Journal articles: 'Intercropping. Multiple cropping'

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Ogbuehi, C. R. A., and M. D. Orzolek. "Intercropping carrot and sweetcorn in a multiple cropping system." Scientia Horticulturae 31, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(87)90102-6.

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Paudel, Mina Nath. "Multiple Cropping for Raising Productivity and Farm Income of Small Farmers." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 2 (December 30, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v2i0.16120.

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Multiple cropping is an agriculture system long adopted by marginalized small holder farmers especially in hills and mountains. This practice was a meant to enhance farm productivity when farming area is limited. Here, in this paper, a brief review on the benefits of multiple cropping is presented focusing on the practices adopted by marginalized farmers, in general. In multiple cropping, it is generally argued that the practice favors an efficient utilization of resources like air, water, light, space, and nutrients by companion crops in both temporal and spatial dimensions due to their differential growth habits and seasonality. Multiple cropping could be one of the viable alternatives to cope uncertainties and changes, where food and nutritional uncertainty looming large. The ultimate outcome of multiple cropping could be visualized in adverse or harsh environment for increase agriculture production, livelihood and income. Various food products are obtained through multiple cropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RYT) and income equivalent ratio (IER) can be increased with mixed/intercropping systems. Multiple cropping helps in getting more than one crop simultaneously, so even if the selling price of one commodity is less, the other might compensate. In the tropics, smallholder farms, which produce over 60% of the food resources of developing nations from intercropping of cereals with many crops mostly legumes, had been the field of much investigation because of synergistic effects of diversifying food production and household cash incomes in these systems. This clearly implies the importance of multiple cropping for small farmers who constitute majority in the developing countries.

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Ilyas, Ayesha. "Productivity and Resource Use in a Maize-Grain Legume Intercropping System in Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1755.

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Intercropping is considered as an improved system of multiple cropping systems which safeguards crop stand and improves crop production. The main goal of intercropping is to produce high yield from piece of a land by judicious use of available resources which otherwise may not be exploited by a single crop. A study was executed to investigate productivity and resource use in a maize–grain legume intercropping at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2017 and 2018. Experimental treatments included maize, mungbean, mash-bean, and cowpea monocultures (sole crops), and intercropping combinations of maize + mungbean, maize + mash-bean, and maize + cowpea. Highest maize grain yield was observed in maize sole cropping (6520 and 6813 kg ha-1) and maize + mungbean intercropping (6375 and 6542 kg ha-1) during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, respectively. Maximum seed yield in grain legumes was observed in mung and mash bean sole cropping during both years. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was maximum in maize + cowpea (1.83 and 1.87) and maize + mungbean intercropping (1.77 and 1.80) during both years, respectively. Maximum net economic return (ER) of PKR 134158 ha-1 (≈900 USD) was obtained from maize + mash bean intercropping system with highest benefit cost ratio (2.03) during 2017 while PKR 149358 ha-1 (≈1003 USD) along with benefit cost ratio (2.15) during 2018. Overall, LER and ER results indicated that maize-grain legume intercropping systems were beneficial in terms of land resource utilization and economic returns. The maize-grain legume intercropping systems are more sustainable option for small land-holding farmers in Pakistan. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Arianti, F. D., Samijan, S. Minarsih, and E. Nurwahyuni. "Optimizing dry land through the implementation of maize and rice multiple cropping system in Pemalang Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 648, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/648/1/012070.

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Abstract Maize is one of the food crops as the second staple food after rice in Indonesia. Efforts that can be done are not only to increase maize production but also increases the cropping index as through intercropping in dry-land. This study aims to determine the production of maize intercropped with rice. The research was carried out on the farmer’s-land at Planting Season (PS-2) on April-October 2019 in Pemalang. The maize variety planted were farmers existing varieties Bisi-18 and introduced variety (Nasa-29 varieties). The rice varieties planted are Inpari-42 and Inpago-10. Corn spacing (120x30x20 cm) and rice spacing (20x20 cm). The study used a randomized block design with 4 treatments (was repeated 6 times). The results showed that the intercropping system affected the yield of maize productivity and rice. The highest maize production (5.96 t ha−1) was obtained for intercropping maize (Bisi-18) and rice (Inpago-10) while for the highest rice production (1.76 t ha−1) was intercropping Bisi-18 with Inpari-42. The intercropping of maize and upland rice with a population of maize (81%) and a population of rice (62%) with a total of both 143%, and can increase the cropping index (CI) by 100-143% compared to the existing zero planting of PS-2.

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Saputra, Hidayat, and Zainal Mutaqin. "Growth Response of Edamame Soybean Intercropped with Sweet Corn at Different Planting Dates." JURNAL AGROTROPIKA 20, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ja.v20i1.4873.

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The multiple cropping system is one of the cultivation systems that is suitable for increasing land productivity, especially those with low fertility levels. The main problem with the intercropping cropping pattern is competition between plants. The correct timing of planting can minimize the negative effects of competition between plants so that it can optimize plant growth and production. The purpose of this study was to determine the best planting time in the intercropping pattern of sweet corn and edamame soybeans. The treatments consisted of 4 types in planting time: edamame soybeans monoculture (T0), edamame soybeans were planted simultaneously with sweet corn (T1), edamame soybeans were planted 7 days before sweet corn (T2), and edamame soybeans were planted 14 days before sweet corn (T3). The results showed that the difference in planting time did not lead to suppress of the growth of edamame soybeans at different planting times with sweet corn in the intercropping system compared to monoculture system. So that we can apply the same planting time between edamame soybeans and sweet corn in intercropping system.Keywords: Ademame, growth, intercropping, optimize, planting time

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Boora, Sahil, Bas Kaur, Rashmi Tyagiq, Dalip Kumar Bishnoi, Manisha k, and Rohit k. "Extent of Adoption of Intercropping Practices Among Farmers of Haryana." INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXTENSION EDUCATION 59, no. 1 (2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2023.59105.

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Intercropping is a variant of multiple cropping practices that includes the cultivation of two or more crops in definite close proximity. The current study was led in dry and wet agro climatic zones of Haryana in 2022 with an objective to assess the adoption of intercropping practices among farmers of Haryana. The primary data were collected personally from 120 respondents through a well-structured interview schedule. Findings revealed that nearly three-fifths of the respondents had medium level of adoption of intercropping practices and the farmers were adopting intercropping mainly in vegetables. Highly significant association was found between education, mass media exposure, inheritance with level of adoption of the intercropping system. A significant association was found between age, caste, annual income, land holding, extension contacts with level of adoption. The main reasons for adoption of intercropping were higher income and improved socio-economic status. The paper recommends on field training/demonstration for farmers who were adopting intercropping so that adoption of intercropping can be made efficient and from this more number of farmers will be encouraged to adopt intercropping.

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Mala, M., M. M. I. Mollah, and M. Baishnab. "Importance of intercropping for biodiversity conservation." Journal of Science Technology and Environment Informatics 10, no. 2 (2020): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jstei.100220.71.

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Traditional there are two strategies to handle pest problems in crop production, either dependence on non-chemical agricultural practices (such as cultural, mechanical, biological practices etc.) or reliance on existing natural pest control mechanisms. Intercropping is a cultural non-chemical agricultural practice where two or more crops are grown on the same field in a year with different cropping patterns. In this multiple cropping system, biodiversity and pest suppression are increased. Biodiversity can restore the natural elements of agro ecosystem because almost all favorable elements of natural enemies are available in diversified agro ecosystem. Energy intensive modern technology in agriculture is one of the vital causes for loss of biodiversity. In intercropping system biological pest control method can be ensured with higher level of crop diversity instead of energy intensive agriculture. Intercropping provides different benefits on pest management with two available hypotheses or mechanism. One of the hypotheses is the ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ and another is the ‘natural enemies hypothesis’. Intercropping, directly and indirectly, influences to increase biodiversity which results in reduction of pest densities in crop fields. As a result, less expense for use of pesticide is required and finally higher yield also add some financial benefits. Intercropping system utilizes inherent ability of plant to protect pests. Therefore further knowledge about genotypic crop diversity, diversity of natural enemies, chemically-mediated mechanisms of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) will be effective for further improvement of intercropping system for greater benefits.

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Shaxson, Louise, and Loren W. Tauer. "Intercropping and Diversity: An Economic Analysis of Cropping Patterns on Smallholder Farms in Malawi." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 2 (April 1992): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019657.

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SUMMARYThe diversity of cropping patterns on smallholder farms in southern Malawi was analysed using a framework that explicitly incorporates the extent of intercropping in each field. Diversity is defined as the relative abundance of each crop in the overall cropping pattern. Six indices of diversity were constructed for 208 farms and used in a model of a welfare-maximizing farm household to examine the reasons for diversity in cropping patterns; multiple regression techniques were used to determine the effect of different household characteristics on diversity. The results suggest that an increase in labour availability over the production period is associated with a more diverse cropping pattern. Landholding size also influences diversity, which rises to a maximum and then falls as the area cultivated per capita increases. Farmers who grow a non-food cash crop (tobacco) have more diverse cropping patterns than those who do not. As diversity increases, farmers use intercrop patterns that are more substitutive than additive.

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Budiman, Kabul. "FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE FARMERS’ SELECTION IN CROPPING PATTERNS FOR INTERCROPPING-COCOA FARMING AT KOLAKA REGENCY." Agribusiness Journal 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/aj.v1i2.163.

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Selection of the cropping pattern is a way of farmer in managing their resources. Various reasons were expressed by farmers related to the characteristic of a type of plant suitable to the farmers’ expectation. The purpose of the research was to know the factors that influence the selection of farmers in cropping patterns. Multiple cropping is double planting system which is an effort to get the crops more than once from a single type or multiple types of crops on the same plot of land for one year. The analysis used was multinomial logit analysis. Positive factors that influence the selection of farmers in cropping patterns in intercropping cocoa farming were: the number of family members, guidance from agriculture instructors, age of farmers, farmer’s experience, the success of other farmers and land positions. Meanwhile, land size variable did not give effect on the selection of KKJ (cacao-coconut cashewnut pattern) and KKP (cacao-coconut-banana pattern) upon KKN (cacao-coconut-patchouli pattern). It could be seen from the comparison of the coefficient (β) which was greater than the value of the probability.

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Abubakar, Ihdiani, Siti Yulianty Chansa Arfah, Hardiyanti Sultan, and Sultan Sarda. "DIVERSIFICATION OF HORTICULTURAL FARMING IN FACING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A CASE STUDY IN SIGI BIROMARU DISTRICT, CENTRAL SULAWESI." AGROLAND The Agricultural Sciences Journal (e-Journal) 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/agroland.v0i0.1333.

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Efforts to use land through cropping patterns or crop rotation, better known as farm diversification can be an alternative for farmers to maintain their farming during the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic affected commodity changes or changes in cropping patterns on farms cultivated by farmer. This study aims to analyze and describe the pattern of horticultural farming and the level of farmers’ incomes. The research was conducted in three villages in Sigi Biromaru District, namely Jono Oge Village, Lolu Village, and Sidera Village. The results show that there are no differences in the cropping patterns carried out by farmers in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. The cropping patterns include intercropping, multiple cropping, and relay cropping. The highest income per year is obtained by Jono Oge Village at IDR 12,054,600.00, followed by Lolu Village at IDR 8,099,262.40 and Sidera Village was IDR 4.416.600.00.

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Ohorella, Irfan, Sheny Kaihatu, and Edwen D. Waas. "Keragaan Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Berbasis Padi Gogo pada Lahan Kering di Maluku." JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2019.15.1.51.

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Upland rice-based cropping pattern is a form of multiple cropping including intercropping, sequential planting, and relay planting where upland rice as a base crop can be preceded and/or rotated with other food crops as a secondary crop. The research was aimed to provide recommendations for upland rice-based cropping pattern technology in dryland agroecosystems in Maluku that would be able to increase land productivity > 1.00 (MCI = Multiple Cropping Index > 100%) compared to existing cropping patterns. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and repeated five times (farmers as replications). Four treatments for upland rice-based planting pattern technology assemblies, namely: 1) Pattern-A (Farmer A Pattern); 2) Pattern-B (Farmer B Planting Pattern B); 3) Pattern C (Farmer Improvement Cropping Pattern); and 4) Pattern D (Introduced Plant Pattern). The results showed that upland rice was planted double (multiple cropping) through intercropping and/or sequential cropping, namely Improved Cropping Patterns (Pattern C = Upland Rice + Corn - Peanuts) and Introducing Cropping Patterns (Pattern D = Upland Rice + Corn/Cassava - Green Beans - Peanuts) can increase land productivity with a double-cropping index 1.35 - 1.80 (IPG = 135% - 180%) compared to upland rice grown in monoculture (Farming Patterns). Multiple cropping (Upland Rice + Corn/Cassava - Green Beans - Peanuts) can be recommended as Upland Rice-Based Planting Technology Package on dry land in Maluku, because it can increase land productivity> 1.00 with an MCI (Multiple Cropping Index) of 180%. Keywords: dry land, performance, upland rice ABSTRAK Pola Tanam berbasis padi gogo merupakan bentuk pola bertanam ganda meliputi tumpangsari, tumpang gilir (runtun) dan tanaman sisipan dimana padi gogo sebagai komoditi pokok (base crop) yang bisa didahului dan atau digilir dengan tanaman pangan lainnya sebagai komoditi ikutan (secondary crop). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatan rekomendasi paket teknologi pola tanam berbasis padi gogo pada agroekosistem lahan kering di Maluku yang mampu meningkatan produktivitas lahan > 1.00 (IPG = Indeks Pertanaman Ganda >100 %) dibandingkan dengan pola tanam petani eksisting. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan empat macam perlakuan dan diulang lima kali (petani sebagai ulangan). Empat perlakukan rakitan teknologi pola tanam berbasis padi gogo, yaitu: 1) Pola-A (Pola Tanam Petani A); 2) Pola-B (Pola Tanam Petani B); 3) Pola C (Pola Tanam Petani Perbaikan); dan 4) Pola D (Pola Tanaman Introduksi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa padi gogo ditanam secara ganda (multiple cropping) melalui tumpangsari dan atau tumpanggilir, yaitu Pola Tanam Petani Perbaikan (Pola C = Padi Gogo + Jagung - Kacang Tanah) dan Pola Tanam Introduksi (Pola D = Padi Gogo + Jagung/Ubikayu - Kacang Hijau - Kacang Tanah) dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan 1.35 – 1.80 (IPG = 135% - 180%) dibandingkan jika padi gogo ditanam secara monokultur (Pola Tanam Petani). Pola bertanam ganda (Padi Gogo+Jagung/Ubikayu - Kacang Hijau - Kacang Tanah) dapat direkomendasikan sebagai Paket Teknologi Pola Tanam Berbasis Padi Gogo pada lahan kering di Maluku, karena dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan >1.00 dengan nilai IPG (Indeks Pertanaman Ganda) 180%. Kata Kunci: keragaan, lahan kering, padi gogo

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Preethi, A. Vijaya, K. Uma Devi, D. Vishnu Sankar Rao, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Yield gap analysis of redgram and redgram based cropping systems in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/150-156.

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The study was conducted on yield gap analysis of redgram and redgram based cropping systems in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh during the year 2014-15. A sample size of 120 farmers were selected by using multiple stage random sampling method. The multiple linear regression equation was used for studying the functional relationship between the yield gap of redgram based cropping systems and independent variables viz., seed rate gap (kg/ha), seed charges gap (Rs./ha), nitrogen gap (kg/ha), phosphorus gap (kg/ha), potassium gap (kg/ha), labour charges gap (Rs./ha), pesticide gap (Rs./ha) and manures gap (t/ha). From analysis, the results were obtained that, the variables such as seed cost gap (Rs./ha), phosphorus gap (kg/ha), labour charges gap (Rs./ha) and pesticide gap (Rs./ha) were mainly responsible for the yield gap for redgram sole crop, redgram + Bajra cropping system and pooled cropping systems. In pooled regression analysis, the regression co-efficients of cropping system dummy variables (CS1, CS2 and CS4- Redgram + Bajra, Redgram + Greengram, Redgram + Sorghum (fodder) cropping systems) had positive and significant influence on yield gap. This indicates that more yield gap observed in redgram based cropping systems than sole redgram was because of relatively poor adoption concerning intercropping technologies by the sample redgram farmers.

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Flint, Mary Louise, and Philip A. Roberts. "Using crop diversity to manage pest problems: Some California examples." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 4 (1988): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002447.

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AbstractModerate to large scale California growers (as well as small scale ones) manipulate cropping patterns in a number of ways to reduce pest problems. Crop rotation, which can be defined as diversifying crops over time, is used to manage selected pests, primarily weeds, pathogens, and nematodes. As a substitute for pesticides, crop rotation has been most rewarding in the control of nematodes; sugarbeet cyst and root knot nematode examples are detailed. Some pests that invade fields from nearby areas can be managed by modifying adjacent cropping patterns or practices; Pierce's disease of grapes, sugarbeet yellows and border harvesting of alfalfa are given as examples. Finally, multiple crops can be grown within a single field or orchard. Although this approach is not widely practiced by many California growers, two examples of systems where intercropping has been shown to limit pest numbers without the use of pesticides are described: intercropping of cotton with alfalfa and companion planting oats when seeding alfalfa. These examples show that using crop diversification to manage pests is feasible, but growers must be strongly motivated to make the necessary changes in cropping patterns. Most of the systems that have been widely adopted are those for which few other economically feasible methods were available.

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Santoso, Agung Budi, Sheny Kaihatu, and Edwin Waas. "Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Pola Tanam Berbasis Padi Gogo di Maluku." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 26, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.26.2.192.

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The upland rice-based cropping pattern is a form of double cropping or crop rotation in which upland rice as a basic commodity (base crop) which can be preceded or alternated with other food crops as a secondary crop. This study was conducted on dry land agro-ecosystems in the Tanimbar Islands Regency (West Southeast Maluku), from March to December 2017. This study was an adaptive research with a field experiment approach in farmer's land. The objective of this research was to obtain the most profitable cropping patterns, efficiency in land use and economically also has the highest net profit so it is appropriate to be recommended as a technology innovation for upland rice-based cropping patterns in dry land. The results showed that upland rice which was cultivated in multiple ways through intercropping or overlapped cropping, namely Introduced Cropping Pattern 1 (Upland Rice + Maize-Peanuts) and Introduced Cropping Pattern 2 (Upland Rice + Corn/Cassava-Green Beans-Peanuts) can increase land productivity (index planting of 222% and 288%, respectively) and farmers' income increased by 244-588% compared to upland rice grown in monoculture. Multiple cropping patterns can be recommended as a technology package for upland rice-based cropping patterns on dry land because of its efficiency in the use of production costs and land use. Furthermore, it gave the highest farm income of IDR63,933,100,-/ha/year with a net profit of IDR45,716,380,-/ha/year or IDR15,238,793,-/ha/ cropping season. Keywords: cropping pattern, farming, land use, upland rice

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Maitra, Sagar, Akbar Hossain, Marian Brestic, Milan Skalicky, Peter Ondrisik, Harun Gitari, Koushik Brahmachari, et al. "Intercropping—A Low Input Agricultural Strategy for Food and Environmental Security." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020343.

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Intensive agriculture is based on the use of high-energy inputs and quality planting materials with assured irrigation, but it has failed to assure agricultural sustainability because of creation of ecological imbalance and degradation of natural resources. On the other hand, intercropping systems, also known as mixed cropping or polyculture, a traditional farming practice with diversified crop cultivation, uses comparatively low inputs and improves the quality of the agro-ecosystem. Intensification of crops can be done spatially and temporally by the adoption of the intercropping system targeting future need. Intercropping ensures multiple benefits like enhancement of yield, environmental security, production sustainability and greater ecosystem services. In intercropping, two or more crop species are grown concurrently as they coexist for a significant part of the crop cycle and interact among themselves and agro-ecosystems. Legumes as component crops in the intercropping system play versatile roles like biological N fixation and soil quality improvement, additional yield output including protein yield, and creation of functional diversity. But growing two or more crops together requires additional care and management for the creation of less competition among the crop species and efficient utilization of natural resources. Research evidence showed beneficial impacts of a properly managed intercropping system in terms of resource utilization and combined yield of crops grown with low-input use. The review highlights the principles and management of an intercropping system and its benefits and usefulness as a low-input agriculture for food and environmental security.

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Berhanu, Tafere, Wubshet Beshir, and Alemu Lakew. "Effect of Integrated Technologies on Production and Productivity of Pearl Millet in the Dryland Areas of Wag Himira Administrative Zone, Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (January 9, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4381870.

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Production of pearl millet with yield improvement would have a direct impact on the drought-prone areas of Ethiopia since pearl millet is drought tolerant and early maturing with high water use efficiency. An experiment was conducted to study the performance of pearl millet under different technologies in 2013 and 2014 main cropping seasons at the main site of the research center, Aybra, with the objective of evaluating and identifying appropriate combinations of technologies that enhance the production of pearl millet in the study area. About fourteen integrated technologies were applied in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis was done by using SAS software version 9.1, and means were separated through the Duncan multiple range test. Results of analysis of variance showed that yield-related traits of pearl millet were significantly influenced by the integration of technologies in the 2013 cropping season. According to the results, the maximum yield (3084 kg ha−1) was recorded with the application of the treatment combination of recommended fertilizer application + seed primming + tie ridging, while the minimum was recorded (919 kg ha−1) in the treatment combination of microdose application of fertilizer + primed seed + intercropping of pearl millet with mung bean. In the case of the 2014 cropping season, the highest grain yield (3687 kg ha−1) was recorded with the treatment combination of microdose fertilizer application + primed seed + tie ridging + intercropping of pearl millet with mung bean, whereas the lowest grain yield (2115 kg ha−1) was recorded in the treatment combination of no fertilizer application + primed seed + flat bed. Based on the results of the current investigation, it could be recommended that using technology integration of microdose, tied ridge, primed seed, and intercropping of pearl millet with mung bean is better to attain maximum yield in the study area and similar agroecologies.

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Sasmita, Inggit, Supriyono Supriyono, and Sri Nyoto. "PENGARUH BERBAGAI VARIETAS JAGUNG SECARA TUMPANGSARI ADDITIVE SERIES PADA PERTANAMAN KACANG TANAH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v29i1.13312.

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One way intentification food plant by intercropping systems. This study aims to determine effect differences in yield and find out what varieties maize growth and provide the best yield of intercropping maize varieties grown peanuts when planted in Additive Series. The study is based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with one factor of maize varieties (V) with four replications. V01: Kancil monoculture peanut varieties, V02: monoculture Bisma corn varieties, V1-V6 : multiple varieties of maize cropping pattern Kancil peanut varieties (V1: Arjuna maize varieties, V2: Bisma corn varieties, V3: maize varieties Lamuru, V4 : maize varieties Srikandi Putih, V5: Sukmaraga corn varieties, and V6: maize varieties Gumarang). Analysis was performed by F test level 5 % and if the significant difference was followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) level 5%. The yield tend to be highest in groundnut V6 of 2.7 tons/ha and corn V4 of 5.03 tons/ha.

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Hasanah, Nurul, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, and Dwiwanti Sulistyowati. "Empowerment of Farmer Group Members through The Application of Sweet Potato Cultivation Intercropping with Sweet Corn Plants in Cibeber District, Cianjur Regency, West Java." Jurnal Penyuluhan Pertanian 15, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51852/-.v15i1.431.

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Sweet potato plants are generally planted monoculture by farmers, so that the cultivation activities in one season only focus on one commodity and no other mixed commodities. The possibility that occurs when implementing a monoculture cropping system is a failure to harvest or small production results if the plant is attacked by pests or diseases, also less optimal use of the land used. One effort to overcome this problem is the intercropping system. The purpose of this study is to describe the level of empowerment of farmer group members through the application of sweet potato cultivation intercropping with sweet corn plants, analyzing the influential factors and strategies to increase the empowerment of farmer group members through the adoption of sweet potato cultivation intercropping with sweet corn plants. The population of this study was 145 people and 61 samples were taken. Data analysis methods used are descriptive statistical analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and Kendall's W. analysis. The results of the study show that the level of empowerment of farmer group members in the three research object villages is in the high category of 38 people or (62.30%) of the total overall respondent. The factors that influence the empowerment of farmer group members through the implementation of intercropping are external factors in extension activities. The strategy to increase the empowerment of farmer group members through the implementation of intercropping by carrying out counseling containing material about intercropping and sweet potato cultivation systems.

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Hasanah, Nurul, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, and Dwiwanti Sulistyowati. "Empowerment of Farmer Group Members through The Application of Sweet Potato Cultivation Intercropping with Sweet Corn Plants in Cibeber District, Cianjur Regency, West Java." Jurnal Penyuluhan Pertanian 15, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51852/jpp.v15i1.431.

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Sweet potato plants are generally planted monoculture by farmers, so that the cultivation activities in one season only focus on one commodity and no other mixed commodities. The possibility that occurs when implementing a monoculture cropping system is a failure to harvest or small production results if the plant is attacked by pests or diseases, also less optimal use of the land used. One effort to overcome this problem is the intercropping system. The purpose of this study is to describe the level of empowerment of farmer group members through the application of sweet potato cultivation intercropping with sweet corn plants, analyzing the influential factors and strategies to increase the empowerment of farmer group members through the adoption of sweet potato cultivation intercropping with sweet corn plants. The population of this study was 145 people and 61 samples were taken. Data analysis methods used are descriptive statistical analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and Kendall's W. analysis. The results of the study show that the level of empowerment of farmer group members in the three research object villages is in the high category of 38 people or (62.30%) of the total overall respondent. The factors that influence the empowerment of farmer group members through the implementation of intercropping are external factors in extension activities. The strategy to increase the empowerment of farmer group members through the implementation of intercropping by carrying out counseling containing material about intercropping and sweet potato cultivation systems.

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Sandhu, Ravneet K., Nathan S. Boyd, Lincoln Zotarelli, Shinsuke Agehara, and Natalia Peres. "Effect of Planting Density on the Yield and Growth of Intercropped Tomatoes and Peppers in Florida." HortScience 56, no. 2 (February 2021): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15567-20.

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Florida vegetable growers are facing high production costs due to high input costs, lower profitability, and competition from foreign markets. Multi/intercropping allows growers to increase the yields and profits per unit area by producing multiple crops on the same beds. Experiments determining the effects of intercropping and plant spacing was conducted in Fall 2018 and 2019 at Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Balm. Tomato and bell pepper were intercropped at low and high planting density on plastic-covered beds. Bell pepper shoot biomass was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced when intercropped with tomato, compared with monocropped bell pepper. However, tomato shoot biomass was significantly reduced when tomato plant density increased, but it was unaffected by bell pepper intercropping. Biomass of both crops was unaffected by relay cropping. Bell pepper yields when intercropped with tomato at low density (60 cm tomato-tomato and 38 cm pepper-pepper) had similar yields to bell pepper planted alone in low and high planting density. We concluded that bell pepper plants were more sensitive to interspecific competition, whereas tomato plants were more sensitive to intraspecific competition. Intercropping may be a viable option for growers at recommended plant densities used for monocrops. However, high plant density is not recommended.

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Ayodeji, Omolola Oladoyin, Jonathan Jeremiah Atungwu, James Olasupo Fadeyi, Dennis Ugochukwu Ifezue, Harvester Onyibor Okoye, and Adeola Moyosoluwa Akinwale. "Profitability of Dry Season Farming of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) and Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) Inter and Sole Cropping Systems in Abeokuta, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, no. 3 (August 6, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i3.5.

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The study determined the profitability of three different cropping systems. Data collected include cost of fixed assets, cost of variable inputs, yields and prices of outputs. Data were subjected to budgetary technique; analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% level of probability. Results of the gross margin analysis showed that both the intercropping and only sole Amaranth vegetable production were profitable. The intercrop production had a gross margin of N567,920/ha with a total revenue of N1, 600,000 /ha and having the highest output of 8000kg/ha while the sole Amaranth vegetable production had a gross margin of N179, 920/ha with a total revenue of N1,200,000/ha and having an output of 6000kg/ha. Also, the intercrop vegetable production had a benefit cost ratio, rate of return and gross ratio of 1.51, 0.52 and 0.66, respectively while sole Amaranth production had a benefit cost ratio, rate of return and gross ratio of 1.15, 0.15 and 0.87, respectively. The result indicates that the two vegetable productions were profitable. Further analysis revealed that intercropping did not have significant (p<0.05) effect on the growth (plant height, number of leaves) of both vegetables. However, Jute yield was significantly (p<0.01) affected by Amaranth-Jute intercropping. Both the intercrop and sole Amaranth enterprises were profitable, but there was a significant difference in the profitability of the intercrop cropping system practised as the Amaranth/Jute intercrop was more profitable. The intercrop is, therefore, recommended to farmers since it is more profitable and provides a variety of income generation for the farmer’s thereby ensuring food and income security.

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Kaihatu, Sheny S., Edwen D. Waas, and Marthen P. Sirappa. "The Assessment of Technology Millet (Setaria Italica (L) Beauv.) Based Multiple Cropping on Dry Land in Moluccas." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16977.

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Millet (Setaria italica (L) Beauv.) is classified as a cereal plant, potentially developed as an alternative food ingredient to support food self-sufficiency in the region and nationally. The study was carried in Waeperang, Lilialy Subdistrict, Buru Regency in 2017 with the aim of obtaining recommendation for technology package for millet-based double cropping that was able to increase productivity > 20%. The study was carried out with an adaptive approach, field trial approach, and dry land agroecosystem approach, using Randomized Block Design with four treatments and repeated five times (farmers as replications). Four treatments were tested, namely: (1) Technology of Existing Planting Pattern (Millet - Peanuts - Fallow), (2) Technology of Improved Farmer Planting Pattern (Millet + Corn - Peanuts - Fallow), (3) Technology of Introducing I Planting Pattern (Millet + Corn - Peanuts - Mungbeans) and (4) Technology of Introducing II Planting Pattern (Millet + Corn/Cassava - Peanuts - Mungbeans). The results of the study indicated that the multiple cropping pattern based on millet can increase productivity of millet compared to monoculture. Intercropping of millet, namely Introduction I Planting Pattern (C Pattern): Millet + Corn - Peanuts - Mungbeans and Introduction II Planting Pattern (D Pattern): Millet + Corn/Cassava - Peanuts - Mungbeans can increase the productivity of millet crops are 23.04% and 51.55%, respectively. Introduction D Pattern (Millet + Corn/Cassava - Peanuts - Mungbeans) can be recommended as a double cropping pattern on dry land in Moluccas, and support dimensions of a food security, i.e access, availability, utilization and stability of food.

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Ende, Sjarfuddin, Salawati Salawati, Indrianto Kadekoh, Fathurrahman Fathurrahman, Saiful Darman, and Lukman Lukman. "Aktivitas Nitrat Reduktase (ANR) Tanaman Jagung pada Pola Tumpangsari yang Diberi Serasah Jagung-Kedelai serta Biochar di Lahan Suboptimal Sidondo Sulawesi Tengah." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.4.544.

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The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between nitrate reductase activity and N uptake, tissue N content, N uptake, and chlorophyll content of corn plants in intercropping patterns which are given corn-soybean litter and biochar. The use of plant litter and biochar derived from crop residues as a source of organic matter in different intercropping patterns affected nitrate reductase activity, tissue N content, N uptake, and chlorophyll content of maize. This experiment was carried out on sub-optimal Sidondo land, Central Sulawesi with the main limiting factors being the availability of water and alkaline soil pH (7.21) which were arranged in a divided plot design with five litter treatments as subplots and five cropping patterns as the main plot with three replicates. Parameters observed were N levels, plant tissue N uptake, chlorophyll, and nitrate reductase activity. Collected data were analyzed using Anova and Duncan's multiple random tests. The results showed that corn litter, soybean mixed corn + soybean litter and their biochar in different intercropping patterns affected nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen uptake, chlorophyll levels very significantly (P˂0.01), increased nitrate reductase activity by 9710.86 mol NO2- -1g-1hour-1 at the age of 55 DAP, while N uptake (2237 mg.kg-1), tissue N content (4.33%), and total chlorophyll content (10.61 mg.l-1) were the highest in the litter treatment, corn and soybeans as well as biochar in corn and soybean intercropping (1:2), and (2:4). Thus, the provision of corn and soybean litter and biochar in intercropping systems can increase nitrate reductase activity, N uptake, tissue N levels, and corn chlorophyll levels in the corn-soybean intercropping system. Keywords: chlorophyll, N content of corn plant tissue, nitrate reductase activity, N uptake

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Satria, Benni. "The Results of Testing Several Potato Varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) Under The Stands of Immature Coffee Plants." JERAMI Indonesian Journal of Crop Science 3, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jijcs.3.1.12-15.2020.

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Potatoes have the potential to be developed as a source of carbohydrates in supporting food diversification programs. Reduced potatoes production has resulted from a decrease in the land area for potato cultivation. The effort that can be made to increase land productivity is through multiple cropping systems such as intercropping, intermittent intercropping, streak planting, annual intercropping, and agroforestry. It is necessary to use idle land under plantation stands that have not been optimized, in increasing productivity and efficiency of agricultural production systems. This study aims to get the varieties that have the best growth and yields planted under immature coffee stands. This research applies a Single Factorial Experiment in Completely Random Design, where the factor is four levels of potato varieties, Granola (V1), Bliss (V2), Kentang Merah (V3) and Batang Hitam (V4). Observations made include plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, tuber length, tuber diameter, weight per tuber, number of tubers/plat, and total tuber by grade tubers (Small, Medium, Large, Very large). Based on the analysis variance of each observation variable shows, there is an effect of the variable observation except the width of the leaves. Granola provides the best response to the growth and yield of potato plants

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Yuwariah, Y., J. Supriatna, A. Nuraini, Nyimas Popi Indriani, A. T. Makkulawu, and D. Ruswandi. "Screening of Maize Hybrids under Maize/Soybean Intercropping Based on Their Combining Abilities and Multiple Cropping Components." Asian Journal of Crop Science 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2018.93.99.

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Concenço, G., G. Ceccon, I. C. Fonseca, L. F. Leite, F. Schwerz, and I. V. T. Correia. "Weeds infestation in corn intercropped with forages at different planting densities." Planta Daninha 30, no. 4 (December 2012): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582012000400005.

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Corn is planted in the Center West region of Brazil as a second crop, following soybeans or beans. Intercropping of Brachiaria species with corn as a second crop increases the mulching in the cropping system. This study aimed to evaluate the weeds infestation in soybeans following corn/forages intercrop, as a function of corn plant structure, forage species and density. Experiments were conducted in a completely randomized blocks design with four replications, in Ponta Porã and Dourados municipalities, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, in 2010/2011. Treatments consisted of three corn hybrids with distinct plant architectures intercropped with three forage species: Brachiaria ruziziensis, B. brizantha and B.decumbens, at five densities, and the resulting dry mass was maintained throughout the winter. During the following cropping season, forages were desiccated prior to planting soybeans, and the dry mass of weeds, dry mass of the mulching, soil coverage by weeds, and the broadleaf/grass weed species index (WPI) were determined 15 days after soybean emergence, submitted to an F-test, and analyzed either by regression or by multiple mean comparison, according to the nature of the data. When intercropping corn with species of Brachiaria, a reduction in the overall weeds infestation may always be expected; among the studied forage species, more problems with weeds may be anticipated in areas with a less competitive species, e.g. B.ruziziensis. Under the conditions of the trials, B.brizantha and B.decumbens were more capable of inhibiting the emergence of weed species in the winter.

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Lestari, Desi, Edhi Turmudi, and Dotti Suryati. "EFISIENSI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN PADA SISTEM TUMPANGSARI DENGAN BERBAGAI JARAK TANAM JAGUNG DAN VARIETAS KACANG HIJAU." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 21, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jipi.21.2.82-90.

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[EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE IN MULTIPLE CROPPING SYSTEM WITH VARIOUS CORN PLANT AND MUNG BEAN VARIETIES]. This study aims to find out the precise planting distance of corn with mung bean varieties that are suitable for increasing the efficiency of land use in terms of ecology and agronomy. Research has been carried out in the agricultural land in September 2018-January 2019 using a split-plot design. The main plot of planting spacing of corn which is 60 cm x 30 cm, 90 cm x 30 cm, and 120 cm x 30 cm, subplots ie mung bean varieties (Kutilang, Vima-1, Vima-2, Vima-3). As a comparison of intercropping systems, monocultures are cultivated by corn and mung beans. The results showed that in general intercropping of maize and mung bean NKL> 1, ecologically and agronomically efficient. However, this efficient level can be distinguished based on the spacing of corn and mung bean varieties. The best ecological efficiency at 120 cm x 30 cm corn spacing, while the best agronomic efficiency in Virna-3 mung bean varieties.

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Soverda, Nerty, and Yulia Alia. "Sistem Pertanaman Tumpangsari Antara Beberapa Genotip Kedelai (Glycine max (L) Merill) Dengan Jagung Manis (Zea mays Var.Saccharatasturt) Yang Ditanam Secara Multi Rows." Jurnal Agrium 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/agrium.v13i2.389.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara genotip – genotip kedelai dengan pola tumpangsari, mendapatkan genotip-genotip kedelai yang beradaptasi baik pada pola tumpangsari antara kedelai dengan jagung. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Teaching and Research farm Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jambi yang dilaksanakan dari bulan Desember 2015 sampai dengan bulan Maret 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), yang terdiri dari 2 faktor. Faktor pertama adalah genotip yang terdiri 4 genotip kedelai (g) yaitu g1 = 5–196–4–3, g2 = 5–196–9–3, g3 = 5–196–9–11 dan g4 = 5–196–9–12, dan faktor kedua adalah pola tanam (p) yang terdiri 3 pola tanam p1 = 1 Tanaman kedelai : 1 Tanaman jagung, p2 = 2 Tanaman kedelai : 1 tanaman jagung dan p3 = 3 Tanaman kedelai : 1 tanaman jagung. Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang dua kali sehingga terdapat 24 petak percobaan. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis secara statistik dengan mengunakan sidik ragam dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan DMRT ( Duncan Multiple Range Test) pada taraf α = 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat interaksi antara genotip kedelai dengan pola tanam pada jumlah polong per tanaman dan jumlah polong berisi per tanaman. Perlakuan genotip berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman kedelai, jumlah polong pertanaman, jumlah polong berisi, produksi kedelai (ton/ha), Perlakuan pola tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah polong per tanaman, jumlah polong berisi per tanaman, bobot 100 bji, hasil kedelai (ton/ha). Perlakuan terbaik pada pola tanam 2 kedelai: 1 jagung This study aims to determine the effect of the interaction between genotype - genotype soybean intercropping patterns, obtain soybean genotypes adapted to intercropping patterns between soybeans and corn. This research was conducted at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University in December 2015 - March 2016. This study uses a randomized block design (RBD), which consists of two factors. The first factor is the genotype comprising four soybean genotypes (g) is g1 = 5-196-4-3, 5-196-9-3 = g2, g3 = 5-196-9-11 and g4 = 5-196-9 -12, and the second factor is the cropping pattern (p) comprising three cropping patterns p1 = 1 soybean plants: 1 plants of corn, soybean crops p2 = 2: 1 corn and soybean crops p3 = 3: 1 corn. Each combination treatment is repeated twice so there are 24 experimental plots. The data are statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance and then continued with Duncan Multiple (Duncan Multiple Range Test) at level α = 5%. The results shows that there is an interaction between the genotype of soybean cropping patterns in the number of pods per plant and number of pithy pods per plant. Treatment genotype significantly affected the height of soybean plants, pods cropping, pithy pods, soybean production (tons / ha), treatment cropping patterns significantly affect the number of pods per plant, number of pithy pods per plant, weight of 100 grains, soybean yield (tons /ha). The best treatment on soybean planting pattern is 2: 1

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Lagerquist, Elsa, Alexander Menegat, Anna Sigrun Dahlin, David Parsons, Christine Watson, Per Ståhl, Anita Gunnarsson, and Göran Bergkvist. "Temporal and Spatial Positioning of Service Crops in Cereals Affects Yield and Weed Control." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091398.

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Leguminous service crops (SCs) can provide multiple services to cropping systems, reducing the reliance on external resources if sufficient biomass is produced. However, rapid light and temperature reductions limit post-harvest cultivation of SCs in Northern Europe. A novel practice of intercropping SCs in two consecutive crops (spring–winter cereal) to extend the period of SCs growth, and hence improve yield and reduce weeds, was tested. Three spatial and temporal arrangements of SCs and cash crops were investigated, as well as three SC mixtures, characterized by their longevity and frost sensitivity. Compared to no SC, the best performing mixture, frost-tolerant annuals, increased grain and N yield of winter wheat by 10% and 19%, respectively, and reduced weed biomass by 15% and 26% in oats and winter wheat, respectively. These effects were attributed to high biomass production and winter survival. However, this SC reduced oat yields by 15% compared to no SC. Furthermore, SC growth and service provision varied largely between experiments, driven by the weather conditions. Extending the SC’s growth period by intercropping in two consecutive cereal crops has potential, but locally adapted species choices and establishment strategies are needed to ensure SC vitality until termination.

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Akter Suhi, Ayesa, Shamim Mia, Salma Khanam, Mehedi Hasan Mithu, Md Kamal Uddin, Md Abdul Muktadir, Sultan Ahmed, and Keiji Jindo. "How Does Maize-Cowpea Intercropping Maximize Land Use and Economic Return? A Field Trial in Bangladesh." Land 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040581.

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Cultivating multiple crops together can provide numerous benefits, including improved soil health and crop yield. The objective of our study was to determine the optimum planting techniques in intercropping systems, and to maximize their benefits by mitigating competition for resources such as land, space, light interception, and nutrition. The performance of successively planted maize (Zea mays L.) grown with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) was evaluated with a field trial in Bangladesh. The treatments in our study were: (a) sole maize, (b) sole cowpea, (c) crops sown simultaneously, and (d) crops sown with different time lags (1, 2, and 3 weeks) between the maize-sowing and cowpea-sowing dates. Data on the crops’ physiological parameters were recorded. These included light interception, leaf area index (LAI), Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD), harvest index, and yield. Simultaneously, canopy coverage was measured using camera-based photo analysis. In addition, an economic analysis of intercropping maize with soybean or cowpea was conducted using gross margin analysis and benefit-cost ratio. In our results, the below-canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was significantly higher in intercropping treatments when maize was sown three weeks after cowpea. In contrast, the LAI value of the maize and cowpea was significantly greater when sown on the same day than in other intercropping treatments. As a result, the maize yield reduced when intercropped with cowpea. This reduction maximized when both species were sown simultaneously due to higher competition for resources, including nutrients and light. Intercropping was more beneficial in terms of land equivalent ratio than both sole cropping of maize and cowpea, especially when maize was planted three weeks later. However, this benefit was not retained when calculated as maize equivalent yield since the contribution of cowpea was small in the overall maize yield, suggesting the importance of the relative economic value of the component species. Among all treatments, the lowest maize equivalent yield (6.03 ± 0.14 t ha−1) was obtained from sole cowpea, and the largest land equivalent ratio (1.67 ± 0.05) was obtained from intercropping with maize sown three weeks after cowpea. This treatment provided a net income of USD 786.32 ± 25.08 ha−1. This study has shown that together, maize–cowpea intercropping with a temporal niche difference of three weeks may be a better option for sustainable crop production in Bangladesh, maximizing land use. However, it may not provide a significantly greater maize equivalent yield and economic return.

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Tan, Lam Van, Thanh Tran, and Ho Huu Loc. "Soil and Water Quality Indicators of Diversified Farming Systems in a Saline Region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020038.

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Saltwater intrusion, a consequence of climate change and decreased water levels, has been increasingly severe in the Mekong Delta region. Thanh Phu District, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam, is a coastal region where agricultural production and local livelihood have been impaired by saltwater intrusion, resulting in the adoption of multiple coping strategies, including rotations and intercropping. This study aims to measure and evaluate soil and water quality indicators of multiple farming systems in Thanh Phu district and contributes to developing suitable cropping patterns. Soil indicators were pH, electrical conductivity, and exchangeable Na+. Water quality characteristics include pH, salinity, dissolved N and P, alkalinity, H2S, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results indicated that water pH and salinity were at suitable levels to support the growth of prawn but were below the critical level required to grow black tiger shrimp and white-legged shrimp. Water alkalinity, dissolved N, P, and COD were not constraining for the growth of shrimps. However, a significant concentration of H2S may cause disadvantages for shrimp growth.

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Handayani, Febri Dian, Laode Sabaruddin, and La Ode Afa. "LAND PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH GIVING FERTILIZER N, P, K AND PLANTING TIME OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) IN THE INTERCROPPING SYSTEM WITH MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L. )." Agrotech Journal 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v1i1.204.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the productivity of land by N,P,K fertilizer and time of planting peanuts in intercropping systems with maize. This research was conducted applying experimental garden at Agriculture Faculty of Halu Oleo University, Kendari. The research was conducted in the dry season, from August to November 2015. The research was arranged meant by split plot design with two replications. The main plot is NPK fertilizer dose (S) consisted of three levels namely 56-36-25 kg ha-1 (S1), 90-54-25 kg ha-1 (S2) , 124-72-50 kg ha-1 (S3). The subplots was planting time of peanuts with maize intercropping (W) consisted of three levels, namely planting time of peanuts 10 days before planting (DBP) maize (W1), planting peanuts with maize simultaneously (W0), and planting peanuts 10 days after planting (DAP) maize (W2). There are nine treatment combinations of two factors mentioned. Each combination treatment was repeated three times, coupled with each of the three experimental plots for monoculture cropping systems of peanuts and maize. The total number of units was 45 units experimental. Data experiments were analyzed by using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the treatment time 10 DBP planting peanuts with maize to increase productivity, reduce competition index and efficient of the use fertilizer. Provision of fertilizer NPK 124-72-50 kg ha-1 dose can increase growth and yield of maize and peanuts

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Ahuchaogu, Israel, Precious Ehiomogue, and Unwana Udoumoh. "Effects of soil and water conservation measures on the environment: A review." Poljoprivredna tehnika 47, no. 3 (2022): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2203042a.

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The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources is one of the basic principles for the development of the environment. Soil degradation was a significant global issues during the 20th century and remains of high importance in the 21 st century as it affect the environment, agronomic production, food security, and quality of life. This review provides an extensive review information on soil conservation strategies or methods and their applications. Based on this, the most promising soil conservation technologies are identified to improve the management and conservation of soil resources. This review also aims to provide general characteristics of soil and water loss, explore the relationship between soil and water conservation and sustainable development, and to provide relevant methods for soil and water conservation. The result of this review shows that measures focused on soil and water conservation by ridging, constructing earth bunds and terraces, mulching, multiple cropping, fallowing, and tree planting. Mulching, crop management, and conservation tillage are appropriate technologies for conserving sandy soils of high erosivity and low water holding capacity. Leguminous cover crops and residue management reduce the impact of rain. These measures also reported to enhance the levels of soil organic matter and nutrients, especially nitrogen, which is generally limited in tropical soils. Intercropping of compatible species is recorded as a promising cropping system, as cultures with different rooting patterns and growth cycles can promote nutrient recycling and suppress weeds.

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Suriyani, Lilis, and Djoko Soejono. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN USAHA TANI WORTEL: SEBUAH ANALISIS REGRESI LINIER BERGANDA." JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) 15, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v15i2.27461.

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Carrots are widely cultivated by the people of Kandangtepus Village and become their main livelihood. This study aims to determine the characteristics, income, and factors that affect the income of carrot farming in Kandangtepus Village. The research method uses descriptive and analytical methods. The sampling method used quota sampling and snowball sampling. Methods of data collection using interviews and document studies. The data analysis method used descriptive analysis, income analysis, and multiple linear regression. The results showed the characteristics of the business; namely, most of them used privately owned land, capital from personal savings and loans from collectors, inputs that were easily obtained, labor achieved, implementation of carrot cultivation in accordance with the recommendations, yields sold to collectors, and carrot farming. Get support from farmer groups. Carrot farming with two cropping patterns is equally profitable, but carrot farming using an intercropping pattern will produce less than optimal carrot production. Factors that have a significant influence on the income of carrot farming are selling price, production amount, seed cost, fertilizer cost, and labor cost.

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Francaviglia, Rosa, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, Claudia Di Bene, Lingtong Gai, Kristiina Regina, and Eila Turtola. "Diversification and Management Practices in Selected European Regions. A Data Analysis of Arable Crops Production." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020297.

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In the European Union, various crop diversification systems such as crop rotation, intercropping and multiple cropping, as well as low-input management practices, have been promoted to sustain crop productivity while maintaining environmental quality and ecosystem services. We conducted a data analysis to identify the benefits of crop associations, alternative agricultural practices and strategies in four selected regions of Europe (Atlantic, Boreal, Mediterranean North and Mediterranean South) in terms of crop production (CP). The dataset was derived from 54 references with a total of 750 comparisons and included site characteristics, crop information (diversification system, crop production, tillage and fertilization management) and soil parameters. We analyzed each effect separately, comparing CP under tillage management (e.g., conventional tillage vs. no tillage), crop diversification (e.g., monoculture vs. rotation), and fertilization management (e.g., mineral fertilization vs. organic fertilization). Compared with conventional tillage (CT), CP was higher by 12% in no tillage (NT), in fine- and medium-textured soils (8–9%) and in arid and semiarid sites located in the Mediterranean Region (24%). Compared to monoculture, diversified cropping systems with longer crop rotations increased CP by 12%, and by 12% in soils with coarse and medium textures. In relation to fertilization, CP was increased with the use of slurry (40%), and when crop residues were incorporated (39%) or mulched (74%). Results showed that conversion to alternative diversified systems through the use of crop rotations, with NT and organic fertilization, results in a better crop performance. However, regional differences related to climate and soil-texture-specific responses should be considered to target local measures to improve soil management.

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Kumar, Rakesh, M. R. Yadav, Mohd Arif, D. M. Mahala, Dinesh Kumar, P. C. Ghasal, K. C. Yadav, and R. K. Verma. "Multiple agroecosystem services of forage legumes towards agriculture sustainability: An overview." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 8 (October 14, 2020): 1367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i8.105882.

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Forage legumes are contributing in sustainable crop production apart from nutritional security to the livestock. Forage legumes are crucial for the nutritional security for mankind as they are integral component for increased availability of animal protein and product which has higher biological value compared to plant proteins. The inclusion of forage legumes in crop production systems is more useful as these can not only provide food and feed to animals but also improves soil productivity and act as soil-conserving components of agricultural and agroforestry systems. Production system as a whole and tremendous deficit of forage nutritious resources demand in particular to give some importance to the forage crops especially leguminous forages. Therefore, critical assessment is necessary for determining the direction and magnitude of change in agricultural management practice with inclusions of forage legume. Forage legumes have good capacity as a feed to promote sufficient quantities and qualities required for different productive animals. Therefore, these crops can contribute to achieving the objectives of sustainable food/ fodder and environmental security. Hence, inclusion of legumes forages in cropping system is inevitable in advancing soil sustainability and food and nutritional security without compromising the long-term soil fertility base of the soil resources. Rational soil management practices must involve forage legume-based rotations and intercropping considerations for restoring soil health, and soil sustainability should be given due emphasis. Besides, forage legumes can also provide a wide range of benefits such as restoration of soil fertility, nitrogen fixation and fertilizer saving, enhancement of soil biology and biodiversity, improving soil carbon sequestration and by neutralizing negative impact of climate change. This review summarizes the potential role of forage legume in animal nutrition, soil fertility building, nitrogen fixation, soil biology and biodiversity, carbon sequestration, climate change and other ecological services provided.

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Upadhyaya, Tanka Prasad. "Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of Assam." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2022.v02i06.002.

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The Assam economy represents a unique example of poverty amidst plenty. In spite of being richly endowed with natural resources, the State lags behind the rest of India in many aspects. The cultivation in Assam is inundated by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade. In this context, some of the major issues directly relating to the agricultural sector are small and fragmented land-holdings, lack of quality seed and planting materials, limited use of fertilizers, natural disasters, limited irrigation facility, lack of mechanization, disease and pest problems etc. Further, a considerable quantity of products harvested in Assam perishes due to lack of adequate storage and processing facility as well as due to absence of sound marketing facilities. Social factors such as low literacy levels lack of awareness about the benefits of modern high-value agriculture, inadequate training programmes for farmer etc. also contributes to the challenges for agricultural development in Assam. In order to improve the contribution of the agricultural sector to the overall development of the state, there is an urgent need to develop some appropriate, regionally differentiated strategy. Crop intensification and diversification with multiple cropping such as intercropping, mixed cropping, multi-storied cropping system, agro-forestry etc. are the need of hours to meet the challenges of natural hazardous and climate change effect. However, sustainable development is the only way to promote rational utilization of resources and environmental protection without hampering economic growth. “Integrated Farming Systems” hold special position as in this system nothing is wasted, the byproduct of one system becomes the input for other, as it refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production. Additionally, the system help poor small farmers, who have very small land holding for crop production and a few heads of livestock to diversify farm production, increase cash income, improve quality and quantity of food produced and exploitation of unutilized resources. The Government will have to play a much greater and active role in Assam for promoting the agricultural development process.

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Dybro, Niels, and Alan Christopher Hansen. "Sustainable Intensification of Global Agronomic Output." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n3p30.

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Agribusinesses are investigating sustainable ways to meet the predicted increased demand for food production due to an increasing world population and higher living standards. Therefore, there is a strong need to increase agronomic output. This paper will review the current state of agricultural production of the main annual top-five staple grain crops grown around the world, their current yields and harvested area averages and trends. It concludes with a discussion of which changes are needed to increase the yield in lower yielding areas of the world. Finally, there is an assessment of what level of yield increases that could be attained provided the proposed changes are made and its predicted impact on food security by 2050.The current yield trends and trends for harvested area, when extrapolated out to 2050, indicate crop production will increase 106%. This includes an expansion of the total crop production area by 31%. This increase of cropping area can be achieved by increased utilization of available, uncropped land suitable for crop production, increased double cropping, and relay intercropping, allowing for multiple crops in a calendar year.In order to double crop production by 2050, it is necessary to focus on growing crops where the conditions make it possible, adopt the best sustainable crop production practices and implement them as intensively as possible everywhere, and consider improved crop production machine system options to reduce risk of soil compaction, which can reduce crop yields.With proposed changes across the world, it will be possible to exceed a doubling of food production by 2050 relative to 2005 levels, providing a reasonable high level of food security, absent wars and widespread natural disasters.

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S. N, Nguluu, Karanja J., Kimatu J.N, Gicheru P.T, Musimba N., Njiru E., Kathuli P., et al. "Refining Dryland Farming Systems as a Means of Enhancing Agrodiversity and Food Security in Eastern Kenya: A review." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (October 2, 2014): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5410.

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Drylands which cover one third of the earth’s land surface and almost 80% of Kenya’s land surface are being used to grow dryland crops such as maize, beans, sorghum, millets and livestock. Studies show that refined farming systems can be used in enhancing ecosystem sustainability, through the promotion of species and crop diversity. For example, cropping patterns involving intercropping legumes and cereals have demonstrated varying success in maintenance of crop diversity in the Kenyan drylands showing land equivalent ratios (LER) > 1.0, although such benefits are often lost during low rainfall seasons. Research show that some genotypes can be used to reduce soil erosion, enhance nutrient availability, soil moisture retention, microbial earthworm activities and land use efficiency. Thus critical examination of farming systems for dryland areas suggests that long term multiple effects of the ecosystem, rather than the short term benefits not only increases yields but sustains the life of ecosystems. In this reveiw we submit that monocropping systems should be modified to include varieties that are suitable for different plots in the same site to enhance efficient utilization of underground diversity. In developing farming systems modelling approaches utilizing plant genotypic and epigenetic variations, ecological, edaphic and microbial cycles should be evaluated for dryland ecosystems.

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Riajaya, Prima Diarini, and Fitriningdyah Tri Kadarwati. "Toleransi Beberapa Galur Unggul Kapas pada Tumpang Sari dengan Kacang Hijau." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 5, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v5n1.2013.1-10.

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Tanaman kapas dalam program pengembangan selalu ditanam secara tumpang sari dengan palawija. Pera-kitan varietas kapas untuk mendapatkan galur yang mempunyai toleransi tinggi terhadap sistem tumpang sari dengan palawija perlu/penting dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji galur-galur unggul ka-pas yang mempunyai toleransi tinggi terhadap sistem tumpang sari dengan kacang hijau. Pengujian dilakukan di Asembagus mulai bulan Februari sampai Juli 2009. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok yang diulang tiga kali. Perlakuan terdiri atas enam galur unggul kapas: 99022/1, 99002/2, 99023/5, 98037, 98045/40/11, 98050/9/2/4 dan dua varietas pembanding: Kanesia 13 dan Kanesia 14. Galur-galur kapas tersebut merupa-kan hasil persilangan yang mempunyai keunggulan dalam produktivitas dan mutu serat, serta ketahanan terha-dap hama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa galur kapas yang toleran terhadap sistem tumpang sari de-ngan kacang hijau adalah galur 98050/9/2/4, dengan hasil kapas berbiji 1.940 kg/ha dan hasil kacang hijau 276 kg/ha, peningkatan hasil kapas berbiji sebesar 10,9% pada sistem tumpang sari dengan kacang hijau dibanding pada sistem monokultur dengan persentase terhadap potensi hasil 92% dan nilai kesetaraan lahan (NKL) ter-tinggi (1,57). Galur 98050/9/2/4 menunjukkan keragaan yang lebih unggul daripada Kanesia 13 dan Kanesia 14. Cotton is mainly grown under intercropping system with secondary food crops. Cotton breeding program to get high tolerance under multiple cropping with secondary crop should be conducted. Research of cotton in-tercropped with mungbean was done in Asembagus Experimental Station from February to July 2009. The field trial was lay out in a randomized block design with three replications. Monoculture of cotton and mung-bean were sown to calculate land equivalent ratio (LER). The treatments were 6 cotton lines (99022/1, 99002/2, 99023/5, 98037, 98045/40/11, 98050/9/2/4) and 2 cotton varieties (Kanesia 13 and Kanesia 14) as control varieties. The cotton lines tested were yields of cross breeding that had advantages in improving yield, lint quality, and resistance to pest. Results showed that cotton lines 6 (98050/9/2/4) was tolerant to intercropping system with mungbean yielded seed cotton and mungbean 1,940 kg/ha and 276 kg/ha, increased by 10.9% than solecrop with percentage to yield potential 92% and the highest LER (1.57). Cotton line 98050/9/2/4 had higher yield performance under intercropping than Kanesia 13 and Kanesia 14.

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Fattah, Abdul, Asriyanti Ilyas, Salim Salim, Idaryani Djamaluddin, and Abd Syukur. "Effect of several types of insecticide on predator population and damage intensity due to soybean pest attack in South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33495/jacr_v8i11.20.182.

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Spodoptera litura was one of the pests that caused soybean seed yield decrease in South Sulawesi. In order to challenge the pests, farmers still largely choose chemical insecticides. This research aimed to establish effectiveness level of several insecticide types that were frequently used by farmers. The design used was Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments (6 insecticide types and 1 control) with 3 replications. The insecticide types examined were: 1) acephate 75%, 2) thiamethoxam 200 g/L + chlorantraniliprole 100 g/L, 3) permethrin 200 g/L, 4) chlorpyrifos 550 g/L + cypermethrin 60 g/L, 5) deltamethrin 50 g/L, 6) profenofos 500 g/L, and 7) polyculture, soybean + corn (control). The result showed that insecticide type of thiamethoxam 200 g/L + chlorantraniliprole 100 g/L was the most effective insecticide to control S. litura with soybean leaves damage intensity (15.19%) and population of Bemisia tabaci whitefly (5.07 tails plant-1). However, thiamethoxam 200 g/L + chlorantraniliprole 100 g/L mostly killed Lycosa sp. predator (0.63 tails plant-1) and Crocothemis servillia (3.26 tails plant-1). The highest predator population was found in multiple cropping of soybean and corn, C. servillia (3.94 tails plant-1), and Lycosa sp. (3.26 tails plant-1). The insecticide of chlorpyrifos 550 g/L + cypermethrin 60 g/L were effective to control soybean pod borer pest Etiella zinckenella (2.40%). Furthermore, insecticide of deltamethrin 50 g/L was effective to control Aphis glycines pest (2.05 tails plant-1). Several types of insecticides are effective in controlling S. litura, N. viridula, and B. tabasi pests, but these insecticides are also effective in killing predators. The highest predator population is soybean-corn intercropping. Keywords: Soybean, insecticides, pests, intensity of damage, predators, seed yields.

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TARIGANS, DOAH DEKOK. "COCONUT PRODUCTION UNDER VARIOUS CROPPING PATTERNS AND ITS CORRELATION TO THE SOIL AND LEAF NUTRIENT ELEMENT." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v9n3.2003.81-90.

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i-ow productivity of coconut farm is the main problem of coconut industry. The fact that intercropped palms were more productive than when solely planted, the most suitable way to increase productivity is through multiple cropping. To cope with (he existing variation of cropping pattern in relation to coconut production, soil and leaf nutrient element, various cropping patterns with four species of perennial crop as intercrops were conducted under study. The objectives of the study were (1) to study the effect of cropping patterns on the growth, nut production and farm productivity of coconut under farmer levels, soil chemical propeties and leaf nutrient element and (2) to study the correlation between growth and production parameter with soil chemical propeties and leaf nutrient elements. Various cropping patens under study namely (1) coconut monoculture (control), (2) coconut + pineapple, (3) coconut + coffee, (4) coconuf - papaya ♦ pineapple, (5) coconut + banana + coffee, and (6) coconut + banana + papaya + coffee i pineapple Total area for each cropping patern was 0.5 ha with coconut planting distance 8 m x 10 m and the palms 35-40 years old The site of the experiment conducted was at Silang, Cavite. Data on coconut growth and production, soil chemical properties and leaf nutrient parameters, were statistically analyzed in a randomized complete block design (RCDB) with three replications. Correlation analysis were performed on the following (1) Growlh and production parameters with soil chemical propeties, and leaf nutrient elements, (2) Relationship among nutrient element in the coconut leaves under various cropping paterns Results of the study showed that the effect of cropping patterns on the number of full-grown nul increased signiicantly more nut and higher amounts of copra per tree were produced in intercropped farms than in the mono-cropped coconut plantation. These increase ranged from 64 to 98 percent in terms of nuts and 70 to 105 percent in terms of copra. Positive correlation was observed between nitrogen in the top soil with weight of copra and nut production. The exchangeable potassium in lop soil was positively correlated with nut production. Meanwhile, the organic mater, content in the soil were positively correlated with weight of copra, nut production but negatively correlated with percentage of nul shedding. These results implies that increase organic matter content in the soil will increase coconut production including fruit set Nitrogen concentration in the leaf was positively and highly signiicantly correlated with number of nut shedding These finding suggested that the increased nitrogen concentration in the leaf greatly promotes nul production and fruit set of the palms under various cropping patterns in coconut The potassium in the leaf was significantly correlated with nul production but negatively correlated with percentage of nut shedding. Key words: Coconut production, cropping patterns, soil chemical, leaf nutrient elements, correlation RINGKASAN Produksi kelapa pada beberapa pola tanam dan hubungannya dengan kandungan unsur hara tanah dan daun kelapaRendahnya produktivitas tanaman merupakan masalah utama pada perkebunan kelapa. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan produktivitas yaitu melalui penerapan usahatani kelapa campuran. Suatu kenyataan bahwa penerapan intercropping menyebabkan tanaman kelapa lebih produktif dibandingkan dengan tanaman monokultur. Untuk mengetahu sejauh mana pengaruh tersebut secara ilmiah, serta hubungannya terhadap unsur hara tanah dan unsur hara dalam daun kelapa maka dilakukan penelitian secara terencana pada pertanaman kelapa rakyat produktif. Tujuan penelitian ini (1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh pola tanam terhadap petumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kelapa, terhadap unsur hara dalam tanah dan kadar hara daun kelapa dan (2) mcmpelajari korelasi antara parameter petumbuhan dan produksi kelapa dengan hara tanah serta kadar unsur hara daun. Enam polatanam kelapa yang diuji dalam penelitian ini yaitu (1) kelapa monokultur, (2) pola tanam kelapa + nanas, (3) pola tanam kelapa * kopi, (4) pola tanam kelapa + papaya + nanas , (5) pola tanam kelapa + pisang ♦ kopi dan (6) pola tanam kelapa + pisang + papaya ♦ kopi + nanas dimana masing-masing pola tanam seluas 0.5 ha. Jarak tanam kelapa 8 m x 10 m, dengan umur 40-45 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan di Silang, Cavite. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (randomized complete block design) dengan tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamali meliputi jumlah daun, jumlah bunga betina (button) per tandan, kadar unsur hara tanah meliputi kandungan bahan organik, pH, CEC, Nitrogen, Phosphor, Calcium, dan Magnesium. Sedangkan unsur hara daun yaitu Nitrogen, Phosphor, Calsium, dan Magnesium. Analisis korelasi dilakukan terhadap (1) pertumbuhan dan produksi kelapa dengan unsur hara tanah, dan unsur hara daun dan (2) hubungan antar unsur hara daun kelapa pada beberapa polatanam kelapa yang ditclili. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi buah dan kopra pada polatanam campuran lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hasil pola tanam kelapa monokultur. Peningkatan produksi buah 64-98 persen dan kopra 70-105 persen. Kadar nitrogen pada lapisan atas tanah mempunyai korelasi positif dengan berat kopra dan produksi buah. Sedangkan unsur kalium pada lapisan tanah yang sama mempunyai korelasi positif dengan produksi buah kelapa Kandungan bahan organik tanah mempunyai korelasi positif dengan berat kopra, produksi buah namun berkorelasi negatip dengan presentase buah yang gugur (nut shedding) Hasil ini berimplikasi bahwa dengan meningkatnya kadar bahan organik tanah akan meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman kelapa. Lebih lanjut, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar nitrogen dan kalium pada daun mempunyai korelasi positif dengan peningkatan produksi kelapa dan persentasi buah yang jadi.Kata kunci: Produksi kelapa, polatanam, unsur hara tanah, kadar unsur daun, analisis korelasi

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RODENBURG, J., H. MEINKE, and D. E. JOHNSON. "Challenges for weed management in African rice systems in a changing climate." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 4 (February 25, 2011): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000207.

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SUMMARYGlobal changes including increases in temperature, atmospheric greenhouse gases, soil degradation and competition for land and water resources, will have multiple impacts on rice production systems in Africa. These changes will affect weed communities, and management approaches must be adapted to take this into account. Higher temperatures and limited water availability will generally advantage C4over C3plants (e.g. rice). Conversely, elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will improve the competitiveness of rice relative to C4weeds, which comprise many of the problem weeds of rice. Increased atmospheric CO2levels may also improve tolerance of rice against parasitic weeds, while prevalence of parasitic species may be amplified by soil degradation and more frequent droughts or floods. Elevated CO2levels tend to promote growth below-ground relative to above-ground, particularly in perennial (C3) species. This may render mechanical control of weeds within a cropping season less effective or even counterproductive. Increased CO2levels, rainfall and temperature may also reduce the effectiveness of chemical control, while the implementation of adaptation technologies, such as water-saving irrigation regimes, will have negative consequences for rice–weed competition. Rain-fed production systems are prevalent throughout Africa and these are likely to be most vulnerable to direct effects of climate change (e.g. higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns). Effective weed management strategies in these environments could encompass off-season tillage, the use of well-adapted cultivars (i.e. those with drought and heat tolerance, high weed competitiveness and parasitic weed resistance or tolerance) and rotations, intercropping or short, off-season fallows with weed-suppressive legumes including those that suppress parasitic weeds. In irrigated, non-flooded rice systems, weeds are expected to become more serious. Specifically, perennial rhizomatous C3weeds and species adapted to hydromorphic conditions are expected to increase in prevalence. By implementing an integrated weed management strategy primarily targeted at weed prevention, dependency on flood water, herbicides and mechanical control can be lessened. Off-season deep tillage, stale seed bed techniques, use of clean seeds and irrigation water, competitive cultivars, timely transplanting at optimum spacing and judicious fertilizer timings are suitable candidate components for such a strategy. Integrated, novel approaches must be developed to assist farmers in coping with the challenges of weed control in the future.

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De Marinis, Pietro, Paolo Stefano Ferrario, Guido Sali, and Giulio Senes. "The Rapid and Participatory Assessment of Land Suitability in Development Cooperation." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013049.

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Development cooperation in agriculture aims to contribute to the achieving of a large part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN 2030 Agenda, especially the first three, No Poverty (1), Zero Hunger (2), and Good Health and Well-being (3). Development cooperation in agriculture tries to help local communities to increase their awareness, participation, and skills about the management of land and environmental resources, in order to realize sustainable development. In this context, methods of participatory assessment of land suitability have been widely and successfully applied. The present research took place in the framework of a real development cooperation intervention in Nord Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo) and aimed to implement a rapid participatory assessment of land suitability. In this context, where official and detailed data are not available, the study fostered the active involvement of local experts and used geographical information systems (GIS) to identify the most suitable crops to be supported in different zones of the study area. Toward this aim, the authors used a procedure based on the following steps: the identification of relevant land use types (LUTs), mapping capability factors, describing the responses of each LUT to the different capability factors, mapping potential land suitability for the LUTs, mapping accessibility, mapping land suitability for the LUTs. Resulting maps and tables were used to identify the most suitable areas for the different uses. Globally, forestry was the most suited use (99.6% of the study area is potentially highly suitable), followed by the cropping of manioc, sorghum, banana, oil palm, bean and cattle grazing in decreasing order (62.6% of the study area is potentially highly suitable for grazing). When accessibility is considered, forestry presents the largest decrease in the class of high potential suitability (−34.9% equal to a loss of 24,945.5 ha), while less adaptable uses, such as cattle grazing showed lower decreases in highly suitable class (−11.2%) and larger increases in scarcely suitable class (+9.5%). At a later stage, the comparison between computed suitability and actual land use helped with identifying the areas where forestry should be the only (or most) supported activity and the areas where to push integrated land uses. Our interpretation of the results allows us to recommend the adoption of agroforestry and intercropping as the main methodologies to integrate multiple aims such as the environmental conservation and the improvement of livelihoods.

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Sulistyowati, Dwiwanti, Muhammad Ahmad Chozin, Muhammad Syukur, Maya Melati, and Dwi Guntoro. "Respon Karakter Morfo-Fisiologi Genotipe Tomat Senang Naungan Pada Intensitas Cahaya Rendah (The Respon of Morpho-Physiological Characters of Loving-Shade Genotypes at Low Light Intensity)." Jurnal Hortikultura 29, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v29n1.2019.p22-32.

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Tomat memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dengan sistem pertanaman berganda sebagai tanaman sela di bawah tegakan, baik di kehutanan, perkebunan, maupun pekarangan, sehingga mengalami stres cahaya rendah. Stres cahaya rendah menyebabkan berbagai perubahan morfologi, anatomi dan fisiologi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari karakter morfologi, anatomi dan fisiologi genotipe tomat pada intensitas cahaya rendah. Percobaan dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Sekolah Tinggi Penyuluhan Pertanian (STPP) Bogor dari bulan Oktober 2014 sampai dengan Januari 2015. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Petak Tersarang (nested design) yang diulang tiga kali, faktor pertama terdiri atas dua taraf naungan, tanpa naungan (0%) dan naungan 50%. Faktor kedua berupa 50 genotipe tomat (ditapis menjadi 4 kelompok genotipe, yaitu senang, toleran, moderat dan peka naungan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa genotipe tomat senang naungan mampu berproduksi lebih tinggi saat ternaungi, karena genotipe ini mampu beradaptasi lebih baik. Yaitu dengan cara meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, jumlah bunga dan jumlah buah dibandingkan genotipe peka. Terjadi peningkatan klorofil b lebih tinggi daripada klorofil a, sehingga terjadi penurunan yang lebih tinggi pada rasio klorofil a/b. Karakter yang berkorelasi dan berpengaruh langsung terhadap produksi tomat pada naungan 50% adalah luas daun, jumlah bunga, umur panen, rasio klorofil a/b, jumlah buah dan bobot per buah.KeywordsIntensitas cahaya rendah; Karakter genotipe tomatABSTRACTTomatoes have the potential to be developed with multiple cropping systems as intercropping plants under stands, both in forestry, plantations, and yard, thus experiencing low light stress. Low light stress causes a variety of morphological, anatomical and physiological changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological, anatomical and physiological characters of tomato genotypes at low light intensity. The experiments were conducted in the experimental field of Bogor Agricultural Extension Institute, in Bogor, from October 2014 to January 2015. The experiment was arranged in nested randomized design with two factors and three replication. The first factor consisted of two levels of shading intensity, i.e. without shade (0 %) and 50% shading. and the second factor was 50 tomato genotypes (4 groups of tomato genotypes, i.e. shade-loving, shade-tolerant, shade-moderate and shade-sensitive genotypes). The results showed that the shade-loving genotypes was capable of producing higher levels when shaded, as the genotype was able to adapt better. That was by increasing the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, flower number and fruit number compared to sensitive genotypes. Increased chlorophyll b is higher than chlorophyll a, resulting in a higher decrease in the ratio of chlorophyll a/b. Character that correlates and directly affects tomato production in 50% shade was leaf area, leaf number, harvesting time, a/b chlorophyll ratio, fruit number and fruit weight.

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Centes, Annie, Jessa Ruales, Rhena Jane Soria, and Moises Neil Seriño. "Factors affecting profitability of small-scale vegetable production in the Visayas." Annals of Tropical Research, November 15, 2017, 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.32945/atr39sb16.2017.

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This study was conducted to assess the profitability of small-scale vegetable production in the Visayas, particularly in the islands Leyte, Samar and Bohol. The data used in the study was taken from baseline survey on vegetable production in the Visayas. Descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analyses were used in analysing factors that influence profitability. Results show that significant factors that affect profitability include cropping practices and market outlets. This suggests that profitability of small-scale vegetable production measured in terms of gross margins will tend to increase with the practice of multi-cropping and intercropping systems. With limited farm size, farmers can maximize the yield of vegetable production through intercropping and multi-cropping practice. In addition, primary market outlet affects profitability implying that better access to market translates to higher profitability. Results of the study suggest that to improve profitability of farmers in Leyte, Samar and Bohol, policy makers, researchers and technician should focus on optimizing cropping system. Farmers should be trained to identify vegetables that produces better yield in an intercropping and multi-cropping system. This should also be complemented with better access to market. Farm to market road should be improved so that farmers can easily link their production to the market.

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Mohammed, Saba Baba, Daniel Kwadjo Dzidzienyo, Muhammad Lawan Umar, Mohammad Faguji Ishiyaku, Pangirayi Bernard Tongoona, and Vernon Gracen. "Appraisal of cowpea cropping systems and farmers’ perceptions of production constraints and preferences in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria." CABI Agriculture and Bioscience 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43170-021-00046-7.

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Abstract Background Low plant density and wide intra-plant spacing in traditional cowpea cropping systems are among the factors responsible for low yield on farmers’ fields. Sole cropping and improved intercropping systems have been advocated in the last few years to increase yield in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria. This study investigated the level of adoption of high yielding cowpea cropping systems including factors that influenced their use and farmers’ perceived production constraints and preferences. A total of 420 farmers across 36 villages of northern Nigeria were interviewed, and data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics to appraise farmers predominant cowpea cropping systems and factors that determine the use of sole versus intercropping were identified with the aid of binary logit regression. Furthermore, pairwise comparison ranking was deployed to understand farmers’ view of cowpea production constraints and preferred traits. Results The results revealed that, many of the farmers (42%) still grow cowpeas in the traditional intercropping and a good number (25%) cultivate the crop as a sole crop, while 23% had fields of cowpeas in both sole and intercropping systems. Farmers reported the incidence of high insect pests, limited access to land, desire to have multiple benefits, and assurance in the event of crop failure as reasons for preference for intercropping over sole planting. The pairwise comparison ranking of constraints and preferences revealed insect pests, Striga, drought and poor access to fertilizers as major constraints to increased productivity. Many farmers indicated high yield as the most preferred trait. Conclusions Findings indicate a need for increased education and training of cowpea farmers on the importance of growing cowpeas in sole cropping and or improved intercropping systems. Genetic improvement efforts should focus on developing cowpea varieties that address farmers production constraints and reflect the diversity of consumers’ preferences for the crop. Hence, breeding for resistance to insect pests and high yield is recommended as an important priority of cowpea breeding programmes in the region.

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Boora, Sahil, Bas Kaur, Rashmi Tyagi, Manisha k, and Rohit k. "Attitude of Farmers Toward Intercropping in Haryana." Indian Journal of Extension Education, 2022, 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58419.

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Intercropping is a type of multiple cropping practices that involves the cultivation of two or more crops in definite proximity. The present study was conducted in dry and wet agro-climatic zones of Haryana in March, 2022. Bhiwani and Hisar districts were selected randomly from dry zone and Karnal and Kaithal districts were selected randomly from wet zone with an objective to assess the attitude of farmers toward intercropping. The data were collected personally from 120 respondents comprising 30 from each district through a structured interview schedule. Findings revealed that more than three-fifths of the respondents (50.83%) had a more favourable attitude towards intercropping system whereas 36.67 per cent had a favourable attitude and 12.50 per cent had a less favourable attitude towards the intercropping system. Further, Analysis of the relationship between level of attitude & profile of farmers revealed that education and mass media exposure were found highly significantly associated with the level of attitude of farmers toward intercropping whereas a significant association was found between age, family type, social expectations, inheritance with level of attitude of farmers toward intercropping system. The paper recommends training of farmers on better utilization of mass media and the training will help farmers in increase in their knowledge level by using mass media and with improved knowledge farmers will have more positive attitude towards intercropping.

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Stoltz, Eva, Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar, and Elisabet Nadeau. "Functional divergence effects of intercropped faba bean and maize in organic production for forage increase mineral contents and reduces leaf spots." Agricultural and Food Science 27, no. 2 (June 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.66541.

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Multispecies cropping systems contribute to sustainable agriculture with multiple ecosystem services. Effects of intercropping of organically managed maize and faba beans to silage on acquisition of mineral nutrients in shoots of both crops and on leaf spot progression in faba beans were investigated. Three field experiments were performed with maize and faba bean intercropped or grown separately. Intercropping increased shoot concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and B in faba bean, and shoot concentrations of Cu, Zn and Mo in maize. Thus, the ecological complementary effects enhance feed quality. Disease severity index (DSI) of leaf spots in faba beans was reduced by intercropping by 42–57%, partly due to an increased Cu acquisition at sites where the Cu availability was low. There was a significant negative linear relationship between Cu concentration in shoots and DSI of leaf spots. Total uptake of mineral nutrients per land area was greater in the intercropping system with a total LER > 1 for all mineral nutrients, except for P, Ca and Mn at one of the sites. Increased nutrient use efficiency, due to facilitative uptake from the soil, and the production of crops with higher contents of minerals compared with monocropping, are benefits of intercropped maize and faba beans.

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Sarcol, Bonievic, and Ulysses Cagasan. "Performance of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Inﬂuenced by Time of Planting Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) as Intercrop." Annals of Tropical Research, June 22, 2016, 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32945/atr38110.2016.

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One common approach to increase crop production is through multiple cropping systems. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the growth and yield of peanut as inﬂuenced by time of planting sweetpotato as intercrop; (2) determine the appropriate time of planting peanut and sweetpotato that would give their respective optimum yields; and (3) determine the proﬁtability of growing peanut in combination with sweetpotato as inﬂuenced by time of planting the crops in an intercropping scheme. Results of the study showed that peanut’s maturity, leaf area index (LAI), number of seeds pod and number of pods plant were signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) increased by the time of planting sweetpotato as intercrop. Sweetpotato planted later than peanut signiﬁcantly (p<0.05) improved the number of lateral vines plant, length of main vine, and fresh herbage yield of sweetpotato. Yield and yield components and harvest index of sweetpotato were not signiﬁcantly (p <0.05) affected by the time of planting the crops. A net income of Php 66,508.00 was obtained from plots planted with peanut + sweetpotato regardless of time of planting. All intercropping treatments had a leaf area index (LER) of greater than one which means that peanut and sweetpotato are a good combination in an intercropping scheme compared to planting peanut as monocrop.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Intercropping. Multiple cropping'

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