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Journal articles on the topic 'Interlocking blocks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Chen, Gong, Ming Qiao Zhu, and Yun Du Cai. "Shape Optimization and Mix Proportion Design of Innovative Interlocking Mortarless Block." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2017.

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Mortarless interlocking blocks have the advantage of convenient construction and low cost, but establishing the geometry interlocking mechanism between horizontal blocks has been overlooked. Optimizing the shape of mortarless interlocking block. The connection of vertical direction in the form of a frustum of a cone, and the connection of horizontal direction in the form of trapezoid shape. This design proposal builds geometry interlocking mechanism between the block and its all adjacent ones. Setting cone and rectangular holes on block body, accordingly, block laying could forming taper vertical channel and rectangular vertical channel. The concrete of interlocking mortarless block has particularity, which is not suitable for “Mix Proportion Design of Ordinary Concrete Regulation” (JGJ55-2010) of China. This paper presents a platter idea to establish the concrete mix proportion design method of mortarless interlocking block, moreover, an example calculation and confirmatory experiment is dispensable.

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2

Wani, Mohammad Vekas, and Mr Chitranjan Kumar. "Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 2850–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14173.

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3

Wani, Mohammad Vekas, and Mr Chitranjan Kumar. "Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 1853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18203.

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4

Babu, Mr S. Hari. "Interlocking Plastic Blocks (IPB)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33423.

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5

Teguh, Mochamad, Novi Rahmayanti, and Zakki Rizal. "Mechanical Properties of Various Models of Interlocking Concrete Blocks under In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loads." Key Engineering Materials 881 (April 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.881.149.

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Building material innovations in various interlocking concrete block masonry from local materials to withstand lateral earthquake forces is an exciting issue in masonry wall research. The block hook has an advantage in the interlocking system's invention to withstand loads in the in-plane and out-of-plane orientations commonly required by the masonry walls against earthquake forces. Reviews of the investigation of in-plane and out-of-plane masonry walls have rarely been found in previous studies. In this paper, the results of a series of experimental tests with different interlocking models in resisting the simultaneous in-plane shear and out-of-plane bending actions on concrete blocks are presented. This paper presents a research investigation of various interlocking concrete blocks' mechanical properties with different hook thicknesses. Discussion of the trends mentioned above and their implications towards interlocking concrete block mechanical properties is provided.

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6

Ma, Hongwang, Qi Ma, and Prakash Gaire. "Development and mechanical evaluation of a new interlocking earth masonry block." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219868931.

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An innovative interlocking compressed earth block, called interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, was developed for structural masonry. The locking mechanism of the interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University completely depends on the grout in the vertical holes. Therefore, there is no gap between the interlocking key and the blocks, which increases the wall stability and reduces the block manufacturing costs. Experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of the unit (the block) and the masonry (prism constructed with a dry interface) were performed in accordance with the related standards. Soil samples from the northern Gansu Province of China were collected and studied. Small cylindrical samples were tested to determine the compressive and splitting tensile strength. Subsequently, the compressive strength of the prisms with three dry-stack blocks and the shear behavior of the masonry through the triplet test were investigated. The results show that the compressive and shear strengths meet the related standards. This work may provide a valuable structural system for low-cost, eco-friendly dwelling in developing countries.

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7

Chang, Yu Jiao, Biao Ma, Fang Qin, and Xuan Lv. "Application of Interlocking Block Pavement in Rural Highway." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.926.

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Concrete interlocking block pavement is characterized of preferred durability, easy construction and maintenance and low construction cost. It can be widely applied in the rural highway. Based with the project of rural highway in Tongchuan Shaanxi province, the paper studies the mechanism of interlocking blocks, design of the pavement, and construction technology for field application. After one year service for open traffic, the interlocking block pavement is shown to have fascinating economy and service performance for the rural road.

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8

Liu, Shen, Jingshu Zhang, Le Liu, Hang Guo, and Bo Wang. "Compressive performance of new types of load-bearing horizontal-hole interlocking concrete hollow blocks." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 1368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218813472.

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Two series of load-bearing horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks, referred to as H-shaped series and cross-shaped series, were developed, including three geometric types: type BH-290 (H-shaped), type BH-240 (H-shaped), and type BC-240 (cross-shaped). The research presented in this article investigated the compressive behavior of the proposed load-bearing horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks and aimed at analyzing the influence of geometric parameters on the block capacity. First, compressive tests of the horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks were carried out. The compressive strength, elastic modulus, and compressive failure mechanism were analyzed. Second, the feasibility of the finite element analysis model was verified by experimental results presented in this article, as well as by available test data from other researchers. The influences of vertical ribs, horizontal ribs, and concrete strength on the compressive strength of horizontal-hole interlocking hollow concrete blocks were investigated. Ultimately, based on the numerical modeling results, linear equations were proposed to predict the compressive strength of H-shaped series and cross-shaped series blocks. The results show that the compressive strengths of types BH-240, BH-290, and BC-240 are 15.9, 13.4, and 13.0 MPa, respectively. For the H-shaped series, the core horizontal rib is the key part that can significantly constrain the vertical ribs so that the block can achieve higher compressive bearing capacity. For the cross-shaped series, core horizontal ribs cannot improve the compressive strength of the block because core horizontal ribs and joints near them become damaged early. Improving the concrete strength and the width of the vertical rib can effectively improve the compressive bearing capacity for both H-shaped and cross-shaped series blocks. The accuracy of the proposed equations for predicting the compressive strength of H-shaped and cross-shaped blocks is acceptable, according to the current verification.

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Pianchaiyaphum, Sawitri, Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Premrudee Kanchanapiya, and Chakrapan Tuakta. "Recycling of Non-metallic Residue from Waste Printed Circuit Boards to Produce Interlocking Concrete Blocks." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 6 (2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.6.1336.

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The process of copper recovery from waste printed circuit board has generated large amounts of non-metallic fraction (NMF) residue. In this research, the residue was recycled as a substitute for fine aggregates at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to produce interlocking concrete blocks. Properties of the interlocking concrete blocks produced in this study, such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, were firstly examined and the selected mixes were further evaluated for the heavy metal leachability. The results indicated that the NMF residue affected physical, mechanical and chemical properties of NMF interlocking concrete block samples. When increasing NMF contents, the density and compressive strength decreased, while the water absorption increased. In the leachability results, the leaching of Cu decreased as cement content increased, and its concentration level was well below the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration limit (STLC). Thus, the high content of Cu and all other metals embedded in the NMF material were immobilized in the interlocking concrete block specimens.

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10

Tomenio, Francia H. "Mortarless Interlocking Hollow Blocks: An Innovation." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 7 (July 25, 2020): 3804–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/145872020.

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11

Lee, Yeong Huei, Poi Ngian Shek, and Shahrin Mohammad. "Structural performance of reinforced interlocking blocks column." Construction and Building Materials 142 (July 2017): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.110.

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12

Mousavian, Elham, and Claudia Casapulla. "Structurally informed design of interlocking block assemblages using limit analysis." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 448–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa038.

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Abstract This paper presents a computational framework to design assemblages of interlocking blocks and to analyze their structural feasibility. The core of this framework is an extension of limit analysis to corrugated interfaces with orthotropic sliding behavior. Such block interfaces are made of a number of locks (i.e. projections on the corrugated faces, locking the blocks together) with rectangular cross section. The sliding resistance at the block interfaces is governed by the shear resistance of the locks and Coulomb’s friction law, normal to and along the locks, respectively. This resistance is assumed as a function of different interface geometric parameters and the stress state on an interface is represented by using a number of contact points distributed over the lock centerlines. The abstraction model has been validated through the comparison of the torsion–shear behavior of an interface obtained by the proposed model and experimental tests reported in the literature. The extended limit analysis has been implemented to model single-layer shells. When the model is infeasible, the geometry of the overall shell, blocks, and interlocking interfaces can be adjusted by the designer to make the model structurally feasible. The performance of the framework is presented through several examples, which demonstrate the relationships between the geometry of the interlocking interfaces and the stability of the assemblages.

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13

Prakash A, Krishna, Jane Helena H, and Paul Oluwaseun Awoyera. "Optimization of Mix Proportions for Novel Dry Stack Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using ANN." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 21, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9952781.

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This paper proposes novel concrete interlocking blocks made of fly ash and GGBS which are an alternative for the conventional concrete blocks. The artificial neural network (ANN) technique is used to estimate the mechanical strength of interlocking blocks and is verified with experimental investigation. The ANN model is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt principle which is executed using MATLAB. The inputs are given in the percentage ratio of cement: fly ash: crushed stone aggregate (FA): coarse aggregate (CA) for the process of learning, testing, and validation. The selected model is subjected to several trials in terms of mean square error, containing 4 input, 2 sets of 10 hidden layers, and one output components. In this study, a total of 2600 blocks of different mixes were tested as per IS 2185-1 (2005) to assess 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days’ strength. The experimental investigations were carried out in two phases. In the first phase, experimental investigations to identify the optimum mix proportions of cement, aggregate, fly ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag to achieve desired compressive strength was carried out. In the second phase, the identified mix proportions were analysed using ANN to predict the compressive strength of interlocking blocks. The results indicate that the proposed ANN model developed to determine the mechanical strength and cost of interlocking blocks has excellent prediction ability.

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14

Teguh, Mochamad, Furqon Widi Rivai, Novi Rahmyanti, and Erik Wahyu Pradana. "Experimental investigation on interlocking concrete block for masonry wall of non-engineered earthquake resistant buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 05016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015605016.

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Most of the seismic damage of existing traditional buildings is due to the absence of practical beam and column structures as the main reinforcement of the building. While a masonry wall as a structural component is commonly negligible due to their relatively low strength in contributing to the frame structure. As a result, when the earthquake struck, the building collapsed, and the ruins of building elements hit the occupants seriously and caused many deaths. This paper presents the results of preliminary research on the experimental investigation of interlocking concrete block for the masonry wall applied to non-engineered earthquake-resistant buildings. The interlocking between concrete blocks is expected to contribute to the strength of the masonry wall in resisting the loads, either in-plane or out-of-plane directions. The novelty of this type of concrete block lies in the uniqueness of the interlocking shape, making it effective in withstanding the earthquake load. This research focuses on the testing of interlocking concrete block units in withstanding loads in the direction and perpendicular to the field and equipped with testing the compressive strength of the wall and diagonal shear strength. The results produce interlocking models of concrete block contribute to better strength than ordinary clay bricks for the masonry wall.

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15

Muda, Zakaria Che, Sivakumar Naganthan, Vicki Balaiah Balasingam, Salmia Beddu, and Siti Nabihah Sadon. "Bending Behaviour of Post-tensioned Interlocking Block Masonry Wall." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306023.

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Interlocking soil blocks are on of modern techniques of house construction due to its durability. The use of these blocks fits suitably within the production cost and environmental quality as an alternative to fired bricks. This paper reports the result investigation done on walls made using interlocking soil blocks. Three types of walls with different combination of reinforcements were tested. The performance is assessed in terms of cracking patterns, failure modes and load-deflection characteristic. Results show that the ductility of all walls are good and wall with post-tensioned bars performed the best. The post tensioned walls are able to deflect up to 42% without any failure compare to non pre stressed wall. The walls with combination of reinforcement and post –tensioned systems are more ductile compare to walls with reinforcement only. It is concluded, post-tensioned wall developed using interlocking soil blocks can be used in reinforced and post-tensioned masonry application instead of conventional brick masonry.

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16

Donnelly, James, Pieter Bakker, Bas Reedijk, and Yang Zi Qian. "XBLOC-PLUS: THE INTERLOCKING, PATTERN PLACED AND EFFICIENT ARMOUR UNIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.18.

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Most breakwaters are built with randomly placed single layer armour units as these are most cost-efficient. Most single layer blocks require random unit orientations, which requires the crane operator to assess the orientation of each individual unit during placement. DMC noticed the desire for an interlocking block which can be placed in a regular pattern as many crane operators find it easier to place units uniformly, which requires less intuition. Fifteen years after the introduction of Xbloc, DMC introduces a new interlocking breakwater armour unit called XblocPlus which is placed with uniform block orientations.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/oEb1vsYfjL8

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17

Lin, Hongda, Xiaolong Yu, Guangzhen Zhang, Honglei Chang, and Jian Liu. "Design and Interlocking Stability of Slope Protection Block of H-Type Gravity Mutual-Aid Steel Slag Core Concrete." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 25, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2932410.

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At the present, the natural stone used for traditional block rock revetment is becoming increasingly scarce, and other commonly used revetment types also have some problems, such as poor stability, complex fabrication and installation process, and large investment. Therefore, it is imminent to study a new type of reinforcement of dangerous dam banks with both ecological and environmental protection functions to meet the requirement of river flood stability. Combining theoretical calculation with laboratory tests, a new slope protection block of H-type gravity mutual-aid steel slag core concrete (H-type gravity mutual-aid steel slag core concrete block hereinafter), which is composed of an ordinary concrete shell and a steel slag core, is designed as an improvement of revetment reinforcement type and for solid waste utilization and resource saving. The indoor test method shows that the optimal shell thickness of the new block is 6 cm, and the steel slag of a single block can replace the natural aggregate ratio of 25%. The new block has concave and convex structures to enhance the interlocking effect between blocks. The compressive strength of the new block is tested by the drilling core compressive strength test to meet the strength requirement of the revetment works. Moreover, on the basis of the overall stability test platform of the interlocking block and numerical simulation analysis, the H-type gravity mutual-aid steel slag core concrete block was proved to have a better interlocking effect than the traditional blocks and exhibits excellent overall stability.

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18

Mokhtar, M., M. Kaamin, S. Sahat, and N. B. Hamid. "The Utilisation of Shredded PET as Aggregate Replacement for Interlocking Concrete Block." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401006.

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The consumption of plastic has grown substantially all over the world in recent years and this has created huge quantities of plastic-based waste. Plastic waste is now a serious environmental threat to the modern way of living, although steps were taken to reduce its consumption. This creates substantial garbage every day, which is much unhealthy. Plastic bottles such as Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was use as the partially component in this making of interlocking blocks concrete. This project investigates the strength and workability of the interlocking block concrete by replacing course aggregate with % PET. The suitability of recycled plastics (PET) as course aggregate in interlocking block concrete and its advantages are discussed here. Moreover, there were more benefits when using interlocking block than using conventional block such as it easy for construction because they are aligning, easy to place, high speed stacking and they offer more resistance to shear and buildings would be even stronger. Based on the test perform, the failure parameter were discussed .From the compressive strength test result, it shows that the strength of concrete block decreased with increased of PET used. From the results, it shows that higher compressive strength was found with 5% natural course aggregate replaced with PET compared to other percentages.

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19

Oikonomidoy, Eleni. "College academic identities situated in interlocking contextual blocks." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 39, no. 4 (February 17, 2017): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2017.1288083.

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20

Sturm, Thomas, Luís F. Ramos, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Characterization of dry-stack interlocking compressed earth blocks." Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (July 18, 2014): 3059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0379-3.

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21

Ali, Majid, Ronald Jansen Gultom, and Nawawi Chouw. "Capacity of innovative interlocking blocks under monotonic loading." Construction and Building Materials 37 (December 2012): 812–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.002.

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22

Prastyatama, Budianastas, and Anastasia Maurina. "Structural Performance of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block with Ijuk (Arenga pinnata) Fiber as Stabiliser." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i1.51.

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Modular block building materials have been well-known in the design and construction of built-environment. In its simplest form, the modular block is known as brick, red brick, lime brick, conblock, etc. The modularity of its unit lends itself for easy of production, application and transport. The drawbacks, however, are the generallyrelated to high energy consumption and pollution level in the production process (brick burning, high temp heating of cement and lime). In the perspective of sustainable and environmentally friendly built environment, the drawbacks need to be addressed in order to minimize its carbon footprint in human habitation. The challenge is how to obtain modular blocks with low energy consumption, while achieving stability and structural performance up to the standard. In this research, the earthen block test units were conducted without burning or use of cement and lime. Ijuk fibre (Arenga pinnata) was chosen as replacement of cement and lime was choses as stabilizer in producing modular blocks. The main test units and their comparisons underwent a compression test in the compressive testing machine to evaluate the structural performance. The comparison test blocks were blocks with similar form, dimension and production method, while the diffrentiating factor was the mixture. The standards SNI 15-2094-2000 (Indonesia) and IS 1077 : 1992 (India) were used as reference to compressive strength of common fired brick.

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23

Hunyak, Oleksii, Khrystyna Sobol, Taras Markiv, and Volodymyr Bidos. "The effect of natural pozzolans on properties of vibropressed interlocking concrete blocks in different curing conditions." Production Engineering Archives 22, no. 22 (March 1, 2019): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.22.01.

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Abstract Concrete block pavements have become an attractive engineering and economical alternative to both flexible and rigid pavements because of it’s high strength and durability. The influence of pozzolanic mineral additions – natural zeolite and expanded perlite powder on the properties of concrete interlocking blocks in different curing conditions has been studied. The use of zeolite as a substitute for cement in the production of concrete blocks increased the water demand but decreased the water absorption of the blocks. Obtained results show, that concrete blocks with 10% substitution of cement with zeolitic tuff is characterized by higher strength, lower mass loss and absence of efflorescence.

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Ribeiro, Bruno, Tadaaki Uchiyama, Jun Tomiyama, Takashi Yamamoto, and Yosuke Yamashiki. "An Environmental Assessment of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Mixed with Sugarcane Residues Produced in Okinawa." Resources 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9080093.

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The use of sugarcane residues in mortar and concrete is believed to contribute to the reduction of environmental problems, such as the reduction of mining of natural aggregates as well as the improper disposal of sugarcane residues. Therefore, in this study, bagasse fiber and bagasse sand were added into the preparation of the interlocking concrete blocks, and the flexural strength and an environmental assessment of the blocks were analyzed. The flexural strength of the blocks was not affected by the addition of the bagasse fiber and bagasse sand. In addition, the environmental load of interlocking concrete blocks using sugarcane residues was lower than the blocks using conventional aggregates due to the greater simplicity of acquisition of the residues. Moreover, in the scenarios where the blocks are supposedly made on smaller islands, the emissions increased due to long-distance transportation, since conventional aggregates come from other islands.

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Ribeiro, Bruno, Tadaaki Uchiyama, Jun Tomiyama, Takashi Yamamoto, and Yosuke Yamashiki. "Development of Interlocking Concrete Blocks with Added Sugarcane Residues." Fibers 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8100061.

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The use of sugarcane residues in mortar and concrete is believed to contribute to a reduction of costs and environmental problems, such as the reduction of mining of natural aggregates and incorrect disposal of the sugarcane residues. Bagasse fiber has a high water retention rate and thus may be considered as a countermeasure for urban heat islands. Because of these properties, bagasse fiber and bagasse sand were added into the preparation of the interlocking concrete blocks. An investigation of the flexural strength and the contribution of the sugarcane residues against an urban heat island was made. The results showed that, by adding 2.0% of bagasse fiber and 5.0% of bagasse sand in concrete, the flexural strength and the water retention content increased in comparison to the control composite. Moreover, the surface temperature and the water evaporation rate of the blocks were smaller in comparison to the control composite.

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26

Santos, C. C., Luiz Oliveira Veriano dalla Valentina, F. C. Cuzinsky, and L. C. Witsmiszyn. "Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks Produced with Foundry Sand Waste." Materials Science Forum 912 (January 2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.912.191.

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Industrialized products demand huge quantities of raw material, and generate enormous volumes of residue. This fact has caused an imbalance in the environment, such as the soil, the water tables, ecosystems and public health. The foundry industry, known for being one of the biggest users of raw material, is among the major pollutants. Concomitantly, the civil construction sector is notorious for its huge consumption of natural resources, but in contrast, it has the potential to aggregate residues from other industries, resulting in added- value products. Recycling is one of the alternatives found when trying to lessen the environmental impacts created by industrial waste, transforming residue into useful products for society. The goal of this research is to analyze the use of spent foundry sand (SFS) and foundry exhausted dust (ED) in the making of interlocking concrete paving blocks. These blocks have been made with foundry sand waste as aggregate and this element has been substituted partially by 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% with exhausted dust. The blocks were technically analyzed for their compressive strength, measurement of dimension and water absorption. The results obtained concerning compressive strength were below the standard specification, whereas the dimensions and water absorption testing were in accordance with the Brazilian National Standards Organization NBR 9781 [1].

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Ong, Peng Pheng, A. Adnan, K. C. S. Kwok, Chau-Khun Ma, P. L. Y. Tiong, and Hamid Pesaran Behbahani. "Dynamic simulation of unrestrained interlocking Tuned Liquid Damper blocks." Construction and Building Materials 144 (July 2017): 586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.190.

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28

Nassehi, Aydin, and Stephen T. Newman. "Modeling of machine tools using smart interlocking software blocks." CIRP Annals 61, no. 1 (2012): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2012.03.051.

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Tataranni, Piergiorgio. "Recycled Waste Powders for Alkali-Activated Paving Blocks for Urban Pavements: A Full Laboratory Characterization." Infrastructures 4, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040073.

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Paving blocks are today a popular paving solution for urban surfaces. Considering the wide variety of products currently on the market, it is possible to build pavements that differ in terms of functionality, bearing capacity, skid resistance, visual impact, and aesthetic integration with the surrounding landscape. Interlocking concrete paving block is the most common construction technology considering its low cost and its easy installation. Different wastes and second-hand materials have recently been tested in order to completely or partially replace the raw materials used for the production of paving blocks. In this paper, a waste basalt powder is used for the production of alternative paving blocks through the alkali-activation process. Two different synthetic blocks were produced, with and without aggregates. Taking into account the EN 1338 standard for concrete paving blocks, a complete laboratory characterization is proposed for the two experimental blocks. Tests highlighted positive results and downsides that need to be optimized in order to convert the laboratory production to an industrial scale.

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30

Schwartz, Sydney L. "Early Childhood Corner: En-chanting, Fascinating, Useful Number." Teaching Children Mathematics 1, no. 8 (April 1995): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.1.8.0486.

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31

Tonetti, Adriano Luiz, Natalia Cangussu Duarte, Mariana Rodrigues Ribeiro dos Santos, and Gustavo Henrique Siqueira. "Environmentally friendly interlocking concrete paver blocks produced with treated wastewater." Water Supply 19, no. 7 (May 24, 2019): 2028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.078.

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Abstract This study aimed at supporting processes and techniques for minimization of water consumption in the production of concrete. For this purpose, the use of treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in interlocking concrete paver block (ICPB) production was evaluated. The treated wastewater was added in various dosages (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) to the water used to produce cylindrical concrete samples. These samples were evaluated for compressive strength and water absorption tests. After these evaluations, the dosage of 100% treated wastewater for concrete production was established and ICPB were produced with this water composition. Subsequently, an area in a parking lot was replaced by ICPB produced with treated wastewater, and an equal area was replaced by ICPB produced with potable water. A comparison between parameters obtained for cylindrical samples and ICPB samples prepared with treated wastewater and those prepared with potable water indicated that wastewater reuse would be a good alternative for potable water consumption reduction in the concrete industry.

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32

Ahmad, Sajad. "To Study The Behavior Of Interlocking Of Masonry Units/Blocks." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 3 (March 2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04313947.

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33

Kundu, Krishna, Dinesh R. Katti, and Kalpana S. Katti. "Tissue-Engineered Interlocking Scaffold Blocks for the Regeneration of Bone." JOM 72, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 1443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04027-5.

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Cloonan, Carrie A., Carolyn A. Nichol, and John S. Hutchinson. "Understanding Chemical Reaction Kinetics and Equilibrium with Interlocking Building Blocks." Journal of Chemical Education 88, no. 10 (October 2011): 1400–1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed1010773.

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35

Mousavian, Elham, and Claudia Casapulla. "Quantifiable feasibility check of masonry assemblages composed of interlocking blocks." Advances in Engineering Software 149 (November 2020): 102898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2020.102898.

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R.T., Arjun Siva Rathan, Aravinda Sai V, and Sunitha V. "Mechanical and structural performance evaluation of pervious interlocking paver blocks." Construction and Building Materials 292 (July 2021): 123438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123438.

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37

Kim, Younghwan, Wonjun Yu, Donghwi Kim, Wonseok Chung, and Heeyoung Lee. "Heating Performance of Nano-Sidewalk Blocks Containing Carbon Nano Material." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.187.

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Recently, the occurrence of freezing accidents in the winter has increased, as subzero temperatures have decreased rapidly. Several studies have been conducted on the prevention of freezing accidents in the winter. In this study, the heating and electrical performance of nano-sidewalk blocks mixed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were evaluated. The parameters were the curing duration, MWCNT concentration, and supply voltage. The size of the interlocking block specimen was 200 mm × 100 mm × 60 mm. The heating performance of the specimens increased by 12.3 times, with an increase in the MWCNT concentration and supply voltage.

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Zhao, Hai Jing, Dan Xun Li, and Xing Kui Wang. "Study on Hydraulic Characteristics of Interlocking Concrete Blocks with Ecological Flood-Control Function." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4552.

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Through simulation research on hydraulic characteristics of precast interlocking concrete blocks, the stress condition, overall stability, the effect of filling gravels into the holes of the blocks in the water flow during the flood period and the resistance parameters of the blocks were studied, a comprehensive analysis on the mechanical stability and the scour-resisting characteristics of the blocks was made, and then the requirement and the safety degree of the gravel filling were given. The experiment shows that compared with the surface protection of the conventional dyke projects, besides convenience for manufacture at low cost, this new type of protective revetment has such merits as higher anti-shear stress, better stability and permeability as well as improving ecological environment in river course.

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Bilyay, Engin, Berguzar Ozbahceci, Gulsen Kiziroglu, and Selahattin Bacanli. "A NEW APPROACH TO BREAKWATER DESIGN - 2B BLOCK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.39.

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Breakwaters are one of the oldest and important marine structures. Rubble mound breakwater is a very common type in all around the world. If the heavier rock is necessary for the design, concrete armor units are used. Each unit has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example cube and antifer blocks are massive units and their interlocking is weak. Dolos and tribar units have good interlocking but rocking stresses in these units are extraordinarily high. The placement method is very important and requires special equipment and experienced staff for the later developed single-layered units like accropod and core-loc. Moreover, continuous touching of blocks to each other and fatigue of the material may cause the breakdown of legs and serious damage of armor layer. And in case of damage, it is necessary to remove the units in a wide area on the breakwater and then relocate them, so it is very difficult to repair. A new type concrete armor unit is developed considering all these problems. It is called 2B Blocks.

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Yang, Zhong, and Gui Sheng Wang. "The Linhuaigang Main Dam Openings Vertical Interlocking Block Revetment Design and Calculation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.846.

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The design “non-rope opening vertical interlock block” is used in the main dam of Linhuaigang Project for the first time in China. The opening of the block can effectively reduce the uplift pressure induced by waves. The vertical interlock can make block interlock three- dimensionally so as to enhance the integrity of the block and improve the anti-wave performance. The design can not only improve the protection of the main dam slope under long blowing distance and high wind and waves, but also save the use of stone and construction investment as well as protect the environment. Openings vertical interlock concrete block between the rigid in-situ concrete slope and the flexible dry stone slope, not only avoid the shortcomings of in-situ concrete slope suited to soft ground deformation, but also resist the larger storms owing to the better integrity than dry stone pitching ,from the interlocked effect between the blocks. Compared with the entity block, opening vertical interlock block thickness is reduced greatly. The earth dam project of Lin Huai Gang flood control project applied openings vertical interlock block successfully in water conservancy projects .The project has the pioneering position in the use in the wave elements of reservoirs, lakes and the other large water conservancy revetment constructions.

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Dos Santos Teixeira, Willians, Giselle Cunha do Nascimento, Lívia Da Silva Oliveira, and David Barbosa de Alencar. "Use of RCDs in the Making of Interlocked Pavements with Waste Collected at the Federal Institute of Amazonas – CMC." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss10.1749.

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The area of construction is responsible for a large portion of non-renewable natural resources that generate environmental impacts, since the extraction of materials and extend in large scale as waste from renovations, works and demolitions, causing construction and demolition waste, known as RCDs. The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility of reusing recycled waste from mortars, concrete and ceramic bricks in civil construction, as aggregates in the manufacture of interlocking blocks, in order to simulate the reality of the conventional block produced in the civil construction sector. For the tests, 6 concrete load specimens were molded with coarse aggregate and fine aggregate percentages, respectively: 50% and 25%, following the parameters of NBR 5738. It was possible to conclude that the interlocking pavement made with RCDs is useful. to improve the permeability of land, sidewalks and streets, enabling ordinary people within their homes to produce and apply them.

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Owens, Crystal E., and A. John Hart. "High-precision modular microfluidics by micromilling of interlocking injection-molded blocks." Lab on a Chip 18, no. 6 (2018): 890–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00951h.

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43

Weizmann, Michael, Oded Amir, and Yasha Jacob Grobman. "Topological interlocking in architecture: A new design method and computational tool for designing building floors." International Journal of Architectural Computing 15, no. 2 (June 2017): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077117714913.

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This article presents a framework for the design process of structural systems based on the notion of topological interlocking. A new design method and a computational tool for generating valid architectural topological interlocking geometries are discussed. In the heart of the method are an algorithm for automatically generating valid two-dimensional patterns and a set of procedures for creating several types of volumetric blocks based on the two-dimensional patterns. Additionally, the computational tool can convert custom sets of closed planar curves into structural elements based on the topological interlocking principle. The method is examined in a case study of a building floor. The article concludes with discussions on the potential advantages of using the method for architectural design, as well as on challenging aspects of further development of this method toward implementation in practice.

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Sanada, Yasushi, Maidiawati, and Keidai Kojima. "Preventing Collapse of Vulnerable R/C Buildings Using Wood Interlocking Blocks." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.8.213.

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45

Geyer, Michael J. "Using Interlocking Toy Building Blocks To Assess Conceptual Understanding In Chemistry." Journal of Chemical Education 94, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00551.

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Ben Ayed, Hela, Oualid Limam, Mohamed Aidi, and Ahmed Jelidi. "Experimental and numerical study of Interlocking Stabilized Earth Blocks mechanical behavior." Journal of Building Engineering 7 (September 2016): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.06.012.

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., Sampson Assiamah. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERLOCKING AND SANDCRETE BLOCKS FOR BUILDING WALLING SYSTEMS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 01 (January 25, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0501001.

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48

Atoyebi, O. D., P. P. Ikubanni, A. Adesina, O. V. Araoye, and I. E. E. Davies. "Effect of curing methods on the strength of interlocking paving blocks." Cogent Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1770914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1770914.

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Shi, Tingwei, Xihong Zhang, Hong Hao, and Chong Chen. "Experimental and numerical investigation on the compressive properties of interlocking blocks." Engineering Structures 228 (February 2021): 111561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111561.

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50

Meera, Miss, B. Durga Vara Prashad, and Supratic Gupta. "Experimental Investigations on Concrete with Fly Ash and Marble Powder for Paver Blocks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.32 (August 26, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18410.

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The construction industry is capable of absorbing large amounts of wastes by utilizing them in other useful products. Thermal power plants and marble industries produce huge quantities of bi-products which causes environmental problems. Utilization of these in concrete will save natural resources to some extent and solve the disposal. Interlocking concrete block pavements are simple to construct and maintain. The main objective of this research is to develop an eco-friendly paver block while considering the economy as a defining parameter. In this research, experimental investigations were carried out on the paver blocks to know the feasibility of using fly ash and marble powder. For paving block concrete, it is partly replaced with cement and aggregates with fly ash and waste marble powder. Various tests for mechanical and durability properties were conducted. All the properties were improved when compared to the control mix. Utilization of fly ash and marble powder in concrete reduces the cost of paver blocks and making it economical and eco-friendly.

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