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Muhammad, Malik, and Shabib Haider Syed. "Transmission Mechanism of Intergenerational Mobility in Socio-Economic Status." Forman Journal of Economic Studies 15 (December 30, 2019): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjes.20191510.
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Eberharter, Veronika V. "Capability Deprivation, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantages—Empirical Evidence from Selected Countries." Social Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120253.
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Based on longitudinal data from the Cross-National Equivalent File 1980–2016 (CNEF 1980–2016) the paper analyzes the extent of income inequality and capability deprivation and the driving forces of the intergenerational transmission of social and economic status of two birth cohorts in Germany, and the United States. In both the countries the empirical results show increasing inequality of the real equivalent household income, and younger cohorts experience a higher persistence of social and economic status. In the United States income inequality is more expressed than in Germany, which is in accordance with lower intergenerational income mobility. The contribution of individual and family background characteristics and capability deprivation indicators to intergenerational income mobility is more pronounced in the United States than in Germany. The significant impact of capability deprivation in childhood on the intergenerational transmission of economic chances emphasizes the importance of economic and social policy designated to guarantee the equality of opportunity.
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Hedman, Lina, and Maarten Van Ham. "Three Generations of Intergenerational Transmission of Neighbourhood Context." Social Inclusion 9, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3730.
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The literature on intergenerational contextual mobility has shown that neighbourhood status is partly ‘inherited’ from parents by children. Children who spend their childhood in deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to live in such neighbourhoods as adults. It has been suggested that such transmission of neighbourhood status is also relevant from a multiple generation perspective. To our knowledge, however, this has only been confirmed by simulations and not by empirical research. This study uses actual empirical data covering the entire Swedish population over a 25-year period, to investigate intergenerational similarities in neighbourhood status for three generations of Swedish women. The findings suggest that the neighbourhood environments of Swedish women are correlated with the neighbourhood statuses of their mothers and, to some extent, grandmothers. These results are robust over two different analytical strategies—comparing the neighbourhood status of the three generations at roughly similar ages and at the same point in time—and two different spatial scales. We argue that the finding of such effects in (relatively egalitarian) Sweden implies that similar, and possibly stronger, patterns are likely to exist in other countries as well.
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Zhu, Ling. "Intergenerational housing asset transfer and the reproduction of housing inequality in urban China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 4, no. 4 (October 2018): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x18792835.
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After the massive commodification of urban housing in the 1990s, housing inequality is now a major source of wealth inequality in urban China. Previous studies of housing inequality have rarely explored the extent and mechanisms of intergenerational housing inequality reproduction. This study fills this gap and examines how intergenerational housing asset transfer affects housing status in contemporary urban China. An analysis of data from the 2006 Chinese General Social Survey yields two important findings. First, ascribed factors such as parental social status have a greater influence than individuals’ own social status on their housing status. Second, intergenerational housing asset transfer has become an important mechanism of housing inequality reproduction. Elite parents are more likely to provide transferred assets, which prevents their downward-mobilised children from changing their relative housing status. Against the backdrop of rising wealth inequality in China, this study illustrates how the intergenerational transmission of economic resources is becoming an increasingly important mechanism of inequality reproduction.
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LANGENI, TABITHA T. "INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN BOTSWANA." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 1 (October 12, 2010): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000556.
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SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate intergenerational transmission of reproductive behaviour in Botswana. The major source of data was the 2001 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey where a nationally representative random sample of men and women aged 10–64 years was selected using a stratified two-stage probability sample design. Covariates in the analysis include age, education, marital status, religion, age at first birth, residence, duration at residence and contraceptive use. The main analytical technique is linear regression. The results indicate that the reproductive behaviour of older generations has a significantly positive influence on the reproductive behaviour of the subsequent generation, but does not affect the subsequent generation homogenously. The effect appeared much stronger for women who initiated childbearing at an older age, for women who had never been to school, and for the cohort aged 50–59 years. These findings suggest that number of siblings, as a reproductive behaviour determinant, may very well have confounded previous reproductive behaviour analyses in Botswana. The study draws attention to the importance of the effect of origin family size in determining reproductive behaviour outcomes in Botswana.
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Ryabov, Igor. "Intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status: The role of neighborhood effects." Journal of Adolescence 80 (April 2020): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.007.
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Kaplan, Richard L. "Family Caregiving and the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 3 (2018): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518804216.
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The United States relies on uncompensated family caregivers to provide most of the long-term care required by older adults as they age. But such care comes at a significant financial cost to these caregivers in the form of lower lifetime earnings and diminished (or even no) Social Security retirement benefits, ineligibility for Medicare coverage of their healthcare costs, and minimal retirement savings. To reduce the impact of uncompensated caregiving on the intergenerational transmission of poverty, this paper discusses three possible mechanisms of compensating family caregivers: public payments, deemed wage credits under Social Security, and income tax incentives.
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Notten, Natascha, Gerbert Kraaykamp, and Ruben P. Konig. "Family Media Matters: Unraveling the Intergenerational Transmission of Reading and Television Tastes." Sociological Perspectives 55, no. 4 (December 2012): 683–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.4.683.
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In this study, the authors scrutinize the intergenerational transmission of book reading and television viewing behaviors. They examine long-term effects of parents' social status, parental media example, and media guidance activities during one's childhood on adult media tastes. Data are employed from the Family Survey of the Dutch Population. By estimating structural equation models, the authors gained more insight into how parental socialization efforts influence children's book reading and television viewing. Unraveling direct and indirect effects, they found that both parental socioeconomic status and media socialization activities play a major role in the intergenerational transmission of media tastes. Imitation appeared to be the main mechanism underlying the media socialization process. Parental media guidance, both directly and via its effect on children's school success, partly mediates the imitation process, especially for reading. The current study above all shows that parental media socialization activities do enduringly affect a person's media taste. Hence, socialization is found to play an indispensable role in the development of both highbrow and lowbrow reading and television tastes.
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Quaranta, Luciana. "Intergenerational Transfers in Infant Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1740-1968." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (December 11, 2018): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9283.
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Studies conducted in historical populations and developing countries have evidenced the existence of clustering in infant deaths, which could be related to genetic inheritance, early life exposures, and/or to social and cultural factors such as education, socioeconomic status or parental care. A transmission of death clustering has also been found across generations. This paper is one of five studies that analyses intergenerational transmissions in infant mortality by using a common program to create the dataset for analysis and run the statistical models with data stored in the Intermediate Data Structure. The results of this study show that in five rural parishes in Scania, the southernmost province of Sweden, during the years 1740-1968 infant mortality was transmitted across generations. Children whose maternal grandmothers experienced two or more infant deaths had higher risks of dying in infancy. The results remained consistent when restricting the sample only to cases where the grandmother had been observed for her entire reproductive history or when controlling for socioeconomic status. When running sex specific models, significant effects of the number of infant deaths of the grandmother were observed for girls but not for boys.
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Leeuw, Suzanne G., and Matthijs Kalmijn. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status in Stepfamilies: What Happens if Two Fathers Are Involved in the Transmission Process?" Journal of Marriage and Family 82, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 657–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12610.
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Shareef, Fareed, Muhammad Junaid Khawaja, and Toseef Azid. "Does parents’ income matter in intergenerational transmission of human capital? A decomposition analysis." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2014-0235.
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Purpose Since the pristine works of Schultz (1961) and Becker (1964, 1975), the concept of intergenerational transmission has constantly been in the front line of discussion among the social scientists to divulge the sources and channels through which diffusion of socio-economic status can take place across the generations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the intergeneration links via monetary channels through decomposition technique. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 613 households selecting through systematic sampling from Multan district (Pakistan). Making a three tier analyses, i.e. simple, sequential and double decomposition, the findings of the models support the hypothesis of the study that children of high-income parents also fall in high-income groups. Findings The simple decomposition analysis using education as the pathway factor reveals that parental income is pivotal in determining the education and ultimately the level of their child’s income. The sequential analysis incorporates occupation and depicts a positive association between the offspring education and occupation. In the double decomposition analysis, the direct component reveals that even among those children with the same level of education, higher parental income is linked with the better occupational achievements, whereas indirect component explains the impact of parental income on occupation via education of the children. In other words, it explains the degree to which children with higher family income acquire more education and consequently get better jobs. Research limitations/implications In Pakistan like the other developing countries nationwide surveys are not conducted at the government level. Practical implications This study is providing the guideline to the policy makers for the formulating their policies for developing and managing the human capital. Social implications The findings of this study are useful for reducing the inequality in the society. Originality/value This is an original and first time it is going to be conducted in a country like Pakistan
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Roettger, Michael E., and Susan Dennison. "Interrupting Intergenerational Offending in the Context of America’s Social Disaster of Mass Imprisonment." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 11 (September 6, 2018): 1545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218796995.
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Paralleling the growth of the U.S. criminal justice system in recent decades, American families have increasingly experienced a social disaster of parents, and subsequently their children, undergoing imprisonment. Adopting a life course perspective to examine the likely drivers of the intergenerational transmission of offending and incarceration, we contextualize the development of antisocial behavior in an era of mass imprisonment. In doing so, we draw from the literature on the sociology of disasters to examine how traumas related to intergenerational incarceration may be both understood and ameliorated through appropriate policies and interventions. We argue that it is possible to better frame how risk factors for antisocial behavior, such as prenatal maternal stress, exposure to trauma, and deviant peer groups, may be integrated with factors that promote resilience and recovery. This includes improving safety, self-efficacy, and connectedness to prevent intergenerational offending and incarceration and facilitate desistance. By framing mass incarceration as a social disaster, a multifaceted, comprehensive approach takes on new urgency so as to reduce the prevalence of intergenerational offending and incarceration among millions of families in the United States.
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van Houten, Jasper M. A., Maurice Gesthuizen, and Maarten H. J. Wolbers. "Intergenerational transmission of occupational status: The role of voluntary association membership as an emerging compensatory strategy of reproduction." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 33 (September 2013): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.04.002.
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Pepper, John V. "Dynamics of the intergenerational transmission of welfare receipt in the United States." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 16, no. 2-3 (September 1995): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02353711.
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Cheadle, Jacob E., and Paul R. Amato. "A Quantitative Assessment of Lareau’s Qualitative Conclusions About Class, Race, and Parenting." Journal of Family Issues 32, no. 5 (October 21, 2010): 679–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10386305.
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The authors used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999, to test ideas from Lareau’s qualitative study of social class differences in parenting. Consistent with Lareau, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the general concerted cultivation construct—a parenting strategy that subsumes parents’ school engagement, children’s participation in extracurricular activities, and the amount of educational materials in the home. The authors also found that socioeconomic status (SES) was the major correlate of parents’ use of concerted cultivation. Contrary to Lareau, however, the authors found that racial/ethnic differences in concerted cultivation are moderately strong, even with SES controlled. Finally, this study identified a variety of other family characteristics that are related to concerted cultivation, net of SES. The findings suggest the utility of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to understand the intergenerational transmission of social status.
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Restuccia, Diego, and Carlos Urrutia. "Intergenerational Persistence of Earnings: The Role of Early and College Education." American Economic Review 94, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 1354–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828043052213.
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Recent empirical evidence from the United States indicates a high degree of persistence in earnings across generations. Designing effective public policies to increase social mobility requires identifying and measuring the major sources of persistence and inequality in earnings. We provide a quantitative model of intergenerational human capital transmission that focuses on three sources: innate ability, early education, and college education. We find that approximately one-half of the intergenerational correlation in earnings is accounted for by parental investment in education, in particular early education. We show that these results have important implications for education policy.
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Quaranta, Luciana. "Program for Studying Intergenerational Transmissions in Infant Mortality Using the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS)." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (May 24, 2018): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9287.
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Studies conducted in historical populations and developing countries have evidenced the existence of clustering in infant deaths, which could be related to genetic inheritance and/or to social and cultural factors such as education, socioeconomic status or parental care. A transmission of death clustering has also been found across generations. One way of expanding the knowledge on intergenerational transfers in infant mortality is by conducting comparable studies across different populations. The Intermediate Data Structure (IDS) was developed as a strategy aimed at simplifying the collecting, storing and sharing of historical demographic data. The current work presents two programs that were developed in STATA to construct a dataset for analysis and run statistical models to study intergenerational transfers in infant mortality using databases that are stored in the IDS. The programs use information stored in the IDS tables and after elaborating such information produce Excel files with results. They can be used with any longitudinal database constructed from church books, civil registers, or population registers.
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Savolainen, Jukka, Jukka Savolainen, Lorine A. Hughes, Jukka Savolainen, Lorine A. Hughes, and Thoroddur Bjarnason. "Cross-National Variation in Socioeconomic Status and Delinquency: A Comparative Study of Adolescents from 26 European Countries." Comparative Sociology 12, no. 5 (2013): 677–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341280.
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Abstract This research examined cross-national differences in the association between social class and delinquency. The poverty hypothesis expects socioeconomic disadvantage to exert a causal influence on delinquent behavior. This expectation implies that the individual-level association between family SES and delinquent offending will be attenuated at increased levels of collective social protection. The social selection perspective also assumes a negative relationship between SES and delinquency but explains it away as a spurious consequence of intergenerational transmission of antisocial propensity. In light of comparative research on social stratification, the selection perspective suggests that the association between low parental SES and offspring criminality may be stronger in advanced welfare states due to reduced influence of ascribed characteristics on socioeconomic attainment in these countries. Survey data from 26 European countries (n=78,703) were used to evaluate the validity of these conflicting hypotheses. In support of the selection perspective, results showed that class differences in delinquent offending are larger in more advanced welfare states.
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Cabecinha-Alati, Sarah J., Rachel Langevin, and Tina C. Montreuil. "A Conceptual Model of the Intergenerational Transmission of Emotion Dysregulation in Mothers with a History of Childhood Maltreatment." International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience 7, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1072588ar.
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Objectives: Adults with a history of childhood maltreatment report problems with emotion regulation (ER) and parenting, which can contribute to maladaptive outcomes in offspring. The following narrative review consists of a theoretical and empirical synthesis of the literature examining child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and parenting, with an emphasis on parental emotion socialization.
Method: Building upon the literature contained in the review, we developed a novel conceptual model that elucidates some of the mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation among mothers with a history of childhood maltreatment. Taking into account risk and protective factors (e.g., socio-economic status, polyvictimization, teenage motherhood, access to social supports), our conceptual model highlights both direct (e.g., social learning) and indirect (e.g., ER difficulties) mechanisms through which child maltreatment contributes to problems with parental emotion socialization and ER difficulties in the next generation.
Implications: Directions for future research and implications for intervention will be discussed with an emphasis on preventing the continuity of maladaptive parenting by promoting the development of parents’ ER abilities in a trauma-informed, resilience-focused framework.
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Hjorth-Trolle, Anders. "Beliefs, parental investments, and intergenerational persistence: A formal model." Rationality and Society 30, no. 1 (February 2018): 108–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463117754076.
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Empirical research documents persistent socioeconomic and race gaps in parental investments in children. This article presents a formal model that describes the process through which parents’ beliefs about the returns on investments in children evolve over time in light of new information that they receive regarding the outcomes of past investments. The model, which is based on Bayesian learning, accounts for how parents of low socioeconomic status may come to underinvest in their children because they have false low beliefs about the returns on investments. Moreover, the model describes how beliefs are transmitted across generations, thus creating dynasties of underinvesting parents who reproduce inequalities in children’s socioeconomic outcomes. Finally, this article uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to provide illustrative empirical evidence on key aspects of the proposed model. The main contribution of this article is to integrate parents’ beliefs about returns on investments into existing models of intergenerational transmissions.
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Wickrama, K. A. S., Rand D. Conger, Frederick O. Lorenz, and Tony Jung. "Family Antecedents and Consequences of Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Life Course Investigation." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 49, no. 4 (December 2008): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002214650804900407.
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Using prospective data from 485 adolescents over a 10-year period, the present study identifies distinct segments of depressive symptom trajectories—a nonsignificant slope during adolescence and a significant negative slope during the transition to adulthood. The study hypothesized that different age-graded life experiences would differentially influence these depressive symptom growth parameters. The findings show that early stressful experiences associated with family-of-origin SES affect the initial level of depressive symptoms. Experiences with early transitional events during adolescence explain variation in the slope of depressive symptoms during the transition to adulthood. The growth parameters of depressive symptoms and an early transition from adolescence to adulthood constrain young adult social status attainment. Consistent with the life-course perspective, family-of-origin adversity is amplified across the life-course by successively contingent adverse circumstances involving life-transition difficulties and poor mental health. The findings also provide evidence for intergenerational transmission of social adversity through health trajectories and social pathways.
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Bui, Laura, and David P. Farrington. "First-generation immigrants feel socially excluded and have greater pro-violence attitudes than the native population in England and Wales." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-08-2014-0134.
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Purpose – Studies examining immigrant generational status and violence have supported differences in the prevalence of violence between these groups. The purpose of this paper is to measure relevant risk factors for violence to focus on whether negative perceptions may contribute to understanding the between-generations differences in violence. Based on the literature, it is theorised that pro-violence attitudes would be related to and be higher in second-generation immigrants than first-generation immigrants, and that negative perceptions would mediate the relationship between pro-violence attitudes and violence. Design/methodology/approach – Data to answer the study’s key questions were taken from the 2010-2011 UK citizenship survey, where only the main sample was analysed. Findings – The findings reveal that first-generation immigrants have a higher prevalence of pro-violence attitudes than the native population. Originality/value – This suggests that there is an intergenerational transmission in violent attitudes, and this is a risk factor for actual violence in second-generation immigrants.
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Morales, Marina. "Can family characteristics influence the future labor situation of children? Evidence for Spain." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 10 (October 20, 2019): 1214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2019-0238.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether family support, measured through the labor status of parents and the presence of both parents in the household during adolescence, may be an important determinant of unemployment in Spain. Design/methodology/approach To address this issue, we follow the Quantity-Quality model of Becker–Lewis (Becker and Lewis, 1973), using data from the Survey of Living Conditions (2011). Findings First, the results show that individuals living with both parents at home during their teenage years are less likely to be unemployed in the future. Second, the authors find evidence of the intergenerational transmission of unemployment outcomes, and that the unemployment status of the mother is strongly transferred to the child. Additionally, the authors extend this work to an analysis of other labor characteristics, finding that family support is an important determinant of self-employment and temporary employment. The findings are robust to controls for observable and unobservable characteristics by region, and to the use of different subsamples. Originality/value This study can be considered as first evidence of the effect of family support during adolescence on the Spanish labor market.
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Maslauskaite, Ausra. "Cultural Capital, Gender and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-Communist Space." Societies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11010004.
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Post-communist transition in Eastern Europe has affected social stratification and mobility. There is an argument that transition undermined the role of parental cultural capital and increased the importance of parental economic capital in determining the educational mobility of children. In this paper, we examine whether the parental cultural capital has played a role in educational mobility of cohorts born in 1970–1984 and what has been the contribution of the different states of cultural capital. We also consider the gender heterogeneity in the transmission of educational advantage. The study focuses on one country of Eastern Europe—Lithuania, which underwent the transition to a radical neo-liberal form of capitalism. Using data from the Families and Inequalities Survey of 2019, we apply the descriptive and ordinal regression analysis. The results indicate intergenerational educational upward mobility for women. All states of parental cultural capital (objectified, embodied, institutionalized) are relevant for the educational attainment of the transitional cohort. The effects are more pronounced for women, at least in relation to some states of parental cultural capital. On a more general level, the findings imply that the intergenerational reproduction of educational attainment was not substantially altered by the transition, at least during its initial decades.
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Lessard-Phillips, Laurence, and Yaojun Li. "Social Stratification of Education by Ethnic Minority Groups over Generations in the UK." Social Inclusion 5, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i1.799.
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A large body of research has been conducted both on the social stratification of education at the general level and on the educational attainments of ethnic minority groups in the UK. The former has established the increasing fluidity in the class–education association, without paying much attention to ethnicity, whilst the latter has shown reinvigorated aspirations by the second generation without fine-grained analyses. This paper adds to this literature by examining the relationship between family class, ethno-generational status and educational attainment for various 1<sup>st</sup>, 1.5, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2.5, 3rd and 4<sup>th</sup> generations in contemporary UK society. Using data from Understanding Society, we study the educational attainment of different ethno-generational groups. Our analysis shows high educational selectivity among the earlier generations, a disruptive process for the 1.5 generation, high second-generation achievement, and a ‘convergence toward the mean’ for later generations. Parental class generally operates in a similar way for the ethno-generational groups and for the majority population, yet some minority ethnic groups of salariat origins do not benefit from parental advantages as easily. An ‘elite, middle and lower’ structure manifests itself in the intergenerational transmission of advantage in educational attainment. This paper thus reveals new features of class-ethno relations hitherto unavailable in UK research.
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Coe, Cati, and Serah Shani. "Cultural Capital and Transnational Parenting: The Case of Ghanaian Migrants in the United States." Harvard Educational Review 85, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 562–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/0017-8055.85.4.562.
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What does cultural capital mean in a transnational context? In this article, Cati Coe and Serah Shani illustrate through the case of Ghanaian immigrants to the United States that the concept of cultural capital offers many insights into immigrants' parenting strategies, but that it also needs to be refined in several ways to account for the transnational context in which migrants and their children operate. The authors argue that, for many immigrants, the folk model of success means that they seek for their children skills, knowledge, and ways of being in the world that are widely valued in the multiple contexts in which they operate. For Ghanaian migrants, parenting includes using social and institutional resources from Ghana as well as the United States. The multiplicity and contradictions in cultural capital across different social fields complicate their parenting “projects” and raise questions about the reproduction of social class through the intergenerational transmission of cultural capital.
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Walton, Brooke, and Bernadette J. Saunders. "Towards an Understanding of Children’s Perceptions of Physical Punishment in the Family Context." International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02802007.
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This qualitative synthesis explores how children perceive physical punishment in the family context. A search of four online databases identified eight qualitative studies. Findings revealed that children provided detailed accounts about their experiences of physical punishment, and they associated physical punishment with both emotional and physical pain. Children justified the use of physical punishment based on their precipitating behaviour, their status, and the intergenerational transmission of physical punishment. Children suggested alternative discipline to physical punishment, and urged caregivers to respect them. Children also recognised that physical punishment escalated in severity and negatively influenced the parent-child relationship. The results highlight the benefit of including children in research, the need to understand the factors that shape children’s perspectives and, most importantly, the ongoing influence of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc) (1989), to ensure that children’s human rights are recognised, and more widely upheld worldwide.
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Milewski, Nadja. "Erwerbsbeteiligung und Einstellungen zur Familie von türkischen Migrantinnen im Generationenvergleich." Journal of Family Research 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-163.
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The extent of labour force participation of women with a Turkish migration background in Germany is lower than that of women of other ethnic origins or that of non-migrant women. In this study, we focus on a within-group comparison of the labour force participation among Turkish women. Using data of the Generations and Gender Survey (2005/ 2006), we distinguish between first and second immigrant generations. The study pays special attention to both the human and social capital approach and aspects of intergenerational transmission and solidarity between generations. In line with the human capital theory, a strong increase in labour force participation can be noted among women belonging to the second migrant generation: Whereas only about 34 per cent of first generation immigrants participate in the workforce, the share among the second generation amounts to about 60 per cent. In addition to family status and education, mothers’ employment is found to increase the likelihood of the daughter’s participation in the workforce. Also, more egalitarian gender role attitudes favour a higher degree of employment.
Zusammenfassung
Die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland ist geringer als die anderer Migrantengruppen und als die von Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Diese Studie untersucht mit Daten des Generations and Gender Survey (2005/2006), inwiefern sich Frauen der ersten und zweiten Migrantengenerationen hinsichtlich ihrer Erwerbsbeteiligung unterscheiden und welche Faktoren dafür ursächlich sind. In Einklang mit der Humankapitaltheorie lässt sich für die zweite Generation eine stark gesteigerte Erwerbsbeteiligung feststellen: Während in der ersten Generation nur etwa 34 Prozent der Frauen einer Beschäftigung nachgehen, beteiligen sich rund 63 Prozent in der zweiten Generation am Arbeitsmarkt. Besondere Berücksichtigung erfährt der Sozialkapitalansatz bzw. Aspekte intergenerationaler Transmission und Solidarität. Demnach übt – neben Bildung und Familienstand ? eine Erwerbstätigkeit der Mutter einen Einfluss auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Tochter aus, und stärker egalitäre Genderrolleneinstellungen begünstigen eine Erwerbstätigkeit.
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Li, Muzi, Kieran J. O'Donnell, Jean Caron, Carl D'Arcy, and Xiangfei Meng. "Impact of parental socioeconomic status on offspring’s mental health: protocol for a longitudinal community-based study." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e038409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038409.
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IntroductionSocioeconomic status (SES) affects physical and mental health and cognitive functioning. The association between SES changes (SES mobility) and health has ethical and political implications in that the pernicious effects of inequality and the differential impact on social classes of economic and social policies. There is a lack of research conducted to explore the intergenerational transmission of parental SES changes on the offspring’s mental health and cognitive functioning. We aim to fill this gap and identify roles of parental SES changes in offspring’s mental health and cognitive outcomes.Methods and analysisThis study will be based on a longitudinal cohort from the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec. Participants and their biological offspring will be invited to this study. For those with informed consent, we will collect their information on mental health, psychiatric disorders, cognitive functioning and early life experiences for offspring. Latent class growth analysis will be used to identify parental SES mobility groups. Multivariate regression analyses will be used to explore the roles of early life stress, parental SES mobility and their interactions in psychiatric disorders and cognitive functioning. Subgroup analyses (males and females) are also planned.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been given ethical approval by the Research Ethics Board of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute (IUSMD-18/17). Each participant will provide informed consent on participation. We will disseminate research findings through publication in peer-reviewed academic journals and presentations at conferences. Lay summaries of major research findings will also be shared annually with our partners in the health system and community agencies located in the catchment area.
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von Fintel, Dieter, and Linda Richter. "Intergenerational transfer of health inequalities: exploration of mechanisms in the Birth to Twenty cohort in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (September 2019): e001828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001828.
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South Africa’s history of colonialism and Apartheid contributed to its extreme levels of inequality. Twenty-five years after the transition to democracy, socio-economic and health inequalities continue to rank among the highest in the world. The Birth to Twenty+ study follows a cohort born in urban Johannesburg in 1990 through their early lives and into young adulthood. Also known as ‘Mandela’s Children’, these ‘children of the ‘90s’ were the first generation to be raised in a democratic society, whose elected government implemented policies to achieve greater socio-economic and health equality. Correlating early life outcomes to those of their parents provides a baseline estimate of intergenerational transmission of historical inequality. Analyses of their early life course indicates the potential breakdown in inequality in the first generation. This paper provides an overview of empirical results on intergenerational change in socio-economic status and health during South Africa’s political transition. Access to infrastructural services improved, and poverty reduced following the rapid expansion of unconditional cash transfers mainly to children and pensioners. However, unemployment remained high and job discrimination continued. Inequalities in health follow similar patterns, and progress did not equate to convergence. Some catch-up physical growth occurred—both across groups and over time—but not sufficient to bridge cognitive inequalities. Socio-economic and health inequalities continued as the children of the ‘90s reached young adulthood. Based on knowledge of other transitions, it is likely that these inequalities will only start to break down in later generations, provided social and economic progress holds steady.
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Qvist, Hans-Peter Y. "Secular and religious volunteering among immigrants and natives in Denmark." Acta Sociologica 61, no. 2 (July 4, 2017): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699317717320.
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During the last 20–30 years Western societies have witnessed large scale migration from the Global South. This has given rise to important challenges in securing the social, civic and political integration of non-Western immigrants into Western societies. Previous research has suggested that participation in volunteering in civil society can serve as a ‘stepping stone’ towards integration for immigrants. Whilst the previous studies have shown marked gaps in the propensity to participate in volunteering between immigrants and natives, little work has been done to identify the mechanisms that explain these gaps. In this study, high-quality survey data, linked with data from administrative registers, are used, with the application of logistic regression based on the Karlson–Holm–Breen method to conduct mediation analysis. The mediation analysis shows that non-Western immigrants are significantly less likely to participate in secular volunteering compared to natives; however, over half of this gap is explained by an indirect effect via socio-economic status, self-rated health, generalized trust, informal social networks and the intergenerational transmission of volunteering. Moreover, the mediation analysis suggests that non-Western immigrants are more likely to participate in religious volunteering: this is completely explained by a strong indirect effect occurring via religiosity.
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Roberts, Ken, Graeme Atherton, and Richard Remedios. "Year 7 Pupils' Views of the Future." Child Development Research 2011 (April 13, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/502314.
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This paper reports findings from a study among 610 Year 7 (typically age 12) pupils at 27 nonselective secondary schools in three English regions: Cornwall and Devon, London, and Greater Manchester. Data was gathered in workshops, each with 15–25 pupils, who completed questionnaires and performed individual tasks, all related to their vocational and educational aims, their ideas on what counted as success, and the main influences on their forward thinking, then discussed their answers and results. The discussions were tape recorded. Most pupils expressed robust occupational aims, and most said that they wanted to go to university. Family class did not predict levels of educational or occupational aims, but was related to the importance attached to “the job that I want to do” in the pupils' forward thinking. SAT scores did predict levels of occupational aspiration, ideas on what counted as success, and by whom and what the pupils were most influenced. These findings are interpreted to challenge the view, on which a raft of current policies are based, that social class disparities in educational and labour market outcomes are due to the intergenerational transmission of low aspirations in lower-class families and neighbourhoods. The paper concludes with an alternative model of status transmission processes in which attainments during secondary education are posited as the key intervening variable.
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Subocz, Elżbieta. "Rola wczesnej edukacji i opieki w ograniczaniu skutków ubóstwa wśród dzieci." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 38, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/pwe.2017.38.02.
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This article attempts to answer the question: what role does the process of early childhood education and care play in reducing the effects of poverty among children? The main argument of the article states that education (started as early and lasting as long as possible) is the only chance to limit the negative consequences of poverty, as well as to overcome the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion. Relying on the results of foreign (mostly American) surveys, it has been proven that good quality early childhood education and care is beneficial for children living in poverty, as well as for society as a whole. It positively influences the social and emotional development of children, their language skills and school achievements. Children who benefited from institutions / programmes for early childhood education and care, in adulthood do better in the labour market, have higher earnings and are less likely to seek stimulants. Society bears lower costs of special education, anti-social behaviour, criminal proceedings, social welfare and health of young people and adults.
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Domanski, Henryk. "Is the East European “underclass” feminized?" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(02)00027-2.
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Results of national surveys carried out in East-European countries convincingly showed that after the fall of communism the gender gap in earnings remained substantial. Following the same analytical framework here I explore a range of issues concerning the gender gap in membership in what I define as the “underclass” in 6 post-communist societies. The basic question is to determine whether or not such a gap exits. I find considerable cross-national variation in the odds of female/male membership in the underclass: women in Poland, Russia and Hungary appear to be most heavily over-represented in this category, while in Bulgaria and Slovakia, the effect of gender does not exist. In addition, the explanation for this gap cannot be found in the intergenerational transmission of poverty, in differences in marital status, and other social–demographic attributes commonly employed in quantitative studies. It is only the lower educational status of women, living in rural areas, and older age, which significantly interact with relatively higher representation of women in the underclass. After controlling for several characteristics of a person's socio–economic position I found that in four countries, namely in Poland, Russia, Romania and Hungary, a statistically significant net effect of gender remains which provides solid evidence for the feminization of the underclass in these societies.
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Wolf, Diane L. "Postmemories of joy? Children of Holocaust survivors and alternative family memories." Memory Studies 12, no. 1 (February 2019): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698018811990.
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Substantial research in multiple disciplines on Jewish Holocaust survivors and their postwar offspring has been dominated by the discourse of trauma, focusing on the intergenerational transmission of trauma. Based on the narratives of 35 children of Holocaust survivors in the United States, my research counters and nuances this over-determined “paradigm of trauma” by illuminating their more diverse cache of family memories. Some parents transmitted their Holocaust experiences in lively and colorful ways,as an exciting adventure, as a fairy tale, or as a humorous story. The narratives suggest that for these children of survivors, the postmemories of their parents’ history and trauma are embedded in other positive family memories, including the way in which the stories were told. Thus, postmemories of trauma do not necessarily elide or dominate other more positive family memories, including memories of joy
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Mackenbach, Johan P. "Persistence of social inequalities in modern welfare states: Explanation of a paradox." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494816683878.
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Aims: Social–epidemiological explanations of health inequalities usually take the existence of social inequality as a given and ignore the fundamental questions of why social inequality exists in the first place and why it is so persistent. I review here theories of the explanation of social inequality to identify the processes and/or structures responsible for its persistence. Methods: This paper is a review of the relevant sociological literature. Results: The sociological literature suggests that what persists over long periods of time is not a specific manifestation of social inequality but a ‘meta-phenomenon’: the fact that there are different social positions, that these social positions give access to different levels of resources in some graded way and that the distribution of individuals over social positions follows rules that create inequalities in the opportunities for achieving a more advantaged social position. The durability of social inequality in this generic form can then be understood from the persistence of the underlying mechanisms and processes – for example, humans are driven by self-interest, while most objects of their striving are in short supply, therefore a struggle for rewards is present in all societies; humans are unequally endowed, therefore some are more successful in this struggle for resources than others; and the inequalities resulting from these individual level actions are structurally fixated through the intergenerational transmission of (dis)advantage, various societal institutions, and cultural factors. Conclusions: The sociological literature suggests that some mechanisms producing and perpetuating social inequality are more ‘benign’ than others. Health inequalities may be more than a consequence of social inequality and may play a more profound part by amplifying social inequalities.
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Grätz, Michael, and Øyvind N. Wiborg. "Reinforcing at the Top or Compensating at the Bottom? Family Background and Academic Performance in Germany, Norway, and the United States." European Sociological Review 36, no. 3 (January 17, 2020): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz069.
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Abstract Research on educational mobility usually studies socioeconomic differences at the mean of children’s academic performance but fails to consider the variation in the shape of socioeconomic differences across the outcome distribution. Theories of social mobility as well as theories about the resource allocation within families predict such variation. We use quantile regression models to estimate variation in socioeconomic differences across the distribution of academic performance using different indicators of family background (parental education, occupation, earnings, and wealth). We apply this approach to data on Germany, Norway, and the United States, three countries that represent different welfare and education regimes that may affect the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage. We find stronger socioeconomic differences at the bottom than at the middle and the smallest differences at the top of the performance distribution. These findings are virtually identical across all four indicators of family background. We also find no cross-national differences in the shape of socioeconomic differences in academic performance.
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Mermelshtine, Roni, and Jacqueline Barnes. "Fathers’ Childhood Experiences, Adult Mental Health Problems and Perceptions of Interactions With Their 36 Month-Old Children." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 8, no. 2 (June 10, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v8n2p41.
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Perceptions of poor care in the family of origin can relate to adverse mental health and poor adaptation for mothers but there is less evidence about fathers. This study investigated the relevance of fathers’ recollections of their own parents (Generation 1) for their (Generation 2) current mental health symptoms and for interactions with their 3-year-old children (Generations 2/3), in a community sample of 482 British fathers. Recollections of G1 maternal and paternal behaviour were associated in uncontrolled correlations with G2 paternal mental health, but taking family social class and maternal (G2) mental health into account they did not significantly predict G2 fathers’ mental health symptoms at 36 months postpartum, though a trend remained for G1 paternal care. Significant predictors were paternal depression symptoms in the first year postpartum and G2 mothers’ current mental health. Predictors of more dysfunctional father-child (G2/G3) interactions at 36 months postpartum were working class status, recall of more G1 maternal controlling behaviour and more concurrent paternal mental health symptoms; predictors of less G2/G3 dysfunction were G2 paternal use of more positive discipline. Potential implications of the results for parenting support and advice are discussed, recognising that intergenerational transmission of parent-child relationships is likely for fathers.
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Gavrilyuk, Tatiana. "GENDER REGIMES OF RUSSIAN WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8313.
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Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to examine working-class everyday culture gender regimes in modern Russia. The research is focused on intergenerational transmission of gender-normative patterns, macro-policy of power and domination in working-class families, forms of their discursive production and legitimation.
Methodology: The empirical base is represented by 30 biographical interviews with the informants aged from 21 to 33, living in Tyumen city and working in the field of industry, technical maintenance, and customer service. Reflexive analysis based on the categorical field of phenomenology and social constructionism, as well as data coding procedures, has been used as the main research tool.
Main Findings: It was found that the normative pattern of a male breadwinner, having power in a family-based on control over economic resources, still dominates among young working-class men and actively supported by the majority of young women. The financial and status dominance of a man does not cause doubts in his leadership but when a woman plays a crucial role in providing for the family, informants tend to talk about “equality” in the family.
Applications of this study: The results of the study can be used in the teaching of sociology, gender studies, and cultural studies; it can also be applied by local policymakers while developing social policy programs targeted on the regarded social group.
Novelty/Originality of this study: In the current research we have examined a particular social group at the intersection of three stratification features: social class, gender, and age. The approach of “agency within the structure” provides an opportunity to carry out a deep sociological analysis of the relations between the macro-social and personal aspects of the gender regimes framing.
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Nakphong, Michelle K., and Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez. "Socio-economic status and the double burden of malnutrition in Cambodia between 2000 and 2014: overweight mothers and stunted children." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 7 (February 26, 2021): 1806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021000689.
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AbstractObjective:The Cambodian population has experienced an increase in the proportion of stunted children who have overweight mothers during a period of rapid social and economic growth. We aimed to identify socio-economic factors associated with this household-level double burden over time.Design:We used data from four Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys from 2000 to 2014 to study the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on the link between child stunting and overweight mothers in two periods 2000–2005 v. 2010–2014. We hypothesised that SES would be a primary factor associated with this phenomenon.Participants:We included 14 988 children under the age of 5 years, among non-pregnant mothers aged 15–49 years of age and conducted analysis on a subsample of 1572 children with overweight mothers.Setting:Nationally representative household survey across all regions.Results:SES factors, specifically household wealth and maternal employment in service or manual occupations (in 2010–2014), are the main drivers of stunting among children of overweight mothers. Children with overweight mothers in the poorest households are more than twice as likely to be stunted than in the richest in both periods (2000–2005: adjusted OR (aOR) = 2·53, 95 % CI: 1·25, 5·13; 2010–2014: aOR = 2·61, 95 % CI: 1·43, 4·77), adjusting for other SES factors, indicating that despite decreasing income inequality, the poorest continue to bear excess risk of a double burden of malnutrition. Maternal short stature also doubled the likelihood of child stunting in both periods, which suggests intergenerational transmission of adversity and physical underdevelopment.Conclusions:Socio-economic inequalities should be addressed to reduce disparities in the household-level double burden of malnutrition.
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Bulcroft, Kris A. "Love and Sexuality in Later Life: What Your Grandparents are not Telling You." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0010.
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Abstract In a study of dating in later life, conducted in the Midwest in the United States, in which a sample of people age 60+ were interviewed regarding their dating behaviors and perceived functions of dating at this stage in the life course, preliminary evidence suggests that middle-generation offspring took on the role of gatekeepers of sexual standards of conduct and cohabitation outside marriage. Concomitantly, the older generation displayed modified attitudes about sexuality outside marriage in keeping with the opportunity structures available to them as part of the dating experience. When this paper was published in 1986 there were few studies of later life intimacy and dating, and the focus was on the older daters rather than on extended family or social network implications of dating in later life. Since my study in the mid-1980’s, research has flourished on later life dating and intimacy, but the focus continues to be on the dyad rather than exploring intergenerational family relationships and changes that result from re-coupling in later life. This paper will explore the adult child-older parent relationship in which the older person is dating and posit research questions based on two conceptual areas and one theoretical perspective – stereotyping of older people, transmission of values across generations, and social exchange theory – on which to build future studies of intergenerational relationships. This review of the literature will assist in understanding the middle generation’s response to an older parent’s dating and courtship behavior as well as consider why conflicts about later life dating between adult children and older parents are more likely under certain family conditions. Exploration of the literature on later life dating that has resulted since our 1986 study, coupled with theoretical underpinnings, is intended to help scholars in this area of study conduct research that will be more generalizable and theory-based.
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Crowell, Sheila E., and Erin A. Kaufman. "Development of self-inflicted injury: Comorbidities and continuities with borderline and antisocial personality traits." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 4pt1 (October 14, 2016): 1071–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000705.
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AbstractSelf-inflicted injury (SII) is a continuum of intentionally self-destructive behaviors, including nonsuicidal self-injuries, suicide attempts, and death by suicide. These behaviors are among the most pressing yet perplexing clinical problems, affecting males and females of every race, ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status, and nearly every age. The complexity of these behaviors has spurred an immense literature documenting risk and vulnerability factors ranging from individual to societal levels of analysis. However, there have been relatively few attempts to articulate a life span developmental model that integrates ontogenenic processes across these diverse systems. The objective of this review is to outline such a model with a focus on how observed patterns of comorbidity and continuity can inform developmental theories, early prevention efforts, and intervention across traditional diagnostic boundaries. Specifically, when SII is viewed through the developmental psychopathology lens, it becomes apparent that early temperamental risk factors are associated with risk for SII and a range of highly comorbid conditions, such as borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Prevention efforts focused on early-emerging biological and temperamental contributors to psychopathology have great potential to reduce risk for many presumably distinct clinical problems. Such work requires identification of early biological vulnerabilities, behaviorally conditioned social mechanisms, as well as societal inequities that contribute to self-injury and underlie intergenerational transmission of risk.
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Lange, Brittany C. L., Eileen M. Condon, and Frances Gardner. "A systematic review of the association between the childhood sexual abuse experiences of mothers and the abuse status of their children: Protection strategies, intergenerational transmission, and reactions to the abuse of their children." Social Science & Medicine 233 (July 2019): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.004.
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McLeod, David Axlyn, Kirsten Havig, Anthony Natale, and Angela Pharris. "Intimate Partner Violence: Innovations in Theory to Inform Clinical Practice, Policy, and Research." Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050071.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) and intergenerational transmission of IPV in families are destructive social issues in need of considerable attention. Knowledge of the multi-level, complex causes, and consequences of IPV in the United States has increased significantly over the last two decades. Given these gains in learning, the authors’ aim here is to highlight recent critical and emerging theoretical perspectives on IPV. Frameworks included for application are intersectionality theory, historical trauma and decolonization, human rights, constructivist self-development theory, the posttraumatic growth paradigm, and adverse childhood experiences. This discussion will help to illuminate the dynamics of IPV that are actionable by practitioners using frameworks that promote cultural sensitivity, inclusion, and strengths-based practice with diverse populations. The authors discuss the scope of IPV while focusing on critical vulnerable people and exploring issues of relative privilege and oppression. Next, the authors review the historical body of theory informing understandings of IPV, and emerging theoretical frameworks on IPV. We offer conclusions throughout as they relate to the application of highlighted theories to IPV.
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Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz, Tymoteusz Król, and Justyna Olko. "Awakening the Language and Speakers’ Community of Wymysiöeryś." European Review 26, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000424.
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The town of Wilamowice (southern Poland) is the unique home to the community of speakers of Wymysiöeryś. The language enclave originates from Colonial Middle High German and – according to diachronic dialectological analyses – is made up of a sub-exclave of the so-called Bielitz-Bialaer Sprachinsel. As a result of social and political cataclysms brought by the Second World War and the following ban on and gap in its intergenerational transmission, it faced an inescapable language death. That doom, however, has been restrained by the activities of dedicated native speakers, with Tymoteusz Król (born in 1993) functioning as an eco- and sociolinguistic relay between the generation of last speakers passing away and, unexpectedly, a growing group of potential new speakers. The microlanguage, now spoken as native by fewer than 20 Wilamowiceans, and still without any official recognition at the administrative level, is experiencing an astonishing, but well-prepared and local culture-based revitalisation course. This article discusses the recent achievements and prospective challenges of the revival processes for Wymysiöeryś – from an internal (including T. Król as the youngest native speaker and intra-community researcher) and external yet engaged (J. Olko and T. Wicherkiewicz as participating academics) perspectives, including the recent results of activities undertaken within an integral revitalisation programme based on the successful collaboration of the community, two major universities in Poland, as well as the local school and municipal authorities. The programme covers all three levels of language planning: corpus, status and acquisition. Efficiently combining grassroots and top-down approaches, the collaborating actors also ground language revitalisation in the social, cultural and economical benefits of preserving and extending the local cultural heritage and linguistic landscape.
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BENSON, MARK J., JOYCE ARDITTI, JULIA T. REGUERO DE ATILES, and SUZANNE SMITH. "Intergenerational Transmission." Journal of Family Issues 13, no. 4 (December 1992): 450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251392013004004.
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Lee, Sang Yoon (Tim), and Ananth Seshadri. "On the Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Status." Journal of Political Economy 127, no. 2 (April 2019): 855–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700765.
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Quesnel, André, and Alberto Del Rey. "La construcción de una economía familiar de archipiélago. Movilidad y recomposición de las relaciones intergeneracionales en el medio rural mexicano / The Construction of an Archipelago Family Economy. Mobility and Re-Composition of Intergenerational Rela." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v20i2.1217.
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Las reformas económicas aplicadas en el medio rural, que acompañaron la ratificación del tlcan en 1994 y más concretamente la reforma de la propiedad social de la tierra en los ejidos en 1992, han alterado radicalmente las condiciones de reproducción social de las familias rurales del sur del estado de Veracruz, México. Estos cambios han provocado que migren por largos periodos las jóvenes generaciones hacia la frontera norte y Estados Unidos, a diferencia de lo que ocurría antes de la década de los noventa, cuando la migración se circunscribía al Golfo de México.Tomando como base una encuesta sociodemográfica y sobre tenencia de la tierra realizada en 1999, los autores de este texto sostienen que las familias rurales, al no poder mantenerse con los recursos domésticos y locales en su entorno, se ven forzadas a poner en marcha una nueva organización, que se asemeja a una economía de archipiélago, entre los lugares donde se instalan las jóvenes generaciones.En este contexto, el artículo revela cómo se ponen en juego y se redefinen las relaciones intergeneracionales de solidaridad, así como los modos de transmisión y de circulación del patrimonio agrario, tanto en el seno de la comunidad agraria (ejido) como en las mismas familias. AbstractThe economic reforms in the rural setting that accompanied the ratification of nafta (1994) and more specifically the 1992 reform of the social ownership of land in the ejidos has radically altered the conditions of social reproduction of rural families in the south of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. These changes have led to the long-term migration of young generations to the northern border and the United States, whereas in the early 1990s, migration had been restricted to the Gulf of Mexico.On the basis of a socio-demographic and land ownership survey conducted in 1999, the article shows how rural families, unable to eke a living from the few domestic and local resources available to them in their environment, have been forced to implement a new form of organization resembling an archipelago economy between the different places where the younger generations have settled.In this context, the article shows how intergenerational relationships of solidarity come into play and are redefined, as are the means of transmission and circulation of agrarian patrimony, both in the heart of the agrarian community (ejido) and families themselves.
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Mayer, Susan E., and Leonard M. Lopoo. "Has the Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Status Changed?" Journal of Human Resources XL, no. 1 (2005): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xl.1.169.
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Brannen, Julia, Violetta Parutis, Ann Mooney, and Valerie Wigfall. "Fathers and intergenerational transmission in social context." Ethics and Education 6, no. 2 (July 2011): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2011.622986.
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