Academic literature on the topic 'Interlocking pavers'

The estimated production of world electronic waste until 2017 is approximately 6 Gt. Despite this enormous problem, there are no clear regulations regarding the orientation for disposal or treatment of this type of residuals in many countries. There is a federal public policy in Brazil that supports a network of Computer Reconditioning Centers—CRCs. These CRCs train young people and recover or recycle electronic equipment. Through this work, CRCs produce interlocking plastic pavers for application on pavements from recycled electronic industry waste. This article presents the characterization of these interlocking paver’s mechanical properties when applied on the pavement. This characterization is a necessary step to show the effectiveness of this product. We show that the plastic pavers behave similarly to the artifacts manufactured in concrete, thus creating commercial opportunities for this initiative, and contributing to the Brazilian Solid Waste Policy.

This work deals with the investigation of the performance of concrete with addition of steel fibers for production of interlocking paver. Was accomplished an experimental dosage of concrete and the addition fibers contents were 40Kg/m3, the molded pavers with conventional concrete and with addition of steel fibers and were accomplished tests of compression strength and water absorption, through the preliminary results, we verified that are satisfactory and achieve the specifications of Brazilian standard (ABNT NBR 9781:2013) and some international (ASTM-C936:1996 e CSA A231.2:1995).

This work presents part of a study whose main objective is to observe the behavior of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials (raw material) and of products made for the civil construction from the precast concrete industry, such as concrete blocks and pavers for interlocking floors. Through the investigation, was identified the potential of using the concrete blocks waste of the production as aggregates added to the concretes utilized to produce pavers. Thus, it is expected that this work contributes as a basis for obtaining scientific and technical knowledge regarding the materials and procedures that must be adopted for the manufacture of pavers, allowing their production for commercialization.

The need to address the worldwide demand for the preservation of limited resources has prompted the exploration of alternate materials. The application of waste materials in the concrete sector is experiencing a growing trend due to its potential to mitigate costs and minimize environmental repercussions. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of utilizing waste materials from granite and Kota stone for the production of interlocking concrete paver blocks (ICPB). The current study examines the potential use of waste materials from granite and Kota stone as substitutes for natural aggregates in the production of concrete interlocking paving blocks. The focus is on applications that cater to pedestrians and non-traffic scenarios. Concrete blocks of M30-grade were cast for this study. The replacement percentages were ranged from 0% to 100% for Kota stone as coarse aggregates and from 0% to 40% for granite waste as fine aggregates and total of 543 samples were cast using the replacement level. The mix proportion ratio used was 1:1.57:2.76 (cement: sand: aggregates) while continuing a constant water-cement ratio of 0.45. Weathered Kota stone waste (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) was also used as anauxiliary for coarse aggregates in M30-grade concrete. The tests conducted covered the physical characterization of the constituent materials, determination of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption tendency for both hardened concrete blocks and I-shaped interlocking pavers. The result indicates that while using stone waste (granite and Kota stone), the required compressive strength was achieved up to a replacement level of 100% Kota stone and 5% granite waste. Flexural strength and splitting tensile strength were also satisfactory at all replacement ratios, along with normal water absorption and minimum abrasion. Paver blocks were also cast from waste stones at various replacement levels. In this study, concrete blocks were also cast using weathered Kota stone waste, which also provided sufficient strength at some level of replacement. The findings suggest that waste stone may be a viable option for manufacturing interlocking pavers, contributing to the development of an environmentally conscious and sustainable pavement infrastructure.

This study aims to address the question of accessibility on sidewalks in accordance with Rule 9050 of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT NBR 9050:2004) and analyze the feasibility of using alternative materials (steel fibers, construction waste and rubber) to produce Interlocking tactile concrete paver. It was performed an experimental dosage of concrete with 04 specimens: reference, with steel fiber, with rubber and with steel fiber and construction waste. The pavers molded with conventional concrete and with the addition of alternative materials were tested as for compression strength and water absorption and the results were satisfactory, meeting the specifications of the Brazilian standard.

The benefits of using permeable interlocking concrete pavement systems (PICPs) have not translated into widespread adoption in Australia, where their uptake has been slow. This paper communicates the actual performance of PICPs installed in the field by providing evidence of their long-term efficiency. There are currently no Australian standards for design, specification and installation of PICPs. In this study, field measurements were conducted to determine the infiltration capacity of PICPs in Sydney and Wollongong, New South Wales, applying the single ring infiltrometer test (SRIT) and the stormwater infiltration field test (SWIFT). A strong correlation was found between the results of the two tests in a previous study, which was verified in this study. The long-term performance of PICPs is demonstrated by their high infiltration rates (ranging from 125 mm/h to 25,000 mm/h) measured in this study at field sites under a diverse range of conditions. The influences of conditions such as age of installation, slope and tree cover on infiltration rates were explored.

This article presents a study of measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-arm vibration in cycling activity. Vibration measurements were performed for three pavement types, asphalt (AS), “in loco” concrete molded plates (PC) and concrete interlocking pavers (BI), using two bicycle models, Speed (S) and Mountain bike (MB), besides the cyclists with different physical features. For each pavement type x bicycle model x cyclist configuration, according to the daily vibration exposure A(8), as defined by ISO 5349-1 standard, it was done an evaluation for 2-daily hour exposure to vibration, as well as the necessary time to achieve the limited exposure defined by the Directive 2002/44/EC. By a subjective analysis, it was also evaluated the comfort degree on each pavement type, considering exposure and vibration, according to a survey carried out with the cyclists. In the end, the results are compared and it is verified, either from the objective results or from the subjective evaluation, that the most appropriate pavement type for cycling activity is the asphalt (AS), followed by the “in loco” concrete molded plates (PC) and by concrete interlocking pavers (BI).

Permeable Interlocking Concrete Paver (PICP) systems provide onsite stormwater management by detaining runoff and removing contaminants. However, a major problem with PICPs is the significant maintenance cost associated with their clean-out to restore the original functionality, which discourages landowners and municipalities from adopting the systems. A combination of laboratory experiments and machine-learning techniques are applied to address this challenge. A total of 376 laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate four independent variables (cleaning equipment speed over the pavement, air speed in the cleaning jets, top opening width of the cupule, and filter media gradation) that affect the cleaning of PICPs. The Buckingham Pi-Theorem was used to express the four main input variables in three dimension-less parameters. This current investigation provides a novel understanding of variables affecting the sustainable and economically feasible maintenance of PICPs. A new model is derived to more accurately predict the percentage of mass removal from PICPs during clean-out using a machine-learning technique. The Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) model exhibits high performance, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.87 for both the training and testing stages. The established simple explicit equation can be applied to optimize the maintenance costs for industrial applications of Regenerative Air Street Sweepers for sustainable and cost-effective PICP maintenance. Pavements with larger surface areas are found to have lower maintenance costs ($/m2/year) compared to the ones with smaller surface areas. This study estimates $0.32/m2/year and $0.50/m2/year to maintain pavements with larger (5000 m2) and smaller (1000 m2) surface areas, respectively.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-15T18:58:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-FINAL-ALCANTARA-(2015).pdf: 5450939 bytes, checksum: 48870216bb757bd8e071283661594dc0 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T18:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-FINAL-ALCANTARA-(2015).pdf: 5450939 bytes, checksum: 48870216bb757bd8e071283661594dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28<br>CAPES<br>Peças de concreto intertravadas para pavimentação (pavers) coloridas com pigmento de óxido de ferro (vermelho) são utilizadas em projetos de urbanização. Entretanto, esse tipo de pigmento, além de encarecer de 20 a 30% o valor das peças, prejudica as propriedades dos concretos secos moldados sob vibrocompressão. Diante disso, propõe-se incorporar resíduo de cerâmica vermelha (RCV) como matiz colorimétrica em prol da redução de pigmento em pavers coloridos, tendo em vista também a possibilidade de melhoria de suas propriedades por efeitos filler e pozolânico. A fim de investigar o efeito do pigmento e do RCV no compósito estudado, as formulações foram: (a) traço padrão pelo método de dosagem da ABCP para blocos e pavers; (b) adição de pigmento ao traço padrão (2% e 4%); (c) substituição da areia média pelo RCV no traço padrão (50%, 75% e 100%); (d) adição de RCV ao traço padrão (20%, 30%, 40% e 50%); (e) adição de pigmento (2%) e RCV concomitantemente ao traço padrão (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100% e 150%). Para todos os traços (exceto aqueles das formulações de substituição), foi feita a correção do consumo de cimento em relação ao traço padrão. Resistência à compressão, absorção de água e resistência à abrasão foram avaliadas de acordo com a norma NBR 9781:2013; além disso, foi realizada uma avaliação das cores dos compósitos desenvolvidos por inspeção visual. Pastas de cimento vibroprensadas com baixa relação água-cimento (padrão, 3% pigmento, 15% RCV e 3% pigmento – 15% RCV) também foram moldadas para avaliações de cunho microestrutural, cristalográfico e de análise térmica das reações de hidratação dos sistemas. O traço padrão foi 1:2,29:1,76:0,95 (cimento:areia média:areia muita grossa:pedrisco) com relação água-materiais secos 0,80. De uma maneira geral, adições de apenas pigmento (2% e 4%) reduziram em até 73% a resistência à compressão do paver padrão cinza (sem adições). Redução nos produtos de hidratação (CH e C-S-H) foram observadas. As substituições de areia média pelo RCV também foram prejudiciais a esse sistema. Já as adições de apenas RCV, bem como as de RCV concomitantemente com pigmento foram positivas em ganhos ou manutenção de propriedades (resistência à compressão, absorção de água, resistência à abrasão e cor) em relação ao paver padrão colorido (4% de pigmento), destacando-se a formulação 2% de pigmento e 50% de RCV. Assim, a adição de RCV é uma possibilidade técnica promissora, sustentável e economicamente viável na fabricação de pavers avermelhados.<br>Concrete interlocking blocks colored with pigment iron oxide (red) are used in urbanization projects. However, that kind of pigment increases around 20 to 30% the value of the pavers, as well as affect the properties of the dry concrete molded by vibrocompression. Therefore, it is proposed to incorporate red ceramic waste (RCW) as colorimetric hue in order of pigment content reduction in colored pavers, considering also the possibility of improving their properties by filler and pozzolanic effect. In order to investigate the effect of pigment and RCW in the studied composite, the formulations were: (a) reference paver designed by ABCP method for blocks and pavers; (B) adding pigment to the reference paver (2% and 4%); (C) substitution of medium sand by RCW in the reference paver (50%, 75% and 100%); (D) adding RCW in the reference paver (20%, 30%, 40% and 50%); (E) addition of pigment (2%) and RCW concurrently in the reference paver (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100% and 150%). For all mixtures (except those of replacement formulations), it was made the correction in cement consumption related to the reference mix proportion. Compressive strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance were measured according to the ABNT NBR 9781: 2013 standards; besides that, the color and texture of all manufactured formulations were observed by visual inspection. Cement pastes made by vibrocompression with low water-cement ratio (reference paste, 3% pigment, 15% RCW and 3% pigment RCW - 15% RCW) were also molded for microstructural, crystallographic and thermal analysis of systems hydration reactions. The reference mix proportion was 1:2.29:1.76:0.95 (cement: medium sand: thick sand: gravel) with ratio water-dry material 0.80. In general, additions of only pigment (2% and 4%) up to 73% reduced the compressive strength of the reference paver (no additions). Reduction in hydration products (C-S-H and CH) was observed. The substitution formulations of medium sand by RCW were also harmful to the systems. Additions of only RCW and RCW concomitantly with pigment were positive in gains or maintaining of properties (compressive strength, water absorption resistance and abrasion resistance) compared to the reference colored paver (4% pigment), especially the formulation of 2% pigment and 50% RCW. Thus, the addition of RCW is a promising, economic and sustainable technique in the production of red pavers.

The unprecedented increase in construction and developmental activities in the current era brings with it many irreversible impacts on the environment. The major impacts being the depletion of natural resources and generation of an enormous quantity of Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) wastes. Hence it has become important to reuse and recycle C &amp; D wastes generated. These wastes can be processed to obtain Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA), which can be used for producing recycled concrete. It was found that the strength of Recycled concrete matches with that of paver quality concrete. Therefore, the study aims at producing interlocking paver blocks by replacing the normal coarse aggregates in pavers by RCA along with fly ash as admixture, an industrial waste. Fly ash being a pozzolanic admixture is used in order to overcome the loss of strength due to the addition of RCA. In the present study, a 30% replacement of normal aggregates with RCA and 15% replacement of cement with fly ash in the mix was used as it was found to provide the optimum strength. A comparison of the important properties of paver blocks were conducted between normal concrete pavers, pavers with RCA replacement and pavers with RCA replacement and fly ash. It was found out from the study that Interlocking pavers with partial replacement of normal aggregates with RCA and fly ash obtained strength comparable to that of normal paver blocks. Hence these paver blocks can be used for laying of roads and can contribute towards a sustainable development.

Geosynthetic materials are more and more often used for subgrade reinforcement and/or stabilisation. Geosynthetic reinforcement products used for paved and unpaved roads or traffic areas function on the basis of two mechanisms that contribute to their performance. Shear loads developing in unbound granular layers as a result of traffic loading are transmitted from the base aggregate to the geosynthetic as a result of frictional interaction or via the so called interlocking effect. Depending on the geosynthetic material properties load absorption functions on the basis of frictional interaction and the membrane effect. This study indicates how these two load absorbing mechanisms, depending on the geosynthetic material properties, correspond to the regulations for use of geosynthetics for road embankments and subgrades and harmonised European standards that are valid in Lithuania. It also presents the corrections and additions to improve the existing regulations for use of geosynthetics for road embankments and subgrades to ensure a better paved road durability.