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Journal articles on the topic 'Intergovernmental cooperation – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Pieterse, Marius. "Urban Autonomy in South African Intergovernmental Relations Jurisprudence." ICL Journal 13, no. 2 (2019): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2018-0072.

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Abstract The notion of urban autonomy is increasingly significant in a global era where city governments are playing an ever-growing role in development, as well as in domestic and international politics. While extending significantly beyond legal configurations of local government powers and functions, urban autonomy is importantly shaped, enabled and protected by constitutional and legal provisions. This is so especially where urban governance happens in a resource-strapped and often politically volatile environment. This article considers the extent to which formal constitutional structures

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2

Akhmadova, Maryam Abdurakhmanovna. "Security of rights to intellectual property created in joint activity within the framework of bilateral agreements between Russia and BRICS countries on the scientific and technical cooperation." Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, no. 3 (March 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2019.3.30742.

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The subject of this research is the international acts in the area of scientific and technical cooperation of the BRICS countries &ndash; bilateral agreements between the Governments of the Russian Federation and Brazil (2007), Russian Federation and India (1994), Russian Federation and China (1992), Russian Federation and South Africa (2014), and others pertaining to protection and security of rights to intellectual property. Attention is focused on the problematic moments in legal regulation of the &ldquo;preceding&rdquo; and &ldquo;created&rdquo; within the framework of

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3

Joanna Bar. "East African Communities (1967-1978, 1999-) and their Activity for Political Stability of the Region." Politeja 15, no. 56 (2019): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.56.14.

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The East African Community (EAC) is a regional intergovernmental organisation founded on 30 November 1999, including such member states as Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. The EAC was meant as the reactivation and expansion of an earlier organisation founded in 1967 by Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Unlike its predecessor (which collapsed in 1978), not only has the contemporary Community been operating stably for almost 20 years, but it has also proved to be successful in improving the economic growth of its member states. Simultaneously, it supports the internal and nat

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4

Bramley Jemain Lemine. "The Efficacy of Section 2(4)(l) of the National Environmental Management Act in the Context of Cooperative Environmental Governance." Obiter 42, no. 1 (2021): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v42i1.11064.

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Wetlands are regulated by a plethora of specific environmental management Acts (SEMAs). The mandate of these Acts sits within various environmental affairs departments. Thus, the same resource is regulated and managed by a series of different legislation and environmental administrators. The National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA) is the national environmental framework Act and stresses in its purpose the need for cooperative environmental governance (CEG) which, arguably, raises no concern for the way wetlands are currently regulated and managed, as long as this is done in a

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Majid, Bozorgmehri. "The Human Rights in OIC, A Gradually Movement but in Progress." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p73.

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Comprising 57 member states, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest intergovernmental organization in the world after the United Nations. Its membership extends from Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Middle East to Africa, Eurasia, the Balkans and South America.In 2005, OIC launched a reform program that culminated in adopting a revised Charter in 2008 replacing the Charter of 1972. The new Charter seemed to reflect an increased prominence for human rights within the OIC, and it paved the way for the establishment of the OIC’s Independent Permanent Human Rights C

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6

Sevast'yanov, S. "China’s Integration Projects in Asia-Pacific and Eurasia." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 4 (2016): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-5-12.

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Until recently, only economically developed West-oriented states launched integration initiatives encompassing the entire Asia-Pacific region. However, over the last few years Beijing proposed several such initiatives embracing territories from America to Africa. The paper discusses the changes in Chinese views towards the leadership in modern world. Recent events in Syria, Ukraine, South China Sea and East China Sea made it clear that the world becomes more polycentric, with Russia and China resistant to external interference in the territories of their vital interests. The latest trends in E

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7

Santos, Roberta de Freitas, and Mateus Rodrigues Cerqueira. "South-South Cooperation: Brazilian experiences in South America and Africa." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 22, no. 1 (2015): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702015000100003.

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Over recent years Brazil has played an increasingly active role internationally, the result of its model of integration and its foreign policy directives. The health sector is a valuable and strategic area for Brazilian technical cooperation to achieve various objectives, including its development goals. This article describes the main directives of Brazilian foreign policy, conceptually defining and characterizing South-South Cooperation, illustrated through an analysis of two Brazilian technical cooperation initiatives in healthcare: one in South America, the other in Africa. The study concl

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8

Phago, Kedibone. "INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS AND HOUSING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN SOUTH AFRICA." Politeia 33, no. 2 (2016): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-8845/1778.

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Housing policy in South Africa requires that government departments at different spheres coordinate their activities to facilitate the provision of housing. This coordination is imperative because without such, effective housing provision remains compromised. The question that this paper raises is: whither intergovernmental relations (IGR) for housing policy implementation in South Africa? From this question it is clear that the nature of this discussion is conceptual as it seeks to engage on the institutional IGR model of public housing delivery. This question is raised in this paper because

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9

Döckel, J. A., and O. Somers. "A framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 9, no. 2 (1992): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359208439629.

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10

Nurmetova, Fazilat. "DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEKISTAN-SOUTH KOREA RELATIONS (2000-2020)." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 6, no. 3 (2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-6-5.

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The article states that the Uzbek-South Korean economic relations have reached a new level, in particular, the Joint Statement of the Heads of State on the comprehensive deepening of the Strategic Partnership, the Memorandum of Cooperation between the Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Ministry of Human Resources, 2018-2020. Intergovernmental Agreement on Loans from the Fund for Economic Development and Cooperation and the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of Uzbekistan Export-Import Bank of Korea, an agreement on financial cooperation relations have been analyzed using scientific

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11

Akinkugbe, Olabisi Delebayo. "South–South cooperation: Africa on the centre stage." Review of African Political Economy 40, no. 136 (2013): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2013.797771.

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12

Asante, Richard. "China and Africa: Model of South-South Cooperation?" China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 02 (2018): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500124.

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Chinese officials often claim that their country’s massive involvement in Africa is an example of “South-South cooperation” with tremendous potential to unlock Africa’s development prospects. They maintain that China’s economic involvement in the continent is less exploitative and more relevant to local needs than the North’s. Starting from a relatively small amount of investment in the early 1990s, China has become Africa’s biggest economic partner. Yet, as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Investment (UNCTAD) and other studies have shown, Chinese trade and investment in Africa are r

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13

Abdenur, Adriana Erthal. "Organisation and Politics in South–South Cooperation: Brazil's Technical Cooperation in Africa." Global Society 29, no. 3 (2015): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2015.1033384.

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14

Obamba, Milton. "The Dragon's Deal: Sino-African Cooperation in Higher Education." International Higher Education, no. 72 (March 17, 2015): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2013.72.6102.

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China and Africa have a long tradition of bilateral cooperation. The establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000 has dramatically revolutionized Sino-African cooperation. It is an intergovernmental agency established jointly by China and African countries to provide a plan for strengthening bilateral cooperations between China and 50 African member countries. The emergence of FOCAC can be more accurately interpreted as part of the increasing institutionalization and intensification of Sino-African relations, at a time of deepening multilateral interactions, although

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15

Kanstroom, Daniel. "The “Right to Remain Here” as an Evolving Component of Global Refugee Protection: Current Initiatives and Critical Questions." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 3 (2017): 614–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500304.

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This article considers the relationship between two human rights discourses (and two specific legal regimes): refugee and asylum protection and the evolving body of international law that regulates expulsions and deportations. Legal protections for refugees and asylum seekers are, of course, venerable, well-known, and in many respects still cherished, if challenged and perhaps a bit frail. Anti-deportation discourse is much newer, multifaceted, and evolving. It is in many respects a young work in progress. It has arisen in response to a rising tide of deportations, and the worrisome developmen

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16

Bayar, Murat, and Enver Arpa. "South–South Cooperation in Africa: The Niger-Turkey Case." Journal of Global South Studies 37, no. 1 (2020): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gss.2020.0003.

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17

Masriadi, Masriadi. "Intergovernmental Cooperation in provisioning Educational Goods and Service (Study on Intergovernmental on Providence Free Education in South Sulawesi)." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 4 (2014): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-19433239.

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18

Tapscott, Chris. "Intergovernmental relations in South Africa: the challenges of co-operative government." Public Administration and Development 20, no. 2 (2000): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-162x(200005)20:2<119::aid-pad118>3.0.co;2-g.

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19

Salakhetdinov, E. R., and V. A. Sidorov. "Russian Projects and Energy Cooperation in South Africa." Studies on Russian Economic Development 29, no. 3 (2018): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075700718030139.

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20

Beri, Ruchita. "Indo‐South Africa defence cooperation: Potential and prospects." Strategic Analysis 23, no. 10 (2000): 1681–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455154.

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21

Ozkan, Mehmet. "TURKEY IN SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION: NEW FOREIGN POLICY APPROACH IN AFRICA." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 18, no. 3 (2018): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-3-565-578.

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22

KANUNGO, Anil Kumar. "India's Overseas Investment in Africa: An Initiative for South-South Cooperation." Journal of World Investment & Trade 11, no. 5 (2010): 789–830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221190010x00400.

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23

Modi, Renu. "India-Africa Forum Summits and Capacity Building." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (2017): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341375.

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This study attempts to assess the perceptible or real impacts of the pledges made at the high level India-Africa Forum Summits towards building human capabilities, in recipient countries in Africa. Ensconced within the theoretical frameworks of South-South Cooperation and South-South Development Cooperation, this study affirms that international cooperation between India and Africa goes beyond aid. It includes inter alia, the sharing of development experiences for building human and physical infrastructural capabilities in Africa. Training programmes and the implementation of capacity building

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24

Hentz, James J. "South Africa and the political economy of regional cooperation in Southern Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 43, no. 1 (2005): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0400059x.

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Post-apartheid South Africa has recast its regional relations. Nonetheless, much of the literature depicts its policy as a projection of captured interests, for instance big business as embedded in Pretoria's apparent neo-liberal turn. Instead, post-apartheid South Africa's regional relations represent a political compromise, albeit not necessarily an explicit one, that reflects the different visions of South Africa's regional role and their respective political bases. Because their policies reflect the push and pull of competing constituencies, democratic states are rarely one dimensional. Po

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25

Morris, Mike, and Justin Barnes. "Organising cluster cooperation and learning networks in South Africa." African Studies 65, no. 1 (2006): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020180600771790.

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26

Diko, Nqophisa, and Norman Sempijja. "Does participation in BRICS foster South-South cooperation? Brazil, South Africa, and the Global South." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 39, no. 1 (2020): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1837746.

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27

Abdenur, Adriana Erthal, and Danilo Marcondes de Souza Neto. "South−South cooperation and democracy in Africa: Brazil's role in Guinea-Bissau." Africa Review 5, no. 2 (2013): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09744053.2013.855356.

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28

May, Peter J. "Can Cooperation Be Mandated? Implementing Intergovernmental Environmental Management in New South Wales and New Zealand." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 25, no. 1 (1995): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3330658.

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29

May, Peter J. "Can Cooperation Be Mandated? Implementing Intergovernmental Environmental Management in New South Wales and New Zealand." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 25, no. 1 (1995): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038183.

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30

Scott, G. M., and T. N. Mdluli. "The Minamata Treaty / Protocol: Potential Implications for South Africa." Clean Air Journal 22, no. 2 (2012): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2012/22/2.7077.

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In 2009 the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was mandated by its Governing Council to develop a global legally binding instrument for mercury. An Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) was established to prepare the instrument before the 27th UNEP Governing Council Meeting in February 2013. This instrument will have significant and far-reaching effects for South Africa, due to our economy's reliance on fossil fuels, in particular coal fired power generation. South Africa is currently rated as the 6th largest emitter of mercury in the world with annual emissions estimated at a

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31

Vieira, Marco Antonio, and Chris Alden. "India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA): South-South Cooperation and the Paradox of Regional Leadership." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 17, no. 4 (2011): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01704007.

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32

Lee Ji Eun, 표민찬, and 정무섭. "Success Factor of South-South Cooperation: A Case Study of Tata’s Investment in South Africa." Journal of South Asian Studies 20, no. 3 (2015): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21587/jsas.2015.20.3.006.

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33

Obraztsova, M. "Russia-South Africa Cooperation: from Missed Opportunities to Growth Potential." Азия и Африка сегодня, no. 4 (April 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750004386-6.

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34

Junbo, Jian, Chen Zhimin, and Chen Diyu. "The Provinces and China’s Multi-Layered Diplomacy: The Cases of GMS and Africa." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 5, no. 4 (2010): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119110x529203.

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AbstractChina’s diplomacy has become increasingly multi-layered, as provinces and cities step up efforts to expand their networks and involvement in foreign affairs. This article aims to provide a general picture about how Chinese provinces feature in the overall Chinese foreign policy system. Specifically, the article uses two cases to illustrate how such a multi-layered diplomatic system functions to meet the interests of the national and local governments. The first case discusses the role of Yunnan province in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) Economic Cooperation. Yunnan’s involvement i

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35

Mabugu, Ramos, Margaret Chitiga, and Hammed Amusa. "The economic consequences of a fuel levy reform in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 3 (2011): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i3.219.

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This paper assesses the economic effects of a hypothetical fuel levy imposed by South African provinces. The welfare effects of increasing the fuel levy by 10 per cent are negative but very small. Similarly, the marginal excess burdens for efficiency and equity (poverty) are quite low, suggesting much smaller impacts of the intervention on both economic activity and equity. Furthermore, a fiscal policy reform that raises fuel levy by 10 per cent is progressive as it has stronger negative effects on higher income households than the lower income households. A potential source of instability for

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36

Niu, Changsong. "China's educational cooperation with Africa: toward new strategic partnerships." Asian Education and Development Studies 3, no. 1 (2013): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-09-2013-0057.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine China-Africa educational cooperation under the framework of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) while illustrating the modalities of Sino-Africa educational cooperation. Design/methodology/approach – Based on empirical and documentary analysis, the paper describes and explores the unique features of China-Africa educational cooperation. Findings – In the past decades, China's expanding engagement with Africa in the field of international development assistance has attracted great attention and given rise to mixed reactions and arguments a

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37

Amanor, Kojo Sebastian. "South-South Cooperation in Africa: Historical, Geopolitical and Political Economy Dimensions of International Development." IDS Bulletin 44, no. 4 (2013): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-5436.12039.

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38

Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe Marie. "Contested norms in fragmented institutions: Gender equality in South Africa’s development cooperation." Progress in Development Studies 19, no. 3 (2019): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993419853444.

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Engaging with gender equality norms is increasingly becoming a prerequisite for being considered a legitimate partner in international development cooperation. South Africa has often been acknowledged as having one of the world’s most progressive constitutions for promoting gender equality. However, gender equality norms are heavily contested in the national political context. Situated in the gap between policy and implementation, this article explores how South Africa engages with gender equality norms as a leading actor in South–South Cooperation. It argues that contestations in competing no

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39

De Vrieze, Franklin. "The South-East European Cooperation Process and Its New Parliamentary Assembly: Regional Dialogue in Action." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 11, no. 2-3 (2016): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341341.

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This article analyses the contribution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the South-East European Cooperation Process (seecp) to regional dialogue among parliamentarians. First, it examines the transformation of the seecp Parliamentary Dimension into a Parliamentary Assembly (seecp pa). Second, the article analyses two case studies: the participation of Kosovo in the seecp pa; and the establishment of a Secretariat for the seecp pa. These two case studies are selected because they have given rise to intensive political dialogue, thus providing a basis for the conduct of parliamentary diplomacy.

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40

Pepa, Mariasole. "Rethinking the Political Economy of Chinese-African Agricultural Cooperation: The Chinese Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers." Afrika Focus 33, no. 2 (2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03302007.

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This paper explores the Chinese agricultural technology demonstration centers (ATDCs) in Africa, a recent evolution of Chinese-African agricultural cooperation often recognized as a representative example of South-South cooperation. More specifically, the study observes the development of the ATDCs in Africa, through a literature review, and indicates major limitations in ATDCs research. This paper proposes a new political economy approach that accounts for place and space, which are crucial lenses for the analysis of ATDCs in Africa. The reconsideration of spatial relations takes into account

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41

Lemon, Anthony. "South Africa and the Logic of Regional Cooperation, James J. Hentz." Africa Today 53, no. 4 (2007): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2007.53.4.116.

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42

Hornsby, David J., and Oscar van Heerden. "South Africa–Canada relations: a case of middle power (non)cooperation?" Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 51, no. 2 (2013): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2013.773690.

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43

Besada, Hany, and Evren Tok. "South Africa, BRICS and the South African Development Partnership Agency: redefining Canada's development assistance to Africa through triangular cooperation." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 21, no. 3 (2015): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2015.1074927.

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44

Seabra, Pedro. "A harder edge: reframing Brazil's power relation with Africa." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 57, no. 1 (2014): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201400105.

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Brazil's rapprochement with Africa during the last decade has been mostly explained as an attempt to improve political dialogue, raise economic interactions, and provide technical cooperation assistance. This article, however, argues that such framework does not sufficiently account for the use of Brazilian material resources in order to attain harder strategic goals towards the continent. By focusing on defense cooperation ties, it highlights an important niche in South-South relations that has also grown exponentially, with important consequences on how Brazil exerts power across the Atlanti

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45

van der Zaag, Pieter, and Álvaro Carmo Vaz. "Sharing the Incomati waters: cooperation and competition in the balance." Water Policy 5, no. 4 (2003): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0021.

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The water resources of the Incomati river basin, shared between South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique, are intensively used. Moreover, the basin is situated in a part of Africa that over the last 40 years has experienced a dynamic, sometimes turbulent and volatile, political history. Both ingredients might have been sufficient for the emergence of confrontations over water. Tensions between Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland over Incomati waters existed but never escalated. This case study attempts to explain why cooperation prevailed, by presenting information about the natural character

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46

Lethoko, Mankolo. "CHILDREN AND YOUTH AS AGENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT IN SOUTH AFRICA." Commonwealth Youth and Development 12, no. 1 (2016): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1609.

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When the democratic government came into power in 1994 in South Africa, it faced formidable problems stemming from the structural and historical inequalities and imbalances created by apartheid. Among the challenges included climate change. The release of the 2013 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) report indicates that climate change is a reality and its effects globally are getting worse daily. However, South African youth have not been adequately educated about climate change through formal basic schooling so that they can act as change agents.This article argues that the cur

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47

Leite, Iara Costa, Melissa Pomeroy, and Bianca Suyama. "Brazilian South–South Development Cooperation: The Case of the Ministry of Social Development in Africa." Journal of International Development 27, no. 8 (2015): 1446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3191.

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48

Kalinowski, Thomas, and Min Joung Park. "South Korean Development Cooperation in Africa: The Legacy of a Developmental State." Africa Spectrum 51, no. 3 (2016): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971605100303.

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This paper investigates how the legacy of the South Korean developmental state influences the way the country conducts its development cooperation (DC) policies. We argue that institutions of the developmental state remain instrumental in structuring South Korea's cooperation with the developing world. Two country case studies of South Korean DC and investment projects in Mozambique and Rwanda show that state initiative and a strong state–business partnership are defining elements of South Korean DC. At the same time, both cases show substantial differences when it comes to type of project, ty

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49

Helmholz, P., S. Zlatanova, J. Barton, and M. Aleksandrov. "GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2020 (Gi4DM2020): PREFACE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-3/W1-2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-3-w1-2020-1-2020.

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Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-

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Helmholz, P., S. Zlatanova, J. Barton, and M. Aleksandrov. "GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2020 (GI4DM2020): PREFACE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-3/W1-2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-3-w1-2020-1-2020.

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Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-

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