Academic literature on the topic 'Interface syntaxe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Interface syntaxe"
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Kanté, Issa. "Comme le montre X : une construction polyfonctionnelle — interface syntaxe-sémantique." SHS Web of Conferences 78 (2020): 12015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207812015.
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S’appuyant sur un corpus unilingue français et un corpus de traduction français-anglais, cette étude examine la construction comme le montre X. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure elle constitue non seulement une opération discursive de légitimation et de justification par analogie, mais peut également impliquer une dimension de défocalisation ou focalisation de l’entité cognitive responsable du procès exprimé par le verbe montrer. Les possibilités d’agencement relationnel entre le sujet agentif et le moyen utilisé pour montrer que P offrent à l’énonciateur différentes perspectives de « mise en scène » syntaxique. Peut ainsi être mis au-devant de la scène un référent inanimé (le moyen) à la place du sujet réel (c.-à-d. l’entité humaine responsable du procès). De fait, cette dernière se trouve soit occultée ou simplement reléguée à l’arrière-plan au profit du moyen, qui lui est promu au rang de sujet du verbe montrer. Dans la deuxième partie de l’article, l’analyse contrastive permet d’une part d’identifier dans un corpus parallèle les équivalences de traduction de comme le montre X en anglais, et d’autre part de comprendre si et comment le statut fonctionnel de mise en relief et de légitimation de cette construction apparaît dans la traduction.
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Al-Thubaiti, Kholoud A. "Selective vulnerability in very advanced L2 grammars: Evidence from VPE constraints." Second Language Research 35, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658317751577.
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This study examines whether the second language acquisition (L2A) of syntactic properties at the interfaces is problematic for L2 learners. English verb phrase ellipsis (VPE) was tested as an interface property which involves feature interpretability. Two subtle contrasts of VPE at different grammar-internal interfaces were examined: (a) copula be and lexical verb ellipsis at the syntax–lexicon interface (*John is here, and Mary will too vs. John slept, and Mary will too), and (b) progressive be and perfective have stranding at the syntax–semantics interface (*John slept, and Mary was too vs. Peter saw your parents last week, but he hasn’t since). Unlike (a), the contrast in (b) requires identifying (un)interpretable features on -ing and -en to recover the semantics of the elided material. Since Saudi Arabic does not license VPE, (very-)advanced English L2 speakers whose first language (L1) is Saudi Arabic were tested. The results from a bimodal timed acceptability judgment task showed they were more target-like on the contrast at the syntax–lexicon interface than they were on the syntax–semantics interface. They particularly deviated from target-like judgments on have stranding which requires recognizing the perfective uninterpretable feature on - en. These results suggest selective vulnerability at grammar-internal interfaces whenever uninterpretable features are involved.
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Zhao, Lucy Xia. "Interpretation of Chinese overt and null embedded arguments by English-speaking learners." Second Language Research 28, no. 2 (April 2012): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658312437629.
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It has been proposed that external interfaces are vulnerable to residue optionality, whereas pure syntax and internal interfaces are acquirable in second language (L2) acquisition (Sorace, 2005, 2011; Sorace and Filiaci, 2006). The proposal was tested in this article through the interpretation of overt and null embedded arguments in L2 Chinese grammars. The article identifies two types of null elements in Chinese: Øziji and Øtopic. Øziji is a purely syntactic category, whereas Øtopic is a syntax–discourse interface category. Being a D-pronoun, ta ‘he/him’ can refer to either the matrix subject or a discourse entity in the embedded argument position. Its interpretation involves lexicon–syntax and syntax–semantics internal interfaces. Results from a picture judgment task showed that external interfaces were acquired as well as pure syntax and internal interfaces, which supports the claims of Ivanov, 2009; Iverson et al., 2008; Kraš, 2008; Rothman, 2007, 2009; Slabakova and Ivanov, 2011. In addition, Øtopic was acquired at different states in different sentence positions. This supports the claim that interface categories should not be considered holistically (Yuan, 2010). The article further speculates that cross-linguistic influence and the nature of the possible positive evidence may have contributed to the difference here in terms of representation and/or processing.
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Dugarova, Esuna. "Russian speakers’ L2 Chinese acquisition of wh-topicalization at the syntax–discourse interface." Second Language Research 30, no. 4 (September 23, 2014): 411–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658313516974.
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In recent second language (L2) research it has been proposed that unlike linguistic phenomena pertaining to internal interfaces, those at external interfaces pose greater difficulty to adult L2 learners and may not be fully acquired. It has further been pointed out that such problematic acquisition at the interface level should not be attributed to the entire interface and requires a more nuanced examination, and this is what the current article aims to provide. An empirical study reported here investigates whether Russian-speaking learners are able to acquire Chinese wh-topicalization that lies at the syntax–discourse interface, an instance of the external interface. The results indicate that although very advanced Russian speakers can acquire wh-topicalization in their L2 Chinese, the ability of wh-elements to topicalize in Russian–Chinese interlanguage grammars seems to be determined by an internal structure underlying Chinese wh-elements, and this is likely to be a variable that affects the linguistic behaviour at the interface level in the L2.
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Root, Robert W., and Annette Canby. "There's More to Direct Manipulation than meets the Eye." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 5 (October 1988): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200507.
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The term “direct manipulation” (or DM) often evokes images of interfaces which are intuitive, obvious, and easy to learn. We conducted an experiment to determine whether subjects could learn to use a DM interface without instruction, i.e., whether they could learn the interface syntax on their own merely by inspection and exploration of the interface. The research vehicle was a prototype DM applicationdesigned to allow end users to customize a telecommunications application. Three variations of the interface were created by manipulating elements of the DM syntax, specifically, moded operations and rules about selectingobjects before acting on them. Subjects carried out a set of five tasks in the presence of an experimenter, who was allowed to provide structured help when the subject could not make further progress. Results indicated that the syntax manipulations affected both the number and type of user errors and the amount of help needed to complete the tasks: the use of modes and selection rules significantly interfered with learning, and only four subjects out of thirty were able to perform the complete set of tasks without experimenter assistance. We also found, however, that more than half of the errors made by subjects were not directly related to syntax manipulations. These errors appear to stem more from conceptual problems, i.e., mismatches between the user's developing model of the interface and the model instantiated by the interface designer in the rules of interaction. These conceptual problems were observed across syntax manipulations and represent a significant portion of user's difficulties in learning the interface. Thus, our results shed light on the relationship between interface syntax, learning and usability in the DM paradigm, but they also point out the need for a cognitive account of the processes by which users acquire knowledge of interface characteristics and how that knowledge is related to interface design elements.
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Donaldson, Bryan. "Nativelike right-dislocation in near-native French." Second Language Research 27, no. 3 (April 18, 2011): 361–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310395866.
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Recent research on advanced and near-native second-language (L2) speakers has focused on the acquisition of interface phenomena, for example at the syntax—pragmatics interface. Proponents of the Interface Hypothesis (e.g. Sorace, 2005; Sorace and Filiaci, 2006; Tsimpli and Sorace, 2006; Sorace and Serratrice, 2009) argue that (external) interfaces present difficulties for L2 grammars, resulting in permanent deficits even in near-native grammars. Other research, however, has argued that interfaces are acquirable, albeit with delays (Ivanov, 2009; Rothman, 2009). This study examines right-dislocation (RD) in experimental and production data from near-native French. Right-dislocation marks topic in discourse and thus requires the integration of syntactic and discourse—pragmatic knowledge. Participants were 10 near-native speakers of French who learned French after age 10 and whose grammatical competence was comparable to the near-native speakers of French in Birdsong (1992), and 10 French native speakers. The data come from two experimental tasks and an 8.5-hour corpus of spontaneous informal dyadic conversations. The near-natives demonstrated nativelike judgments, preferences, and use of RD in authentic discourse. Only one near-native displayed evidence of first-language (L1) transfer, which resulted in non-nativelike use of RD. On the whole, the results suggest nativelike acquisition of this area of the syntax—pragmatics interface and fail to provide support for the Interface Hypothesis.
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LOZANO, CRISTÓBAL, and AMAYA MENDIKOETXEA. "Interface conditions on postverbal subjects: A corpus study of L2 English." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 475–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990538.
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This paper investigates how syntactic knowledge interfaces with other cognitive systems by analysing the production of postverbal subjects, V(erb)–S(ubject) order, in an L1 Spanish–L2 English corpus and a comparable English native corpus. VS order in both native and L2 English is shown to be constrained by properties operating at three interfaces: (i) lexicon–syntax: the verb is unaccusative (Unaccusative Hypothesis); (ii) syntax–discourse: the subject is focus (End-Focus Principle) and (iii) syntax–phonology: the subject is heavy (End-Weight Principle). We show that, since learners produce VS under the same interface conditions as native speakers, unaccusativity is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for VS production. However, learners overproduce VS and make persistent errors in their syntactic encoding. Our findings support recent proposals that these difficulties stem from problems at coordinating syntactic knowledge with knowledge from other external systems, but they suggest that the nature of such difficulties is not external to the syntax.
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Roggia, Aaron B. "An investigation of unaccusativity and word order in Mexican Spanish." Spanish in Context 15, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00004.rog.
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Abstract Studies of unaccusativity and word order in Spanish have yielded conflicting results. This study further investigates unaccusativity by testing the ability of the ‘Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy’ (Sorace 2000) to account for word orders with intransitive predicates in Mexican Spanish. The results of an oral production task show significant word order differences between verb categories and locate an unergative/unaccusative cutoff point midway along the hierarchy, situating unaccusativity in Spanish as being similar to Italian but trending in the direction of Dutch or French. Other variables affecting the word order are identified and ranked, including subject heaviness, definiteness, and the location of adverbial phrases. Greater inter-speaker variation at the syntax-discourse interface when compared with the syntax-lexicon interface shows that the Interface Hypothesis has application to native speakers of Spanish. The results of this study are important for current research on unaccusativity and syntactic interfaces.
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Larkin, Henry. "A framework for programmatically designing user interfaces in JavaScript." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-03-2015-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of creating a declarative user interface language suitable for rapid prototyping of mobile and Web apps. Moreover, this paper presents a new framework for creating responsive user interfaces using JavaScript. Design/methodology/approach – Very little existing research has been done in JavaScript-specific declarative user interface (UI) languages for mobile Web apps. This paper introduces a new framework, along with several case studies that create modern responsive designs programmatically. Findings – The fully implemented prototype verifies the feasibility of a JavaScript-based declarative user interface library. This paper demonstrates that existing solutions are unwieldy and cumbersome to dynamically create and adjust nodes within a visual syntax of program code. Originality/value – This paper presents the Guix.js platform, a declarative UI library for rapid development of Web-based mobile interfaces in JavaScript.
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VUJASINOVIC, MARKO, EDWARD BARKMEYER, NENAD IVEZIC, and ZORAN MARJANOVIC. "INTEROPERABLE SUPPLY-CHAIN APPLICATIONS: MESSAGE METAMODEL-BASED SEMANTIC RECONCILIATION OF B2B MESSAGES." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 19, no. 01n02 (March 2010): 31–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843010002103.
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Supply-chain applications exchange numerous electronic business-to-business (B2B) messages of varied types. Traditionally, prior to a message exchange, partners adopt one particular message specification that constrains message structure and syntax to implement compatible application message interfaces. However, in open, dynamic supply-chains, the applications need to interact even though their message interfaces are based on different, yet incompatible message specifications. To achieve such interactions, we propose the Message Metamodel-based semantic reconciliation of B2B messages. The Message Metamodel is a novel, ontological form that provides for common representation of B2B message specifications and messages of various syntaxes, such as Extensible Markup Language (XML) or Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). The experimental investigation showed that proposed semantic reconciliation architecture built atop the Message Metamodel (1) insulates the reconciliation activities from the specific message syntaxes, (2) supports the reconciliation of messages irrespective of message standards used, and (3) enables seamless interoperable message exchange between heterogeneous supply-chain applications.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interface syntaxe"
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Galal, Abdel Wahab Moustafa Mohamed. "Les constructions exceptives du français et de l’arabe : syntaxe et interface sémantique-syntaxe." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100001/document.
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La présente recherche s’intéresse à la syntaxe des constructions exceptives (CE) et sa correspondance avec la sémantique au sein de deux langues : le français et l’arabe. À partir d’un corpus d’exemples attestés, nous proposons pour le français une classification des CE en deux classes majeures à comportements syntaxiques distincts : les CE-paradigmatiques qui s’apparentent, du point de vue syntaxique, à la coordination et les CE-hypotactiques qui relèvent au contraire de la subordination. Nous situerons notre analyse des marqueurs sauf, excepté, hormis, etc. dans le cadre des listes/entassements paradigmatiques, constructions dans lesquelles deux éléments occupent la même position syntaxique et dont le cas le plus connu est la coordination. Cette analyse s’éloigne de celle généralement associée à ces marqueurs dans les grammaires et les dictionnaires français qui les traitent comme des prépositions. Pour l’arabe, nous proposons une répartition tripartite des CE qui prend en considération les spécificités de l’arabe par rapport au français. En plus des CE-paradigmatiques et des CE-hypotactiques, nous identifions, en arabe, une troisième classe, celle des CE-paratactiques, qui sont des constructions à tête verbale qui relèvent de la parataxe, procédé particulièrement développé en arabe. Nos analyses nous amènent à considérer les marqueurs ʾillā, ġayr et siwā en arabe comme des conjonctions de coordination. Ces items, comme leurs homologues français, mettent en relation deux éléments X et Y où X à droite du marqueur et Y à gauche forment des listes/entassements paradigmatiques au sens où ils partagent la même fonction syntaxique dans l’énoncé. Nous analysons les unités ʿadā (mā-ʿadā), ẖalā (mā-ẖalā), ḥāšā (mā-ḥāšā) comme des verbes. Ces verbes introduisent une proposition qui entretient une relation de parataxe avec la proposition précédente. Nous considérons, enfin, les unités bistiṯnāʾi et biẖilāfi comme des locutions prépositives introduisant une séquence qui entretient une relation de subordination avec la proposition principaleThis research takes an interest the syntax of exceptive constructions (ECs) and its correspondence with semantic within two languages: French and Arabic. Based on a corpus of authentic examples, we suggest a classification of ECs into two major categories with dissimilar syntactic behaviors: the paradigmatic-ECs, which are syntactically related to coordination and the hypotactic-ECs, which are contrarily related to subordination. We will focus our analysis on the markers sauf, excepté, hormis, etc. and analyze them as particular case of paradigmatic lists/piles, in which two segments of the utterance pile up on the same syntactic position and whose most famous case is coordination. This analysis is different from the one generally associated with these markers in French grammars and dictionaries which consider them as prepositions. For Arabic, we propose a tripartite classification of ECs that considers the specificities of Arabic relative to French. In addition to the paradigmatic-ECs and the hypotactic-ECs, we identify, in Arabic, a third class, the paratactic-ECs, which are constructions with a verbal head that belong to the parataxis, a process particularly developed in Arabic. Our analyzes lead us to consider the markers ʾillā, ġayr and siwā in Arabic as coordinating conjunctions. These items, like their French counterparts, relate two elements where X on the right of the marker and Y on the left form paradigmatic lists/piles, in the sense that they fulfill the same syntactic function in the utterance. We analyze the lexical items ʿadā (mā-ʿadā), ẖalā (mā-ẖalā), ḥāšā (mā-ḥāšā) as verbs. These verbs introduce a clause that maintains a parataxic relation with the preceding clause. Finally, we consider the items bistiṯnā'i and biẖilāfi as prepositive phrases introducing a sequence that maintains a subordinate relationship with the main clause
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Avanzi, Mathieu. "L' interface prosodie/syntaxe en français : Dislocations, incises et asyndètes." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100065.
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Une hypothèse communément partagée est que la structure prosodique d’un énoncé donné en français repose sur l’identification des syllabes proéminentes et de tons de frontières de différents degrés qui le ponctue. Les divergences entre les spécialistes sont à chercher dans les méthodes employées pour mettre au jour cette structure. Deux approches sont possibles : (i) une approche guidée par les hypothèses, qui considère que la structure prosodique peut être décrite sur la base d’informations syntaxiques, informationnelles et métriques, (ii) une approche guidée par les données, qui considère que les paramètres pertinents pour décrire la structure prosodique peut être définie à partir d’indices perceptifs/acoustiques uniquement. Ma thèse s’inscrit clairement dans le second paradigme. Pour décrire la structure prosodique du français, j’ai développé avec l’aide de spécialistes du traitement automatique le logiciel Analor. Cet outil a pour fonction de détecter des syllabes proéminentes et des frontières prosodiques sur la base d’indices acoustiques essentiellement. La mise au jour des ces proéminences et frontières de différents degrés est importante pour décrire le français parlé. Elle permet de vérifier certaines hypothèses intonosyntaxiques en circulation dans la communauté (par exemple : le constituant extraposé à gauche dans une dislocation est toujours ponctué d’un accent ? l’absence de qu- est suppléée à l’oral par un « morphème » suprasegmental ?). Mais elle permet aussi d’apporter de nouveaux arguments pour décrire le statut grammatical que les indices syntaxiques ne permettent pas d’expliquer de façon satisfaisante à eux-seuls (comme les greffes de constructions verbales à valeur temporelle), ou d’examiner avec de nouvelles données le rôle « subordonnant » de la prosodieA hypothesis that is widely shared is that prosodic structure relies on the identification of boundaries and syllabic prominences of different degrees. Differences exist among scholars in the methods they employ to identify this structure. There are at least two distinct approaches: (i) one guided by hypotheses, which assumes that prosodic structure can be predicted on the basis of syntax, information structure and metrical organization; (ii) an alternative, data-driven approach, which takes only those parameters that can be derived from perceptual and acoustic data as meaningful for defining prosodic structure. My research is clearly part of the second paradigm. In order to describe French prosodic structure, I developed, with the help of specialists in automatic language processing, a piece of software named Analor. The purpose of this software tool is to detect major prosodic breaks and prominent syllables solely on the basis of acoustic cues. Identifying prominences and boundaries of different strengths is important in describing spoken French. This makes it possible to test some widely-shared intuitions about the relation of prosody and syntax (such as, a left-dislocated constituent is always followed by a strong prosodic break, or, the deletion of qu- in spoken French is compensated for prosodically). It also becomes possible to offer new descriptions of some constructions that are not well-accounted for by syntax alone (as in the case of temporal parataxis), and to bring new data to bear on the “subordinate” role of prosodic cues
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Chun, Jihye. "Interface syntaxe-topologie et amas verbal en coréen et en français." Phd thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867292.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'analyser la question de l'ordre des mots en coréen et en français, et d'éclairer en quoi ces deux langues génétiquement et typologiquement très éloignées mettent en évidence une même notion d'amas verbal. Nous développons une modélisation simple de l'ordre des mots du coréen dans le cadre de la grammaire de dépendance topologique - première modélisation topologique pour cette langue - un système de règles d'ordre formelles décrivant la correspondance entre l'arbre de dépendance d'une phrase et une structure de constituants ordonnée. C'est à ce niveau qu'apparaît l'amas verbal, un constituant topologique cohésif, qui favorise la non-projectivité de constructions comme la relativisation, le clivage et la topicalisation. Il apparaît tant en coréen qu'en français, tout en ayant des propriétés différentes d'une langue à l'autre. Nous montrons ainsi qu'un petit nombre de règles d'ordre peut rendre compte de l'ordre des mots du coréen, considéré comme une langue à ordre relativement libre. Ce résultat se fonde sur notre tentative préalable d'analyser, d'une manière simple et cohérente, la structure de la phrase coréenne en nous basant sur la théorie de la translation.
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Tayalati, Fayssal. "Les adjectifs à complément au datif en français : interface sémantique-syntaxe." Lille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL30038.
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Le présent travail se propose d'étudier les adjectifs français à complément au datif. Souvent considérés comme des adjectifs ordinaires qui prédiquent une propriété du syntagme qu'ils prennent en fonction de sujet dans la construction SN êtreadjectif complémentdatif et dont la seule particularité syntaxique est de régir un complément marqué par le cas datif, ces adjectifs offrent un observatoire intéressant à tous les niveaux et se distinguent des autres adjectifs français. Sur le plan sémantique, la plupart des adjectifs à complément au datif n'expriment pas une propriété de leurs "sujets" même si la construction avec être les présente comme des prédicables de ceux-ci. Les relations prédicatives sont inversées et les adjectifs en question semblent signifier des propriétés qui sont celles des référents des compléments au datif avant d'être aux sujets. Au niveau syntaxique, et sauf de rares exceptions, les adjectifs à complément au datif n'ont que des arguments internes. Ces deux propriétés les opposent aux autres adjectifs français transitifs et intransitifs et font partie d'un ensemble de caractéristiques qui permettent, d'un côté, d'isoler les adjectifs à complément au datif parmi l'ensemble des adjectifs, de l'autre, de faire ressortir l'homogénéité du marquage de leurs compléments par le cas datif, lequel paraît au terme de ce travail comme étant à l'interface de la sémantique et de la syntaxe
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Morey, Mathieu. "Étiquetage grammatical symbolique et interface syntaxe-sémantique des formalismes grammaticaux lexicalisés polarisés." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00640561.
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Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'analyse syntaxique et sémantique de la phrase, en utilisant pour l'analyse syntaxique un formalisme grammatical lexicalisé polarisé et en prenant comme exemple les grammaires d'interaction. Dans les formalismes grammaticaux lexicalisés, les polarités permettent de contrôler explicitement la composition des structures syntaxiques. Nous exploitons d'abord le besoin de composition exprimé par certaines polarités pour définir une notion faible de réduction de grammaire applicable à toute grammaire lexicalisée polarisée. Nous étudions ensuite la première phase de l'analyse syntaxique des formalismes lexicalisés: l'étiquetage grammatical. Nous exploitons là encore le besoin de composition de certaines polarités pour concevoir trois méthodes symboliques de filtrage des étiquetages grammaticaux que nous implantons sur automate. Nous abordons enfin l'interface syntaxe-sémantique des formalismes lexicalisés. Nous montrons comment l'utilisation de la réécriture de graphes comme modèle de calcul permet concrètement d'utiliser des structures syntaxiques riches pour calculer des représentations sémantiques sous-spécifiées.
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Fradin, Bernard. "Organisation de l'information lexicale et interface morphologie/syntaxe dans le domaine verbal." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080791.
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Cette these decrit les formes d'auxiliation temporelle du francais. Elle insere cette description au sein d'un questionnement plus vaste centre autour de la representation du simple et du complexe en linguistique. La premiere partie reprend et formalise la question du mode de description. Le style ita correspond a une approche configurationnelle,alors que les styles itp et lep (lexeme et paradigme) correspondent a une approche processuelle. La deuxieme partie montre que la morphologie constitue un plan d'organisation propre,distinct de la syntaxe. Les notions d'entree lexicale,de morpheme,d'affixe,et de lexeme,sont elaborees en detail. Les phenomenes morphologiques ne peuvent etre decrits au moyen d'une morphologie morphematique classique,y compris ceux essentiellement concatenatoires. La derivation (standard ou avec troncation,allomorphie, suppletion) recoit un traitement detaille et formalise. Sont discutes egalement la parasynthese et les paradoxes de parenthesage. La troisieme partie s'ouvre sur une discussion critique des analyses des formes verbales du francais. Des arguments sont avances en faveur d'une recursion gauche de l'auxiliaire en francais. On propose une explication pour l'impossibilite des formes sursurcomposees. L'analyse des temps simples est donnee pour tous les verbes a toutes les conjugaisons. Ces formes sont la realisation de traits grammaticaux de flexionThis thesis aims at describing french verbal auxiliaries. This description is put back in a broader range of questions concerning what linguistics considers as simple and complex. One of the major topics discussed in the first part is the question of the styles of description. We show that ita corresponds to a configurational approach,while both itp and wap are coined with a processual approach. Does the morphology constitute a system of its own,with categories and rules distinguished from those of syntax? the second part answers positively to this question and argues that the classical morphemic approach is unsuited to account for describing morphological phenomena,whatever they are. A detailed and formal account of most derivational phenomena in french is given, including those with truncation,allomorphy or suppletion. A treatment is proposed of the so-called parasynthetic forms. Bracketing paradoxes are also discussed at length. The third part begins with a criticism of the most influential analyses of french auxiliaries. In the following chapters, it is argued that complex verb forms involve a left side recursion and a configurational representation. Dur analysis gives a principled explanation of why there is no form with more than two temporal auxiliaries. The various surface forms of simple verbal tenses are accounted for through the application of chained functions. The verbal terminations are not affixes but the exponence of grammatical features carried by the verb
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Gazdik, Anna. "Multiple questions in french and hungarian : a lexical-functional analysis with special emphasis on the syntax-discourse interface." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070039.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'offrir une analyse des questions multiples en français et en hongrois dans le cadre de la grammaire lexicale-fonctionnelle (LFG). L'analyse est centrée sur les aspects syntaxiques, discursives et leur interface. L'étude des questions multiples est intégrée dans une approche plus générale des fonctions du discours et de la structure discursive, qui s'avèrent cruciales dans l'analyse. Je propose une structure syntaxique qui est neutre vis-à-vis le discours dans la sens où elle ne contient pas de positions désignées pour les fonctions du discours. Ces-dernières sont définies sémantiquement et pragmatiquement, et distinguées systématiquement du soulignement formel. Les deux niveaux représentationnels principaux de LFG sont la structure en constituants et la structure informationnelle. De plus, une représentation possible de la structure discursive est aussi examinée. L'architecture de la structure informationnelle proposée ne contient pas les fonctions du discours en tant que primitifs, mais est basée sur leurs propriétés fondamentales : proéminence et l'ancrage discursif. L'interprétation des questions multiples (le type de réponse qu'elles attendent) est dérivée directement de la correspondance des structures en constituants et informationnelle en hongrois. Les questions multiples attendant une réponse en liste de paires contiennent un mot , qui discursivement ancré, qui apparaît dans une position associée avec cette propriété. Les questions multiples attendant une réponse de paire unique ne contiennent pas de tel mot qu. En français, par contre, la syntaxe est moins révélatrice de ce point de vue et la prosodie joue un rôle plus importantIn this thesis, I aim at providing an analysis of multiple questions in Hungarian and Prench, in the framework of Lexical- Functional Grammar (LFG). The analysis con¬centrates on the syntactic and discursive aspects and on their interface. The study of multiple questions is embedded in a more comprehensive account of discourse functions and discourse structure, which both play a crucial role in tho analysis. It is argued that syntactic structure is discourse-neutral in the sense that it does not contain designated syntactic positions for discourse functions, such as topic and focus, even in discourse-configurational languages. Discourse functions are, in turn, defined semantically and pragmatically, systematically distinguished from formal highlighting. The two main representational levels of LFG considered are the constituent structure and the information structure. In addition, a possible discourse struc¬ture représentation is also explored. The proposed i-structure architecture does not contain the discourse functions as its primitives, but builds on two fondamental properties of those: prominence and D-linkedness Although prominence is un-derstood as a semantic notion, prominent elements are also formally highlighted, which is formalized with the help of correspondence functions between constituent structure and information structure on the one hand, and prosodic structure and information structure on the other. The former assumes that certain syntactic positions are associated with these information structure properties. The interpretation of multiple questions (the type of answer they license) in Hungarian is directly derived from this constituent structure— information structure correspondence. Multiple questions that expect pair-list answers contain a D-linked question word, which appears in a position associated with this property. No such question word is present in multiple questions licensing single-pair answers. Syntax is not revelatory in French in this respect, where prosody is argued to play a crucial role
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Ben, Khelil Cherifa. "Construction semi-automatique d'une grammaire d'arbres adjoints pour l'analyse syntaxico-sémantique de l'arabe." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2013.
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Cette thèse traite de la description formelle et du développement d’une grammaire électronique de la langue arabe. Ce travail est un prérequis à la création d’outils de traitement automatique de l’arabe.Cette langue présente de nombreux défis pour un traitement automatique. En effet l’ordre de mots en arabe est relativement libre, la morphologie y est riche et les diacritiques sont omis dans les textes écrits. Bien que plusieurs travaux de recherche aient abordé certaines de ces problématiques, les ressources électroniques utiles pour le traitement de l’arabe demeurent relativement rares ou encore peu disponibles. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la représentation de la syntaxe (ordre des mots) et du sens de l’arabe standard moderne. Comme système formel de représentation de la langue, nous avons choisi le formalisme des grammaires d’arbres adjoints (Tree Adjoining Grammar). Nous avons ainsi proposé une grammaire d’arbres adjoints électronique de l’arabe nommée « ArabTAG V2.0 ». Cette ressource réutilise en partie la modélisation préexistante dans la grammaire définie manuellement «ArabTAG » et l’intègre à une représentation abstraite appelée méta-grammaire. L’expert linguiste peut ainsi décrire la syntaxe et sémantique de la langue avec des outils d’abstraction facilitant la maintenance et l’extension de la grammaire. La grammaire ainsi décrite compte 1074 règles syntaxiques (non lexicalisées) et 27 cadres sémantiques (relations prédicatives). Cette ressource a été évaluée en analysant un corpus issu d’extraits d’un manuel scolaire d’apprentissage de l’arabeThis thesis deals with the formal description and development of an electronic grammar of Arabic language. This work is a prerequisite for the creation of automatic Arabic processing tools. This language presents many challenges for automatic processing. Indeed the order of words in Arabic is relatively free,the morphology is rich and the diacritics are omitted in written texts. Although several research studies have addressed some of these issues, electronic resources useful for the processing of Arabic remain relatively rare or not widely available. In this thesis work, we are interested in the representation of syntax (word order) and the meaning of modern standard Arabic. As a formal system of language representation, we chose the formalism of Tree Adjoining Grammar. Thus we proposed an electronic adjoint tree grammar of Arabic named"ArabTAGV2.0". This resource partially reuses the pre-existing modeling in the manually defined grammar "ArabTAG" and integrates it into an abstract representation called meta-grammar. The linguistic expert canthus describe the syntax and semantics of the language with abstraction tools facilitating the maintenance and extension of the grammar. The new described grammar has 1074 syntactical rules (not lexicalized) and27 semantic frameworks (predicative relations). This resource was evaluated by analyzing a corpus from excerpts of an Arabic textbook
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Ribeyre, Corentin. "Méthodes d’analyse supervisée pour l’interface syntaxe-sémantique : de la réécriture de graphes à l’analyse par transitions." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC119.
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Aujourd'hui, le volume de données textuelles disponibles est colossal. Ces données représentent des informations inestimables impossibles à traiter manuellement. De fait, il est essentiel d'utiliser des techniques de Traitement Automatique des Langues pour extraire les informations saillantes et comprendre le sens sous-jacent. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette perspective et proposent des ressources, des modèles et des méthodes pour permettre : (i) l'annotation automatique de corpus à l'interface entre la syntaxe et la sémantique afin d'en extraire la structure argumentale (ii) l'exploitation des ressources par des méthodes efficaces. Nous proposons d’abord un système de réécriture de graphes et un ensemble de règles de réécriture manuellement écrites permettant l'annotation automatique de la syntaxe profonde du français. Grâce à cette approche, deux corpus ont vu le jour : le DeepSequoia, version profonde du corpus Séquoia et le DeepFTB, version profonde du French Treebank en dépendances. Ensuite, nous proposons deux extensions d'analyseurs par transitions et les adaptons à l'analyse de graphes. Nous développons aussi un ensemble de traits riches issus d'analyses syntaxiques. L'idée est d'apporter des informations topologiquement variées donnant à nos analyseurs les indices nécessaires pour une prédiction performante de la structure argumentale. Couplé à un analyseur par factorisation d'arcs, cet ensemble de traits permet d'établir l'état de l'art sur le français et de dépasser celui établi pour les corpus DM et PAS sur l'anglais. Enfin, nous explorons succinctement une méthode d'induction pour le passage d'un arbre vers un grapheNowadays, the amount of textual data has become so gigantic, that it is not possible to deal with it manually. In fact, it is now necessary to use Natural Language Processing techniques to extract useful information from these data and understand their underlying meaning. In this thesis, we offer resources, models and methods to allow: (i) the automatic annotation of deep syntactic corpora to extract argument structure that links (verbal) predicates to their arguments (ii) the use of these resources with the help of efficient methods. First, we develop a graph rewriting system and a set of manually-designed rewriting rules to automatically annotate deep syntax in French. Thanks to this approach, two corpora were created: the DeepSequoia, a deep syntactic version of the Séquoia corpus and the DeepFTB, a deep syntactic version of the dependency version of the French Treebank. Next, we extend two transition-based parsers and adapt them to be able to deal with graph structures. We also develop a set of rich linguistic features extracted from various syntactic trees. We think they are useful to bring different kind of topological information to accurately predict predicat-argument structures. Used in an arc-factored second-order parsing model, this set of features gives the first state-of-the-art results on French and outperforms the one established on the DM and PAS corpora for English. Finally, we briefly explore a method to automatically induce the transformation between a tree and a graph. This completes our set of coherent resources and models to automatically analyze the syntax-semantics interface on French and English
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Rucart, Pierre. "Morphologie gabaritique et interface phonosyntaxique : aspects de la morphologie verbale en afar." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA070060.
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Ce travail est consacré à la morphophonologie du système verbal de deux langues couchitiques, principalement l'afar, et secondairement le bedja. Ces deux langues ont la particularité de posséder deux classes verbales : l'une a une flexion exclusivement suffixale, tandis que la flexion de l'autre fait appel à la fois à des préfixes et à des suffixes. La mise au jour d'une distribution du vocalisme des verbes en afar a conduit à donner une représentation des verbes à l'aide d'un unique gabarit. La mise en place d'une interface gabaritique entre phonologie et syntaxe a permis de proposer une structure hiérarchisée des domaines gabaritiques et de rendre compte des interactions entre les différentes composantes de la Grammaire. Ainsi, il a été possible de donner une analyse unifiée de la morphologie verbale pour l'ensemble des verbesThis work is dedicated to the morphophonology of verbal System in two Cushitic languages, mainly Afar, and secondarily Bedja. These two languages possess two verbal classes : one with a strictly suffixal inflection, the other with both prefixes and suffixes. The distribution of the vocalism in Afar verbs allows us to give a underlying representation of verbs with a single template. The proposition of a templatic interface between phonology and syntax gives a hierarchical structure to the templatics domains and allows one to take into account the relationships between the different components of the Grammar. Then, we are able to give a unified analysis of the verbal morphology that predicts the expected forms for all the verbs
Books on the topic "Interface syntaxe"
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1964-, Späth Andreas, ed. Interfaces and interface conditions. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007.
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Chandra, Pritha, and Richa Srishti, eds. The Lexicon–Syntax Interface. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.209.
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Valin, Robert D. Van. The syntax-semantics interface. New York: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2005.
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Exploring the syntax-semantics interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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Avrutin, Sergey. Development of the Syntax-Discourse Interface. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1239-2.
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Ramaglia, Francesca. Adjectives at the syntax-semantics interface. Muenchen: Lincom Europa, 2011.
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Avrutin, Sergey. Development of the Syntax-Discourse Interface. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999.
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Avrutin, Sergey. Development of the syntax-discourse interface. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
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Complex predicates: The syntax-morphology interface. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Interface syntaxe"
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Han, Weifeng. "Chapter 7. “Grammar, I hate” or “I grammar hate”?" In Studies in Bilingualism, 184–203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.66.07han.
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Cross-module interfaces, such as the syntax-semantics interface, are among the most problematic properties to fully acquire in a second language (L2). First language (L1) monodialectal and bidialectal speakers may show different performances at the interfaces in L2. However, little is known if such a different performance is caused by learners’ diverse L1 dialectal backgrounds. The study is motivated by the need to link speech-language pathology and word order typological studies in a bidialectal/bilingual context. The aim is to investigate L1 bidialectism in the L2 syntax-semantics interface acquisition outcome and to separate language difference from language disorder. A sentence-picture matching task on the topic-comment structure was administered among 37 Mandarin monodialectal and 39 Mandarin – Wu bidialectal child speakers. Results of a generalized linear model showed that L1 bidialectals exhibited better syntactic-semantic awareness in L2 than their L1 monodialectal counterparts. The results showed that mono- and bidialectal speakers have different performance patterns at the syntax-semantics interface involving noncanonical word orders for L2. However, the L2 performance was under the impact of language difference between L1 and L2, it does not qualify for Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Finally, the study offers both theoretical and clinical implications for the diagnosis and assessment of bilingual DLD.
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Olsson, Mikael. "Interface." In Java Quick Syntax Reference, 73–79. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3441-9_17.
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Olsson, Mikael. "Interface." In C# Quick Syntax Reference, 61–63. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6281-7_17.
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Olsson, Mikael. "Interface." In Java Quick Syntax Reference, 53–56. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6287-9_17.
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Olsson, Mikael. "Interface." In Java 17 Quick Syntax Reference, 89–95. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7371-5_18.
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Frascarelli, Mara. "The Syntax-Phonology Interface." In The Syntax-Phonology Interface in Focus and Topic Constructions in Italian, 193–209. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9500-1_4.
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Rappaport Hovav, Malka, and Beth Levin. "The Syntax-Semantics Interface." In The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, 593–624. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118882139.ch19.
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Aboh, Enoch O., and James Essegbey. "The Phonology Syntax Interface." In Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3189-1_1.
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Selkirk, Elisabeth. "The Syntax-Phonology Interface." In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 435–84. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444343069.ch14.
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Abu-Mansour, Mahasen Hasan. "The phonology–syntax interface:." In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics, 35–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.317.03abu.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Interface syntaxe"
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Guedes, Alan L. V., and Sergio Colcher. "H.761 Support of a New Syntax to Refer NCL-Node-Properties Instead of the Current "Take It From There" Syntax." In XXV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2019.8174.
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Every NCL link relates two or more Node interfaces. When an NCL developer defi ne a link bind, however, it should always use BOTH component and interface attributes. This leads to two problems: (a) require defi ne two XML elements, which is tedious and error- prone; (b) require bad "Take It From There" workaround to access an interface from a Node participating in the link. We propose that component is optional. Then each interface can be accessed by an id which must be unique regarding the events of the same type in its container object. We propose a naming convention for identifying interfaces within a Document
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Çetinoǧlu, Özlem, and Kemal Oflazer. "Morphology-syntax interface for Turkish LFG." In the 21st International Conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220195.
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Branco, António H. "Branching split obliqueness at the syntax-semantics interface." In the 16th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/992628.992657.
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Fry, John. "Negative polarity licensing at the syntax-semantics interface." In the 35th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/976909.979636.
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Fry, John. "Negative polarity licensing at the syntax-semantics interface." In the eighth conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/979617.979636.
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Lee, So Young, Lei Liu, Hongchen Wu, and Jiwon Yun. "Syntax and Prosody Interface of Wh-Scope in Mandarin." In 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2018. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2018-184.
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Szubert, Ida, Adam Lopez, and Nathan Schneider. "A Structured Syntax-Semantics Interface for English-AMR Alignment." In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1106.
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Debusmann, Ralph, Denys Duchier, Alexander Koller, Marco Kuhlmann, Gert Smolka, and Stefan Thater. "A relational syntax-semantics interface based on dependency grammar." In the 20th international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1220355.1220381.
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Tjuatja, Lindia, Emmy Liu, Lori Levin, and Graham Neubig. "Syntax and Semantics Meet in the “Middle”: Probing the Syntax-Semantics Interface of LMs Through Agentivity." In Proceedings of the 12th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2023). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.starsem-1.14.
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Ji, Jing. "Syntax-prosody Interface in Perception of Right Dislocation in Mandarin." In 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2020. ISCA: ISCA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2020-72.
Full textReports on the topic "Interface syntaxe"
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Yedidia, I., H. Senderowitz, and A. O. Charkowski. Small molecule cocktails designed to impair virulence targets in soft rot Erwinias. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134165.bard.
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Chemical signaling between beneficial or pathogenic bacteria and plants is a central factor in determining the outcome of plant-microbe interactions. Pectobacterium and Dickeya (soft rot Erwinias) are the major cause of soft rot, stem rot, and blackleg formed on potato and ornamentals, currently with no effective control. Our major aim was to establish and study specific bacterial genes/proteins as targets for anti-virulence compounds, by combining drug design tools and bioinformatics with experimental work. The approach allowed us to identify and test compounds (small molecules) that specifically interfere with the activities of these targets, by this impairing bacterial virulence. Two main targets were selected within the frame of the BARD project. The first is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) that have been characterized here for the first time in Pectobacteriaceae, and the second is the quorum sensing (QS) machinery of Pectobacterium with its major proteins and in particular, the AHL synthase ExpI that was identified as the preferred target for inhibition. Both systems are strongly associated with bacterial virulence and survival in planta. We found that Pectobacteriaceae, namely Dickeya and Pectobacterium, encode more ABC transporters and MCP in their genomes, compared to other bacteria in the order. For MCP, soft rot Pectobacteriaceae not only contain more than 30 MCP genes per strain, but also have more diverse ligand binding domains than other species in the Enterobacteriales. These findings suggest that both ABC transporters and MCP are important for soft rot Pectobacteriaceae pathogenicity. We now have a selection of mutants in these proteins that may be further explored to understand their direct involvement in virulence. In parallel, we studied the QS central proteins in pectobacteria, the signaling molecule N-acyl-homoserine lactone synthase, ExpI, and the response regulator ExpR, and established their phylogenetic relations within plant pathogenic Gram negative bacteria. Next, these proteins were used for virtual screening of millions of compounds in order to discover new compounds with potential to interfere with the QS machinery. Several natural compounds were tested for their interference with virulence related traits in Pectobacterium and their capability to minimize soft rot infections. Our findings using microcalorimetric binding studies have established for the first time direct interaction between the protein ExpI and two natural ligands, the plant hormone salicylic acid and the volatile compound carvacrol. These results supported a model by which plants interfere with bacterial communication through interkingdom signaling. The collaborative project yielded two research papers and a comprehensive review, which included new computational and bioinformatics data, in Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., the highest ranked journal in phytopathology. Additional two papers are in preparation. In order to transform the fundamental knowledge that have been gained during this collaborative BARD project into agricultural practice, to control soft rot bacteria, we have submitted a continual project.
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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.
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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.
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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.