Journal articles: 'Interdigitated Flow Channel'

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Wu, Junxiao, and Qingyun Liu. "Simulation-Aided PEM Fuel Cell Design and Performance Evaluation." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2004): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1840819.

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A multi-resolution fuel cell simulation strategy has been employed to simulate and evaluate the design and performance of hydrogen PEM fuel cells with different flow channels. A full 3D model is employed for the gas diffusion layer and a 1D+2D model is applied to the catalyst layer. Further, a quasi-1D method is used to model the flow channels. The cathode half-cell simulation was performed for three types of flow channels: serpentine, parallel, and interdigitated. Simulations utilized the same overall operating conditions. Comparisons of results indicate that the interdigitated flow channel is the optimal design under the specified operating conditions.

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Xu, Yu, Anton Kukolin, Daifen Chen, and Wei Yang. "Multiphysics Field Distribution Characteristics within the One-Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with Typical Interdigitated Flow Channels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (2019): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061190.

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Generally, the manufacturing technology of fuel cell units is considered to satisfy the current commercialization requirements. However, achieving a high-performance and durable stack design is still an obstacle in its commercialization. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is considered to have performance characteristics that are distinct from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Within the SOFC stack, vapor is produced on the anode side instead of the cathode side and high flow resistance within the fuel flow path is recommended. In this paper, a 3D multiphysics model for a one-cell SOFC stack with the interdigitated channels for fuel flow path and conventional paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path is firstly developed to predict the multiphysics distribution details. The model consists of all the stack components and couples well the momentum, species, and energy conservation and the quasi-electrochemical equations. Through the developed model, we can get the working details within those SOFC stacks with the above interdigitated flow channel features, such as the fuel and air flow feeding qualities over the electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen concentration distributions within the porous electrodes, temperature gradient distribution characteristics, and so on. The simulated result shows that the multiphysics field distribution characteristics within the SOFC and PEMFC stacks with interdigitated flow channels feature could be very different. The SOFC stack using the paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path and adopting the interdigitated flow channels for the fuel flow path can be expected to have good collaborative performances in the multiphysics field. This design would have good potential application after being experimentally confirmed.

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Inoue, Tatsuya, Daiki Sakai, Kazuyuki Hirota, et al. "Study on Performance Stability Improvement of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Interdigitated Gas Flow Channels on a Gas Diffusion Layer." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 46 (2024): 3207. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02463207mtgabs.

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Recently, a new concept was developed for the design of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, combined a flat separator and a porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) with interdigitated gas-flow channels.1 This new design cell has demonstrated higher performances than that of a conventional cell combined a solid separator with serpentine flow-channels and a flat GDL.2 Conventional interdigitated flow-channel designs, which consist of a solid separator with interdigitated gas-flow channels and a flat GDL, have been known for their higher efficiency of the oxygen supply to the catalyst layer, in comparison with serpentine or parallel flow-channels in combination with a flat GDL, because of the forced convection of the supplied gas in the GDL. However, conventional interdigitated flow-channels have faced two issues associated with low performance: one occurs under high-humidity conditions because of nonuniform gas flow due to accumulated water in the GDL; the other is caused by forced water discharge from the GDL under low-humidity conditions. In this study, to investigate the possibility of the new cell design to overcome such performance issues of conventional interdigitated cells, both conventional and new cell designs were tested with single cells of 1 cm2 active area, and the performances were compared at high and low humidity with various conditions of gas supply. From these results, we have found that the new design of the GDL with interdigitated channels has a clear advantage over that of the conventional separator with interdigitated channels, being able to maintain higher performance under conditions of both water excess and water shortage.3 To reveal the mechanism of the improvement in the cell performance, the temperature and gas flow distributions in the GDL of the new and the conventional interdigitated cells were calculated by numerical simulation, and the water distribution was visualized by X-ray imaging.4 From comparisons of these experimental and numerical results in the two cells, the porous ribs in the newly designed cell were found to play several important roles, as follows: under conditions of excess water, the porous ribs with relatively low thermal conductivity help to alleviate water accumulation in the GDL by acting as a reservoir for excess water and also by increasing the temperature in the GDL adjacent to the catalyst layer; and, under conditions of water shortage, the porous ribs help to alleviate the dry-out of the GDL by withdrawing water from the reservoir shortly and also by decreasing the rate of gas flow forced through the GDL because the porous ribs act as the short-cut pathway for the gas flow. Based on these mechanistic and performance analyses, it is becoming clearer that the new cell design, with interdigitated flow-channels and porous ribs, has the potential to overcome the performance issues of conventional interdigitated cells. Acknowledgement This work was partially based on results obtained from project JPNP20003, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). References Watanabe et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, F3210 (2019). Nasu et al., J. Power Sources, 530, 231251 (2022). Inoue et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 114504 (2022). Inoue et al., J. Power Sources, 585, 233623 (2023). Figure 1

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García-Salaberri, Pablo A., Tugba Ceren Gokoglan, Santiago E. Ibáñez, Ertan Agar, and Marcos Vera. "Modeling the Effect of Channel Tapering on the Pressure Drop and Flow Distribution Characteristics of Interdigitated Flow Fields in Redox Flow Batteries." Processes 8, no. 7 (2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070775.

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Optimization of flow fields in redox flow batteries can increase performance and efficiency, while reducing cost. Therefore, there is a need to establish a fundamental understanding on the connection between flow fields, electrolyte flow management and electrode properties. In this work, the flow distribution and pressure drop characteristics of interdigitated flow fields with constant and tapered cross-sections are examined numerically and experimentally. Two simplified 2D along-the-channel models are used: (1) a CFD model, which includes the channels and the porous electrode, with Darcy’s viscous resistance as a momentum sink term in the latter; and (2) a semi-analytical model, which uses Darcy’s law to describe the 2D flow in the electrode and lubrication theory to describe the 1D Poiseuille flow in the channels, with the 2D and 1D sub-models coupled at the channel/electrode interfaces. The predictions of the models are compared between them and with experimental data. The results show that the most influential parameter is γ , defined as the ratio between the pressure drop along the channel due to viscous stresses and the pressure drop across the electrode due to Darcy’s viscous resistance. The effect of R e in the channel depends on the order of magnitude of γ , being negligible in conventional cells with slender channels that use electrodes with permeabilities in the order of 10 − 12 m 2 and that are operated with moderate flow rates. Under these conditions, tapered channels can enhance mass transport and facilitate the removal of bubbles (from secondary reactions) because of the higher velocities achieved in the channel, while being pumping losses similar to those of constant cross-section flow fields. This agrees with experimental data measured in a single cell operated with aqueous vanadium-based electrolytes.

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Muñoz Perales, Vanesa, Santiago Enrique Ibanez, Marcos Vera, and Antoni Forner-Cuenca. "Understanding the Interaction between Flow Field Geometries and Porous Electrode Microstructures in Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (2022): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482024mtgabs.

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Redox flow batteries are a promising technological option to integrate the growing supply of renewable energies into the electricity grid, however their deployment is hampered by high costs. To increase cost competitiveness, research efforts have targeted design of new electrolytes, high performance materials, and alternative electrochemical reactor concepts [1]. One powerful strategy is to increase the overall efficiency of the electrochemical stack, which can be achieved by improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the pumping power requirements. Selecting and optimizing the flow field design and electrode microstructure is crucial to accomplish an optimum trade-off. Drawing inspiration from polymer electrolyte fuel cells, current flow battery technologies leverage flow-through, interdigitated and serpentine flow field designs [2]. However, while functional, these designs have not been tailored for the specific requirements of redox flow batteries where single-phase reactive flows are sustained. Recent studies have investigated the influence of the channels and ribs dimensions [3], branched channel geometries [4], as well as the electrode microstructure on the reactor performance [5]. However, the interaction between the flow field geometries and the electrode microstructure determines the accessible surface area, mass transfer phenomena, and pressure drop; but remains poorly understood. With this in mind, we are poised to answer the following scientific question: What is the optimal combination of flow field and electrodes in redox flow batteries? In this work, we evaluate the interaction between geometrically diverse flow field geometries and porous electrode microstructures. We study seven different flow field designs in combination with two commonly used fibrous electrode structures – a carbon paper and a cloth (Figure 1). Flow-through, serpentine, and multiple variations of interdigitated flow fields were designed and fabricated by graphite milling. We employ a suite of polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, capacitance, and pressure drop measurements to elucidate structure-property-performance relationships. We find that the interdigitated designs perform better with high density of channels (i.e. shorter rib-channel width), even though this leads to higher pressure losses. Interestingly, pressure drop measurements show a similar relative contribution of the flow field and the electrode to the pumping losses, which motivates engineering of flow field geometries and electrode structures in tandem. Mass transfer overpotentials and pressure losses in cloth electrodes are reduced when using flow field geometries that force electrolyte flow into an in-plane direction in the electrode (i.e. parallel to the membrane plane), such as flow-through and interdigitated designs with wider ribs between channels. On the contrary, carbon paper electrodes perform better with interdigitated designs that force electrolyte flow into the through-plane direction (i.e. perpendicular to the membrane plane). Based on these findings, we have undertaken the engineering of innovative flow fields designs by combining interdigitated and branched patterns using 3D-printing, obtaining promising results that will be discussed in the final part of my talk. Figure 1. Polarization results for the combination of cloth and paper electrodes with three different flow field designs, at 5 cm·s-1 in the electrode. References Sánchez-Díez, E. Ventosa, M. Guarnieri, A. Trovò, C. Flox, R. Marcilla, F. Soavi, P. Mazur, E. Aranzabe, R. Ferret, Journal of Power Sources, 481, 228804 (2021). D.Milshtein, K.M.Tenny, J.L.Barton, J.Drake, R.M.Darling and F.R.Brushett, J. Electrohcem. Soc., 164, E3265-E3275 (2017). R.Gerhardt, A.A. Wong, M.J. Aziz, J. Electrohcem. Soc., 165, A2625-A2643 (2018). Zeng, F. Li, F. Lu, X. Zhou, Y. Yuan, X. Cao, B. Xiang, Applied Energy, 238, 435-441 (2019). Forner-Cuenca, E.E. Penn, A.M. Oliveira, F.R.Brushett, J. Electrohcem. Soc., 166, A2230-A2241 (2019). Acknowledgments This work has been partially funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-106740RB-I00 and RTC-2017-5955-3/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). Figure 1

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Lee, Pil-Hyong, Son-Ah Cho, Seong-Hun Choi, and Sang-Soon Hwang. "Numerical Analysis on Performance Characteristics of PEMFC with Parallel and Interdigitated Flow Channel." Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society 9, no. 4 (2006): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5229/jkes.2006.9.4.170.

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Cooper, Nathanial J., Travis Smith, Anthony D. Santamaria, and Jae Wan Park. "Experimental optimization of parallel and interdigitated PEMFC flow-field channel geometry." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 2 (2016): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.153.

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8

Anderson, James L., Tse Y. Ou, and Serban Moldoveanu. "Hydrodynamic voltammetry at an interdigitated electrode array in a flow channel." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 196, no. 2 (1985): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(85)80023-1.

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Ou, Tse-Yuan, Serban Moldoveanu, and James L. Anderson. "Hydrodynamic voltammetry at an interdigitated electrode array in a flow channel." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 247, no. 1-2 (1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(88)80126-8.

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10

Gerhardt, Michael R., Andrew A. Wong, and Michael J. Aziz. "The Effect of Interdigitated Channel and Land Dimensions on Flow Cell Performance." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 11 (2018): A2625—A2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0471811jes.

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11

V., Lakshminarayanan, and Karthikeyan P. "Performance enhancement of interdigitated flow channel of PEMFC by scaling up study." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 42, no. 14 (2019): 1785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604889.

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12

Wenrui, Lv, Menglian Zheng, and Yansong Luo. "Laser Perforated Dual-Scale Porous Electrodes Considering the Interdigitated Flow Field for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 59 (2023): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02592880mtgabs.

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The conflict between the specific surface area and hydraulic permeability of carbon-based porous electrodes limits the further improvement of redox flow battery (RFB) system performance. Dual-scale electrode design is a feasible approach to overcome this contradiction. In this study, we prepared dual-scale electrodes by perforating graphite felts using an infrared laser. Based on the symmetry of the interdigitated flow field structure, we proposed three dual-scale structure designs with different combinations of large and small pores and tested their performance on a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) single cell. The results showed that the design with perforations under the center of the rib could increase the maximum power density by approximately 2.4 times compared to the original electrode. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of the large pores formed by laser perforation on the local electrolyte velocity, active species concentration, and reaction rate distribution, we proposed a pore-network model and investigated the influence of different combinations of large and small pores and different operating conditions on overall performance through numerical simulation. The results showed that the optimal combination of large and small pores is related to the flow rate and other operating conditions, and that setting large pores under the rib near the outlet channel is expected to provide more performance gains in VRFBs equipped with interdigitated flow fields under typical operating flow rates.

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Karthikeyan, P., and V. Lakshminarayanan. "Investigation of PEMFC performance with various configurations of serpentine and interdigitated flow channel." Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal 19, no. 5 (2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pcfd.2019.10022962.

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Lakshminarayanan, V., and P. Karthikeyan. "Investigation of PEMFC performance with various configurations of serpentine and interdigitated flow channel." Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal 19, no. 5 (2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pcfd.2019.102039.

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Chakraborty, Suprava, Devaraj Elangovan, Karthikeyan Palaniswamy, et al. "A Review on the Numerical Studies on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Flow Channel Designs for Automotive Applications." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249520.

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Climate change and the major threat it poses to the environment and human lives is the major challenge the world faces today. To overcome this challenge, it is recommended that future automobiles have zero carbon exhaust emissions. Even though battery electric vehicles reduce carbon emissions relative to combustion engines, a carbon footprint still remains in the overall ecosystem unless the battery is powered by renewable energy sources. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an alternate source for automotive mobility which, similar to battery electric vehicles, has zero carbon emissions from its exhaust pipe. Moreover, the typical system level efficiency of a PEMFC is higher than an equivalent internal combustion powertrain. This review article covers the background history, working principles, challenges and applications of PEMFCs for automotive transportation and power generation in industries. Since the performance of a PEMFC is greatly influenced by the design of the anode and cathode flow channels, an in-depth review has been carried out on different types of flow channel designs. This review reveals the importance of flow channel design with respect to uniform gas (reactant) distribution, membrane proton conductivity, water flooding and thermal management. An exhaustive study has been carried out on different types of flow channels, such as parallel, serpentine, interdigitated and bio-inspired, with respect to their performance and applications.

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Aryal, Utsav Raj, Gaohua Zhu, and Debasish Banerjee. "Modeling and Simulation of a High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 25 (2023): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01251665mtgabs.

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High temperature (HT) (around 120-200°C) PEM FCs are predicted to be the next generation of PEMFCs particularly for hydrogen-powered automobiles and combined heat and power (CHP) systems because the water management can be simplified at such temperatures as only a single phase of water vapor needs to be considered. Additionally, the cooling system can be streamlined due to an increase in temperature gradient between the coolant and the FC stack. This will also allow easy recovery of waste heat that can be used as a practical heat source. Furthermore, the CO tolerance improves dramatically at high temperatures thereby allowing HT PEMFCs to utilize reformed and impure hydrogen. A single phase three-dimensional, steady-state, isothermal model for a single 5 HT PEM fuel cell with serpentine flow channels is implemented in COMSOL to investigate the effect of various operating conditions like temperature, back pressure and cathode flow rate and design parameters like catalyst layer loading, cathode GDL porosity, and flow field channels including parallel and interdigitated channels. Different performance indicators in terms of polarization curve, loss mechanisms, oxygen molar concentration, and anode and cathode pressure are represented for a complete overall analysis. In fact, the breakdown of different overpotential loss mechanism for HT PEMFC presented here is unique that not only quantifies these losses but also provides an accurate comparison with corresponding low temperature counterpart. The result from the computational model follows the experimental result very closely, thus, validating our model. The simulations stipulates that the performance of a HT PEMFC improves with increasing temperature, back pressure, and air flow rate. Increasing catalyst layer loading improves the performance up to a point after which it starts to drop at low voltages because of hindered gas diffusion. Similarly, a comparative study among different flow field channel is also presented indicating improved performance when going from parallel to interdigitated and serpentine channels. Furthermore, this study provides guidelines to optimize HT PEMFC performance through comprehensive parametric study.

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Wang, Yulin, Xiangling Liao, Guokun Liu, et al. "Review of Flow Field Designs for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 16, no. 10 (2023): 4207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104207.

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The performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) closely depends on internal reactant diffusion and liquid water removal. As one of the key components of PEMFCs, bipolar plates (BPs) provide paths for reactant diffusion and product transport. Therefore, to achieve high fuel cell performance, one key issue is designing BPs with a reasonable flow field. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various modifications of the conventional parallel flow field, interdigitated flow field, and serpentine flow field to improve fuel cells’ overall performance. The main focuses for modifications of conventional flow fields are flow field shape, length, aspect ratio, baffle, trap, auxiliary inlet, and channels, as well as channel numbers. These modifications can partly enhance reactant diffusion and product transport while maintaining an acceptable flow pressure drop. This review also covers the detailed structural description of the newly developed flow fields, including the 3D flow field, metal flow field, and bionic flow field. Moreover, the effects of these flow field designs on the internal physical quantity transport and distribution, as well as the fuel cells’ overall performance, are investigated. This review describes state-of-the-art flow field design, identifies the key research gaps, and provides references and guidance for the design of high-performance flow fields for PEMFCs in the future.

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Ishitobi, Hirokazu, Satoshi Sugawara, Kosuke Oba, and Nobuyoshi Nakagawa. "Increased Current Density of a Redox Flow Battery with a Carbon Paper Partially Modified by Porous Carbon Nanofibers." Advanced Engineering Forum 38 (November 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.38.31.

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One of the technical issues of vanadium redox flow batteries with a carbon paper electrode and interdigitated flow channel is the relatively low current density due to insufficient active material transport downstream in the electrode and low reaction interface area. In this study, we propose a new composite electrode structure, i.e., a porous carbon nanofiber layer that is partially added on the carbon paper. The current density of the composite electrode was higher than that of the unloaded carbon paper electrode due to the lower internal resistances of the battery. In addition, the discharge capacity and voltage efficiency during the charge-discharge operation were improved by the composite structure.

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19

Dr., V. Lakshminarayanan. "ENHANCEMENT THE PERFORMANCE OF 64cm2 INTERDIGITATED FLOW CHANNEL OF PEM FUEL CELL BY TAGUCHI METHOD." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 2 (2017): 11–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.834352.

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The Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is an electrochemical device and its performance depends on the design and operating parameters. In this paper, optimization of various operating and design parameters on interdigitated flow channel with64cm2active area of the PEM fuel cell was considered. The modeling of Three Dimensional (3-D) PEM fuel cell, Analysis and optimization by Taguchi method was done by Creo Parametric 2.0, CFD Fluent 14.5and Minitab 17 software respectively. Based on the optimization study, the R: C- 1:2hasproduced 0.169 W/cm2 of power density on PEM fuel cell performance and square of response factor (R2) was achieved by Taguchi method as 99.93%.

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TSUSHIMA, Shohji, Sho SASAKI, and Shuichiro HIRAI. "J061052 Numerical Simulation of Flow Fields and Reaction Distributions in a Redox Flow Battery with an Interdigitated Channel." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013 (2013): _J061052–1—_J061052–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2013._j061052-1.

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21

Wang, Xiao-Dong, Yuan-Yuan Duan, Wei-Mon Yan, and Xiao-Feng Peng. "Effects of flow channel geometry on cell performance for PEM fuel cells with parallel and interdigitated flow fields." Electrochimica Acta 53, no. 16 (2008): 5334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.095.

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Santamaria, Anthony D., Nathanial J. Cooper, Maxwell K. Becton, and Jae Wan Park. "Effect of channel length on interdigitated flow-field PEMFC performance: A computational and experimental study." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 36 (2013): 16253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.081.

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23

Berning, Torsten. "Design of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer." Hydrogen 6, no. 2 (2025): 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6020030.

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A novel design of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer is presented. In contrast to previous designs, the flow field plates are round and oriented horizontally with the feed water entering from a central hole and spreading evenly outward over the anode flow field in radial, interdigitated flow channels. The cathode flow field consists of a spiral channel with an outlet hole near the outside of the bipolar plate. This results in anode and cathode flow channels that run perpendicular to avoid shear stresses. The novel sealing concept requires only o-rings, which press against the electrolyte membrane and are countered by circular gaskets that are placed over the flow channels to prevent the membrane from penetrating the channels, which makes for a much more economical sealing concept compared to prior designs using custom-made gaskets. Hydrogen leaves the electrolyzer through a vertical outward pipe placed off-center on top of the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer stack is housed in a cylinder to capture the oxygen and water vapor, which is then guided into a heat exchanger section, located underneath the electrolyzer partition. The function of the heat exchanger is to preheat the incoming fresh water and condense the escape water, thus improving the efficiency. It also serves as internal phase separator in that a level sensor controls the water level and triggers a recirculation pump for the condensate, while the oxygen outlet is located above the water level and can be connected to a vacuum pump to allow for electrolyzer operation at sub-ambient pressure to further increase efficiency and/or reduce the iridium loading.

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Ali, Ehtesham, Jungmyung Kim, and Heesung Park. "Numerical analysis of modified channel widths of serpentine and interdigitated channels for the discharge performance of vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 53 (September 2022): 105099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105099.

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Varadha Rajan, Lakshminarayanan, Velmurugan Pavanan, and Karthikeyan Palaniswamy. "Interdigitated Flow Channel on a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Investigated Using the Response Surface Methodology." Transactions of FAMENA 43, no. 2 (2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21278/tof.43205.

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Chen, Shizhong, Zhongxian Xia, Xuyang Zhang, and Yuhou Wu. "Numerical studies of effect of interdigitated flow field outlet channel width on PEM fuel cell performance." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 1678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.392.

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Muñoz Perales, Vanesa, Maxime van der Heijden, Pablo A. Garcia-Salaberri, Marcos Vera, and Antoni Forner-Cuenca. "Engineering Lung-Inspired Flow Field Geometries for Redox Flow Batteries with Stereolithography 3D Printing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 3 (2023): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-013807mtgabs.

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Redox flow batteries are a promising electrochemical technology for low-cost, scalable and long-duration energy storage, but their energy market penetration is hampered by elevated costs1,2. One effective strategy is to increase the overall efficiency of the electrochemical stack. At the core of the electrochemical cells, the design of the flow fields—which distribute the electrolyte through the porous electrodes—determines, in combination with the electrode microstructure, the performance of the system3. To date, current designs are inspired on fuel cell technologies but have not been engineered for redox flow cells where single-phase reactive flows are sustained4. In this work, we tailor lung-inspired flow field geometries for carbon paper electrodes using stereolithography 3D printing5,6. We propose two new lung-inspired geometries—with two and three channel levels—and compare them to a baseline interdigitated flow field. A two-step process based on stereolithography 3D printing followed by the application of a conductive coating is used to manufacture these complex flow field geometries. We employ a suite of electrochemical (i.e., polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and fluid dynamic (pressure drop measurement) techniques together with numerical modelling to elucidate flow architecture-performance relationships. We find that lung-inspired structural patterns homogenize the electrolyte distribution into the electrode, accessing a larger electrode reaction area. These fractal geometries can outperform traditional interdigitated flow fields, providing a more favourable balance between low pressure drop and high electrochemical performance (Figure 1). In this talk, I aim to leverage lung-inspired flow field geometries as a promising prospect for engineering advanced flow cell architectures for emerging electrochemical devices. References 1 E. Sánchez-Díez, J. Power Sources, 2021, 23. 2 L. F. Arenas, C. Ponce de León and F. C. Walsh, J. Energy Storage, 2017, 11, 119–153. 3 R. M. Darling and M. L. Perry, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2014, 161, A1381–A1387. 4 C. R. Dennison, E. Agar, B. Akuzum and E. C. Kumbur, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2016, 163, A5163–A5169. 5 J. Marschewski, L. Brenner, N. Ebejer, P. Ruch, B. Michel and D. Poulikakos, Energy Env. Sci, 2017, 10, 780–787. 6 M. P. Browne, E. Redondo and M. Pumera, Chem. Rev., 2020, 120, 2783–2810. Figure 1

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Matbaechi Ettehad, Honeyeh, Rahul Kumar Yadav, Subhajit Guha, and Christian Wenger. "Towards CMOS Integrated Microfluidics Using Dielectrophoretic Immobilization." Biosensors 9, no. 2 (2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9020077.

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Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a nondestructive and noninvasive method which is favorable for point-of-care medical diagnostic tests. This technique exhibits prominent relevance in a wide range of medical applications wherein the miniaturized platform for manipulation (immobilization, separation or rotation), and detection of biological particles (cells or molecules) can be conducted. DEP can be performed using advanced planar technologies, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) through interdigitated capacitive biosensors. The dielectrophoretically immobilization of micron and submicron size particles using interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays is studied by finite element simulations. The CMOS compatible IDEs have been placed into the silicon microfluidic channel. A rigorous study of the DEP force actuation, the IDE’s geometrical structure, and the fluid dynamics are crucial for enabling the complete platform for CMOS integrated microfluidics and detection of micron and submicron-sized particle ranges. The design of the IDEs is performed by robust finite element analyses to avoid time-consuming and costly fabrication processes. To analyze the preliminary microfluidic test vehicle, simulations were first performed with non-biological particles. To produce DEP force, an AC field in the range of 1 to 5 V (peak-to-peak) is applied to the IDE. The impact of the effective external and internal properties, such as actuating DEP frequency and voltage, fluid flow velocity, and IDE’s geometrical parameters are investigated. The IDE based system will be used to immobilize and sense particles simultaneously while flowing through the microfluidic channel. The sensed particles will be detected using the capacitive sensing feature of the biosensor. The sensing and detecting of the particles are not in the scope of this paper and will be described in details elsewhere. However, to provide a complete overview of this system, the working principles of the sensor, the readout detection circuit, and the integration process of the silicon microfluidic channel are briefly discussed.

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Wu, Horng-Wen, Tzu-Yi Ho, and Yueh-Jung Han. "Parametric optimization of wall-mounted cuboid rows installed in interdigitated flow channel of HT-PEM fuel cells." Energy 216 (February 2021): 119261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119261.

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Li, Fenghao, Yuge Wei, Peng Tan, Yikai Zeng, and Yanping Yuan. "Numerical investigations of effects of the interdigitated channel spacing on overall performance of vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 32 (December 2020): 101781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101781.

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Zazueta-Gambino, Alvaro, Claudia Reyes-Betanzo, and José Herrera-Celis. "Design of a Biosensor Based on Interdigitated Microelectrodes with Detection Zone Controlled by an Integrated Microfluidic Channel." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, no. 2 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v15i2.167.

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The design and simulation of a biosensor based on interdigitated microelectrodes for bacteria detection is presented. The biosensor includes a microchannel to ensure the flow of the sample through the space between microelectrodes, where the surface is biofunctionalized with antibodies to capture the bacteria. The design was built on COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The effects of the microelectrode thickness and the channel depth on the biosensor sensitivity were studied by simulation. There is a specific microelectrode thickness at which the sensitivity is maximum for Escherichia coli. The microchannel depth affects the sensitivity of the device when it is below 10 μm, approximately. The sensitivity increases when the biosensor is made with low-permittivity materials. A maximum percentage change in capacitance of around 46% was obtained by covering the total sensing area with bacteria.

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Lee, Inae, Heejin So, Kacie K. H. Y. Ho, Yong Li, and Soojin Jun. "Flow-Based Dielectrophoretic Biosensor for Detection of Bacteriophage MS2 as a Foodborne Virus Surrogate." Biosensors 15, no. 6 (2025): 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15060353.

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Norovirus, a foodborne pathogen, causes a significant economic and health burden globally. Although detection methods exist, they are expensive and non-field deployable. A flow-based dielectrophoretic biosensor was designed for the detection of foodborne pathogenic viruses and was tested using bacteriophage MS2 as a norovirus surrogate. The flow-based MS2 sensor comprises a concentrator and a detector. The concentrator is an interdigitated electrode array designed to impart dielectrophoretic effects to manipulate viral particles toward the detector in a fluidic channel. The detector is made of a silver electrode conjugated with anti-MS2 IgG to allow for antibody–antigen biorecognition events and is supplied with the electrical current for the purpose of measurement. Serially diluted MS2 suspensions were continuously injected into the fluidic channel at 0.1 mL/min. A cyclic voltammogram indicated that current measurements from single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-coated electrodes increased compared to uncoated electrodes. Additionally, a drop in the current measurements after antibody immobilization and MS2 capture was observed with the developed electrodes. Antibody immobilization at the biorecognition site provided greater current changes with the antibody-MS2 complexes vs. the assays without antibodies. The electric field applied to the fluidic channel at 10 Vpp and 1 MHz contributed to an increase in current changes in response to MS2 bound on the detector and was dependent on the MS2 concentrations in the sample. The developed biosensor was able to detect MS2 with a sensitivity of 102 PFU/mL within 15 min. Overall, this work demonstrates a proof of concept for a rapid and field-deployable strategy to detect foodborne pathogens.

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Ishitobi, Hirokazu, Jin Saito, Satoshi Sugawara, Kosuke Oba, and Nobuyoshi Nakagawa. "Visualized cell characteristics by a two-dimensional model of vanadium redox flow battery with interdigitated channel and thin active electrode." Electrochimica Acta 313 (August 2019): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.055.

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Deng, Shipei, Mingsheng Hao, Rui Wang, Jie Zhang, Xuwei Zhang, and Yinshi Li. "Improving water retention and mass transport for low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells via a porous-channel interdigitated flow field." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 95 (December 2024): 874–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.301.

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Chadwick, Eric Alexander, Axel Briand, Tess Seip, Bruno Auvity, Aimy Bazylak, and Volker Paul Schulz. "Balancing Performance and Pressure Drop in Ni Foam Flow Fields Via Embedded Channel Design." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 44 (2024): 3086. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02443086mtgabs.

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To curb the effects of anthropogenic climate change, advancements in sustainable energy storage technologies are needed. Hydrogen storage has proven to be more reliable and scalable compared to other storage technologies due in large part to the high efficiencies and energy density of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells used to extract energy from hydrogen [1]. However, due to high material costs and performance limitations [2,3], commercial adaptation of PEM fuel cells has been relatively slow [4]. In particular, the flow fields in PEM fuel cells account for 70-90% of the weight and volume, and 18-28% of stack costs, making the optimization of flow field function and weight particularly desirable [5]. Porous metal foams have shown promise as a light-weight alternative to conventional flow fields that can achieve competitive performance to baffle and interdigitated designs, but often suffer from high pressure drops [6]. In this study, we demonstrate the capabilities of porous Ni foams with embedded channels as light-weight flow fields for improving fuel cell performance via enhanced reactant distributions and water management while also reducing the pressure drop. Fuel cell performance using gold coated Ni foams with and without embedded channels was compared to a baseline serpentine flow field. All flow field designs were evaluated at wet and dry RH conditions and at two different compression conditions. We reveal that thick Ni foam flow fields without channels improved performance notably compared to the baseline serpentine flow field due to enhancements in reactant delivery and water removal at both wet and dry RH conditions. Further, the use of embedded channels in both thick and thin foam improved performance at both RH conditions by providing larger pathways for water removal while retaining porous lands for efficient reactant delivery. Thick foams significantly reduced pressure drop and achieved lower variability over the course of the test while thin foams only slightly reduced pressure drop with high variability due to local water droplet buildup. The improved performance, reduced pressure drop, and inherent light-weight design of these foams can significantly reduce energy capacity and power density of next generation fuel cells. References: X. Luo, J. Wang, M. Dooner, and J. Clarke, Appl Energy, 137, 511–536 (2015). J. Wang, Appl Energy, 157, 640–663 (2015). M. Pan, X. Meng, C. Li, J. Liao, and C. Pan, Int J Green Energy, 17, 603–616 (2020). D. A. Cullen et al., Nat Energy, 6, 462–474 (2021). Y. Wang, D. F. Ruiz Diaz, K. S. Chen, Z. Wang, and X. C. Adroher, Materials Today, 32, 178–203 (2020). W. Yuan, Y. Tang, X. Yang, and Z. Wan, Appl Energy, 94, 309–329 (2012).

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Clark, Morgan J., Jan S. Borchers, Savanah B. Van Scoy, and Robbyn Kimberly Anand. "Array of Interdigitated Bipolar Electrodes for the Selective Capture and Analysis of Melanoma Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (2022): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532225mtgabs.

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In this work, we develop an array of biosensors for the selective dielectrophoretic capture and electrochemical detection of single to few melanoma cells. Each biosensor in the array consists of a gold thin film interdigitated bipolar electrode (IDBPE) patterned on a glass substrate. Microwells are patterned over the interdigitated end of each IDBPE to restrict the number of cells captured and to retain cells on the electrodes for subsequent analysis. An overlying microfluidic channel controls delivery of the cell sample to the microwells. Cells are attracted to the interdigitated electrode by a positive dielectrophoretic force, thereby pulling them into the microwells, where they remain trapped during the next step – introduction of reagents for electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eELISA). The dimensions of the wells, solution flow rate, and AC voltage applied all support the retention of the cells on the electrodes once they are captured. A bipolar electrode (BPE) is a conductor, which in the presence of an externally applied electric field, facilitates electrically coupled faradaic reactions at its opposing ends. In the context of analysis, a sensing reaction at one pole of the BPE is coupled to a reporting reaction, which produces a visual signal at the opposite pole. Because of their wireless operation, arrays of tens to thousands of BPEs can be operated in parallel with a single power supply – an advantageous feature for parallel analysis of few or single cells. However, traditional BPEs with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) as the reporting reaction do not provide sufficient sensitivity for biologically relevant detection limits, and therefore, require a means of signal amplification for such applications. To address this issue, we previously developed IDBPEs, which facilitate redox cycling by interdigitation of the sensing pole of each BPE of an array with a shared driving electrode, thereby yielding more intense ECL at the reporting pole.1 In the present study, the interdigitated end of the IDBPE is utilized for eELISA to quantify the expression of a cell surface antigen, melanoma cell adhesion marker (MCAM). Cells are labelled with biotinylated anti-human MCAM and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) conjugated streptavidin. Once cells are captured, the redox inactive substrate, para-aminophenyl phosphate (PAPP), is flowed through the microchannels and ALP catalyzes its conversion to the redox active species para-aminophenol (PAP). The amplified current obtained at each IDBPE by the redox cycling of PAP and its oxidized form, quinone imine (QI), is reported by an ECL reaction on its opposing pole. The ECL signal obtained at each IDBPE is correlated to the expression level of MCAM on the melanoma cells isolated in the corresponding well. This work is significant because it allows for the sensitive detection of melanoma cells in a device amenable to point-of-care application by combining selective enrichment of malignant cells by dielectrophoresis with the amplification and facile arraying afforded by IDBPEs. Borchers, J.S., Campbell, C.R., Van Scoy, S.B., Clark, M.J. and Anand, R.K. (2021), Redox Cycling at an Array of Interdigitated Bipolar Electrodes for Enhanced Sensitivity in Biosensing. ChemElectroChem. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100523

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Hakoda, Masaru, and Takashi Otaki. "Analytical Characteristic of Chromatography Device Using Dielectrophoresis Phenomenon." Key Engineering Materials 497 (December 2011): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.497.87.

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This paper reports the separation of cells using a dielectrophoretic (DEP) chromatography device. The device consists of a micro channel and an array of interdigitated microelectrodes on a glass substrate. The sample cells were fed pulse-wise into the carrier flow using a micro-injector. The cells in the sample received a non-uniform electric field made with an electrode array. The direction of DEP motion is towards the higher field when the cell is more polarizable than the medium (positive DEP), while the direction is towards the lower field when the cell is less polarizable than the medium (negative DEP). Therefore, the cell separation depends on the size and dielectric characteristic. The effects of carrier flow rate, frequency, applied voltage, and sweep frequency on the retention time of the sample in the device were examined. In this study, mouse-hybridoma 3-2H3 cells and yeast cells were used as the sample cell. The analytical characteristic of the DEP chromatography device was evaluated according to the difference of retention time by the electric field. As a result, the separation in the cells in the negative DEP using the DEP chromatography was found to be effective. In addition, the effect of the sweep frequency on the difference in the retention time of the mouse hybridoma 3-2H3 cells and the yeast cells was very large. Consequently, the effectiveness of the DEP chromatography device was proven.

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Feser, J. P., A. K. Prasad, and S. G. Advani. "Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements in a Model Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (2006): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2744053.

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Particle image velocimetry was used to measure 2D velocity fields in representative regions of interest within flow channels of interdigitated and single-serpentine proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell models. The model dimensions, gas diffusion layer (GDL) permeability, working fluid, and flow rates were selected to be geometrically and dynamically similar to the cathode-side airflow in a typical PEM fuel cell. The model was easily reconfigurable between parallel, single-serpentine, and interdigitated flow fields, and was constructed from transparent materials to enable optical imaging. Velocity maps were obtained of both the primary and secondary flow within the channels. Measurements of the secondary flows in interdigitated and single-serpentine flow fields indicate that significant portions of the flow travel between adjacent channels through the porous medium. Such convective bypass can enhance fuel cell performance by supplying fresh reactant to the lands regions and also by driving out product water from under the lands to the flow channels.

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Cecchetti, Marco, Mirko Messaggi, Andrea Casalegno, and Matteo Zago. "Design and Development of Flow Fields with Multiple Inlets or Outlets in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Batteries 10, no. 3 (2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030108.

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In vanadium redox flow batteries, the flow field geometry plays a dramatic role on the distribution of the electrolyte and its design results from the trade-off between high battery performance and low pressure drops. In the literature, it was demonstrated that electrolyte permeation through the porous electrode is mainly regulated by pressure difference between adjacent channels, leading to the presence of under-the-rib fluxes. With the support of a 3D computational fluid dynamic model, this work presents two novel flow field geometries that are designed to tune the direction of the pressure gradients between channels in order to promote the under-the-rib fluxes mechanism. The first geometry is named Two Outlets and exploits the splitting of the electrolyte flow into two adjacent interdigitated layouts with the aim to give to the pressure gradient a more transverse direction with respect to the channels, raising the intensity of under-the-rib fluxes and making their distribution more uniform throughout the electrode area. The second geometry is named Four Inlets and presents four inlets located at the corners of the distributor, with an interdigitated-like layout radially oriented from each inlet to one single central outlet, with the concept of reducing the heterogeneity of the flow velocity within the electrode. Subsequently, flow fields performance is verified experimentally adopting a segmented hardware in symmetric cell configuration with positive electrolyte, which permits the measurement of local current distribution and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Compared to a conventional interdigitated geometry, both the developed configurations permit a significant decrease in the pressure drops without any reduction in battery performance. In the Four Inlets flow field the pressure drop reduction is more evident (up to 50%) due to the lower electrolyte velocities in the feeding channels, while the Two Outlets configuration guarantees a more homogeneous current density distribution.

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Valentín Reyes, Jonathan, Maria Isabel Isabel Leon Sotelo, José L. Nava, Tzayam Perez, and Tatiana Romero. "Comparison of Serpentine and Interdigitated Monopolar Plates on the Performance of an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell By CFD." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (2022): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391405mtgabs.

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The continuous energy demand and the growing population have focussed the scientific research on developing alternative energy sources or green fuels. The anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) arises as an excellent alternative because of its low-cost electrocatalyst used at the cathode, energy production, and no pollutants emissions to the environment. Nowadays, several studies have been conducted to improve the performance of the AEMFC modifying membrane materials, types of gas diffusion layers (GDL), and catalysts, among other cell components. However, the design of the flow channels by changing plate topologies and materials is still under development. About flow channels topologies, conventional geometries array (pin, straight, parallel, and serpentine) flow fields lead the flow in the direction parallel to the electrode surface, and the reactive gas flow towards the catalyst layer (CL) mainly by molecular diffusion. On the other hand, interdigitated flow fields provide convection velocity normal to the CL and forced convection flow in GDL for better mass transfer. The interdigitated flow fields could prevent water flooding and improve high current density operations performance. These flow fields have been tested in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) with excellent results at low current densities. Nonetheless, there is an essential balance and management of water in an AEMFC. It presents simultaneous production and consumption of water in anode and cathode, respectively, where the production is twice the consumption. Poor water management could provoke anode flooding or membrane drying. These scenarios are undesirable due to mass transport limitations, membrane polymer degradation, and cathodic channels flow can be flooded. Therefore, an appropriate design of flow field that allows the correct water balance on AEMFC is needed for optimal performance. This research deals with the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) comparison of serpentine and interdigitated flow fields on the performance of an AEMFC. For the development of this model, the Navier-Stokes and Brinkmann equations were implemented for momentum transfer. In addition, the average mixture model represents the transport of chemical species, and the Butler-Volmer equation denotes the electrochemical reaction at the CL; water balance is analyzed at low and high current densities to evaluate the scenarios above mention. Preliminary results indicate that a serpentine design is functional at the anode due to the water management is favored. An interdigitated flow field is implemented at the cathode to improve the distribution of the reactants from channels until the CL.

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Ali, Abdul, and Venkatasailanathan Ramadesigan. "A Comparative Study of Electrode Parameters of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Improved Design and Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 59 (2023): 2882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02592882mtgabs.

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Large-scale energy storage has become an urgent priority to integrate variable renewable energy sources into the electricity grid. Redox flow batteries offer attractive energy storage platforms due to the ease of integration of renewable energy, higher round-trip efficiency, location flexibility, and scalability [1]. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have already received widespread attention due to their recent commercialization for large-scale storage applications [2]. The electrode plays a significant role in determining the performance of the VRFB, which is composed of a porous microstructure characterized by fiber diameter, porosity, specific surface area, and permeability. These properties control various parameters that affect the performance of the VRFB system, such as pressure differences between the inlet and outlet of the electrode, overpotentials, cell potential, and crossover from the membrane. Various studies have reported varying electrode porosity's influence on cell charge-discharge cycles of VRFB systems [3–5]. However, these studies lack a consistent link between porous electrode microstructures and cell performance. Hence, the interrelated nature of the individual parameters and accurately predicting their effect on cell performance pose a challenge in predicting cell performance. In this work, we present a comparative study of porous electrode parameters using a 2-dimensional physics-based model of a VRFB incorporating mass, momentum, charge transport, and kinetics. We have established a consistent relationship between electrode parameters and cell performance which is incorporated into the model to verify the dependency of overpotential, pressure difference, and crossover of ions on porosity and fiber diameter by utilizing a correlation for the surface area and permeability as a function of these parameters in the porous electrode. Pressure difference at the inlet and out of the electrode is one of the driving forces for the crossover of ions across one electrode to another, decreasing with the higher value of fibre diameters during the charging of the cell (as shown in Figure 1(a)). The effect of the operating parameter, flow rate, is negligible on the ion crossover. However, the crossover is impacted by the current, which further increases by increasing the current value, as shown in Figure 1(b). We also found that the system efficiency increases with an increase in the fibre diameter and reaches a maximum at the range of 40-70 µm, but voltage efficiency decreases with the higher value of fibre diameter, as shown in Figure 1(c). This study/analysis/work will include the impact on the crossover of vanadium ions by varying the electrode and operating parameters. The system's efficiency with and without considering the pumping energy will also be presented for various parameters. Our key findings provide important insight for optimizing VRFB design. Developing a 2D model that considers multiple key parameters enables a better understanding of the complex interactions between electrode microstructure and system performance. References: [1] S. Koohi-Fayegh, M.A. Rosen, A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments, J. Energy Storage. 27 (2020) 101047. [2] I. Iwakiri, T. Antunes, H. Almeida, J.P. Sousa, R.B. Figueira, A. Mendes, Redox flow batteries: Materials, design and prospects, Energies. 14 (2021). [3] K.W. Knehr, E. Agar, C.R. Dennison, A.R. Kalidindi, E.C. Kumbur, A Transient Vanadium Flow Battery Model Incorporating Vanadium Crossover and Water Transport through the Membrane, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (2012) A1446–A1459. [4] S.J. Yoon, S. Kim, D.K. Kim, Optimization of local porosity in the electrode as an advanced channel for all-vanadium redox flow battery, energy. 172 (2019) 26–35. [5] S. Tsushima, T. Suzuki, Modeling and Simulation of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Interdigitated Flow Field for Optimizing Electrode Architecture, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 020553. Figure 1

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Lin, Tiras Y., Sarah Baker, Eric B. Duoss, and Victor A. Beck. "Topology Optimization of Flow Fields for Porous Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011147mtgabs.

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Power-efficient energy storage is important for the successful integration of renewables into the electrical grid, and one promising storage device is the redox flow battery. In this presentation, we discuss the design of the flow field component of a redox flow battery using topology optimization. The flow field is a flow manifold that distributes and guides fluid with reactant both into and out of the reactive porous electrode. The popular two-dimensional interdigitated flow field, where a series of interlocking flow channels force fluid into the electrode, is a design that is commonly used in the lab, and we perform our optimization to improve upon this design. Specifically, we aim to minimize the electrical and flow pressure power losses, and we find that different operating conditions, i.e., flow rate and current density, lead to different optimal designs. We observe fully three-dimensional features in our optimized designs, where primary flow channels appear along with smaller branching channels that guide fluid to the electrode. This provides evidence that three-dimensional structures can provide improvement over conventional two-dimensional designs. While high power efficiency can certainly be attained using a traditional interdigitated flow field, the dimensions of the fluid channels and solid lands need to be carefully chosen for the desired operating conditions. In this presentation, we show that our method can computationally guide this design process. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL release number: LLNL-ABS-830167.

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Kee, Robert J., and Huayang Zhu. "Distribution of incompressible flow within interdigitated channels and porous electrodes." Journal of Power Sources 299 (December 2015): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.013.

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Shyam Prasad, K. B., S. Maharudrayya, and S. Jayanti. "Flow maldistribution in interdigitated channels used in PEM fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 159, no. 1 (2006): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.066.

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Yue, Meng, Jingwang Yan, Huamin Zhang, Qiong Zheng, and Xianfeng Li. "The crucial role of parallel and interdigitated flow channels in a trapezoid flow battery." Journal of Power Sources 512 (November 2021): 230497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230497.

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Nakajima, Hironori, Henrik Ekström, Asuka Shima, Yoshitsugu Sone, and Göran Lindbergh. "Water Transport Modeling in a Microporous Layer for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyzer Having a Gas-Liquid Separating Interdigitated Flow Field." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 38 (2023): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02381875mtgabs.

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A novel interdigitated flow field design for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers (proton exchange membrane water electrolysis cells), which has oxygen exhaust channels separated from pressurized liquid water feeding channels, has been developed for ground and space applications 1), 2). This structure separates oxygen and liquid water inside the anode of the cell. Thereby it dispenses with water circulators for bubble removal from the cell and external separators by natural or centrifugal buoyancy. We thus aim to develop a numerical model for further optimization of the cell design. Finite element modeling (COMSOL Multiphysics) of water transport is three-dimensionally conducted for the anode porous transport layer coated with a hydrophobic microporous layer (MPL) (SIGRACET 29BC, SGL Carbon Inc.) assembled with the interdigitated flow field. The MPL works to separate evolved oxygen gas exhausted in the through-plane direction and pressurized liquid water injected in the in-plane direction owing to the capillary pressure 2), 3). Prominent leakage of the liquid water to the oxygen channels has not been detected. Electrochemical kinetic parameters for the model are determined by electrochemical impedance spectra. Current-voltage measurement of the cell is also performed to validate the numerical modeling. We model the current densities and the current ratio between the reactant liquid water and water vapor at the interface between the MPL and catalyst layer (CL). The model involves fractional bubble coverage of the CL with produced oxygen gas and liquid water saturation in the MPL. The vapor evaporating from the liquid water in the MPL is assumed to be mixed with the evolved oxygen for diffusive water transport. The volumetric evaporation rate is assumed as a function of the liquid water saturation in the MPL. References 1) Y. SONE, O.S. HERNANDEZ-MENDOZA, A. SHIMA, M. SATO, H. NAKAJIMA, H. MATSUMOTO, Water Electrolysis by the Direct Water Supply to the Solid Polymer Electrolyte through the Interdigitated Structure of the Electrode, Electrochemistry. 89 (2021) 138–140. https://doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00145. 2) H. NAKAJIMA, V. VEDIYAPPAN, H. MATSUMOTO, M. SATO, O.S. MENDOZA-HERNANDEZ, A. SHIMA, Y. SONE, Water Transport Analysis in a Polymer Electrolyte Electrolysis Cell Comprised of Gas/Liquid Separating Interdigitated Flow Fields, Electrochemistry. 90 (2022) 017002. https://doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00097. 3) H. Nakajima, S. Iwasaki, T. Kitahara, Pore network modeling of a microporous layer for polymer electrolyte fuel cells under wet conditions, J. Power Sources. 560 (2023) 232677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232677. Acknowledgments This study is based on results obtained from a project, JPNP21014, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development (NEDO).

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Kubota, Shunji, Hironori Nakajima, Motohiko Sato, Asuka Shima, Masato Sakurai, and Yoshitsugu Sone. "Liquid Water Permeability in a Hydrophobic Microporous Layer for the Anode Interdigitated Flow Field of a Gas-Liquid Separating Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyzer." ECS Transactions 112, no. 4 (2023): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11204.0207ecst.

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A novel interdigitated flow field for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers composed of oxygen exhaust channels apart from liquid water feed channels has been developed for ground and space applications. This design can internally separate oxygen gas and liquid water between the flow channels, dispensing with water circulators for bubble removal and external separators with natural or centrifugal buoyancy. In this electrolyzer, pressurized liquid water is injected in the in-plane direction from the water channels to the catalyst layer through the hydrophobic microporous layer (MPL) of the anode porous transport layer. The produced oxygen gas is discharged in the through-plane direction of the MPL, taking advantage of the capillary pressure in the MPL. This study conducted liquid water permeability tests on the MPL with pressurized water. We find gradual permeability decreases with time for different liquid water pressures. The permeability will be a useful parameter for the optimal structural designs of this electrolyzer.

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Yan, Wei-Mon, Sheng-Chin Mei, Chyi-Yeou Soong, Zhong-Sheng Liu, and Datong Song. "Experimental study on the performance of PEM fuel cells with interdigitated flow channels." Journal of Power Sources 160, no. 1 (2006): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.063.

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Macdonald, Malcolm, and Robert M. Darling. "Comparing velocities and pressures in redox flow batteries with interdigitated and serpentine channels." AIChE Journal 65, no. 5 (2019): e16553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.16553.

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Corda, Giuseppe, Alessandro d’Adamo, and Matteo Riccardi. "Numerical comparison between conventional and interdigitated flow fields in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 07016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207016.

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Abstract:

The recent trend towards the decarbonization of the energy system has renewed the scientific community's interest in fuel cells. These devices have the potential to eliminate, or greatly reduce, the production of greenhouse gases. Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are among the most promising technologies in this regard, being suited for various applications in stationary power plants, vehicles, and portable power devices. The critical issues in PEMFC are the limitation of oxygen transport through the air cathode and water management at high current density operation, which could be largely limited by modifying the design of the reactant supplier channels. In this paper, a three-dimensional CFD approach is used to compare straight and interdigitated flow fields, focusing on the increased current density and improved water management in the diffusion and catalyst layers for the interdigitated design. The simulation results show that the fluid is forced to flow through the porous layers, promoting a convection-type transport, leading to better water removal from the porous layers as well as to increased transport rates of reactants/products to/from the catalyst layers. This leads to reduced concentration overpotentials, and it shows the potential of simulation-driven design for high energy density PEMFC systems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Interdigitated Flow Channel'

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