Academic literature on the topic 'Interface conductivity'

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Journal articles on the topic "Interface conductivity"

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Liu, Ying-Guang, Xin-Qiang Xue, Jin-Wen Zhang, and Guo-Liang Ren. "Thermal conductivity of materials based on interfacial atomic mixing." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 9 (2022): 093102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211451.

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The Si/Ge single interface and superlattice structure with atom mixing interfaces are constructed. The effects of interfacial atomic mixing on thermal conductivity of single interface and superlattice structures are studied by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The effects of the number of atomic mixing layers, temperature, total length of the system and period length on the thermal conductivity for different lattice structures are studied. The results show that the mixing of two and four layers of atoms can improve the thermal conductivity of Si/Ge lattice with single interface an
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Liang, J.-J., and P. W.-C. Kung. "Toward Rational Design of Fast Ion Conductors: Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Interfaces of Nanoscale Planar Heterostructures." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 7 (2002): 1686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0248.

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Increased ionic conductivity at nanoscale planar interfaces of the CaF2|BaF2 system was successfully modeled using molecular dynamics simulations. A criterion was established to construct simulation cells containing any arbitrarily lattice-mismatched interfaces while permitting periodic boundary condition. The relative (to the bulk) ionic conductivity increase at the 111 (CaF2)|111 (BaF2) interface was qualitatively reproduced. Higher conductivity, by a factor of 7.6, was predicted for the 001 (CaF2)|001 (BaF2) interface. A crystalline nanocomposite of the CaF2|BaF2 system, in which the [001]
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Cynthia J. Jameson, and Sohail Murad. "Interfacial Thermal Conductivity and Its Anisotropy." Processes 8, no. 1 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010027.

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There is a significant effort in miniaturizing nanodevices, such as semi-conductors, currently underway. However, a major challenge that is a significant bottleneck is dissipating heat generated in these energy-intensive nanodevices. In addition to being a serious operational concern (high temperatures can interfere with their efficient operation), it is a serious safety concern, as has been documented in recent reports of explosions resulting from many such overheated devices. A significant barrier to heat dissipation is the interfacial films present in these nanodevices. These interfacial fi
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Chen, G. "Size and Interface Effects on Thermal Conductivity of Superlattices and Periodic Thin-Film Structures." Journal of Heat Transfer 119, no. 2 (1997): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824212.

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Superlattices consisting of alternating layers of extremely thin films often demonstrate strong quantum size effects that have been utilized to improve conventional devices and develop new ones. The interfaces in these structures also affect their thermophysical properties through reflection and transmission of heat carriers. This work develops models on the effective thermal conductivity of periodic thin-film structures in the parallel direction based on the Boltzmann transport equation. Different interface conditions including specular, diffuse, and partially specular and partially diffuse i
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Zhang, Mei, and Peng Cheng Zhai. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites with Different Particle Geometries and Interfacial Thermal Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.269.

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A new micromechanical method, the weighted residual self-consistent method (WRSCM) is developed to study the effective thermal conductivity of two-phase composites with different particle geometries in the presence of a thermal barrier resistance at the interface between constituents. The imperfect interface involves the continuity of the normal flux but allow for a finite temperature differences across the interface. Within the framework of self-consistent scheme, the effective thermal conductivity of two-phase composite is obtained using numerical iterative method on the basis of a surface i
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Chen, T., C. H. Hsieh, and P. C. Chuang. "A Spherical Inclusion with Inhomogeneous Interface in Conduction." Journal of Mechanics 19, no. 1 (2003): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100004135.

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ABSTRACTA series solution is presented for a spherical inclusion embedded in an infinite matrix under a remotely applied uniform intensity. Particularly, the interface between the inclusion and the matrix is considered to be inhomegeneously bonded. We examine the axisymmetric case in which the interface parameter varies with the cone angle θ. Two kinds of imperfect interfaces are considered: an imperfect interface which models a thin interphase of low conductivity and an imperfect interface which models a thin interphase of high conductivity. We show that, by expanding the solutions of terms o
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Wan, Li-Kai, Yi-Xuan Xue, Jin-Wu Jiang, and Harold S. Park. "Machine learning accelerated search of the strongest graphene/h-BN interface with designed fracture properties." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 2 (2023): 024302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131576.

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Two-dimensional lateral heterostructures exhibit novel electronic and optical properties that are induced by their in-plane interface for which the mechanical properties of the interface are important for the stability of the lateral heterostructure. Therefore, we performed molecular dynamics simulations and developed a convolutional neural network-based machine learning model to study the fracture properties of the interface in a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride lateral heterostructure. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that the shape of the interface can cause an 80% difference in
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Yang, Hui, and Nianqiang Wu. "Engineering of Interfaces in Solid-State Composite Electrolytes of Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 2 (2025): 110. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-012110mtgabs.

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Interface instability and low ionic conductivity of solid-state electrolytes are critical issues, which hinder the commercialization of solid-state Li-ion batteries. Fundamental understanding of Li-ion transport mechanism is key to designing and tuning Li-ion conductivity and interface stability. Next, engineering interfaces inside the electrolyte and between the electrode and electrolytes have been proved to be effective to solve these problems. As a result, the energy capacity, Li-ion transference numbers and cycling performance of full cells have been improved significantly.
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Zhao, Xiang Fu, Ping Han, Shelley Scott, and Max G. Lagally. "Influence of Surface and Interface Properties on the Electrical Conductivity of Silicon Nanomembranes." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7220.

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Electrical conductivity of silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs) was measured by van der Pauw method under two surface modifications: hydrofluoric acid (HF) treatment and vacuum-hydrogenated(VH) treatment, which create hydrogen-terminated surface; and one interface modification: forming gas (5% H2 in N2) anneal, which causes hydrogen passivated interfaces. The results show that thinner SiNMs are more sensitive to the surface modifications, and HF treatment can cause larger drop of sheet resistance than that caused by VH treatment probably because of Fluorine (F). Forming gas anneal can also improve th
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Mohamed, Mazlan, Mohd Nazri Omar, Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Ishak, Rozyanty Rahman, Zaiazmin Y.N, and Zairi Ismael Rizman. "Thermal Properties of the Graphene Composites: Application of Thermal Interface Materials." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.33 (2018): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.33.28169.

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Epoxy mixed with others filler for thermal interface material (TIM) had been well conducted and developed. There are problem occurs when previous material were used as matrix material likes epoxy that has non-uniform thickness of thermal interface material produce, time taken for solidification and others. Thermal pad or thermal interface material using graphene as main material to overcome the existing problem and at the same time to increase thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance. Three types of composite graphene were used for thermal interface material in this research. The sa
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interface conductivity"

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Karayacoubian, Paul. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Fluidic Thermal Interface Materials." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2881.

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Thermally enhanced greases made of dispersions of small conductive particles suspended in fluidic polymers can offer significant advantages when used as a thermal interface material (TIM) in microelectronics cooling applications. A fundamental problem which remains to be addressed is how to predict the effective thermal conductivity of these materials, an important parameter in establishing the bulk resistance to heat flow through the TIM. <br /><br /> The following study presents the application of two simple theorems for establishing bounds on the effective thermal conductivity of suc
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Russell, Carissa Don. "INTERFACIAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY USING MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/30.

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Shrinking volume, coupled with higher performance, microprocessors and integrated circuits have led to serious heat dissipation issues. In an effort to mitigate the excessive amounts of waste heat and ensure electronic survivability, heat sinks and spreaders are incorporated into heat generating device structures. This inevitability creates a thermal pathway through an interface. Thermal interfaces can possess serious thermal resistances for heat conduction. The introduction of a thermal interface material (TIM) can drastically increase the thermal performance of the component. Exceptional the
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Dai, Weijing. "THERMAL CONDUCTION IN GRANULAR MEDIA: FROM INTERFACE, TOPOLOGY TO EFFECTIVE PROPERTY." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19838.

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Granular media are particulate substance featured by their unique discrete structure, which are commonly seen in daily life and extensively used in industry. Differently from those continuum materials whose properties are mostly defined by their chemical formulas and status, granular media further require clarification about the effects of their topology on their properties. Therefore, effective properties are used to emphasise this distinction in measuring and describing granular media. In this study, we focus on the effective thermal conductivity of generalised gas-filled granular media, whi
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Carvallo, Pecci Andrés Nicolás. "Modèle biophysique pour la mesure de la conductivité cérébrale et apport diagnostique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S039/document.

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Nous avons cherché à fournir une estimation précise de la conductivité électrique des tissus cérébraux humains en clinique, en utilisant une stimulation pulsée locale de faible intensité. Méthodes : À l'aide de l'approximation quasi-statique des équations de Maxwell, nous avons établi un modèle analytique du champ électrique généré par les électrodes intracérébrales stéréotaxiques-EEG (SEEG). Nous avons couplé ce modèle de champ électrique avec un modèle de l'interface électrode-électrolyte pour fournir une expression analytique explicite de la conductivité du tissu cérébral basée sur la répon
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Plattier-Boné, Julien. "Structuration des charges dans des mélanges de polymères immiscibles." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839195.

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Le but de la thèse est de comprendre les mécanismes de localisation de particules (on parle de charges) dans des mélanges de polymères immiscibles. Ces travaux montrent que la localisation des charges de noir de carbone dans un mélange polypropylène (PP)/ poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) est dominée par le rapport de viscosités et non par des paramètres thermodynamiques (liés au mouillage de la particule). La localisation des charges est expliquée par la compétition des forces de drainage visqueux s'exerçant sur les particules à l'interface. Le mécanisme de transfert des charges est mis en évidence p
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Raghavan, Vasudevan. "Effect of Interface, Density and Height of Carbon Nanotube Arrays on Their Thermal Conductivity: An Experimental Study." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1289236348.

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Mustapha, Lateef Abimbola, and Lateef Abimbola Mustapha. "Thermo-Mechanical Characterization and Interfacial Thermal Resistance Studies of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotube Thermal Interface Material - Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625379.

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Effective application of thermal interface materials (TIM) sandwiched between silicon and a heat spreader in a microelectronic package for improved heat dissipation is studied through thermal and mechanical characterization of high thermally conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) integrated into eutectic gallium indium liquid metal (LM) wetting matrix. Thermal conductivity data from Infrared microscopy tool reveals the dependence of experimental factors such as matrix types, TIM contacting interfaces, orientation of CNTs and wetting of CNTs in the matrix on the thermal behavior of TIM composite.
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Le, Poul Nicolas. "Charge transfer at the high-temperature superconductor/liquid electrolyte interface." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391279.

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Adhikari, Amit. "Polymer Matrix Composite: Thermally Conductive GreasesPreparation and Characterization." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1556282222035491.

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Vasquez, Cristal Jeanette. "Oxide-coated vertically aligned carbon nanotube forests as thermal interface materials." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52237.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) forests have outstanding thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, which have generated significant interest as thermal interface materials (TIMs). Some drawbacks to using CNTs as TIMs include poor substrate adhesion, high interface resistances inhibiting thermal transport, and lack of electrical insulation in electronic component applications. It is thus useful to be able to modify CNTs to reduce their electrical conductivity while maintaining high thermal conductivity and interface conductance, and high mechanical compliance. A recent report suggests that nanoscal
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Books on the topic "Interface conductivity"

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C, Gillies Daniel, Lehoczky S. L, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Fluctuations of thermal conductivity and morphological stability. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Hienonen, Risto. Reliability of materials for the thermal management of electronics. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2006.

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Goudie, Norman J. Estimation of interface thermal resistance and thermal conductivity using an inverse heat transfer procedure. 1995.

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Ando, K., and E. Saitoh. Incoherent spin current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0002.

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This chapter introduces the concept of incoherent spin current. A diffusive spin current can be driven by spatial inhomogeneous spin density. Such spin flow is formulated using the spin diffusion equation with spin-dependent electrochemical potential. The chapter also proposes a solution to the problem known as the conductivity mismatch problem of spin injection into a semiconductor. A way to overcome the problem is by using a ferromagnetic semiconductor as a spin source; another is to insert a spin-dependent interface resistance at a metal–semiconductor interface.
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Book chapters on the topic "Interface conductivity"

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Maillet, D., A. Degiovanni, and S. André. "Estimation of a Space-Varying Heat Transfer Coefficient or Interface Resistance by Inverse Conduction." In Thermal Conductivity 23. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003210719-10.

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Xiong, Liang Ming, and Masayuki Nogami. "Interface Influence on the Proton-Conductivity of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Membranes." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.623.

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Laugere, F., G. W. Lubking, J. Bastemeijer, and M. J. Vellekoop. "Dedicated Interface Electronics for Capacitively-Coupled Conductivity Detection in On-chip Capillary Electrophoresis." In Transducers ’01 Eurosensors XV. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59497-7_13.

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Liang, Hucheng, Boxue Du, Cheng Zhang, and Jin Li. "Electric Field Regulation Along Gas–Solid Interface in HVDC GIL with Nonlinear Conductivity Material." In Polymer Insulation Applied for HVDC Transmission. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_17.

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Liu, Xiaodong, and Enhao Zheng. "Gesture Recognition and Conductivity Reconstruction Parameters Analysis with an Electrical-Impedance-Tomography (EIT) Based Interface: Preliminary Results." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89098-8_3.

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Koch, Michael C., Misato Osugi, Kazunori Fujisawa, and Akira Murakami. "Application of an HMC Based Approximate Method for Combined Identification of Hydraulic Conductivity and Piping Region Interface." In Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64514-4_96.

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Dukhin, Stanislav S., Ralf Zimmermann, and Carsten Werner. "Surface Conductivity." In Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces and Biointerfaces. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118135440.ch7.

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Schenk, T., and R. Bracke. "Direct Sensing of Soil Conductivity and Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil by Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) System." In Field Screening Europe. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1473-5_35.

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Pennington, Gary, S. Potbhare, Neil Goldsman, D. B. Habersat, and Aivars J. Lelis. "Determination of the Temperature and Field Dependence of the Interface Conductivity Mobility in 4H-SiC/SiO2." In Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2005. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-425-1.1055.

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Bi, Songhu, Zhen Geng, Liming Jin, Mingzhe Xue, and Cunman Zhang. "Porous Heterogeneous Sulfide Nickel/Nickel Iron Alloy Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Alkaline Water Electrolysis at High Current Density." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_13.

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AbstractAlkaline water electrolysis is the important pathway for the green hydrogen production, where oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the rate-limiting step due to the sluggish reaction kinetics. Transition metal heterogeneous catalyst is the kind of important OER catalyst for alkaline water electrolysis due to its good performance, low price and environmental friendliness. In this work, the porous sulfide nickel@nickel iron alloy catalyst (i.e. NM/NS@Ni3Fe) is prepared by the designed high-temperature vulcanization and multi-step electrodeposition method. The NM/NS@Ni3Fe catalyst exhibits
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Conference papers on the topic "Interface conductivity"

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Ran, Xu, Yuhan Sun, Xing Wu, and Hengchang Bi. "Enhancing the Thermal Conductivity of Graphene-based Thermal Interface Materials by Polyimide Fiber Intercalation." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipfa61654.2024.10690899.

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Lall, Pradeep, Madhu Kasturi, Jaimal Williamson, and Varughese Mathew. "Thermal Conductivity and Interface Strength Evolution of TIM-Copper with Temperature and Humidity Conditioning." In 2024 23rd IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itherm55375.2024.10709553.

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HAN, MENG, and XINWEI WANG. "Thermal Conductivity of b-tungsten Nanofilms and Interface Thermal Resistance Between b-tungsten Sublayers." In Thermal Conductivity 33/Thermal Expansion 21. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/tc33-te21/30349.

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WANG, TIANYU, and XINWEI WANG. "The Study of Crystalline Orientation and Interface Thermal Conductance of Mechanical Exfoliated Black Phosphorus with Raman-based Techniques." In Thermal Conductivity 33/Thermal Expansion 21. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/tc33-te21/30347.

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Fukumori, Taiga, Tomoyuki Akahoshi, Daisuke Mizutani, and Seiki Sakuyama. "Correlation between Insertion Loss and Interface Relative Conductivity." In 2019 International Conference on Electronics Packaging (ICEP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icep.2019.8733470.

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Sun, Hongye, and M. M. F. Yuen. "Conductivity Enhancement of Thermal Interface Material via Capillary Attraction." In 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2016.94.

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Ganguli, Sabyasachi, and Ajit Roy. "Improved Epoxy Thermal Conductivity Using Engineered Interface Graphite Nanoplatelets." In 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
16th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
10t
. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-1858.

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Gegenhuber, N. "Interface Conductivity and its Correlation with Pore Space Properties." In 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20130690.

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Li, Man, and Yanan Yue. "Two-Step Raman Method for Interface Thermal Resistance and In-Plane Thermal Conductivity Characterization of Graphene Interface Materials." In ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2016-7362.

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The negative influence of substrate on in-plane phonon transport in graphene has been revealed by intensive research, whereas the interaction between phonons couplings across graphene/substrate interface and within graphene is still needed to figure out. In this work, we put forward a two-step Raman method to accomplish interface thermal resistance characterization of graphene/SiO2 and in-plane thermal conductivity measurement of supported graphene by SiO2. In order to calculate the interfacial thermal resistance, the temperature difference between graphene and its substrate was probed using R
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Dutta, Prashanta. "A Conductivity Based Microfluidic Flow Sensor." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13636.

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A conductivity based on-chip flow sensor is introduced to measure the velocity of liquid-gas interface in microchannels for lab-on-a-chip applications. This sensor is used to evaluate the performance of planar electrokinetic micropumps formed on hybrid poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS)-glass platform. In this study, the micropump thickness is varied between 3.5 and 10 microns, and the externally applied electric field of electrokinetic pump is ranged from 100 V/mm to 200 V/mm. For all channel dimensions and for all electric fields, fairly repeatable flow results are obtained from the speed of liq
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Reports on the topic "Interface conductivity"

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ESA, ESA EOP-SM, and NASA SMD NASA. Exploring Earth’s Interface with Space – The Scientific Case for a Satellite Mission to the Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere Transition Region. ESA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa-nasa.lti-sc.2024-07-v1.0.

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Exploring Earth’s Interface with Space – The Scientific Case for a Satellite Mission to the Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere Transition Region SUMMARY This report describes the scientific case for a mission concept to study the Earth’s Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere – the LTI – which is the interface region between our atmosphere and space. The LTI is situated at altitudes between 100-200 km and is uniquely characterized by complex interactions between the co-existing neutral and ionized gases. The LTI receives and dissipates hundreds of gigajoules of energy every second from above due to solar wi
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and p
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Bendikov, Michael, and Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.

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In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which in
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