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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Interjection'
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Wendorff, Todd Louis. "Design Interjection for Business Incubators." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1395918298.
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Davidson, Tova Elizabeth. "A Dionysian interjection into the dialogue of hermeneutics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0020/MQ27492.pdf.
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Eshghi, Siavash. "International law, cyberspace and social movements : a critical interjection." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20377/.
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The 'international' has for long been imbued with dreams of emancipation, unity and sociality beyond the boundaries of the 'national'. However, despite its centrality, little critical reflection has been directed at the 'international' within the discourse of international law. Specifically, the socio-spatial fabric of this concept/category is rarely discussed. This thesis seeks to theoretically disrupt and problematise this disciplinary comfort zone by highlighting the non-territorial socio-spatiality of cyberspace. Arguing for a fundamental re-conceptualisation of the 'international', this thesis develops on the basis of a re-reading of two modes of analysis, namely logos and nomos. While the former is associated with a territorial configuration of socio-spatiality, the latter is thought as a lived and co-produced understanding of law, space and society. The thesis proceeds with offering cyberspace as an instance of non-territorial and internationally experienced socio-spatiality (nomos), which fundamentally differs from how it is currently conceptualised under international law (logos). The thesis proceeds with an exploration of international law's socio-spatial fabric, arguing for a fundamental re-thinking, from a predominantly territorial configuration (logos), to a non-territorial and lived account of the 'international' (nomos). The thesis is further illustrated through a critical reflection on the social movements and international law literature, arguing that nomos is the right mode of analysis for international law, in a world where normative claims and emancipatory dreams are increasingly woven into the non-territorial fabric of everyday life.
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Shakhnova, Maria. "Représentation de l’oral dans l’écrit. Le cas de l’interjection dans les bandes dessinées francophones et russophones." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL143.
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Qu’on la considère comme faisant partie de la langue ou à la limite de celle-ci, l’interjection a toujours attiré l’attention des chercheurs. Aujourd’hui, l’étude de l’interjection relève d’un champ de disciplines vaste, et son rôle crucial dans la communication n’est plus mis en doute : l’interjection est inscrite dans le discours, et ses fonctions y sont nombreuses. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions l’interjection en tant que marque d’oralité dans un texte écrit, sur l’exemple des bandes dessinées francophones et russophones, le but étant d’appliquer les conclusions traductologiques à la théorie de l’interjection. Cette analyse contrastive permet non seulement de définir les techniques de sa traduction, allant de la traduction littérale à l’adaptation ou la compensation, mais également d’enrichir sa théorie linguistique en confirmant son caractère conventionnel, sa polysémie, sa similitude avec la phrase, et son aspect fonctionnel. En complémentarité avec l’approche linguistique et traductologique, nous nous intéressons à l’étude de la plasticité de l’interjection : la visualité étant un facteur déterminant dans la construction du sens de l’interjection qui introduit les interrogations sur la poétique de l’interjection et l’élaboration du style à travers l’interjection dans la bande dessinée. Enfin, ce travail débouche sur d'intéressantes perspectives sur la comparaison de la traduction de l’interjection dans plusieurs paires de langue : cette étude de l’interjection dans un espace traductologique élargi permettant de contribuer à repenser, dans la continuité de notre travail, la définition linguistique de ce phénomène dans les languesWhether it is considered as part of the language or on its borderline, the interjection has always attracted the scientific attention. Today, the study of interjection includes a vast field of disciplines. Its crucial role in communication is no longer in doubt: interjection is indeed inscribed in the discourse, and its functions are diverse. In this thesis work, we study interjection as one of the marks of orality in a written text, on the example of the French and Russian comics, the aim being also to apply the translatological conclusions to the interjection theory. This contrastive analysis allows not only to define various techniques of its translation, ranging from literal translation to adaptation or compensation, but also to enrich the linguistic theory of interjection by confirming its conventional character, on the one hand, its resemblance to the sentence and its functional aspect. In complementarity with the linguistic and translatological approach, we are particularly interested in the study of the plasticity of the interjection: the visuality being a determining factor in the construction of the meaning of the interjection which introduces the interrogations on the poetics of the interjection and the elaboration of the style through the interjection. Finally, this work leads to some interesting perspectives, especially on the comparison of the translation of the interjection in several language pairs: this study of the interjection in a broader traductological space allowing to contribute to reconsider, in the continuity of our work, the linguistic definition of this phenomenon in languages
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Rayo, Michael F. Jr. "Directive Displays: Supporting Human-machine Coordination by Dynamically Varying Representation, Information, and Interjection Strength." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373384199.
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Olsson, Lisa. "Omission Phenomena in the American TV-series ”The Wire”." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Humanities, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11398.
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The aim of this study is to find out what effects the omission of intensifiers, interjections and fillers has on the general English subtitle track in the TV-series “The Wire”. Questions addressed in the study include the possible reasons for such omissions, and the consequences of applying omission strategies in this context. Thirteen episodes of the series were investigated in order to see to what extent these three types of words were omitted, and how that affected the experience when watching the series. The investigation showed that the majority of all omitted words in the subtitle track belonged to these three categories, and that technical restrictions were the most common reason for the omissions. Arguably, the lack of intensifiers, interjections and fillers made the language more stiff and formal, which in the end affected the authenticity of “The Wire”.
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Alloush, Mustafa. "L'onomatopée dans le lexique de l'arabe." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN056.
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L’onomatopée et l’interjection qui ont été étudiées de manière approfondie dans le domaine français dès le XVIIIe siècle n’ont fait l’objet que de quelques allusions dans la théorie grammaticale arabe traditionnelle. C’est ce vide que la présente thèse se propose de combler. Il s’agit d’une étude lexicale qui s’insère dans les recherches développant la théorie des matrices et des étymons (TME). Elle comprend deux grandes parties. La première se compose de deux chapitres. Le premier est consacré aux interjections (34 cas) et le second aux onomatopées proprement dites (18 cas). Dans ces deux chapitres, on procède à la manière de Guiraud (1967, chapitre III, « Structures onomatopéiques », ex. la racine T. K.). On extrait de l’interjection ou de l’onomatopée les deux consonnes qui les composent et on les considère comme un étymon dont on suit les diverses réalisations dans le lexique, en veillant toujours à la corrélation phono-sémantique. Il ressort de cette première partie que les racines (au sens traditionnel du terme) émanant d’étymons onomatopéiques sont près de neuf cents.Comme nous avons observé la présence du trait [+strident] dans un bon nombre de ces étymons, nous avons consacré la seconde partie à l’étude d’une nouvelle matrice qui se compose des traits [+strident] et [coronal], corrélés l’invariant notionnel « son, voix, bruit » et ses conséquences ,incluant la peur, le mouvement et ses diverses caractérisations. Cette matrice se réalise dans 69 étymons qui sont disposés par ordre alphabétique. Les réalisations de chaque étymon sont disposées en trois colonnes : le radical où l’étymon se réalise, la référence dans le tableau de l’organisation de l’invariant notionnel, le sens (tel qu’il est donné dans le Kazimirski).Il ressort de cette double étude qu’un immense pan du lexique de l’arabe est motivé, pourvu que l’on situe l’analyse au niveau des traits, la corrélation s’établissant entre le bruit et la définition même du trait de stridence, les sons stridents « se caractérisant acoustiquement par une plus grande quantité de bruit que leurs correspondants non-stridents » (Chomsky et Halle, 1968, p. 166)Although onomatopoeia and interjections in French have been studied in depth since the 18th century, they have only been alluded to in traditional Arabic grammatical theory. This thesis is intended to remedy this situation with a lexical study applying the Theory of Matrices and Etymons (TME). The thesis is divided into two major sections, the first of which comprises two chapters. The first chapter deals with 34 interjections and the second 18 onomatopoeia. The approach adopted in these first two chapters is that of Guiraud (1967, chapter III devoted to onomatopoeic structures, e.g. the T. K. root). The interjections and onomatopoeia are extracted from the consonants which compose them; these consonants are considered as an etymon the various realisations of which are pursued in the lexicon with constant attention to the phono-semantic correlation. This first part shows that there are nearly nine hundred roots (in the traditional meaning of the term) arising out of the onomatopoeic etymons. Given the presence of the [+strident] feature in a large number of these etymons, the second part of this thesis is devoted to a new matrix comprising the correlated [+strident] and [coronal] features, the notional invariant "sound, voice, noise" and its consequences including fear, movement and its various characteristics. This matrix is realised in 69 etymons ordered alphabetically. The realisations of each etymon are given in three columns: the radical in which the etymon is realised; the reference in the organisational table of the notional invariant; the meaning (as given in Kazimirski).This double study reveals that - provided that the analysis is established at the phonetic feature level - an immense area of the Arabic lexicon is motivated, the correlation between the noise and the very definition of the feature of stridence and strident sounds: "Strident sounds are marked acoustically by greater noisiness than their nonstrident counterparts" (Chomsky et Halle, 1968, p. 329)
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Guerra, Alexandre Yuri Ribeiro. "Interjeições de assombro e de estranheza no português paulistano e macaense: um contexto pragmático e de afetividade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-26102017-155416/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre interjeições em viés funcionalista através de uma análise comparativa dos usos linguísticos de expressões de assombro e de estranheza do português paulistano em relação ao português macaense. A decisão teórico-metodológica ampara-se na Linguística Centrada no Uso, na linha cognitivo-funcional, estudada por meio das obras de Heine, Claudi e Hünnemeyer (1991), Tomasello (2003), Gonçalves, Lima-Hernandes e Casseb-Galvão (2007), Givón (2009), dentre outros autores. Este campo teórico tem como âmago a preocupação em lidar com dados que preservem os contextos de produção de uso. Distinguir entre expressões de assombro e de estranheza não é uma tarefa fácil nem em dicionários e nem em gramáticas. É até mesmo impossível, atualmente, afirmar com certeza tal distinção pela ausência de investigação mais a fundo da pragmática e dos processamentos mentais envolvidos em conjunto com as produções linguísticas. O objetivo geral do estudo é o de introduzir uma nova pesquisa sobre interjeições ao verificar se existem diferenças nos usos de expressões interjetivas entre as duas variedades investigadas, indagando a questão da marginalidade dessa classe de palavras entre gramáticos e linguistas. Os dados para a investigação partiram de dois materiais. O primeiro corpus é constituído por registros audiovisuais oriundos de filmes paulistanos coletados por Guerra (2011) e de inquéritos realizados por Lima-Hernandes et alii (2012) e Rodrigues (2013). As expressões interjetivas presentes nestes materiais são comparadas com um segundo corpus composto por usos linguísticos manifestados por macaenses, falantes de língua materna cantonesa e portuguesa, registrados em gravações de teatro, conversas informais e entrevistas em programas televisivos e de rádio da península. Interjeições são preponderantemente de ordem pragmática, pois os seus significados derivam quase que exclusivamente da entonação do falante e do contexto em que se inserem. Apesar da pouca atenção recebida por gramáticos e linguistas, são estratégias comunicativas utilizadas fartamente em nosso cotidiano e, portanto, representam uma rica fonte de investigação.This research presents a study on interjections in a functionalist perspective through a comparative analysis on language usages of astonishment and strangenesss expressions in Paulistano and Macanese Portuguese. The theoretical basis and methodological decision are sustained by the Usage-based Linguistics, in a cognitive functional bias, studied in the works of Heine, Claudi and Hünnemeyer (1991), Tomasello (2003), Gonçalves, Lima-Hernandes and Casseb-Galvão (2007), Givón (2009), among other authors. This theoretical field has as its core the concern to deal only with data that preserve the contexts of usage production. Distinguish expressions between astonishment and strangeness is not an easy task in dictionaries or even in grammar books. Currently, it is even impossible to claim for sure that these expressions have a distinction because of the absence of a deeper investigation, focused on pragmatics and mental processes involved jointly with linguistic productions. The general objective of this project is to introduce a new research on interjections, verifying if there are differences in usages of these expressions between the two language varieties investigated and to inquire about the marginalization of this word class by grammarians and linguists. Data utilized for investigation are originated from two materials. The first corpus is composed by audiovisual records derived of Paulistano movies compiled by Guerra (2011) and interviews made by Lima-Hernandes et alii (2012) and Rodrigues (2013). The interjective expressions observed will be compared with a second corpus composed by linguistic usages of Portuguese displayed by Macanese, speakers of Cantonese and Portuguese as mother languages, recorded in theater presentations, informal dialogues and interviews realized by TV and radio programs. Interjections have the pragmatic order as a predominant characteristic because their meanings derive almost exclusively from the intonation of the speaker and the context inserted. Despite of the minimal attention gave by grammarians and linguists, they are communicative strategies heavily utilized in our daily life and, consequently, are a rich source of investigation.
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MacDonald, Glyn Alan. "Towards interaction: Combining jazz techniques and idiomatic writing for Varied ensembles. A collection of musical works -and- An exegesis." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2204.
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This practice-led research project has produced musical works that bring together ensembles from the Western Classical tradition that only read notation, and, jazz soloists who improvise. Three works ‘Standing Ground’, ‘The Journey’ and ‘Matt versus the Zombies’ were composed for three ensembles each with an improvising soloist. These ensembles included a British style Brass Band, Brass Quintet and a double Saxophone quartet.
The project built on the work of Andy Scott and Eddie Sauter, both of whom wrote for non-jazz ensembles and an improvising artist without including a jazz rhythm section. The accompanying non-jazz ensemble was written in such a way as to provide interactive possibilities to assist the improviser in their creativity. The works in this project included elements found in the jazz rhythm section that I believed could be notated idiomatically. These elements were: call and response; interjection and setting and sustaining the groove. Data was collected through journaling and audio recording of the process from composition, to rehearsal and through to the performance. The compositions were recorded and the works analysed in this exegesis. The exegesis is written in a way to take the reader through the journey I have undertaken to produce these works, hence it is exploratory in nature.
Broadly speaking, injecting the elements from the jazz rhythm section into notated parts for a variety of musicians, both amateur and professional, was a successful and viable approach. The recordings, coupled with the analysis herein, shows that there were moments, where the elements of call and response, and interjection, notated in the accompanying musicians’ parts, created moments of dialogue, and the improvising artist used these to assist them in their improvising creativity. Feedback from all concerned (soloists and groups) was positive and supports the notion that community and professional ensembles, jazz and classical stylistic worlds can coexist, and learn from one another and make music that transcends style and notation constraints. This project adds to the scope of methodologies within creative music research practice. It also stands as an example of one that specifically addresses ways of notating for reading ensembles that will allow them to engage with improvising musicians.
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Vermander, Pierre. "Les reliefs de la voix. Oralité et écriture en moyen français." Thesis, Paris 3, 2020. https://bsnum.sorbonne-nouvelle.fr/files/original/1338/6773/These_en_cours_de_traitement.pdf.
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Ce travail se propose d’étudier la représentation de l’oralité dans les textes médiévaux. Il s’agit de remettre en question le terme même de « représentation » en contestant le présupposé implicite d’une équivalence entre systèmes (oral/écrit). La problématique des rapports entre écriture et oralité (I) est introduite par l’examen rapide du phonocentrisme (I, 1). On tentera alors de construire une catégorie des marqueurs d’oralité, fonctionnant en tant que représentations non ressemblantes, afin d’envisager la question sur un plan non pas grammatical mais représentationnel (I, 2). On s’interrogera ensuite sur les particularités médiévales (variation, imprécision, improvisation) ressortissant à l’interaction entre écrit et oral dans notre corpus composite (I, 3). Enfin, on sollicitera nos sources afin d’envisager leurs propres représentations de la parole et de l’écriture, telles que les modalités de la voix et les inscriptions de l’écrit (I, 4). La construction d’une classe linguistique ad hoc nous permettra de prendre en compte les marqueurs d’oralité non pas comme des représentants de l’oralité per se mais comme des occasions d’analyse (II). On utilisera tout d’abord la variance médiévale dans une perspective pragmatique afin de développer un modèle d’analyse permettant la construction d’une pragmaphilologie, i.e. d’un discours sur les fonctions des marqueurs imprégné par leurs possibilités combinatoires (II, 5). À l’aide des apports de l’analyse de conversation, on cherchera ensuite à mesurer leur importance dans l’organisation des tours de parole en les traitant comme des outils graphiques destinés, entre autres, à indiquer le passage ou bien l’interruption d’un tour (II, 6). En se focalisant sur quatre cas particuliers (Oh, Et, Et bien, Hen), nous avons cherché à reprendre à nouveaux frais certaines hypothèses sous-jacentes à la catégorie des marqueurs d’oralité (II, 7). Enfin, à rebours du postulat de délabrement et de la vacuité du jurement apparemment implicités par sa présence massive, on cherchera à montrer que cet acte doit encore être considéré comme efficace (II, 8)This dissertation focuses on medieval orality’s representation. It questions the very notion of « representation » by challenging the fundamental assumption of the equivalency between the oral and written communication systems .The issue of the relationship between writing and orality (I) is introduced through a brief examination of the notion of phonocentrism (I, 1). A category of orality markers involving non-resemblance representational models has been created to address this as a representational rather than a grammatical issue (I, 2). Then we analyze both medieval and oral salient characteristics (variation, imprecision, and improvisation) illustrated by our literary and inquisitorial corpus (I, 3). Finally, we will examine the way our texts depict their own representation of writing and orality (I, 4) The ad hoc development of a new linguistic category allows us to consider the markers of orality as new areas of analysis rather than mere representations of orality (II). The notion of medieval variance will be used to develop an analytical model as the basis for a « pragmaphilology », i.e. a discourse involving the combinatory possibilities of the orality markers (II, 5). Based on concepts of conversation analysis, we will focus on the role of markers as turn-taking organizing devices, including their function as transition or interruption graphic indicators (II, 6). We have considered four specific case studies (Oh, Et, Et bien, Hen) aiming at re-evaluating existing hypotheses about the function of orality markers (II, 7). Finally, our goal is to demonstrate that contrary to the presupposition of the vacuity implicit to their massive presence in medieval texts, swear words should be considered effective means of truth-telling (II, 8)
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Olivier, Claudine. "Traitement pragmatique des interjections en francais." Toulouse 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU20029.
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Les interjections relevent d'un mode de predication non phrastique. Elles servent a donner une image qualitative d'un element situationnel (locuteur, allocutaire, proces). On distingue : les "cris parles" de sens imitatif (boum !), les cris parles de sens affectif (ah ! ), les marques de conjuration (injures, jurons, "fatums"), les phrases tronquees en utilisation formulaire "particularisante" (comment ! tu parles !). Phrase et interjection observent a des degres divers le meme principe d'incompletude semantique permettant leur utilisation dans une situation particuliere d'enonciation. L'incompletude des interjections peut etre referentielle, logique, informative (niveau de la phrase et niveau du lexique), morphologique. Notre etude porte plus specifiquement sur les interjections ah ! et comment ! l'acte d'enonciation de ah ! realise a la fois la representation "particularisante" du locuteur (rupture de la continuite du discours par la manifestation d'un sentiment vif) et le respect du contrat conversationnel (principe de cooperation, v. Grice, 1975) : l'apparition de ah ! est datee relativement a celle d'un fait logiquement anterieur et signale que celui-ci fait l'objet d'un commentaire. Ces deux traits communs aux 4 differents types d'emplois de l'interjection ah ! permettent de la rattacher a la problematique generale de la concession dans une perspective polyphonique et dialogale, comment ! (exclamatif) est la demande de repetition rhetorique qui permet au locuteur de marquer une attitude (surprise, contestation, reprobation). Cette formule, obtenue par derivation illocutoire (anscombre, 1981) avec ellipse, cristallise les valeurs axiologiques particulieres de l'orientation argumentative de l'interrogation (v. Anscombre et ducrot, 1981) - negation et depreciation - et celles de la structure vide qu- contenue dans commentInterjections belong to another predication-type than a phrasic one. They give a qualitative image of a situationnal element (locutor, allocutor, process). We can distinguish : the "spoken screams " with imitative sense (boum ! ), with affective sense (ah ! ),the conjuration signs (insults, swear words, "fatums"), the cut sentences used as "particularizing" formulae (comment ! tu parles !). Both sentence and interjection show at different degrees the semantic incompleteness which permits their use in a particular speech event. The incompleteness of the interjection can be qualified of referential, logical, informative (at a lexical or phrasic level), or morphological. But this contribution is concerned more specifically with the interjections ah ! and comment !. When uttering " ah ! ", we create at the same time the subjective representation which particularizes the locutor (rupture of discursive continuity by showing a specific reaction) and a respect of cooperative principle (see grice, 1975) : the uttering of " ah ! " is logically posterior to a discursive fact and points out that this fact is being commented on. These two features shared by the 4 different uses of " ah ! ", reveal its link with the general problem of concession in a polyphonic and dialogical perspective. The exclamation comment ! corresponds to a rhetoric demand to repeat which allows the locutor to manifest an attitude (surprise, desagreement, reprobation). This formula, the result of linear research (see anscombre, 1981) with ellipse, shows the particular axiological values of the argumentative orientation of the interrogation (see anscombre and ducrot, 1981) - negation and depreci- ation - and those of the emply structure qu- contained in contained in comment
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Olivier, Claudine. "Traitement pragmatique des interjections en français." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600109r.
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Nordgren, Lars. "The Greek Interjections : Studies on the Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics of the Interjections in Fifth-Century Drama." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of French, Italian and Classical Languages, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75536.
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This thesis investigates the linguistic and philological characteristics of the primary interjections in Ancient Greek drama. It employs Ameka’s definition and classification from 1992 as its theoretical base, and provides a comprehensive research survey. The thesis has a data-driven approach, and is based on all items traditionally classified as interjections. In the chapter on morphology and syntax, the unique characteristics of interjections are presented. E.g., NPs co-occurring with interjections form an interjection phrase, which follows a specific pattern, in accordance with a phrase schema. The chapter on semantics, which is the main part of the thesis, employs an analytical model based on a moderate minimalism approach. This assumes that all items have a core meaning that can be identified without the aid of context, yet allows different, but related, meanings. The definition adopted in the present thesis states that interjections share only formal characteristics, and thus can be divided into categories based on their semantic features, which are defined using Kaplan’s notion of informational equivalence. The thesis deals with three such categories, each with its individual semantic properties: expressive interjections, express the speaker’s experience of emotion and/or cognition; conative interjections, express what the speaker wants the addressee or auditor to do; imitative interjections, depict or reproduce sounds or events. Items in category 1 are the most frequent and thus receive most attention. In the chapter on pragmatics, it is proposed that the primary function of interjections is to express the core semantics in a specified context. Felicity conditions are suggested for an utterance to convey the primary meaning of an interjection. Interjections are also shown to have various secondary functions, e.g. that of strengthening markers. Finally, a lexicon is provided, which offers individual informational equivalents of all interjections under study.
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Rak, O. M. "Expression of emotions by means of interjections." Thesis, БДМУ, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17357.
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Stange, Ulrike. "The acquisition of interjections in early childhood." Hamburg Diplomica-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994204019/04.
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Stange, Ulrike. "The acquisition of interjections in early childhood /." Hamburg : Diplomica Verl, 2009. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3302166&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Sheehan, Benjamin. "How interjections increase customer satisfaction, purchase intent and loyalty." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232832/1/Benjamin_Sheehan_Thesis.pdf.
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This research suggests that interjections e.g., “wow”, “aww”, and “hmm”, shape consumer attitudes and behaviours. Seven experiments demonstrate that consumers are more satisfied, willing to purchase, and loyal when service agents (human or chatbot) use interjections. Consumers respond positively to interjections because they feel listened to, feel the agent is in a positive mood, and feel the agent is human. The effect holds across a range of contexts and stages of the purchasing process. The findings shed light on a range of psychological processes while providing a straightforward means of enhancing satisfaction, purchase intent, and loyalty.
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Luciano, Tereza de Medeiros. "Expressividade na língua portuguesa: o valor interjectivo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/106264.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 1985.Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T19:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 321499.pdf: 34919415 bytes, checksum: 1aebbaa3561485d76f7eb397e6a3cf9f (MD5)
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Luciano, Tereza de Medeiros. "Expressividade na língua portuguesa : o valor interjectivo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1985. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/112311.
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Mrochen, Izabela. "A history of emotive interjections in English: what, why and how." Doctoral thesis, Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128/5214.
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W pracy omówiono ewolucję form oraz funkcję wykrzyknień i wtrąceń what, why i how na podstawie korpusu tekstów powieści angielskich (XVII- XX wiek). Opierając się na dotychczasowych opracowaniach językoznawczych, podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy można mówić o konwencjonalizacji treści wykrzyknień przy współistnieniu tradycyjnej funkcji pytającej i wtórnej funkcji eksklamatywnej tych zaimków .
Jak wiadomo, każdy akt komunikacji związany jest z emocjonalnym zaangażowaniem rozmówców, co powoduje, że semantyka postaw uczuciowych i stosunków międzyludzkich wyraża się między innymi w różnych sposobach mówienia. Zasadne jest zatem omówienie wielorakich emocji, takich jak radość, zachwyt, rozczarowanie lub zdenerwowanie. Temat ten rozważany jest w rozdziale II. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na złożoność problemu, która wyraża się także w różnicach definicyjnych pomiędzy pojęciem wykrzyknienia (exclamation) i pojęciem wykrzyknika (interjection), szczególnie gdy wykrzyknienie jest formą
jednowyrazową typu What!, Why!, How!. Oba te terminy zostały jednoznacznie zdefiniowane.
Rozdział trzeci omawia diachroniczny rozwój wykrzyknień. Zjawisko współistnienia dwóch różnych funkcji opisywanej klasy pojawia się już w okresie staroangielskim. Różnice w poszczególnych przykładach wskazują na wymienność badanych funkcji w różnym stopniu i z różną częstotliwością dla what, why i how. Można też zaobserwować syntaktyczną mobilność badanych zaimków, które pojawiają się nie tylko na początku zdania, ale mogą również zajmować dalszą pozycję charakterystyczną dla zdania podrzędnego.
W rozdziale czwartym (poświęconym wykrzyknieniu what), piątym (opisującym leksem how), i szóstym (omawiającym why), przeprowadzono analizę zgromadzonego materiału badawczego - wybranych powieści angielskich opublikowanych pomiędzy 1621 a 1950 rokiem. Przeanalizowano modyfikację wyrażeń wykrzyknikowych z what, why i how występujących zarówno w zdaniach pojedynczych (exclamations), jak i pojawiających się jako jednowyrazowe formy (interjections). Zwrócono także uwagę na znaczącą różnorodność
użycia znaków interpunkcyjnych (znak wykrzyknika, znak zapytania, kropka, itp.) stosowanych w języku pisanym w celu zasygnalizowania konturu intonacyjnoakcentacyjnego wypowiedzi. Rozdział siódmy stanowi podsumowanie badań opartych na materiale historycznym, wskazując że silny preskryptywizm w XVIII i XIX wieku, jak również proces gramatykalizacji mógł mieć znaczny wpływ na współistnienie funkcji pytającej oraz
wykrzyknikowej. Badania dużych korpusów tekstów przy użyciu konkordacyjnych i wyszukujących programów komputerowych wykazały, że te konstrukcje zachowują moc illokucyjną, gdyż są często zaznaczone znakiem graficznym w formie wykrzyknienia, który podkreśla jeszcze bardziej ich funkcję emotywną. W tym samym materiale można zaobserwować asymetrię pomiędzy współfunkcjonalnością badanych zaimków. Podczas gdy
why nadal jest używane jako wykrzyknik, what i how są coraz rzadziej spotykane w tej funkcji, zatem badanie wymyka się z ram sztywnej klasyfikacji.
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Richet, Bertrand. "Éléments d'analyse du phénomène interjectif en anglais contemporain." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040121.
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Cette étude se donne pour objet d'explorer quelques unes des modalités d'apparition du phénomène interjectif en anglais contemporain. L'interjection est une forme problématique et l'analyse des discours tenus au cours de l'histoire de la linguistique permet dans une première partie de dégager les raisons d'un rejet, d'un malaise ou d'un flou définitoire qui conduisent souvent l'interjection aux marges du langage. En dépit d'efforts salutaires de réflexion plus approfondie, il manque une vision unifiante du phénomène que ce travail propose d'esquisser à partir de l'examen systématique des réalisations de l'interjection dans un corpus d'anglais oral, le 'London Lund Corpus', dont les occurrences ont été entièrement informatisées. Il en ressort l'image d'une interjection placée véritablement au coeur du langage, qu'il s'agisse des modalités de son intégration interactionnelle, de sa position aux seuils des répliques ou de la représentation qu'elle propose à la fois de l'objet considéré par l'énonciateur sous l'oeil attentif des autres intervenants et de l'acte d'énonciation à travers lequel l'essentialisation du fait prend forme et se diffuse. L'interjection est alors la charnière entre le singulier et l'universel, entre le personnel et le partagé, entre le dévoilement et le dissimulé. Parce qu'elle est un jeu de savoir et de l'ignorance, l'interjection trouve dans l'objet révélé la matière d'un discours qui, de reprise en dépassement, de contemplation en ponctualisation, d'anecdote en généralisation, vise à maintenir à distance l'abîme du silence en même temps qu'elle contribue, par la complétude de la représentation qu'elle dessine, à mettre fin au discours. Point de départ et d'arrivée de l'énoncé, de déploiement et de condensation de la matière du monde et du regard porté sur elle, l'interjection se donne finalement comme représentation et comme accompagnement de l'acte d'énonciation.
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Halté, Pierre. "Les marques modales dans les chats : étude sémiotique et pragmatique des émoticônes et des interjections dans un corpus de conversation synchrones en ligne." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0308/document.
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L'objet de cette thèse est d'aborder certaines marques modales présentes dans un corpus de conversations synchrones en ligne (chat) : les interjections et les émoticônes. Il s'agira d'abord d'étudier les caractéristiques pragmatiques et sémiotiques de ce type de conversation en ligne, puis de proposer une approche sémiotique et pragmatique des interjections et des émoticônes, et de montrer que malgré les différences qui peuvent exister entre ces deux types de signe - les interjections relevant de la langue verbale alors que les émoticônes constituent des imitations graphiques de gestes et de mimiques - ils partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques. L'étude de ces signes nous conduira à questionner leur statut sémiotique, de l'icône à l'indice, mais aussi leurs fonctions pragmatiques et énonciatives : la monstration, la modalisation, la prise en charge, la prise en compte, etc. Nous espérons par cette étude contribuer à élargir les connaissances sur les émoticônes, mais aussi les conceptions que l'on peut avoir de la langue et du système mimo-gestuel, qui, selon nous, gagneraient à être rapprochés plutôt que séparésThe purpose of this thesis is to study subjectivity markers in an online chat corpus : interjections and emoticons. First, we will study the semiotic and pragmatic specificities of this type of online conversation ; then we will propose a semiotic and pragmatic approach of interjections and emoticons. We will show that, even if there are a few differences between those two types of signs ? interjections are definitely part of verbal language, whereas emoticons are iconic imitations of gestures and mimics ? they share numerous traits. The study of those signs will lead us to wonder about their semiotic status, from icon to index, but also about their pragmatic functions : how they allow to perform, to show instead of describing, how they allow the users to express their subjectivity regarding a propositional content, etc. We hope that this study will contribute to enlarge the knowledge we have of emoticons, but also the views researchers have on language and gestures / mimics, which, according to us, should be brought closer, and not further apart
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Cheng, Shing-yip, and 鄭成業. "A contrastive investigation of the use of interjections by male and female speakers in Cantonese and English play, film and televisionscripts." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26760009.
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Dufeu, Pierre-Yves. "Le syntagme verbal isolé à l'impératif en français (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) - Etude morphologique, lexico-sémantique et syntaxique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949399.
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Le mode impératif existe-t-il en français ? Une première étude morphologique analytique du verbe impératif montre que, dans la diachronie considérée, la langue retrouve le même type de claires oppositions morphématiques modales qui avaient cours en latin. Une deuxième partie de sémantique lexicale formelle nous permet, à partir du même corpus, de mettre au jour un continuum de la phrase nucléaire, au sein duquel le mode impératif occuperait la position médiane, entre l'interjection et la prédication. Nous montrons enfin que cette identité modale médiane trouve aussi ses marques propres à l'échelle syntagmatique, à travers notamment la syntaxe clitique ou la conception d'adverbes spécifiques, comme donc.
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Pick, Peter Richard. "Interjections of silence : the poetics and politics of radical protestant writing 1642-1660." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/244/.
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In this thesis I have undertaken a close reading of texts by William Walwyn, Abiezer Coppe and James Nayler. In reading Nayler, I have also engaged with texts by Richard Farnsworth and Richard Baxter. My approach has been to consider these writings in their own terms and right, rather than merely as contextual sidelights on literary or social matters. I believe that all writing expresses aesthetic concerns and social attitudes. I hope my study will contribute to a necessary and continuing project of recovering such voices, so often marginalised and considered either as symptoms of mental disorder, or simply of no literary value. I have applied Bakhtinian perspectives and Discourse Analysis in my readings, although I hope not to the detriment of the writers' own understanding of their work, as I am reluctant to impose ahistorical interpretations on the writings of a previous era. I believe many misunderstandings arise from such procedures. I have not wished to apply a strategic reading to these texts, but rather to recover what they meant for their writers and readers at the extraordinary moment which produced them. I have attempted to integrate them in their own historical context, to explain difficulties arising in their interpretation, to explore their theology and social message, and as far as possible to relate them to the literary history from which they have been largely divorced. The thesis is not intended as a general review of pamphlet literature, of which there are several valuable examples, but as exploration and explanation of specific writings by representatives of the 'Radical Protestant' movements known as Levellers, Ranters and Quakers.
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Lemon, Travis L. "Thinking on the Brink: Facilitating Student Teachers' Learning Through In-the-Moment Interjections." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2292.
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In order to investigate ways pre-service student teachers (PSTs) might learn to teach with high-level tasks and effectively incorporate student thinking into their lessons a teaching experiment was designed and carried out by the cooperating teacher/researcher (CT). The intervention was for the CT to interject into the lessons of the PSTs during moments of opportunity. By interjecting a small question or comment during the lesson the CT hoped to support the learning of both the students of mathematics in the class and the PSTs. This in-the-moment interjecting was meant to enhance and underscore the situated learning of the PSTs within the context of actual practice. Essentially the PSTs learned how to manage and improve the discourse of the classroom in the moment of the discourse. This study utilized both an ongoing analysis of the data during collection in order to inform the instruction provided by the CT and a retrospective analysis of the data in order to develop an understanding of the developmental sequence through which PSTs progressed. The results suggest the interjections provided to the PSTs served multiple roles within the domains of mathematical development for the students of mathematics and pedagogical development for the PSTs. A classification of the interjections that occurred and the stages of development through which PSTs passed will be discussed. Implications from this work include increased attention to the groundwork leading up to the student teaching experience as well as an adjustment to the role of cooperating teacher to be more that of a teacher educator.
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Hérique, Emmanuel. "Étude de l'interjection "tiens" : contribution à l'étude du phénomène interjectif." Nancy 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN21012.
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Hérique, Emmanuel. "Etude de l'interjection "tiens" contribution à l'étude du phénomène interjectif." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375982863.
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Pollard, Craig. "Interjecting into inherited narratives : the politics of contemporary music making and creative practice." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4178.
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This practice-led PhD attempts to engage with emerging discussions taking place within contemporary cultural discourse, and pays attention to the internet as a constructive discursive arena. The critical lens through which the research approaches these discussions is one broadly concerned with the lineages of modernism, postmodernism and potential post-postmodernisms (although it is tentative and critical in its understanding of these terms). The practical portion of the submission comprises a portfolio of work created during the research period - increasingly concerned with shared language, repetition, creative efficiency and shifts in contemporary popular music - and culminates in the music and video works of the mild-pop endeavor Competition. The written portion of the submission discusses the political implications of creative practice and looks to situate historical and contemporary modes of production within their wider cultural contexts. In doing so, it considers a modernist perspective that can feel pervasive within an inherited discourse of music and art making, the problematic aspects of conceptual poetry, whiteness and (a lack of) self-awareness and/or critique, the phenomenology of a loss of selfevidence, social media and new forms of communication, the use of irony, 'senses of the end', the cultural value of contradiction and emerging discussions of metamodernism (amongst other things). Finally, in honouring the form of practice-led research, the submission is positioned in such a way that hopes to collapse certain hierarchies within the dualism of practice and theory - the practice will seek to explain the writing as much as the writing will seek to explain the practice, they are to be experienced as one and the same.
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Grinshpun, Yana. "Entre langue(s), discours et graphies, une identité problématique : ô." Paris 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA030133.
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Ce travail analyse la forme graphique O/ô, utilisée en particulier devant les groupes nominaux (" O femme ! ", " O terrible perspective ! ". . . ). Son identité est problématique à plusieurs titres : a) elle transcrit des fonctionnements linguistiques hétérogènes, ce qui rend incertaine sa frontière avec l'interjection oh ; b) son appartenance catégorielle reste aujourd'hui encore indéterminée ; c) sa relation privilégiée avec le latin et le grec implique chez les locuteurs une compétence hybride liée à une mémoire linguistique ; d) elle est étroitement dépendante des interventions des imprimeurs et des experts en matière de langue. La première partie retrace l'histoire de cette forme et des réflexions grammaticales qu'elle a suscitées depuis le grec jusqu'au français contemporain. La deuxième partie propose une description syntaxique, sémantique et pragmatique des séquences [O + GN] en français, dont le fonctionnement est distinct de celui de l'interjection. La troisième partie analyse les emplois de O suivi d'un GN dans un vaste corpus du XVII° siècleThis thesis analyses the graphic form O/ô in French, used especially before noun phrases (“O woman!” “O terrible event!”. . . ). Its linguistic identity is problematic for several reasons: a) the fact that this form expresses heterogeneous linguistic functionings makes its frontier with the interjection oh uncertain. B) until today it has not been assigned to any grammatical category. C) Its Greek and Latin roots imply a linguistic memory and, for the speakers, a “hybrid competence”, d) It is tightly dependent on the publishers' and language specialists' intervention. The first part of the thesis, investigates the history of this form and its relationships with grammar from ancient Greek to contemporary French. The second part offers a syntactic, semantic and pragmatic description of the sequences [O+NP] in French. The functioning of this type of sequence is different from that of the interjection. The third part analyses the use of O, when followed by a noun phrase in a wide range of XVIIth century texts, belonging to various genres
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Tomazetto, Simone Aparecida. "As interjeições e locuções interjetivas nas tiras em quadrinhos sob a abordagem discursiva." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2350.
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Previous issue date: 2012-12-12This paper aims to present considerations that may contribute to the shape linguistic and semantic function as discursive situation of interjections and phrases interjetivas, from the theoretical assumptions with main focus on studies Gonçalves (2002), Bakhtin (2000, 2002a, 2002b), Bakhtin / Voloshinov (2004) and Marcuschi (2007). The intention of this paper is to reflect and discuss the considerations of the use of interjections and phrases interjetivas acts as expressive, natural conversation, expressing your feelings through words and body language, featuring different senses of semantic and discursive. For data analysis, this research sought supports the theories of speech acts, based on theoretical and Austin (1962) and Searle (1981), in conversation analysis with theoretical support in Marcuschi (1991) and Dionysus (2011), and in the language of visual imagery, verbal and non-verbal of comic strips with methodological studies of Gumperz (1998) and Ramos (2010). The corpus chosen for this research consists in comic strips, selected the Folha de São Paulo in 1970 and 1990, in textbooks and electronic sites. This is a survey of the basic nature of the qualitative type that you want to analyze the form and function of interjections and phrases within interjetivas comic strips, observing the discursive and semantic factors. The analysis results show that, as of interjections and phrases can be interjetivas list the basic emotions of expressive acts and explain its flexibility from factors of pragmatic, and expressive acts that are not in the service of transmitting a information, but the service of a manifestation of an emotional state, observed in speech acts and conversation between characters when it materializes the image visual communication, verbal and nonverbal. Thus, it is expected that this research will bring a contribution for teachers of English, which can be used as a source of research, contributing to the construction of knowledge of teachers and students in the context of the classroom as a way of meaningful learning.
Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar considerações que podem contribuir com relação à forma linguística e à função semântica enquanto situação discursiva das interjeições e locuções interjetivas, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos com enfoque principal nos estudos de Gonçalves (2002); Bakhtin (2000, 2002a, 2002b), Bakhtin/Voloshinov (2004) e Marcuschi (2007). A intenção deste trabalho é refletir e discutir sobre as considerações do uso das interjeições e locuções interjetivas como atos expressivos, conversação natural, demonstrando seus sentimentos por meio de palavras e expressões corporais, caracterizando diferentes sentidos de ordem semântica e discursiva. Para análise dos dados, esta investigação buscou suportes nas teorias dos atos de fala, com base em teóricos como Austin (1962) e Searle (1981); na análise da conversação com suporte teórico em Marcuschi (1991) e Dionísio (2011); e na linguagem da imagem visual, verbal e não verbal das tiras em quadrinhos com os estudos metodológicos de Gumperz (1998) e Ramos (2010). O corpus escolhido para essa pesquisa é constituído nas tiras em quadrinhos, selecionadas do Jornal Folha de São Paulo dos anos de 1970 e 1990, em livros didáticos e em sites eletrônicos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza básica do tipo qualitativa que pretende analisar a forma e a função das interjeições e das locuções interjetivas dentro das tiras em quadrinhos, observando os fatores semânticos e discursivos. Os resultados da análise demonstram que, a partir das interjeições e locuções interjetivas podem-se elencar as emoções básicas dos atos expressivos e explicar sua flexibilidade a partir de fatores de ordem pragmáticos, e que os atos expressivos, não estão a serviço da transmissão de uma informação, e sim a serviço de uma exteriorização de um estado emocional, observados nos atos de fala e na conversação entre os personagens quando se materializa a comunicação de imagem visual, verbal e não verbal. Dessa forma, espera-se que esta pesquisa traga uma contribuição para professores de língua portuguesa, que poderá ser utilizada como fonte de pesquisa, contribuindo para a construção do conhecimento dos docentes e dos discentes no contexto da sala de aula como uma forma de aprendizagem significativa.
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Humpherys, Sean L. "A system of deception and fraud detection using reliable linguistic cues including hedging, disfluencies, and repeated phrases." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196115.
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Given the increasing problem of fraud, crime, and national security threats, assessing credibility is a recurring research topic in Information Systems and in other disciplines. Decision support systems can help. But the success of the system depends on reliable cues that can distinguish deceptive/truthful behavior and on a proven classification algorithm. This investigation aims to identify linguistic cues that distinguish deceivers from truthtellers; and it aims to demonstrate how the cues can successfully classify deception and truth.Three new datasets were gathered: 202 fraudulent and nonfraudulent financial disclosures (10-Ks), a laboratory experiment that asked twelve questions of participants who answered deceptively to some questions and truthfully to others (Cultural Interviews), and a mock crime experiment where some participants stole a ring from an office and where all participants were interviewed as to their guilt or innocence (Mock Crime). Transcribed participant responses were investigated for distinguishing cues and used for classification testing.Disfluencies (e.g., um, uh, repeated phrases, etc.), hedging words (e.g., perhaps, may, etc.), and interjections (e.g., okay, like, etc.) are theoretically developed as potential cues to deception. Past research provides conflicting evidence regarding disfluency use and deception. Some researchers opine that deception increases cognitive load, which lowers attentional resources, which increases speech errors, and thereby increases disfluency use (i.e., Cognitive-Load Disfluency theory). Other researchers argue against the causal link between disfluencies and speech errors, positing that disfluencies are controllable and that deceivers strategically avoid disfluencies to avoid appearing hesitant or untruthful (i.e., Suppression-Disfluency theory). A series of t-tests, repeated measures GLMs, and nested-model design regressions disconfirm the Suppression-Disfluency theory. Um, uh, and interjections are used at an increased rate by deceivers in spontaneous speech. Reverse order questioning did not increase disfluency use. Fraudulent 10-Ks have a higher mean count of hedging words.Statistical classifiers and machine learning algorithms are demonstrated on the three datasets. A feature reduction by backward Wald stepwise with logistic regression had the highest classification accuracies (69%-87%). Accuracies are compared to professional interviewers and to previously researched classification models. In many cases the new models demonstrated improvements. 10-Ks are classified with 69% overall accuracy.
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Lapointe, Francis. "Identification automatique et analyse sémantique des marqueurs illocutoires du français québécois en contexte de conversation familière." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11579.
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Les marqueurs illocutoires (MI) sont des unités lexicales indépendantes syntaxiquement qui réalisent des actes illocutoires expressifs, directifs ou assertifs. Ces mots-phrases, comme wow, coudon, franchement! et mon dieu!, nous apparaissent comme une des clés de l'expression de la subjectivité à l'oral en contexte de conversation.
L'analyse automatique de ces unités, leur identification et la détermination de leur sens par un système informatique, soulève des problèmes particuliers liés à leur polysémie, à leur comportement syntaxique et à leur relative faible fréquence dans les corpus actuellement disponibles. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à résoudre ces problèmes à l'aide du Corpus de français parlé au Québec (CFPQ) comme source de données, des librairies en Python du Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) et de scikit-learn comme outils informatiques et des travaux réalisés dans les cadres de la Métalangue sémantique naturelle (MSN) et de la théorie Sens-Texte (TST) comme outils théoriques.
Suite à un état de la question au sujet des MI et du traitement automatique des marqueurs discursifs en général, nous présentons les résultats d'une expérience au sujet de l'identification automatique des MI ambigus présents dans le CFPQ. L'identification de certains MI est triviale parce que ceux-ci se présentent sous des formes qui ne sont pas ambiguës (chut et coudon, par exemple). L'identification des MI qui sont homonymes avec d'autres classes grammaticales (comme regarde et sérieux) est plus difficile. Nous voyons qu'il est possible de repérer ceux-ci à l'aide de méthodes automatiques qui obtiennent des f-mesures variant entre 75% et 100% selon les unités, avec une moyenne de 93,98% pour la meilleure méthode. Un étiqueteur à n-grammes et un classifieur de type SVM (support vector machine) sont les principaux outils informatiques utilisés par ces méthodes. L'étiqueteur à n-grammes est entraîné sur un ensemble d'étiquettes spécifiquement conçu pour favoriser l'identification des MI. Le classifieur SVM base principalement son entraînement et son analyse sur l'observation des textes et des résultats de l'étiqueteur à n-grammes.
Nous proposons ensuite un système de description sémantique modulaire des MI qui nous permet de décrire leurs signifiés par la combinaison de 17 paraphrases simples en langue naturelle.
Nous terminons notre étude par la présentation d'un exemple d'analyse de texte à l'aide du système d'identification et d'interprétation des MI développé au cours de la thèse.
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Richet, Bertrand. "Les fractales du sens." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661997.
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Le présent document est à la fois le bilan d'une vingtaine d'années de recherche en linguistique anglaise et en traductologie, recherche portant sur des thèmes aussi divers que les jeux de mots et les références culturelles dans Astérix, les interjections et les énoncés interjectifs, les nombres et les énumérations ou encore les questions alternatives, et, ce qui vise aussi à synthétiser ces différents approches, une réflexion sur la représentation qui prend appui sur un objet originellement mathématique, les fractales, dont on peut penser qu'elles constituent un outil pertinent d'analyse pour rendre compte à la fois des textes et des fonctionnements linguistiques. A partir d'un passage en revue des problématiques abordées dans les différents travaux, il est proposé une représentation dynamique de l'organisation du sens qui, du point à la ligne et à l'enroulement, construit une complexité croissante du dire et du regard sur le monde. Par le jeu de la récursivité et de l'homothétie interne, le sens déploie dans un foisonnement apparent ses ramifications dans la linéarité des discours, entrelacs complexe et fascinant dont les fractales, précisément, permettent sinon de rendre compte, du moins d'apprécier les réalisations, c'est-à-dire d'en accepter les formes et d'en estimer la valeur. Du fourmillement des données à la perception d'échos se dévoile ainsi l'essence de l'être au monde, que linguistes et traductologues, par leurs approches complémentaires, contribuent à mettre au jour.
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Hagström-Krüger, Joakim. "Ideofoners användning i svenska : En korpusundersökning." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170355.
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Ideofoner i svenska har inte studerats i någon större utsträckning. Fenomenet ideofoner har uppmärksammats mer i andra språk, främst i språk i delar av Asien och Afrika. Traditionellt har de betraktats som en underkategori till interjektioner. Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på hur ideofoner används i det svenska språket. För detta ändamål sammanställdes en lista på 20 vanliga svenska ideofoner. Därefter genomfördes en korpusundersökning på dessa ideofoner i korpusar bestående av skönlitterär text. Det totala antalet förekomster för varje ideofon noterades, samt antalet förekomster inom tre olika användningskategorier: Substantiv, Interjektioner och Övrigt. En likadan undersökning genomfördes därefter i en korpus bestående av barnbokstext och litteratur på lättläst svenska, för att se huruvida användningen av ideofoner skiljde sig åt här jämfört med i skönlitterär text. En majoritet av de undersökta ideofonerna förekom mer som substantiv i båda undersökningarna. Fördelningen av förekomster i de olika kategorierna var dock ojämnare i den skönlitterära korpusen, med en större andel substantivförekomster jämfört med korpusen med barnbokstext och litteratur på lättläst svenska.Ideophones in Swedish have not been studied to any great extent. The phenomenon of ideophones has received more attention in other languages, mainly in languages in parts of Asia and Africa. Traditionally, they have been regarded as a subcategory of interjections. The purpose of this study is to find out how ideophones are used in the Swedish language. For this purpose, a list of 20 common Swedish ideophones was compiled. Subsequently, a corpus survey in corpora consisting of fiction literature was performed of the 20 ideophones. The total number of occurrences for each ideophone was noted, as well as the number of occurrences within three different groups of use: Nouns, Interjections and Other. A similar survey was then conducted in a corpus consisting of children's literature and literature in simple Swedish, to see whether the use of ideophones differed here compared to in fiction literature. It turned out that a majority of the examined ideophones occur mostly as nouns in both surveys. The distribution of occurrences in the different categories, however, was more uneven in the literary corpus, with a larger proportion of nouns compared to the corpus with children's literature and literature in simple Swedish.
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Dufeu, Pierre-Yves. "Le syntagme verbal isolé à l'impératif en français (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) : étude morphologique, sémantique et syntaxique." Paris 4, 2000. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949399.
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Le mode impératif existe-t-il systématiquement ? Si les modes subjonctif et indicatif relèvent de la modalité de prédication. L'impératif relève d'une autre modalité, l' « institution ». Une première étude morphologique analytique du verbe impératif montre que, dans la diachronie considérée, la langue retrouve le même type de claires oppositions morphématiques modales qui avaient cours en latin. Ainsi, au XVIIe siècle, le mouvement historique d'ajustement morphologique du verbe impératif à la modalité d'institution qui le gouverne est achevé. La langue affirme en outre sémiologiquement la continuité des deux modalités. Dans une deuxième étude de sémantique formelle, nous quantifions notamment le degré de précision thématique des verbes impératifs au moyen d'un indice de procès. L'emploi interjectif du verbe impératif correspond dans cet ordre à la position indicielle minimale. Nous relions les positions de la dimension indicielle caractéristique du verbe impératif à l'opposition systématique des modalités d'institution et de prédication établie dans notre partie de morphologie, et parachevons ainsi la mise en forme d'un continuum de la phrase nucléaire, dans lequel la modalité systématique d'institution et le mode impératif occupent la position médiane. Notre troisième partie cherche à retrouver les traces sémiologiques de cette identité systématique dans le cadre du syntagme verbal impératif. Notre diachronie se caractérise là encore par l'affirmation progressive de la personnalité du mode impératif, à travers notamment la syntaxe clitique ou la conception d'adverbes spécifiques (les « instituants »).
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Matamala, Ripoll Anna. "Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual. Descripció i representació lexicogràfica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7498.
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"Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica" aborda l'estudi de les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual de comèdies de situació originals i doblades de l'anglès al català. En la tesi es descriuen les interjeccions des de diferents perspectives i, després d'analitzar-ne la representació als diccionaris, es proposa una aplicació lexicogràfica electrònica bilingüe."Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica", PhD studies interjections in an audiovisual corpus of sitcoms, both original and dubbed from English into Catalan. Interjections are described from different perspectives and, after analysing their representation in dictionaries, a bilingual electronic lexicographical tool is proposed.
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Aronsson, Jonas. "I dialog med tid och rum : Anföring, interpunktion och interjektioner i en kommenterad översättning av Yasutaka Tsutsuis ungdomsroman 時をかける少女 (Toki wo kakeru shoujo)." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tolk- och översättarinstitutet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-117613.
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Den här uppsatsen består av en översättning från japanska till svenska av Yasutaka Tsutsuis Toki wo kakeru shoujo (Flickan som hoppade genom tiden) och en kommentar av översättningsprocessen. Syftet är att undersöka vilka problem som kan uppstå vid översättningen av anföring, interpunktion och interjektioner samt vilka strategier som kan tillämpas för att lösa dessa problem. Översättningen framställs med ett acceptansinriktat, målkultursorienterat förhållningssätt för att anpassa texten till de normer och förväntningar som är rådande i målkulturen.This master’s thesis consists of a translation from Japanese to Swedish of Yasutaka Tsutsui’s Toki wo kakeru shoujo (The girl who leapt through time), and a commentary of the translation process. The purpose is to examine which problems may arise when translating reported discourse, punctuation and interjections, and what strategies can be used to solve these problems. The translation is performed with an orientation towards acceptability and the target culture, to try and conform the text to the norms and expectations of the target culture.
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Fortes, Fabio da Silva 1983. "Os marcadores discursivos no latim : considerações pragmaticas e textuais sobre as preposições, interjenções e conjunções latinas em Donato e Prisciano." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270896.
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Orientador: Marcos Aurelio PereiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Os marcadores discursivos (MDs) podem ser definidos, de forma geral, como um grupo bastante amplo de mecanismos verbais (vocábulos, pequenas cláusulas, expressões cristalizadas etc.) que atuam no nível pragmático, inscrevendo a enunciação no discurso, e textual, organizando coesivamente partes do texto (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). Realizam-se, freqüentemente, por usos não prototípicos de conjunções, preposições e interjeições. Suas propriedades têm sido encontradas em ocorrências discursivas análogas no latim. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) destacou um grupo de vocábulos latinos que pareciam conjugar as funções textuais-discursivas supramencionadas: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero e at, desenvolvendo extensa pesquisa de seu funcionamento no texto. O objetivo central de nossa pesquisa é verificar nos textos de Donato (séc. IV d.C.) ¿ nas seções De coniunctione, De praepositione e De interiectione, contidos na sua Ars maior ¿ e Prisciano (séc. VI d.C.) ¿ nos livros XIV, parte do XV e XVI, de suas Institutiones grammaticae ¿, a maneira como são neles tratadas as propriedades hoje consideradas ¿textuais¿ e ¿pragmáticas¿, que permitem uma aproximação entre as antigas preposições, conjunções e interjeições latinas e o atual conceito de MDs
Abstract: Discourse markers (DMs) can be defined as a very wide range of verbal mechanisms (words, small clauses, crystallised expressions etc.) that play a role both on a pragmatic level, inscribing enunciation in discourse, and on a textual level, organising parts of the text cohesively (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). They are expressed by non-prototypical usages of conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. Their properties have been found in analogous discourse occurrencies in Latin. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) has developed an extensive research on a number of words that she considered having these same discourse and textual properties: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero and at. The core objective of our research is to verify within Donatus¿s Ars maior (c. IV a.D) ¿ in the sections De coniunctione, De praepositione and De interiectione ¿ and Priscian¿s Institutiones grammaticae (c. VI a.D) ¿ in the books XIV, part of XV and XVI ¿ the way the properties considered nowadays as belonging to the ¿textual¿ and ¿pragmatic¿ domains, had been addressed by the Latin grammarians and allow us to make an approximation between the ancient concepts of Latin prepositions, conjunctions and interjections and the current concept of DMs
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística
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Castellà, Josep M. "La Complexitat lingüística en el discurs oral i escrit: densitat lèxica, composició oracional i connexió textual." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7486.
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La present tesi consisteix en una anàlisi compativa de tres gèneres de discurs ?conversa informal (llengua oral prototípica), classe magistral (gènere intermedi) i prosa acadèmica (llengua escrita prototípica)? en català, en tres aspectes de l'estructuració i la complexitat lingüística: la densitat lèxica, la composició oracional i la connexió textual (total: 90 trets lèxics, gramaticals i textuals analitzats). Els objectius principals són a/ dotar la lingüística catalana d'una descripció detallada, fins ara inexistent, del contrast lingüístic entre oralitat i escriptura, i b/ fer una aportació a la recerca internacional sobre el tema per intervenir, d'una banda, en el debat originat sobre la complexitat sintàctica i, especialment, sobre la presència d'oracions subordinades en els dos modes de discurs i, de l'altra, per ampliar aquesta mena d'investigació a l'àmbit del discurs, com han reclamat alguns tractadistes.La presente tesis consiste en un análisis comparativo de tres géneros de discurso ?conversación informal (lengua oral prototípica), clase magistral (género intermedio) y prosa académica (lengua escrita prototípica)? en catalán, en tres aspectos de la estructuración y la complejidad lingüística: la densidad léxica, la composición oracional y la conexión textual (total: 90 rasgos léxicos, gramaticales y textuales analizados). Los objetivos principales son a/ dotar la lingüística catalana de una descripción detallada, hasta ahora inexistente, del contraste lingüístico entre oralidad y escritura, y b/ hacer una aportación a la investigación internacional sobre el tema para intervenir, por un lado, en el debate originado sobre la complejidad sintáctica y, especialmente, sobre la presencia de oraciones subordinadas en los dos modos de discurso y, por otro lado, para ampliar este tipo de investigación al ámbito del discurso, como han reclamado algunos tratadistas.
The present work consists of a comparative analysis of three discourse genres --informal conversation (prototypical oral language), academic lecture (intermediate genre), and academic prose (prototypical written language)-- in Catalan, focusing on three aspects of linguistic structure and complexity: lexical density, sentence composition, and textual connexion (total: 90 lexical, grammatical, and textual features analysed). The main purposes are: (a) to provide Catalan linguistics with a detailed description --non-available so far-- of the linguistic opposition between literacy and speech; and (b) to make a contribution to the international research in this field in order to, on the one hand, participate in the discussion about the syntactic complexity, and, especially, about the presence of subordinated clauses in the two modes of discourse, and, on the other, extend this kind of research to the discourse level, as some researchers have claimed.
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Bohui, Djedje Hilaire. "Forme et fonction de l'expression du haut degré dans deux oeuvres d'Ahmadou Kourouma." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20079.
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Loin de la célébration oecuménique et de l'idéalisation négritudiennes de l'Afrique pré-coloniale et du culte du français normatif par les écrivains de sa génération, Kourouma élabore une nouvelle esthétique romanesque délibérement iconoclaste. Tentative de synthèse entre la tradition orale et l'écriture romanesque classique, l'esthétique kouroumienne se situe dans une problématique énonciative. Si l'objet d'étude est l'expression du haut degré, le but du travail est double. Il s'agit d'abord de montrer l'influence de la tradition orale sur le style du romancier à travers la présence obsédante de l'hyperbole dans la narration mais aussi, le travail se propose de montrer, grâce à la description du mécanisme d'expressivité linguistique en général, comment la question essentielle de la recherche d'une certaine crédibilité discursive est résolue. Ainsi sont abordés entre autres sujets, le problème des interférences et des particularismes linguistiques constituant l'ossature de l'esthétique kouroumienne, mais aussi les problèmes de synonymie, polysémie, création lexicale. C'est une étude de sémantique linguistique qui, sans prétention d'exhauxtivité, traite à la fois des questions de syntaxe expressive et affective, de grammaire et surtout, des conditions psychologiques et socioculturelles de l'énonciationFar from the oecumenical celebration and the negritudian idealization of pre-colonial africa on the one hand, and the worship of formal franch language made from writers of his generation on the other hand, kourouma elaborates a new and deliberately inconoclastic and novelistic aesthetics in his novels. Half-way between oral tradition and classical novel writing, kouroumian aesthetics is embeded in an enunciative problematic. If the ultimate goal of this study is the expression of high degree, our approch is double-sided : showing the influence of oral tradition on the novelist's writing through his excessive use of hyperbole in the narration ; showing, by the description of linguistic expressiveness mechanism, in general, how the essential concern of the quest for a discursive credibility is solved. Among other subjects, we deal here with the frame of kouroumian aesthetics, that is, the problem of linguistic interferences and peculiarities, the problem of synonyms, polysemy and lexical creation. Un other words, without pretending to be exhaustive, this linguistic and semantic study intends to answer the questions of expressive and affective syntax, of grammar and, above all, of psychological and socio-cultural conditions of enunciation
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Aliakbar, Chavoushi Alireza. "Analysis of an M/M/1 Queue with Customer Interjection." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/12907.
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In our daily life, we often experience waiting in a queue to receive some kind of service. Some customers do not join the queue at the end like other normal customers, and try to cut in the queue hoping to have a shorter waiting time and a higher level of satisfaction. This behaviour is called customer interjection. Some of these customers only try to cut in queue, while some others try to find excuses for interjection. For instance, the first-come-first-served (FCFS) service discipline is usually assumed in public places like restaurants, banks, airports, and supermarkets. However, customer interjections can still be seen in these places. In telecommunications networks, to test the efficiency of transmission, artificial packages are inserted into the normal traffic in a random manner. These interjections can affect the waiting time of other customers in queue. Such interjections may reduce the waiting time of interjecting customers, but increase the waiting time and dissatisfaction of others.
In this work, an M/M/1 queueing system with customer interjection is investigated. The arrival of customers to the system is assumed to be a Poisson process with arrival rate . The service times for customers are independent and identically distributed random variables with an exponential distribution with rate . Customers are dispersed into normal customers and interjecting customers. A normal customer joins the queue at the end, and an interjecting customer tries to cut in the queue and occupy a position as close to the head of the queue as possible. Two parameters are introduced to describe the interjection behaviour: the percentage of customers interjecting and the tolerance level of interjection by individual customers who are already waiting in the queue. Using matrix-analytic methods and stochastic comparison methods, the waiting times of normal customers and interjecting customers are being studied. The impacts of the two parameters on the waiting times are analyzed in detail, and the implications of the results are discussed with numerical examples.
It is found that the waiting times are sensitive to the tolerance level of interjection by individual customers. It is also found that eliminating customer interjection would be always beneficial to normal customers and arbitrary customers though it would not always be so for interjecting customers.
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Yanghan, Tsai, and 蔡仰涵. "A study on demonstratives－Focus on Interjection and compound word－." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32734536841874488202.
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碩士東吳大學
日本語文學系
103
This study focuses on two major issues, demonstratives transforming into interjections and compound words of demonstratives, in hopes of exploring the differences and similarities in usage after demonstratives are transformed or compounded through analyses of the processes of transforming of part of speech and compounding. In the part of exploring demonstratives transforming into interjections, examples were collected from BCCWJ, based on the “deictic demonstratives – anaphoric demonstratives” and the “territory theory”. According to the analysis results, though the meanings of the demonstratives change after they are transformed into interjections, it is still possible to see that these transformations are based on the “deictic demonstratives – anaphoric demonstratives” and the “territory theory” in changes in part of speech and meanings. Furthermore, this study explores the compound words of demonstratives based on the “theory of word formation”. It is found that the meanings of the demonstratives may change after they are compounded into compound words, and many of their meanings are expanded.
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LIAO, YI-CHIA, and 廖翊珈. "A Pragmatic Study of The Interjection "Tsk" in Taiwan Mandarin." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vy8tm7.
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碩士輔仁大學
跨文化研究所語言學碩士班
107
This paper aims to study the context, objects of use, and timing of use of the Taiwan mandarin interjection "tsk" in the discourse, by exploring the application of the interjection "tsk" in the theory of conversational implicature and speech act theory. The interjection "tsk" is used frequently in daily life conversations but few related studies. Therefore, this study collects the Facebook posts, video clips, and online corpus, in order to generalize functions of speech acts, discourse markers and hedges on the basis of the speakers’ emotions. Finally, the Taiwan mandarin native speakers are tested by questionnaires for the purpose of realizing their using habits and understanding of the interjection "tsk". According to the result of the corpus analysis, the interjection "tsk" can be classified into seven types of speech act, namely, expression of irritability, blame, thinking or pause, helplessness, willing to sigh with mixed emotion, surprise or praise, and sarcasm. The reduplication of syllables, discourse topics, speakers and listeners might make differences in the degree of emotions and the expression of the interjection "tsk". The interjection "tsk" has both conventional and conversational implicature; and four functions of discourse markers, including delaying effect, seeking listeners’ identification, indicating the turning point and shorten the distance between speakers and listeners; additionally, interjection "tsk" has the uncertainty feature as a hedge especially in the category of thinking or pause. The questionnaire part reveals the result that the interjection "tsk" may contain more than one speech act function in a context, also as discourse markers, which are closely related to the conversational implicatures.
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Chuang, Fei-Chi, and 莊斐琪. "Translation for Interjection of Japanese in Taiwan: the cases of animations and dramas in Taiwan." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37903820054229181404.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用語文研究所碩士班
90
Interjection, which is one way to express personal emotion during conversations, is taken lightly in Education. How is it taken in Translation? Through the translation in Chinese of animations and dramas that had been telecasted in Taiwan, I’d like to investigate the circumstances of Interjection using and the translation of Interjection. According to the investigation for circumstances of using Interjection, women in their prime prefer to use Interjection when they talk to their colleagues. In the other hand, according to the investigation of translation in Chinese, almost 80% had not been translated. That means 「un-translated」is the skill which is used most often. The second skill is using other parts of speech instead of Interjection.
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Lin, I.-Ting, and 林依婷. "The investigation of interjection function in daily conversationFocusing on the discourse between men and women." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93775030062842067301.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用日語學系碩士班
98
In Japanese conversation, if we try to make the conversation more fluent, we need to further understand the usage of the interjection. Generally speaking, the interjection will change upon the interlocutor’s age, gender, relationship and different degree of consideration to the topic of conversation. On the basis of previous studies, this thesis divides the interjection functions of daily conversation from Japanese fellows into six categories, which are “expression of listening,” “expression of understanding,” “expression of agreement,” “expression of negation,” “expression of emotion” and “the others.” In addition, the category and the frequency of interjection usage by men and women for different functions are observed. Moreover, further observation was made to see is there any difference of interjection usage happened in the communication of the same gender interlocutors versus different gender ones. Finally, the present Japanese learners were chose as subjects to investigate their understanding of interjection by questionnaire. The result shows that the interjection usages between man and women are decreased gradually, but we can still see the difference clearly. Besides, in the investigation to the learners’ understanding situation of interjection, no matter what their genders are, how their Japanese abilities are and how their study abroad experiences are, the learners usually have problems with the usage of interjection. The most important reason was considered to be the neglect of the teachers in the classes of Japanese conversation. And this will make the learners lack for the knowledge of interjection usage.
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Vanpé, Anne. "Expressions et micro-expressions spontanées de la face et de la voix en Interaction Homme-Machine : esquisse d'un modèle du "Feeling of Thinking"." Phd thesis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625714.
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Les technologies de l'interaction personne-machine se centrent de plus en plus sur l'humain. Le statut informatif des expressions présentes massivement en dehors des tours de parole, dans les micro-événements visibles ou audibles, inscrit le sujet dans une communication permanente du Feeling of Thinking (états physiologiques, mentaux, émotionnels, intentionnels et attitudinaux). Ce travail a été mené sur un corpus induit émotionnellement et restreignant l'interaction personne-machine au minima langagier. Une méthodologie empirique, sur des principes éthologiques, a d'abord été construite pour annoter les micro-gestes audibles et visibles de 6 sujets. Une analyse perceptive a ensuite mesuré la pertinence communicative de certaines icônes gestuelles. Puis a été menée une étude des occurrences des micro-gestes dans l'organisation temporelle de la tâche et des tours de parole, traçant ainsi le comportement des sujets. Enfin a été proposée une qualification impressionniste des nombreux sons vocaux non lexicaux qui ponctuent les performances (bruits de bouche, grunts, bursts, fillers, interjections).
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Chen, Irene, and 陳月霞. "On the Translation of Interjections in Chinese Subtitle." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15147536015700939833.
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OVEJAS, MARTIN Vanesa. "La interjección y su enseňanza en ELE." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-356989.
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This thesis is focus on Spanish interjections, especially the group of proper?s ones. According to the information exposed, we have created one didactic unit for teaching this type of units to foreign Spanish students. In order to carry out the study, firstly, we have stablished their phonetic and phonological, morphological, syntactical and semantic-pragmatic properties. Moreover, we have developed a corpus with the proper interjections from Spanish language, taking from the literature and our own introspection. We have selected the most productive of them from the Spanish corpus: CREA and CORPES XXI. This units have been described according to theirs pragmatic functions and, secondly, to theirs phonetic features and their discursive position. This information is based in the analysis of examples from CORPES XXI. Finally, we have proposed activities for their learning as foreign language. All of them are for the levels B2-C1, according to MCER. They are organised in three sessions. This didactic unit develop all the skills, but mainly the oral ones: listening and oral production.
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Soukupová, Martina. "Citoslovce inspirované zvuky s lidským původcem jako slovní druh ve finštině." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312766.
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