and the different types of interchanges that are frequently present in the urban realm. By grouping the key factors into nine different domains, and by weighing the key factors in relation to their importance, the methodology creates a decision support system to assess the performance of the current interchange, as well as of different planning and design scenarios. This methodology has been developed in the framework of the Interreg Europe MATCH-UP project and is conceived to support both designers and decision-makers whenever they have to reorganise existing transport hubs and policies, or design and plan new ones.
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Haq, Muhammad Tahmidul, Amirarsalan Mehrara Molan, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Evaluating Pedestrian Service of the New Super Diverging Diamond Interchange on Three Case Study Sites in Denver, Colorado." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (2022): 16929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416929.
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Ensuring safe and comfortable conditions for pedestrians necessitates specific strategies at intersections and service interchanges where traffic and pedestrians interact in complex ways with other modes of transportation. This study aims to investigate pedestrian performance at the new Super Diverging Diamond Interchange (Super DDI) using real-world locations (i.e., I-225 and Mississippi Ave, I-25 and 120th Ave, and I-25 and Hampden Ave in Denver, Colorado). Three alternative designs, typical DDI, and two versions of Super DDI were considered to make a reasonable comparison with the existing Conventional Diamond Interchange (CDI). A comprehensive series of simulation models (192 scenarios with 960 runs) were tested using VISSIM and Synchro to analyze pedestrian operation (travel time, number of stops, and waiting time) in various traffic and pedestrian distributions. As one of the primary contributions in this paper, pedestrian safety was evaluated based on a surrogate performance measure called design flag, introduced by the new National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP-948) guideline. The results indicated that the proposed new Super DDI designs are relatively safe when compared with CDI and DDI. For example, a pedestrian analysis of one of the most popular alternative interchanges, DDI, showed potential for unsafe pedestrian conditions in all aspects.
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Mond-Kozlowska, Wiesna. "Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphs — Contemporary Reading for Fresh Ideas in Art." Culture and Arts in the Modern World, no. 24 (September 22, 2023): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2410-1915.24.2023.287659.
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The aim of this article is to rationalise emotional, intellectual and aesthetic impact of Egyptian hieroglyphs through their examination with the research tools of the aesthetics as an academic discipline and its related sciences. Their evocative power made them possess the property of life, resulting in attributing the ancient Egyptian writing with the power of storing a universal sagacity. The latter is suggested as both a rationale and an outcome of every creative process to which the art of hieroglyphs seems to invite. Results. Nevertheless, through taking a down-to-earth stand for a methodological choice we aim to be reconnected with techniques of making a single hieroglyph and getting insight into conceptual principles of tying them in rows of a text that generate intentional ancient meaning to be decoded and delighted through present day lens. Scientific novelty. The study tries to establish a new both bond and relationship between the signifier and the signified to allow contemporary reading of the ancient signs that could bridge modern man with their Ancient Egypt ancestors. Following Ferdinand de Saussure’s exposition of the semiotic nature of the symbolisation process it opens an investigation into ways the modern mind can bear new meaning that will substitute the extinct signified in relation to the compelling ancient signifier a single hieroglyph is. Conclusions. Adhering to a formal scrutiny of the outer form of an ideogram in the first place, we intend to both challenge and inform contemporary art with strongly symbolic nature of ancient Egypt thought and spirituality that yielded those polysemous signs created with extremely sublime logic of artistic wisdom and craft. A nonrandom and revealing interchange between logics and aesthetics suggests the given art form can bring to light some strict and invariant rational laws that constituted it.
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Anokhin, Andrii, Kateryna Holovko, and Serhii Mul. "ROAD ACCIDENTS AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY: LEGAL ANALYSIS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, no. 2 (2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-2-48-54.
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The present publication aims to conduct a legal analysis of the mutual influence of road accidents and the national economy, which is manifested at different levels of relevant public relations. The research subject is road accidents and the national economy. The publication’s methodology relies on an organic combination of well-known laws and techniques of dialectics (the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative, unity and struggle of opposites, and the negation of negation), general scientific methods of research (techniques of the logical method, comparative method, techniques of the sociological method, systemic and structural-functional methods), and special legal methods (legal statistics, formal-legal method, methods of comparative jurisprudence and legal modeling). Results. Road safety is inextricably linked with economic processes taking place in a particular state. In addition, as economic indicators affect the number of road accidents so the dynamics and consequences of road accidents significantly affect the national economy. The most important economic factors affecting the number of road accidents are as follows: underdeveloped road infrastructure, outdated vehicle fleet, poor financial and logistic support of law enforcement agencies, insufficient number of traffic enforcement cameras, and other innovative means of preventing road accidents. The priority in traffic accident prevention is the maximum automation of means ensuring road safety: coverage of all key traffic intersections with traffic enforcement cameras, equipment of modern cars with automatic speed limit systems and alcohol intoxication testers, which automatically block the ignition system, the development of a fleet of AI-based self-driving cars and automated traffic control systems. Other economic and administrative means of road accident prevention are equally important, i.e., financial incentives for compliance with traffic rules, development and improvement of public transport efficiency, and investments in multi-level road infrastructure to reduce traffic congestion in available highways and transport interchange.
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Rocconi, Eleonora. "The Music of the Laws and the Laws of Music." Greek and Roman Musical Studies 4, no. 1 (2016): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22129758-12341268.
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In the Laws, Plato constantly uses analogies and interchanges between musical and legislative terminology, establishing an etymological connection between special categories of musical compositions (the nomoi) and the inviolability of their regulations. This usage was widely echoed in later sources, providing musical and literary critics with a law-based terminology which enabled them to describe and interpret musical phenomena as markers for political changes, leading to a distorted image of old-time mousikē.
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Nalivayko, Irina Vyacheslavovna, and Natalya Gennadevna Bobrova. "The content and development of biochemical concepts in the school course of biology." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 1 (2016): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20161311.
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The article reveals the content of biochemical concepts constituting school biology course, shows their development during the study of all the units of the subject mentioned above: from the vegetable organism to the general laws of nature. Biology as a school subject is a system of biological concepts, developing in a logical sequence. The handling of the relevant concepts shows the degree of assimilation of biological knowledge. That is why the teachers work on assimilation and development of biological concepts is so important. The study of biochemical concepts is included in the school course of biology. They can be classified according to the nature of the content, along with morphological, anatomical concepts etc. Some biochemical concepts belong to the group of basic biological concepts, i.e. concepts about the biological regularities concerning with the whole wildlife. They are: metabolism and interchange of energy, nutrition, breathing, selection, photosynthesis. A number of biochemical concepts such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, enzymes and some others are special, as they are studied within a specific section. The article analyzes school curricula and textbooks on biology; it allows making a conclusion that biochemical concepts are formed and developed throughout the biology course from 6 to 11 grades. There is a succession in formation and development of these notions: at first they are special and are studied as processes characterizing the functioning of a plant; considering the processes occurring in animal organism, biochemical concepts become general. In the General Biology unit they become special again. Such regularity is substantiated by the logic of construction of biological material. The formation of biochemical concepts is contributed to by all kinds of verbal, visual and practical methods of teaching biology, the role of the latter is particularly important. It requires the use of activity approach during the formation of biochemical concepts, because one of the conditions for their proper formation is the application of knowledge in practice. Skills acquired by students are the indicators of the effectiveness of education, together with the amount of subject knowledge.
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De la Sen, Manuel, Asier Ibeas, Santiago Alonso-Quesada, and Raul Nistal. "On a SIR Model in a Patchy Environment Under Constant and Feedback Decentralized Controls with Asymmetric Parameterizations." Symmetry 11, no. 3 (2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11030430.
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: This paper presents a formal description and analysis of an SIR (involving susceptible- infectious-recovered subpopulations) epidemic model in a patchy environment with vaccination controls being constant and proportional to the susceptible subpopulations. The patchy environment is due to the fact that there is a partial interchange of all the subpopulations considered in the model between the various patches what is modelled through the so-called travel matrices. It is assumed that the vaccination controls are administered at each community health centre of a particular patch while either the total information or a partial information of the total subpopulations, including the interchanging ones, is shared by all the set of health centres of the whole environment under study. In the case that not all the information of the subpopulations distributions at other patches are known by the health centre of each particular patch, the feedback vaccination rule would have a decentralized nature. The paper investigates the existence, allocation (depending on the vaccination control gains) and uniqueness of the disease-free equilibrium point as well as the existence of at least a stable endemic equilibrium point. Such a point coincides with the disease-free equilibrium point if the reproduction number is unity. The stability and instability of the disease-free equilibrium point are ensured under the values of the disease reproduction number guaranteeing, respectively, the un-attainability (the reproduction number being less than unity) and stability (the reproduction number being more than unity) of the endemic equilibrium point. The whole set of the potential endemic equilibrium points is characterized and a particular case is also described related to its uniqueness in the case when the patchy model reduces to a unique patch. Vaccination control laws including feedback are proposed which can take into account shared information between the various patches. It is not assumed that there are in the most general case, symmetry-type constrains on the population fluxes between the various patches or in the associated control gains parameterizations.
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LACLAU, P., A. MEZA, J. GARRIDO SOARES DE LIMA, and S. LINSER. "Criteria and Indicators for sustainable forest management: lessons learned in the Southern Cone." International Forestry Review 21, no. 3 (2019): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827293196.
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The Southern Cone countries of Chile, Argentina and Uruguay have a common background regarding land use and land cover with a total of 46 million ha of forests whose benefits are prospering for the regional framework of the Southern Cone. The three countries do not articulate or interchange on their forest policies beyond circumstantial agreements. In this regard, and as our first research focus, we examined experiences while participating in the international Montréal Process on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests. Secondly, we focused on the progress these processes have afforded regarding respective national implementation of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management (C&I for SFM) and uptake in forest policy. Thirdly, we examined also the obstacles experienced during participation and implementation. We based our findings on content analysis of key documents and author observations. Albeit the institutional and political frameworks between the countries differ, we found common constraints on budgeting, limited human resources and institutional capacity. Communication to society and policy makers' commitment are also important weaknesses. The engagement of the three countries in the Montréal Process and the application of related national sets of C&I for SFM have provided solutions to recent land use conflicts. This also strengthened the quality and effectiveness of recently approved laws and regimes for a sustainable forest management. In conclusion, the forest dialogues of these countries, within and between each other, were reinforced by participation in C&I for SFM processes, helping to bridge the gap between decision-makers, national forest agencies, academia and other forest-related stakeholders. Common indicators and related national reports facilitated the identification of affinities for regional integration on a common basis and helped to raise the level of national forest policies increasing its strength and commitment to global forest challenges. The lessons learned should be considered to reach progress towards sustainability.
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Aktar, Afroja, and Md Saidul Islam CDCS. "Moving Towards Digital Trade Transformation in Bangladesh Prospects and Challenges for Implementing Digital Trade." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 05, no. 02 (2024): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.05.02.06.
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Bangladesh is currently making preparations to transform its entire trade onto a digital platform. Bangladesh is prepared to initiate this transformation through the implementation of logistics, legal, technological, and knowledge-based support mechanisms. This study examines the ways by which the implementation of these supports can be compelled within the structure of international frameworks. To find that possible ways the article seeks to evaluate the evidence that supports including updated laws and regulation, customs house etc., the notion that digital trade is predominantly a tradeable and compatible platform, aligning with the established framework of traditional paper-based transactions. This study employs digital technology to investigate the transformative impact it has had on international trade procedures. This research also investigates the effects of digitization in trade transactions on the global competitiveness of Bangladesh. This research also identifies and analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of digital trade in comparison to traditional trade operations, which is associated with the implementation of the Bangladesh Single Window (BSW) system within the entire transformation of trade in ASYCODA (The Automated System for Customs Data) World Systems. The BSW & ASYCODA systems are designed to enhance the interchange of information and promote connectivity between public and commercial trade-related bodies in Bangladesh. To understand the perceptions of the stakeholders’ primary data has collected through a descriptive research where a survey questionnaire has used for this purpose, along with that secondary data sources are also used to achieve the desired outcome. This study finding will enhance our comprehension of the effects of digitization on global trade and offer vital insights that will assist stakeholders in attaining sustainable growth and fostering innovation. The digital trade transition represents a new and promising possibility in the context of Bangladesh in the area of trade transactions. This study identified how a nation undergoes a steady transition from traditional trade practices to digital transformation.
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Kofanov, Oleksii, Olena Kofanova, Alla Chepel, Anatolii Kriuchkov, Iryna Rabosh, and Nataliia Zhukova. "Modeling of the Car Traffic Air Pollution on the Territories Neighboring Multi-level Interchanges." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 78, no. 4 (2022): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31583.
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Ensuring the proper quality of the environment is a foreground and important task for achieving sustainable development goals in contemporary urban societies. Therefore, the aim of the research is to study the air pollution on the territories neighboring multi-level interchanges and assess the additional load on the lower levels based on the analysis of physico-chemical properties of harmful substances, which are exhausts components. The scientific novelty of the paper and the authors’ contribution is in determining the level of ecological danger of territories neighboring multi-level interchanges as a result of the summation effect from emissions of vehicle flows, physical and chemical properties of pollutants, and processes of their sedimentation. To predict the pollution level of the roadside air, the model of torch approximation based on the K-theory and the equations of turbulent diffusion was used. Both mathematical modeling and visualization were performed by the Mathcad software package. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the environmental situation neighboring multi-level interchanges and urban objects in terms of their pollution with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter PM10. Research has shown that due to the sedimentation processes a significant increase of the technogenic load on the interchange first level road will be observed. It was found that, compared to the upper road, the technogenic load in the center of the lower road increases on average by 1.4–1.6 times in terms of nitrogen oxides and by 1.5–1.6 times in terms of PM10. The territory with the harmful substances maximum permissible concentration excess is significantly increased. So, taking into account that multi-level interchanges are much more environmentally acceptable than surface sections of roads with traffic lights and pedestrian crossings, they still pose danger to the health of people who stay for a long time at the transport stops, move on the sidewalks and underground crossings, as well as for vehicle drivers and passengers. Thus, it is recommended not to place on the territories neighboring multi-level interchanges public transport stops, cafes, shops, and other city infrastructure objects, as well as to remove the existing ones.
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Garrido Garrido, Julián. "Formulaciones del segundo principio de la termodinámica." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 19, no. 56 (1987): 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.1987.647.
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The second principle is usually considered as an axiom of Classical Equilibrium Thermodynamics (CET), but there are different versions of that law and the deductive relations between them are not immediately evident. That is so because the formulations were given in distinct epochs using very heterogeneous concepts, from the “mechanist" language before the stable construction of CET until the properly theoretical language of systems and states. The versions of Kelvin-Planck (KP), Clausius (C1) and Carnot (Ca) preceded the concept of entropy. That emerged tied to the formulation of the second principle given by classical entropy (SC): ΔS ≥ Σ1 ∫ dQ1/T1 (where the 1s are the systems that interchange heat with the system that varies its entropy, its heat surroundings). The law of increasing entropy (AS), that of potential entropy (PS) and the statemet of Carathéodory (Cth) are postentropic formulations of the second principle. From another point of view, the expressions KP, C1, Ca, SC and Cth can be classified as belonging to the classical developments of the theory, and the law PS as a member of the Gibbsian representations. Formulation AS could be considered as above this second clasification, since from this study it follows that it constitutes the most powerful version of the second principle, which permits the deduction equally of the Gibbsian expression (PS) as the classical ones (first SC, and on that basis the remaining four, which are more specific). The deductive tree of such diverse laws can only be realized after a systematic analysis of the basic concepts of CET, which permits a homogeneous reformulation of them all. For that task the genetic, historical and intuitive point of view should be left aside so as to adopt a purely axiomatic-deductive point of view. The results of my formulation of CET, Garrido (1983-1986), realized following the axiomatic focus designed by Bunge (1967) for factual theories, have been used in this previous conceptual analysis. On the other hand, the deductive tree of the formuIations of the second principle constructed here has as effect a modification, small but interesting, of the axiomatic base for my proposal for CET: in my previous work I considered the laws SC and AS strictly equivalent and as such interchangeable as axioms, and I had chosen precisely SC for that purpose. Now, as l argue here in detail, I have confirmed that AS is more general than SC and so should be the formulation of the second principle that appears as an axiom of the theory. Amongst the basic concepts of the domain of reference of the laws of this theory which are used here, the strangest is that of pseudoequilibrium (the state of those systems which are not in equilibrium, but whose subsystems are). In the usual statements of the theory this concept at times appears explicitly and with varying denominations (system with internal constraints, internally constrained system, etc.), and on many occasions appears in an implicit way, with no proper name (the term equilibrium is frequently used in a wide sense, covering pseudoequilibrium, but that ambiguity is a source of confusion and obscurity). Here a general and exact definition of this concept is presented and, aboye all, is systematically used, greatly easing the theoretical and homogeneous formulation of versions of the second principle, in particular that of the law of increasing entropy: (AS) For any isolated system, between two instants in which it is in a state of equilibrium or pseudoequilibrium: ΔS ≥ 0, yielding identity when in all the intermediate instants the system maintains itself in equilibrium or pseudoequilibrium. Even if this law is the most powerful expression of the second principle, it is not sufficient for the deduction of the remaining versions. It is also necessary to consider other axioma of CET, such as the first principle, the law of heat, and the postulate of isolation and equilibrium. Nevertheless, even if they are not exclusively theorems of AS, they can still be considered as (weak) formulations of the second principle, That is due to the fact that what is most peculiar about them, inequality, is deductively inherited from AS (the only axiom of the theory that contains it).
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Griffen, William L. "Interchange Exchange." Interchange 37, no. 4 (2006): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10780-006-9009-5.
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Castell, Stephen. "Electronic data interchange." Computer Law & Security Review 6, no. 5 (1991): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(91)90144-k.
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McKevitt, Paul. "Securing electronic data interchange." Information & Communications Technology Law 2, no. 1 (1993): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1993.9965667.
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Doria, R. M., and I. Soares. "Four Bosons EM Conservation Laws." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 19 (May 27, 2021): 40–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v19i.9024.
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Electromagnetism is expressed from two basic postulates. They are light invarianceand charge conservation. At this work one extends the Maxwell scenario from macroscopic to microscopic electromagnetism by following the elementary particles electric charge microscopic behavior. It yields a triune electric charge interrelationship. Three charges {+, 0, −} be exchanged through a vector bosons quadruplet. It is called Four Bosons Electromagnetism. A systemic EM physics appears to be understood. Maxwell photon is not enough for describing the microscopic electric charge physics. An extension for electromagnetic energy is obtained. The fields quadruplet {Aµ, Uµ, Vµ±} are the porters of electromagnetic energy. They are the usual photon Aµ, massive photon Uµ and two charged photons Vµ±, A new understanding on EM phenomena has to be considered. A set determinism based on granular and collective fields is developed. A space-time evolution associated to a whole.Conservation laws are studied. The EM phenomena is enlarged to three charges interchanges to {+, 0, −}. Two novelties appear. New features on nonlinear fields acting as own sources and on electric charge physics. Properties as conservation, conduction, transmission, interaction are extended to a systemic electromagnetism. A whole conservation law for electric charge emerges from three charges interwoven. Electric charge has a systemic behavior. Although there is no Coulomb law for zero electric charge, the Four Bosons Electromagnetism contains an EM energy which provides a neutral electromagnetism. Particles with zero charge {Aµ, Uµ} are carrying EM energy. Another consideration is on EM energy being transported by four nonlinear fields. A new physicality appears. The abelian nonlinearity generates fields charges. Fields are working as own sources through mass terms, trilinear and quadrilinear interactions, spin couplings. Consequently the photon is more than being a consequence from electric charge oscillations. It is able to generate its own charge. Introduce the meaning of photonics.Thus, electric charge is no more the isolate electromagnetic source. There are another conservation laws. Fields sources appear through corresponding equations of motion, Bianchi identities, energy-momentum, Noether laws and angular momentum conservation laws. They move EM to a fields charges dependence. Together with electric charge they carrythe electromagnetic flux. Supporting the Ahranov-Bohm experiment of potential fields as primitive entities.
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Faber, Diana. "Shipping documents and electronic data interchange." Information & Communications Technology Law 2, no. 1 (1993): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1993.9965666.
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Farrés, Jordi. "Classifying electronic data interchanges." Computer Standards & Interfaces 14, no. 1 (1992): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(92)90031-8.
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Fellows, Denise. "Electronic data interchange within the pharmaceutical industry." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 7, no. 1 (1993): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1993.9966362.
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Sanati, Mohammad, Mohammad Dadashzadeh, and Mohammad B. Dadfar. "Iranian Standard Code for Information Interchange (ISCII)." Computer Standards & Interfaces 6, no. 4 (1987): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(87)90022-5.
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Sloane, A. "Electronic data interchange and structured message usage." Computer Standards & Interfaces 14, no. 5-6 (1992): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(92)90006-y.
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Katus, Sergej H. "Three types of electronic data interchange contracts." Information & Communications Technology Law 1, no. 3 (1992): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1992.9965657.
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Bellego, Alain, and Barbro Beer. "Legal Aspects of Trade Data Interchange." Journal of World Trade 20, Issue 6 (1986): 690–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1986071.
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Anthony, Gordon. "EC Law, UK Public Law and The Human Rights Act 1998: A New Integrative Dynamic?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815707.
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The process of European legal integration has long been understood to engage the workings of domestic legal orders, EC law and, to a lesser extent, the law of the ECHR. In general terms, the relationship between these bodies of law has been characterised as involving the direct and indirect interchange of principle and practice across jurisdictions. An example of direct interchange is found in the EC law requirement that national courts give effect to rules emanating from the EC legal order in all cases raising EC law issues. The indirect form occurs in disputes which do not raise EC law issues but which see national courts voluntarily borrow from their experience within the EC legal order by way of developing the domestic legal system. Likewise, national courts and the European Court of Justice have relied upon the law of the ECHR, a “foreign” body of rules, in developing their respective legal orders.
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Anthony, Gordon. "EC Law, UK Public Law and The Human Rights Act 1998: A New Integrative Dynamic?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003451.
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The process of European legal integration has long been understood to engage the workings of domestic legal orders, EC law and, to a lesser extent, the law of the ECHR. In general terms, the relationship between these bodies of law has been characterised as involving the direct and indirect interchange of principle and practice across jurisdictions. An example of direct interchange is found in the EC law requirement that national courts give effect to rules emanating from the EC legal order in all cases raising EC law issues. The indirect form occurs in disputes which do not raise EC law issues but which see national courts voluntarily borrow from their experience within the EC legal order by way of developing the domestic legal system. Likewise, national courts and the European Court of Justice have relied upon the law of the ECHR, a “foreign” body of rules, in developing their respective legal orders.
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Preikšaitienė, Audrė, Vitolda Sofija Glebuvienė, and Aldona Mazolevskienė. "Infants’ Homes: Peculiarities of Spoken Language." Pedagogika 112, no. 4 (2013): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2013.1779.
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When talking about the importance of education, M. Lukšienė emphasizes that in order to understand and master the process of education educators must be familiar with laws that dominate the world of an individual and his environment.
 The article presents the results of a spoken language analysis of children who grow in infants’ homes, in a specific environment of care and educational institutions for young children. It highlights some of the pragmatic, semantic, phonological and morphological characteristics of the children’s language. The article moreover presents linguistic self-expression levels and peculiarities of young children identified during the analysis of the corpus of language of children from specific environments and the possibilities of comprehending language elements and functions.
 Object of the research: expression of spoken language of children from infants’ home.
 The aim of the research is to analyze peculiarities of spoken language of children from infants’ home.
 Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the peculiarities of children’s language use at an early age, empirical observation of a child, analysis of the peculiarities of spoken language (understanding and use), comparative empirical analysis, that allow for presenting educational statements relevant to the language of young children.
 Subjects of the research: 157 pupils from infants’ home.
 Research results: this research was an attempt to analyze spoken language data of young children from the Lithuanian infants’ homes obtained by means of observation only. The research of peculiarities of the speech of children from the infants’ homes on a phonological level revealed that the overall ability of young children to articulate sounds in the Lithuanian language is to be considered only satisfactory, inasmuch as only 4 out of 30 young children are able to pronounce nearly all the sounds and the speech of most of the children is distinguished by an abundance of phonemic errors: this means replacement of difficult – to - pronounce sounds with other sounds, omission, shortening of words, confusing sounds with similar articulation, extension, incorrect pronunciation of soft and hard phonemes, failure to pronounce and replacing vowels, monophthongization of diphthongs and diphthongization of a long mid vowel “ė”, errors in shifting from one sound to another, distortion of sound / syllabic word structure, etc.
 The research of grammar (morphology) of speech of children from the infants’ homes led to the conclusion that children from the infants’ homes do not know or confuse generalizing terms, do not know their individual names. Thy moreover have little knowledge of colors. These children use one verb to identify similar actions. Nouns in the speech of children from the infants’ homes usually are names of clothing, body parts and performers of actions. Children communicate using words with a constant meaning, understand some of the grammatical forms; however, they sometimes fail to identify the quantity of nouns and prefer singular form. There are almost no adjectives in an independent speech.
 Children make errors when using verb forms, for example, use infinitive form instead of one of the other forms. In addition to names of objects, actions and properties, uninflected parts of speech occur: prepositions, adverbs, conjunctions, etc. Children also differentiate between interrogatives. Children from the infants’ homes are already able to answer questions, while looking at pictures. However, they do not understand consistent patterns of direct control and intensely confuse declensional forms with each other. They skip, interchange prepositions and pronounce them inaccurately.
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Pakkala, H., T. Christensen, K. Presser, and I. Martínez de Victoria. "Towards harmonized data interchange in food consumption data." Computer Standards & Interfaces 36, no. 3 (2014): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2013.10.004.
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Carr, Richard. "ODA - The ISO standard for electronic document interchange." Computer Standards & Interfaces 7, no. 3 (1988): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(88)90090-6.
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Min Young, Jo. "FEATURES OF THE COMPARISON OF UZBEK AND KOREAN LANGUAGES AND THE PROCESS OF EXPANDING THE MEANING OF COMPARISON EXPRESSIONS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (2021): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12485.
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This article will explore in detail the concept between Uzbek and Korean, the characteristics of comparisons, which are representative types of figurative expression, and the process of expanding the vocabulary meaning of words to the meanings of comparisons. Figurative expression means a deviation from the laws of everyday language and it shows the appearance of a connection between the dictionary meaning and the metaphorical meaning of words based on their forms or similarities of attributes. In particular, this article will examine the meaning of comparisons defined in the Uzbek and Korean languages ​​and the type of words connecting comparisons used when expressing comparisons, which will be confirmed by examples of comparisons in Uzbek and Korean. In addition, with the help of examples, it will be possible to find out that, unlike comparative connecting words in the Uzbek language, in Korean, comparative connecting words in a sentence, depending on the part of speech, can be interchanged, but there may be cases where they cannot be replaced. Comparative compounds in the Uzbek language can be interchanged without limitation. Also, with the help of examples, the phenomenon of vocabulary expansion of words when used in comparative phrases in Korean will be explained in detail.
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Senkāne, Olga. "POETRY BY RAINIS IN LATGALIAN." Via Latgalica, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2012.4.1690.
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<p>Research „Poetry by Rainis in Latgalian” tried to establish impulse and reasons for publishing poetry by Rainis in Latgalian (original texts and renderings) using biographical method, but semiotic methods helped to analyze poetic means in poems written in Latgalian, revealing meaning of concept „Munu jaunu dīnu zeme” (Land of My Youth) in poem by Rainis and Latgalian culture.</p><p>Poems by the most significant Latvian literature classic Rainis (1865–1929) in Latgalian can be divided into original texts („Sveicins latgališim”/Greetings to Latgalians), original texts with renderings into Latvian („Munu jaunu dīnu zeme”/Land of My Youth) and renderings from Latvian (at least 16 poems from selections: „Tālas noskaņas zilā vakarā”/Far off Echoes on a Blue Evening, 1903;„Tie, kas neaizmirst”/Those Who Don’t Forget, 1911; „Gals un sākums”/The End and the Beginning, 1912), besides, surely we can say author’s renderings are only „Munu jaunu dīnu zeme” (Land of My Youth) has well as all other texts from literally scientific and social magazine „Reits” (Morning), because Rainis had been one of the editors of this magazine. Poems by Rainis published in Latgalian in newspapers – „Drywa” (Cornfield), „Gaisma” (Light), „Latgolas Wòrds”(Latgalian Word), „Jaunò straume” (New Flow) – are possibly work of authors of these periodicals, considering significant differences in stylistics with magazine „Reits” (Morning) and earlier published poems by Rainis.</p><p>Publishing of original texts and especially renderings in Latgalian press are mainly related to political activities of Rainis. But writing in Latgalian for Rainis also meant remembering his roots, remind of cultural wealth of native land and value; being a mediator in strengthening people’s unity and widening own supporters as well as the number of readers.</p><p>In the discourse of Rainis personality and creative work „Munu jaunu dīnu zeme” (Land of My Youth) is 1) homeland, native nature and home of poet’s childhood and colorful impressions of his youth (Rainis father’s rented manor house (semi-manor house) in Zemgale and Latgale); 2) Rainis’ land of youth is writer’s „second homeland” – Latgale, its’ nature, people and language; 3) particular semi- manor house in Latgale – Jasmuiža.</p><p>Origination of lyrical Me is emphasized in epos „Saules gadi” (Solar years) – Latgalian was born. From Rainis point of view Latgale is multinational keeper of authentic cultural values. About eight languages had been spoken in Rainis family. In Latgale, customs, folk-songs have been maintained untouched owing to certain isolation, historical and administrative separation from other parts – some kind of reserve effect. During years of his studies Rainis had intended to write a book about civilization untouched Latgale, but this intention left unimplemented.</p><p>Memories about homeland motivated Rainis to write and render into Latgalian, but original texts in Latgalian – „Munu jaunu dīnu zeme” (Land of My Youth) and „Sveicins latgališam” (Greetings to Latgalian) – were written on behalf of stylistic searches in particular period of Rainis creative work; they chronologically incorporate with philosophical stage (according to Janīna Kursīte). In this time poet’s ontology forms, still balancing between allegory (transmission transparency, dichotomy) and symbol (polysemy and ambivalence) structures.</p><p>In Rainis’ neo-romantic (1895–1904) and allegoric stage (1905–1909) poetry nature cycles project mainly society, not individual; only humanity will exist and revive eternally, precondition of immortality – death and birth of individual people.</p><p>In the poetry of philosophical stage (starting from 1910) Rainis frequently lingered on individual’s immortality reflection, which he called search and recoveries. A person lives not only according to nature laws, but according to existence laws and dies according to these same laws. Symbol, most frequently mythologeme, becomes a sign of existence glimpse for Rainis; lyrical Me of Rainis is awaiting new experience, knowledge, and moral enlightenment. One has to search in order to find, and searching/cognition signal in his poems is a cycle of time and space (nature, society, human) and three- dimensional structure (outer world/history, individual/soul, philosophy/ being). In the poem „Munu jaunu dīnu zeme” (Land of My Youth) it is possible to follow 3 of the mentioned cycles development in peculiar symmetry: 1st , 6th stanzas are a framework of individual’s inner cycle – dream/illusion/ desideratum and interchange of wakefulness/ reality/ actuality; 2nd and 4th stanzas contain nature cycle allegory – nature in spring awakes from winter sleep; while 3rd and 5th stanzas are related to social processes, which are covered with day-and-night cycle. Basics of symmetry – state of sleep and awakening in all levels of previously mentioned time and space, creating triple parallelism.</p><p>It is interesting how stanzas within a single cycle (1 and 6, 2 and 4, as well as 3 and 5) mutually relate: 1st , 2nd and 3rd stanzas contain reminiscences as symbolic sleep/dream abstractions of Rainis previously written poetry, while 4th , 5th and 6th stanzas specify something in nature, society and individual’s desires, dreams which have to wake up. Reminiscence carries out necessary associations for philosophical perceiving of functions time and space cycle, but especially – form and maintain transmission basics: historical (people’s destinies) – 3rd stanza, psychological (individual’s dreams, desires) – 1st stanza, philosophical (order of existence) – 2nd stanza.</p><p>The above mentioned allows stating that poem created by Rainis in Latgalian „Munu jaunu dīnu zeme” (Land of My Youth) indeed incorporates into Rainis creative work philosophic stage, where allegory as a supplementary tool and symbol as a dominant harmonically gets along with poet’s revelation of ontological sense.</p><p>Poem „Sveicins latgališim” (Greetings to Latgalians) has one addressee – a Latgalian, new reader of the newspaper. The text is artistically created on the allegoric stage standards of Rainis creative work – here features of one cycle (human in society) are present. Social cycle stages revealed in the poem are parting/uniting, hatred/love, old life/new life, celebrations/work.</p><p>Artistic structure of poems in Latgalian indicates on dominance of allegory or symbol in time and space. Cycle has a special meaning in reflection of existence order.</p>
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Freigang, Jan, and Anselm Grün. "The Assessment of Domestic Credit Card Interchange Fees under EC Competition Law." European Business Law Review 16, Issue 1 (2005): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2005007.
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van Dam, Roderick. "Lease, Charter and Interchange of Aircraft and the Chicago Convention – Some Observations." Air and Space Law 19, Issue 3 (1994): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila1994018.
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Dietzel, Kim, and Naomi Reid. "A first review of the early application of the Umbrella Proceedings Practice Direction." Competition Law Journal 22, no. 2 (2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2023.02.01.
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On 6 June 2022 the Competition Appeal Tribunal published a Practice Direction enabling the President to make ‘Umbrella Proceedings Orders’ which would enable issues that are common across multiple separate proceedings to be dealt with at the same hearing. The purpose behind the Practice Direction is to avoid inconsistency across different proceedings. This article considers the approach that has been taken by the Tribunal under the Practice Direction so far in proceedings relating to: (i) multilateral interchange fees and (ii) the roll-on, roll-off shipping cartel.
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Phillips, Karen, Prabashni Reddy, and Steven Gabardi. "Is There Evidence to Support Brand to Generic Interchange of the Mycophenolic Acid Products?" Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, no. 1 (2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190015585758.
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The uptake of generic immunosuppressants lags comparatively to other drug classes, despite that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses identical bioequivalence standards for all drugs. Transplant societies acknowledge the cost savings associated with generic immunosuppressants and support their use following heart, lung, kidney, or bone marrow transplantation. Seven studies of the pharmacokinetics or clinical efficacy of generic mycophenolate mofetil compared to the innovator product are published; all studies and products were ex-United States. Three studies did not demonstrate any pharmacokinetic differences between generic and innovator products in healthy subjects, achieving FDA bioequivalence requirements. Two studies in renal allograft recipients demonstrated no difference in area under the curves between generic and innovator products, and in one, the maximum concentration (Cmax) fell outside the FDA regulatory range. Two studies revealed no difference in acute organ rejection or graft function in renal allograft recipients. Patient surveys indicate that cost is a barrier to immunosuppressant adherence. Generics present a viable method to reduce costs to payers, patients, and health care systems. Adherence to immunosuppressants is crucial to prevent graft failure. An affordable regimen potentially confers greater adherence. Concerns regarding the presumed inferiority of generic immunosuppressants should be assuaged by regulatory requirements for bioequivalency testing, transplant society position statements, and pharmacokinetic and clinical studies.
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Zainol, Z. "Electronic data interchange (EDI) and formation of contract: a Malaysian perspective." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 7, no. 3 (1999): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/7.3.256.
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Yang, Haochun, and Yunyi Liang. "Examining the Connectivity between Urban Rail Transport and Regular Bus Transport." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (2023): 7644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097644.
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According to the principle of urban transport integration and sustainable development, in this work, we study the level of connection between urban rail transit and regular bus transport, construct an evaluation indicator system according to the characteristics of the connection system, use the entropy weighting method (EWM) to calculate the weights of the indicators to determine the influence of each indicator on the level of connection, and construct a TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation model, which can make an overall evaluation of objects subject to multiple factors to analyze the level of connection between rail transit stations. Finally, the system of evaluation indicators and the analysis of the level of connection are applied to an example of a rail transit station in operation in Wuxi city, and the problems of connection and interchange in the case station are analyzed. We find that 57.5% of rail stations in Wuxi have low connectivity and that interchange information service and average transfer time are the most influential factors. This study defines and quantifies eight key indicators that influence the level of rail-transit connectivity to quantify and grade the connectivity of different stations, and selects the city of Wuxi as a case study for validation. Our research provides theoretical support and practical guidance for improving rail transit interchange capacity and the sustainable development of public transport.