Academic literature on the topic 'Interdigitated Flow Channel'
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Journal articles on the topic "Interdigitated Flow Channel"
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Wu, Junxiao, and Qingyun Liu. "Simulation-Aided PEM Fuel Cell Design and Performance Evaluation." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2004): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1840819.
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A multi-resolution fuel cell simulation strategy has been employed to simulate and evaluate the design and performance of hydrogen PEM fuel cells with different flow channels. A full 3D model is employed for the gas diffusion layer and a 1D+2D model is applied to the catalyst layer. Further, a quasi-1D method is used to model the flow channels. The cathode half-cell simulation was performed for three types of flow channels: serpentine, parallel, and interdigitated. Simulations utilized the same overall operating conditions. Comparisons of results indicate that the interdigitated flow channel is the optimal design under the specified operating conditions.
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Xu, Yu, Anton Kukolin, Daifen Chen, and Wei Yang. "Multiphysics Field Distribution Characteristics within the One-Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with Typical Interdigitated Flow Channels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (2019): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061190.
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Generally, the manufacturing technology of fuel cell units is considered to satisfy the current commercialization requirements. However, achieving a high-performance and durable stack design is still an obstacle in its commercialization. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is considered to have performance characteristics that are distinct from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Within the SOFC stack, vapor is produced on the anode side instead of the cathode side and high flow resistance within the fuel flow path is recommended. In this paper, a 3D multiphysics model for a one-cell SOFC stack with the interdigitated channels for fuel flow path and conventional paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path is firstly developed to predict the multiphysics distribution details. The model consists of all the stack components and couples well the momentum, species, and energy conservation and the quasi-electrochemical equations. Through the developed model, we can get the working details within those SOFC stacks with the above interdigitated flow channel features, such as the fuel and air flow feeding qualities over the electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen concentration distributions within the porous electrodes, temperature gradient distribution characteristics, and so on. The simulated result shows that the multiphysics field distribution characteristics within the SOFC and PEMFC stacks with interdigitated flow channels feature could be very different. The SOFC stack using the paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path and adopting the interdigitated flow channels for the fuel flow path can be expected to have good collaborative performances in the multiphysics field. This design would have good potential application after being experimentally confirmed.
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Inoue, Tatsuya, Daiki Sakai, Kazuyuki Hirota, et al. "Study on Performance Stability Improvement of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Interdigitated Gas Flow Channels on a Gas Diffusion Layer." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 46 (2024): 3207. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02463207mtgabs.
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Recently, a new concept was developed for the design of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, combined a flat separator and a porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) with interdigitated gas-flow channels.1 This new design cell has demonstrated higher performances than that of a conventional cell combined a solid separator with serpentine flow-channels and a flat GDL.2 Conventional interdigitated flow-channel designs, which consist of a solid separator with interdigitated gas-flow channels and a flat GDL, have been known for their higher efficiency of the oxygen supply to the catalyst layer, in comparison with serpentine or parallel flow-channels in combination with a flat GDL, because of the forced convection of the supplied gas in the GDL. However, conventional interdigitated flow-channels have faced two issues associated with low performance: one occurs under high-humidity conditions because of nonuniform gas flow due to accumulated water in the GDL; the other is caused by forced water discharge from the GDL under low-humidity conditions. In this study, to investigate the possibility of the new cell design to overcome such performance issues of conventional interdigitated cells, both conventional and new cell designs were tested with single cells of 1 cm2 active area, and the performances were compared at high and low humidity with various conditions of gas supply. From these results, we have found that the new design of the GDL with interdigitated channels has a clear advantage over that of the conventional separator with interdigitated channels, being able to maintain higher performance under conditions of both water excess and water shortage.3 To reveal the mechanism of the improvement in the cell performance, the temperature and gas flow distributions in the GDL of the new and the conventional interdigitated cells were calculated by numerical simulation, and the water distribution was visualized by X-ray imaging.4 From comparisons of these experimental and numerical results in the two cells, the porous ribs in the newly designed cell were found to play several important roles, as follows: under conditions of excess water, the porous ribs with relatively low thermal conductivity help to alleviate water accumulation in the GDL by acting as a reservoir for excess water and also by increasing the temperature in the GDL adjacent to the catalyst layer; and, under conditions of water shortage, the porous ribs help to alleviate the dry-out of the GDL by withdrawing water from the reservoir shortly and also by decreasing the rate of gas flow forced through the GDL because the porous ribs act as the short-cut pathway for the gas flow. Based on these mechanistic and performance analyses, it is becoming clearer that the new cell design, with interdigitated flow-channels and porous ribs, has the potential to overcome the performance issues of conventional interdigitated cells. Acknowledgement This work was partially based on results obtained from project JPNP20003, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). References Watanabe et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, F3210 (2019). Nasu et al., J. Power Sources, 530, 231251 (2022). Inoue et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 114504 (2022). Inoue et al., J. Power Sources, 585, 233623 (2023). Figure 1
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García-Salaberri, Pablo A., Tugba Ceren Gokoglan, Santiago E. Ibáñez, Ertan Agar, and Marcos Vera. "Modeling the Effect of Channel Tapering on the Pressure Drop and Flow Distribution Characteristics of Interdigitated Flow Fields in Redox Flow Batteries." Processes 8, no. 7 (2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070775.
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Optimization of flow fields in redox flow batteries can increase performance and efficiency, while reducing cost. Therefore, there is a need to establish a fundamental understanding on the connection between flow fields, electrolyte flow management and electrode properties. In this work, the flow distribution and pressure drop characteristics of interdigitated flow fields with constant and tapered cross-sections are examined numerically and experimentally. Two simplified 2D along-the-channel models are used: (1) a CFD model, which includes the channels and the porous electrode, with Darcy’s viscous resistance as a momentum sink term in the latter; and (2) a semi-analytical model, which uses Darcy’s law to describe the 2D flow in the electrode and lubrication theory to describe the 1D Poiseuille flow in the channels, with the 2D and 1D sub-models coupled at the channel/electrode interfaces. The predictions of the models are compared between them and with experimental data. The results show that the most influential parameter is γ , defined as the ratio between the pressure drop along the channel due to viscous stresses and the pressure drop across the electrode due to Darcy’s viscous resistance. The effect of R e in the channel depends on the order of magnitude of γ , being negligible in conventional cells with slender channels that use electrodes with permeabilities in the order of 10 − 12 m 2 and that are operated with moderate flow rates. Under these conditions, tapered channels can enhance mass transport and facilitate the removal of bubbles (from secondary reactions) because of the higher velocities achieved in the channel, while being pumping losses similar to those of constant cross-section flow fields. This agrees with experimental data measured in a single cell operated with aqueous vanadium-based electrolytes.
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Muñoz Perales, Vanesa, Santiago Enrique Ibanez, Marcos Vera, and Antoni Forner-Cuenca. "Understanding the Interaction between Flow Field Geometries and Porous Electrode Microstructures in Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (2022): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482024mtgabs.
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Redox flow batteries are a promising technological option to integrate the growing supply of renewable energies into the electricity grid, however their deployment is hampered by high costs. To increase cost competitiveness, research efforts have targeted design of new electrolytes, high performance materials, and alternative electrochemical reactor concepts [1]. One powerful strategy is to increase the overall efficiency of the electrochemical stack, which can be achieved by improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the pumping power requirements. Selecting and optimizing the flow field design and electrode microstructure is crucial to accomplish an optimum trade-off. Drawing inspiration from polymer electrolyte fuel cells, current flow battery technologies leverage flow-through, interdigitated and serpentine flow field designs [2]. However, while functional, these designs have not been tailored for the specific requirements of redox flow batteries where single-phase reactive flows are sustained. Recent studies have investigated the influence of the channels and ribs dimensions [3], branched channel geometries [4], as well as the electrode microstructure on the reactor performance [5]. However, the interaction between the flow field geometries and the electrode microstructure determines the accessible surface area, mass transfer phenomena, and pressure drop; but remains poorly understood. With this in mind, we are poised to answer the following scientific question: What is the optimal combination of flow field and electrodes in redox flow batteries? In this work, we evaluate the interaction between geometrically diverse flow field geometries and porous electrode microstructures. We study seven different flow field designs in combination with two commonly used fibrous electrode structures – a carbon paper and a cloth (Figure 1). Flow-through, serpentine, and multiple variations of interdigitated flow fields were designed and fabricated by graphite milling. We employ a suite of polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, capacitance, and pressure drop measurements to elucidate structure-property-performance relationships. We find that the interdigitated designs perform better with high density of channels (i.e. shorter rib-channel width), even though this leads to higher pressure losses. Interestingly, pressure drop measurements show a similar relative contribution of the flow field and the electrode to the pumping losses, which motivates engineering of flow field geometries and electrode structures in tandem. Mass transfer overpotentials and pressure losses in cloth electrodes are reduced when using flow field geometries that force electrolyte flow into an in-plane direction in the electrode (i.e. parallel to the membrane plane), such as flow-through and interdigitated designs with wider ribs between channels. On the contrary, carbon paper electrodes perform better with interdigitated designs that force electrolyte flow into the through-plane direction (i.e. perpendicular to the membrane plane). Based on these findings, we have undertaken the engineering of innovative flow fields designs by combining interdigitated and branched patterns using 3D-printing, obtaining promising results that will be discussed in the final part of my talk. Figure 1. Polarization results for the combination of cloth and paper electrodes with three different flow field designs, at 5 cm·s-1 in the electrode. References Sánchez-Díez, E. Ventosa, M. Guarnieri, A. Trovò, C. Flox, R. Marcilla, F. Soavi, P. Mazur, E. Aranzabe, R. Ferret, Journal of Power Sources, 481, 228804 (2021). D.Milshtein, K.M.Tenny, J.L.Barton, J.Drake, R.M.Darling and F.R.Brushett, J. Electrohcem. Soc., 164, E3265-E3275 (2017). R.Gerhardt, A.A. Wong, M.J. Aziz, J. Electrohcem. Soc., 165, A2625-A2643 (2018). Zeng, F. Li, F. Lu, X. Zhou, Y. Yuan, X. Cao, B. Xiang, Applied Energy, 238, 435-441 (2019). Forner-Cuenca, E.E. Penn, A.M. Oliveira, F.R.Brushett, J. Electrohcem. Soc., 166, A2230-A2241 (2019). Acknowledgments This work has been partially funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-106740RB-I00 and RTC-2017-5955-3/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). Figure 1
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Lee, Pil-Hyong, Son-Ah Cho, Seong-Hun Choi, and Sang-Soon Hwang. "Numerical Analysis on Performance Characteristics of PEMFC with Parallel and Interdigitated Flow Channel." Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society 9, no. 4 (2006): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5229/jkes.2006.9.4.170.
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Cooper, Nathanial J., Travis Smith, Anthony D. Santamaria, and Jae Wan Park. "Experimental optimization of parallel and interdigitated PEMFC flow-field channel geometry." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 2 (2016): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.153.
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Anderson, James L., Tse Y. Ou, and Serban Moldoveanu. "Hydrodynamic voltammetry at an interdigitated electrode array in a flow channel." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 196, no. 2 (1985): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(85)80023-1.
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Ou, Tse-Yuan, Serban Moldoveanu, and James L. Anderson. "Hydrodynamic voltammetry at an interdigitated electrode array in a flow channel." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 247, no. 1-2 (1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(88)80126-8.
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Gerhardt, Michael R., Andrew A. Wong, and Michael J. Aziz. "The Effect of Interdigitated Channel and Land Dimensions on Flow Cell Performance." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 11 (2018): A2625—A2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0471811jes.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Interdigitated Flow Channel"
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Chu, Ssu-Yu, and 朱思諭. "Effects of flow channel area ratio and baffle position on performance of PEMFC with interdigitated flow field." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65266572517781967629.
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碩士<br>華梵大學<br>機電工程研究所<br>92<br>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have advantages of quickly start, low operating temperature, low pollution which is the friendly energy sources to our environment. However, PEM fuel cell due to the problems of water and thermal management and mass transport can not get high performance. In this thesis, the main focus is to examine the flow channel area ratio and baffle position on the performance of PEM fuel cell with interdigitated flow field. In additional, the effects of the different operating conditions (cathode inlet flow rate, cathode inlet temperature and cell temperature) on the performance are investigated in detail.
The experiment results reveal that the operating conditions considerable impact on the performance of PEM fuel cell. The performance increases with the increase in the cathode inlet temperature. The cell performance of PEM fuel cell is best when the cell temperature is 50℃. This is due to the fact that the chemical reaction rate is slow if the temperature of the cell is below 50℃. While the membrane will dry out and cause internal resistance to increase if the cell temperature is above 50℃.Therefore, the cell temperature must be controlled at the suitable range. The experimental results show that the best cell performance is found when the cathode inlet fuel is pure oxygen and the flow channel area ratio of interdigitated flow channel is 50.75%. But as the air is fuel gas, the flow field design with 40.23% flow channel ratio can provide the largest limit current density. As for the effects of baffle position, at flow channel ratio is 40.23% the better cell perforce is noted for the PEM fuel cell with interdigitated flow field I when the oxygen is fuel gas. While as the air is fuel gas at cathode side, the PEM fuel cell with the interdigitated flow field II can provide better cell performance. At flow channel area ratio is 50.75% the better cell performance is noted for the PEM fuel cell with interdigitated flow field I while the cathode fuel supply the demand.
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Chen, Chi-Yen, and 陳基業. "Effect of interdigitated flow channel design on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62641630823180688030.
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碩士<br>華梵大學<br>機電工程研究所<br>91<br>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have the advantages of high power density, non-corrosive liquid, low operating temperature. However, the PEM fuel cells can not be operated stably at the conditions of high current density due to the problems of mass transport resistance and water and thermal management. In this thesis, the main focus is to use the concept of the interdigitated flow channel to improve the performance of the cathode flow channel. In addition, the effects of the different operating condition (cathode inlet flow rate, cathode inlet temperature, and cell temperature) on the performance of the PEM fuel cells are examined in detail in order to find out the advantages of the interdigitated flow channel and propose the new concepts of the design of the bipolar plate in the PEMFC.
The experimental results reveal that the operation conditions have considerable impact on the performance of the PEM fuel cells. The performance increases with the increase in the cathode inlet flow rate, cathode inlet temperature and the cell temperature. But the key point is that the cell temperature can not be equal or greater than the anode inlet temperature. Otherwise, the lower anode inlet temperature can not increase the moisture of water vapor in the fuel cell. Therefore, the performance will become to be diminished. By comparing the results between the interdigitated flow channel (flow area is 50.75﹪) and conventional flow channel, it indicates that better performance is noted for the fule cell with interdigiated flow channel. This is can be made plausible by noting the fact that the interdigitated flow channel can force the fuel into the gas diffusion layer, which in turns, increase the performance of cells. When the fuel at the cathode is air, the fuel cell with the interdigitated flow channel can get large limit current density, and the power output is 1.4 times that of the fuel cell with the conventional flow channel. In order to examine the effects of flow area ratio on the performance, two interdigiated flow channel designs with different flow area ratios (50.75% and 66.75%) are tested. It is found that the cell performance of the interdigitated flow channel with flow area ratio of 50.75﹪is better than that with 66.75﹪. This trend is opposite to the conclusion with conventional flow channel. This is due to that for the PEMFC with interdigitated flow channel, better chemical reaction is located at the area beneath the rib. Therefore, better performance is found for the fuel cells with interdigiated flow channel of 50.75% flow area ratio.
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Wu, Guang-Ming, and 吳光明. "Effects of operating parameters on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with interdigitated flow channel." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05498688093672252927.
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碩士<br>華梵大學<br>機電工程研究所<br>92<br>This thesis focused at the performance test of a single PEM fuel cell (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC). The main purpose is to examine experimentally the operating conditions on the performance of the PEMFC with interdigiated flow channel design. Two kinds of the interdigiated flow channels are employed. One is called interdigiated flow channel A with baffle being located at the end of channel. While, the another is called interdigated flow channel B with baffle being located at the middle of the channel. The operating conditions include the torque, flow rate, inlet fuel temperature, cell temperature and different kinds of oxidizer. The results are helpful to understand deeply about the main influences of interdigitated flow channel on the performance of PEMFCs. Besides, it grasps the merits and demerits of testing amount as the reference of future new design flow channel.
The research finds the merits of PEMFC. It can start fast under low temperature with the characteristics of no pollution , low noise , easy design and portable. The experimental results show that the cell performance increases with the increase in the torque. The best cell performance occurs under at optimal torque to make the low the contact resistance between collect electron plate and MEA, which in turns, results in high output of current density.
It indeed improves the cell performance by increasing the flow rate and the temperature of the fuel gas. Meanwhile, concerning the test of fuel cell temperature, the best cell performance is found at 40℃cell temperature for interdigitated flow channel B. In addition, the cell performance is better for the test with oxygen as oxidizer than air. The power output of fuel cell with oxygen as oxidizer is 1.36 times of that with air as oxidizer.
Once again taking the example of interdigitated flow channel B, it is found from the experimental results that the power output decreases from 56.2W to 50.9W when the flow rate at anode side decreases from 1500cc/min to 1000cc/min. It indicates that the flow are at anode side has a prominent effects on the cell performance. Finally, it conduces that the better cell performance is noted for the PEMFC with interdigitated flow channel A.
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Tzu-YiHo and 何姿儀. "Study on effect of cuboid rows installed in interdigitated flow channel on performance enhancement of high-temperature PEM fuel cells." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wpek9b.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Interdigitated Flow Channel"
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Singh, Gurwinder, Amandeep Singh Oberoi, Harmesh K. Kansal, and Amrinder Pal Singh. "Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Within a Modified Reversible PEM Fuel Cell and Its Performance Analysis with Interdigitated and Spiral Micro Flow Channels." In Green Energy and Technology. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2279-6_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Interdigitated Flow Channel"
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Tsushima, Shohji, Sho Sasaki, Takahiro Suzuki, Phengxay Deevanhxay, and Shuichiro Hirai. "Performance Improvement in Redox Flow Battery With Flow-Through Channel Geometry." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2013-73209.
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Redox Flow battery attracts much attention as one of the efficient rechargeable batteries because of its versatility for small and large scale energy storage. Although this battery has great potentials, further improvement on cell performance to achieve high current density is necessary for industrial implementation. In this study, we applied flow-through (interdigitated) channel geometry to a redox flow battery for enhancement of electrode utilization by advection transport. As a result, it is confirmed that the redox flow battery showed better performance by using interdigitated channels than ones with serpentine channels.
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Shiu, H. R., C. T. Chang, Y. Y. Yan, and Falin Chen. "The Performance of Large-Scale PEM Fuel Cell With Interdigitated Flow Channels." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97193.
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A large-scale polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with novel interdigitated (or discontinuous) flow channel has been investigated experimentally. Interdigitated channel geometry has the advantages of effective water removal and higher reaction efficiency through forcing gas transport in the diffusion layer. In this study, multiple-Z type flow pattern has been adopted on the interdigitated channels. The active area of flow channel plate is 256 cm2 (16 cm × 16 cm). The channel width and depth are 1 mm and 0.8 mm respectively. The rib width is 1 mm. The performance of single PEM fuel cell with an interdigitated flow field is studied with appropriated operating conditions. The results demonstrated that the multiple-Z interdigitated flow channel has better performance compared with the conventional Z type by presented in the form of Current-Voltage (I-V) polarization curves. The pressure drop loss of multiple-Z interdigitated flow field increases about one time with the conventional one. The experimental results under the effects of gas humidification temperature and reactant gas flow rate, etc. have been comprehensively discussed in this work.
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Karthikeyan, P., H. Calvin Li, G. Lipscomb, S. Neelakrishnan, J. G. Abby, and R. Anand. "Experimental Investigation of the Water Impact on Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) With Porous and Non-Porous Flow Channels." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85865.
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The most critical aspect of fuel cell water management is the delicate balance of membrane hydration and avoiding cathode flooding. Liquid water accumulation in the interfacial contact area between the flow channel landing and gas diffusion layer (GDL) can dramatically impact steady and transient performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this concern, a porous landing could facilitate water removal in the cathode flow channel and significantly improve PEMFCs performance. In this work, an attempt has been made to fabricate the porous interdigitated cathode flow channels from a porous carbon sheet. Performance measurements have been made with nominally identical PEMFCs using non-porous (serpentine and interdigitated) and porous (interdigitated) cathode flow channels. PEMFCs with porous interdigitated flow channels had 48% greater power output than PEMFCs with non-porous interdigitated flow channels at high current densities. For the non-porous interdigitated flow channel, significant performance loss appears to arise from greatly reduced oxygen transport rates when the water generation rate exceeds the water removal rate, however for the porous interdigitated flow channel, the design removes the accumulated liquid water from the landing area through the capillarity of its porous structure and eliminates the stagnant regions under the landing, thereby reducing liquid flooding in the interface between landing and GDL area.
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Hasan, A. B. Mahmud, S. M. Guo, and S. V. Ekkad. "The Effects of Feeding Configurations to Water Flooding and General Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81268.
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The performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) using different feeding configurations has been studied. Three bipolar plates, namely serpentine, straight channel and interdigitated designs, were arranged in different combinations for the PEMFC anode and cathode sides. Nine combinations in total were tested under different flow rates, working temperatures and loadings. The cell voltage versus current density and the cell power density versus current density curves were obtained. After operating the PEMFC under high current densities, the cell was split and the water flooding in the feeding channels was visually inspected. Experimental results showed that for different feeding configurations, interdigitated bipolar plate in anode side and serpentine bipolar plate in cathode side had the best performance in terms of cell voltage-current density curve, power density output rate, percentage of flooded area in the feeding channels, the pattern of flooding and the fuel utilization rate.
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Camburn, Bradley, Kristin Wood, Richard Crawford, and Dan Jensen. "Novel Geometrical Approach to Designing Flow Channels." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71448.
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Many natural systems that transport heat, energy or fluid from a distributed volume to a single flow channel exhibit an analogous appearance to trees (examples include bronchial tubes, watersheds, lightening, and blood vessels). Several authors have proceeded with analytical methods to develop fractal or pseudo-fractal designs analogous to these natural instances. This implicates an implicit belief in some designers that there is an optimal attribute to this ‘tree-like’ appearance. A novel explanation for the appearance of these systems is presented in this paper. Natural systems follow the path of least resistance; or in other words, minimize transport effort. Effort is required to overcome all forms of friction (an unavoidable consequence of motion). Therefore effort minimization is analogous to transport distance (path length) minimization. Effort due to friction will be integrated over the total transport distance. Leveraging this observation a simple, geometric explanation for the emergent ‘tree-like’ architecture of many natural systems is now achievable. Note that this ‘tree’ effect occurs when most of the flow volume exhibits diffusion, with a small percentage of interdigitated high flow velocity channels. One notable application of our novel method, path length analysis, is the automated creation of cooling channel networks for heat generating micro-chips. As a demonstration, this path length analysis method was used to develop a significantly more efficient channel configuration (by 14%) than the state of the art for conductive microchip cooling. An extensive array of finite element models confirms the performance of this novel configuration.
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Ma, Hsiao-Kang, Jyun-Sheng Wang, Shih-Han Huang, Yu-Jen Huang, and Yao-Zong Kuo. "Numerical Study of Different Anode and Cathode Channel Design on the Performance of Piezoelectric Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PZT-PEMFCs)." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85086.
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Previous studies [18, 19] have indicated that a novel ribbed PZT-PEMFC design has been developed, and that a three-dimensional, transitional model has been successfully built to study its major characteristics and fuel cell performance. A ribbed cathode channel can reduce internal resistance and double current density. At a higher PZT vibration frequency (f = 64 Hz), an air-breathing PZT-PEMFCs device compresses more oxygen into the catalyst layer and thus enhances the electrochemical reaction, resulting in a higher current output. On the other hand, the accumulated water vapor may be pumped out from the cathode channel during the compression process. Previous studies [11, 12] also demonstrated that serpentine and interdigitated flow fields could induce better performance than other flow fields in traditional PEMFCs, such as parallel and pin-type. In this study, the 3-D theoretical model of PZT-PEMFCs has been successfully developed in order to investigate the effects of anode and cathode channel designs on the performance of PZT-PEMFCs. Different cathode open area ratios, which are 80.5%, 63.2%, 47.9%, and 34.7%, were chosen for consideration of current density, PZT vibration frequency, and species concentrations. The results show that the cathode open area ratio of 47.9% is a better choice than 80.5%, 63.2%, or 34.7%. The results also establish that a lower vibration frequency may draw less air into the cathode channel, cause water vapor accumulation in the space of the electrochemical reaction area, and ultimately cause a drop in current over time. On the other hand, the designs of the anode flow field are found to have a big influence on the current density and water vapor profiles. The simulation results prove that the interdigitated flow field in the anode side, which is different from the traditional PEMFCs, performs much better than the serpentine and parallel flow fields.
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Aiemsathit, Poramet, Pengfei Sun, Mehrzad Alizadeh, et al. "Optimal Porous Electrode Structures in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." In 2024 Small Powertrains and Energy Systems Technology Conference. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2024-32-0085.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">To address the pressing issue of electrical fluctuations from renewable energy technologies, an energy storage system (ESS) is proposed. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is gaining significant attention due to its extended lifespan, durability, thermal safety, and independent power capacity, despite its high cost. Key components of the VRFB include a membrane, carbon electrode, bipolar plate, gasket, current collector, electrolyte, and pump. Among these, the carbon electrode and bipolar plate are the most expensive. Reducing capital costs in VRFB systems is crucial for advancing clean energy solutions. Conventional flow field designs like interdigitated flow field (IFF), serpentine flow field (SFF), and parallel flow field (PFF) are used to feed the electrolyte into the VRFB cell, necessitating thicker bipolar plates to avoid cracking during the machining process. This study focuses on optimizing the flow-through (FT) design, which eliminates the need for machining on bipolar plates, thus allowing for thinner bipolar plates. By enhancing cell performance through the design of porous electrode structures when operating at 5% depth of discharge (DoD), this study utilizes topology optimization, rather than conventional trial-and-error methods, to search for optimal porous electrode structures. The results revealed that an interdigitated-type flow channel design are created within the porous electrodes with different structures on both the positive and negative sides to achieve higher overall cell performance. The limiting current was found to be approximately 0.08, 0.13, and 0.41 A/cm<sup>2</sup> for the cases of homogeneous electrodes in FT, IFF, and optimized flow-through (OFT), respectively. The peak power density significantly improved by 284% and 155% compared with homogeneous porous electrodes in FT and IFF, respectively.</div></div>
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Loire, Sophie, and Igor Mezic. "Joint Use of Traveling Wave Dielectrophoresis and AC-Electroosmosis for Particle Manipulation." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10927.
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Joint effect of traveling wave dielectrophoresis and AC electroosmotic fluid flow is used to sort bacteria from other particles and increase the bacteria output concentration in a microfluidic device. The device consists of a thin and long rectangular channel with two interdigitated electrode arrays, one at the bottom and one at the top of the channel, that are used to generate a nonuniform electric field. A four-phase signal at high frequency superposed on a low frequency signal is applied. At the end of the channel, the fluid is collected in two outputs: the bacteria are collected on one side and fluid without bacteria is collected on the other side. We have previously demonstrated a method to optimize cell separation using multiple frequency dielectrophoresis. The device presented here illustrates a novel use of multiple frequencies that permits the combined use of traveling wave dielectrophoresis and AC electroosmotic fluid flow.
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Park, Jae Wan, Kui Jiao, and Xianguo Li. "A Study on Liquid Water Removal From Gas Diffusion Layer by Pressure Gradient." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85228.
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Water removal from the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is crucial for the stable and efficient operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The static pressure gradient induced by reactant flow in the flow channel is one of the main driving potential for the liquid water to be drawn from the GDL. In the PEM fuel cells with interdigitated and serpentine flow channels, considerable amount of reactant flows through the GDL due to the pressure gradient between adjacent flow channels. Such pressure gradient and resultant cross flow may also play an important role for the water removal from GDL during operation. In this work, liquid water transport in the GDL is studied numerically to investigate the effect of pressure gradient and the surface hydrophobicity on the water removal from the GDL. The fibrous porous structure of carbon paper is modeled by distributing impermeable cylinders in random directions. Unsteady two phase simulation has been performed utilizing a commercial software FLUENT based on the volume of fluid (VOF) scheme to determine the phase boundary. The permeability of the numerical medium is compared with the experimental measurements in literature resulting in a good agreement. It is shown that the surface hydrophobicity of the fiber is a dominant parameter to initiate the water transport in the GDL for the pressure gradient in typical operating conditions. Cross flow occurring in the serpentine flow channels may be effective to get rid of the liquid water in the gas diffusion layer. Present work may provide useful data to design and optimize the important properties of gas diffusion layer such as permeability and surface hydrophobicity.
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Alazzam, Anas, Ion Stiharu, and Saud Khashan. "Continuous Separation of Cancer Cells From Blood in a Microfluidic Channel Using Dielectrophoresis." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37438.
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Currently, there is enormous interest in developing microfluidic lab-on-a chip devices for biological and clinical purposes. In this work, a method for continuous separation of cancer cells from diluted blood in a microfluidic device using dielectrophoresis is described. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells have been separated from normal blood cells with high level of accuracy that could enabled precise counting of the cancer cells in samples. The cancer cells were separated from the mixture of cells to a different daughter channel using two pairs of interdigitated comb-like electrode deposited in the microchannel. All experiments were performed with sucrose/dextrose conductivity adjusted medium. The AC signals used in the separation of cancer cells from the mixture are 20 V peak-to-peak with frequencies in range of 10–60 kHz. The separation is a result of balancing of magnitude of the dielectrophoretic force and hydrodynamic force on cells. The difference in response in response between cancer malignant cells and normal cells at a certain band of alternating current frequencies was used for rapid separation of cancer cells from blood. The significance of these experimental results are discussed, with detailed reporting on the preparation of cells and medium, flow condition and the fabrication process of the microfluidic separation microdevice. The present technique could potentially be applied to identify incident cancer at a stage and size that is not yet detectable by standard diagnostic techniques for detecting of cancer recurrences.