Journal articles: 'Interlocking pavers'

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Vimalanathan, Mr M. "Interlocking Pavers Using Waste Kadapa Stone." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 3 (2018): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.3188.

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Gabriel, Luiz, Rodrigo Bianchi, and Américo Bernardes. "Mechanical Property Assessment of Interlocking Plastic Pavers Manufactured from Electronic Industry Waste in Brazil." Recycling 6, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010015.

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The estimated production of world electronic waste until 2017 is approximately 6 Gt. Despite this enormous problem, there are no clear regulations regarding the orientation for disposal or treatment of this type of residuals in many countries. There is a federal public policy in Brazil that supports a network of Computer Reconditioning Centers—CRCs. These CRCs train young people and recover or recycle electronic equipment. Through this work, CRCs produce interlocking plastic pavers for application on pavements from recycled electronic industry waste. This article presents the characterization of these interlocking paver’s mechanical properties when applied on the pavement. This characterization is a necessary step to show the effectiveness of this product. We show that the plastic pavers behave similarly to the artifacts manufactured in concrete, thus creating commercial opportunities for this initiative, and contributing to the Brazilian Solid Waste Policy.

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Silva, Fabiana Maria, Vânia Regina Ferreira Santos, Lubienska Cristina L. J. Ribeiro, Marta Siviero Guilherme Pires, Rosa Cristina Cecche Lintz, and Luísa Andréia Gachet-Barbosa. "Interlocking Tactile Concrete Paver with Addition of Steel Fibers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (December 2013): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.253.

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This work deals with the investigation of the performance of concrete with addition of steel fibers for production of interlocking paver. Was accomplished an experimental dosage of concrete and the addition fibers contents were 40Kg/m3, the molded pavers with conventional concrete and with addition of steel fibers and were accomplished tests of compression strength and water absorption, through the preliminary results, we verified that are satisfactory and achieve the specifications of Brazilian standard (ABNT NBR 9781:2013) and some international (ASTM-C936:1996 e CSA A231.2:1995).

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Silva Junior, Vasni Oliveira da, Victor Mateus Pavão, André Camacho Pontremolez, Bruno de Medeiros Costa, Gerson Cendes Saragosa, and Paulo Sérgio Bardella. "Estudo da produção de pavers para pisos intertravados utilizando resíduos de blocos de concreto." Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 42, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2021v42n1p21.

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This work presents part of a study whose main objective is to observe the behavior of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials (raw material) and of products made for the civil construction from the precast concrete industry, such as concrete blocks and pavers for interlocking floors. Through the investigation, was identified the potential of using the concrete blocks waste of the production as aggregates added to the concretes utilized to produce pavers. Thus, it is expected that this work contributes as a basis for obtaining scientific and technical knowledge regarding the materials and procedures that must be adopted for the manufacture of pavers, allowing their production for commercialization.

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Goutam, Ravi, and Yuvraj Singh. "Experimental Studies on Paver Block Concrete using Granite and Kota Stone Waste with Environmental effects on Strength." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, SUPPL (2024): S34—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i03s.008.

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The need to address the worldwide demand for the preservation of limited resources has prompted the exploration of alternate materials. The application of waste materials in the concrete sector is experiencing a growing trend due to its potential to mitigate costs and minimize environmental repercussions. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of utilizing waste materials from granite and Kota stone for the production of interlocking concrete paver blocks (ICPB). The current study examines the potential use of waste materials from granite and Kota stone as substitutes for natural aggregates in the production of concrete interlocking paving blocks. The focus is on applications that cater to pedestrians and non-traffic scenarios. Concrete blocks of M30-grade were cast for this study. The replacement percentages were ranged from 0% to 100% for Kota stone as coarse aggregates and from 0% to 40% for granite waste as fine aggregates and total of 543 samples were cast using the replacement level. The mix proportion ratio used was 1:1.57:2.76 (cement: sand: aggregates) while continuing a constant water-cement ratio of 0.45. Weathered Kota stone waste (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) was also used as anauxiliary for coarse aggregates in M30-grade concrete. The tests conducted covered the physical characterization of the constituent materials, determination of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption tendency for both hardened concrete blocks and I-shaped interlocking pavers. The result indicates that while using stone waste (granite and Kota stone), the required compressive strength was achieved up to a replacement level of 100% Kota stone and 5% granite waste. Flexural strength and splitting tensile strength were also satisfactory at all replacement ratios, along with normal water absorption and minimum abrasion. Paver blocks were also cast from waste stones at various replacement levels. In this study, concrete blocks were also cast using weathered Kota stone waste, which also provided sufficient strength at some level of replacement. The findings suggest that waste stone may be a viable option for manufacturing interlocking pavers, contributing to the development of an environmentally conscious and sustainable pavement infrastructure.

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Santos, Vânia Regina Ferreira, Fabiana Maria Silva, Lubienska Cristina L. J. Ribeiro, Marta Siviero Guilherme Pires, Rosa Cristina Cecche Lintz, and Luisa Andréia Gachet-Barbosa. "Contribution from the Use of Alternative Materials in Concrete for Accessibility on Sidewalks." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.306.

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This study aims to address the question of accessibility on sidewalks in accordance with Rule 9050 of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT NBR 9050:2004) and analyze the feasibility of using alternative materials (steel fibers, construction waste and rubber) to produce Interlocking tactile concrete paver. It was performed an experimental dosage of concrete with 04 specimens: reference, with steel fiber, with rubber and with steel fiber and construction waste. The pavers molded with conventional concrete and with the addition of alternative materials were tested as for compression strength and water absorption and the results were satisfactory, meeting the specifications of the Brazilian standard.

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Nguyen, Nam P. T., Albert Sultana, Nathaporn Areerachakul, and Jaya Kandasamy. "Evaluating the Field Performance of Permeable Concrete Pavers." Water 14, no. 14 (2022): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14142143.

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The benefits of using permeable interlocking concrete pavement systems (PICPs) have not translated into widespread adoption in Australia, where their uptake has been slow. This paper communicates the actual performance of PICPs installed in the field by providing evidence of their long-term efficiency. There are currently no Australian standards for design, specification and installation of PICPs. In this study, field measurements were conducted to determine the infiltration capacity of PICPs in Sydney and Wollongong, New South Wales, applying the single ring infiltrometer test (SRIT) and the stormwater infiltration field test (SWIFT). A strong correlation was found between the results of the two tests in a previous study, which was verified in this study. The long-term performance of PICPs is demonstrated by their high infiltration rates (ranging from 125 mm/h to 25,000 mm/h) measured in this study at field sites under a diverse range of conditions. The influences of conditions such as age of installation, slope and tree cover on infiltration rates were explored.

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W.B.Nichols, Peter, Terry Lucke, and Carsten Dierkes. "Comparing Two Methods of Determining Infiltration Rates of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers." Water 6, no. 8 (2014): 2353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w6082353.

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Savionek, D., and H. M. Gomes. "Medição e avaliação da exposição humana à vibração transmitida ao sistema mão-braço durante a atividade ciclística." REVISTA LIBERATO (NOVO HAMBURGO) 13, no. 20 (2012): 113–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044934.

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This article presents a study of measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-arm vibration in cycling activity. Vibration measurements were performed for three pavement types, asphalt (AS), “in loco” concrete molded plates (PC) and concrete interlocking pavers (BI), using two bicycle models, Speed (S) and Mountain bike (MB), besides the cyclists with different physical features. For each pavement type x bicycle model x cyclist configuration, according to the daily vibration exposure A(8), as defined by ISO 5349-1 standard, it was done an evaluation for 2-daily hour exposure to vibration, as well as the necessary time to achieve the limited exposure defined by the Directive 2002/44/EC. By a subjective analysis, it was also evaluated the comfort degree on each pavement type, considering exposure and vibration, according to a survey carried out with the cyclists. In the end, the results are compared and it is verified, either from the objective results or from the subjective evaluation, that the most appropriate pavement type for cycling activity is the asphalt (AS), followed by the “in loco” concrete molded plates (PC) and by concrete interlocking pavers (BI).

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Siwakoti, Sachet, Andrew Binns, Andrea Bradford, Hossein Bonakdari, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "A Prediction Model to Cost-Optimize Clean-Out of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers." Water 15, no. 11 (2023): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15112135.

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Permeable Interlocking Concrete Paver (PICP) systems provide onsite stormwater management by detaining runoff and removing contaminants. However, a major problem with PICPs is the significant maintenance cost associated with their clean-out to restore the original functionality, which discourages landowners and municipalities from adopting the systems. A combination of laboratory experiments and machine-learning techniques are applied to address this challenge. A total of 376 laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate four independent variables (cleaning equipment speed over the pavement, air speed in the cleaning jets, top opening width of the cupule, and filter media gradation) that affect the cleaning of PICPs. The Buckingham Pi-Theorem was used to express the four main input variables in three dimension-less parameters. This current investigation provides a novel understanding of variables affecting the sustainable and economically feasible maintenance of PICPs. A new model is derived to more accurately predict the percentage of mass removal from PICPs during clean-out using a machine-learning technique. The Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) model exhibits high performance, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.87 for both the training and testing stages. The established simple explicit equation can be applied to optimize the maintenance costs for industrial applications of Regenerative Air Street Sweepers for sustainable and cost-effective PICP maintenance. Pavements with larger surface areas are found to have lower maintenance costs ($/m2/year) compared to the ones with smaller surface areas. This study estimates $0.32/m2/year and $0.50/m2/year to maintain pavements with larger (5000 m2) and smaller (1000 m2) surface areas, respectively.

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Thuduwage, Chalitha, and Samantha Rathnayaka. "Continuous Growth through Entrepreneurial Leadership: The Success Story of SMS Holding." Journal of Human Resource Management Perspectives 8, no. 1 (2023): 25–44. https://doi.org/10.4038/jhrmp.v8i1.17.

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The use of Interlocking paving stones in history has been around for more than 5,000 Years, 3,000 BC. An interlocking concrete paver is a type of paver. Segmental pavers have been used for thousands of years. The Romans built roads with them which still exist with good quality. Before the paver was made from concrete either real stone or a clay product was used. Interlock Paving Stones were very famous in Sri Lanka in history as well. SMS Holding, being the most pioneering and leading interlocking paving manufacturer and landscape solution provider, was able to serve society with its Strategic Management Systems (SMS) by transforming the paving culture of the country in a new direction. Accordingly, thorough out the journey SMS gifted the nation with plenty of novel products, and processes to nurture the interlocking paving and construction industry from time to time. The researcher has conducted a comprehensive literature survey to figure out how continuous growth can be influenced through entrepreneurial leadership, market orientation, and operational excellence. In this context, continuous growth has been examined in terms of revenue growth, production and capacity growth, and employee growth. In arriving at the outcome of continuous growth the aforementioned three key drivers can be identified as significantly impactful throughout. The presence of Skill labor shortage and government policy changes has been moderately impacting in reaching the outcome. In conducting the case study research, a conceptual framework was established from which strong theoretical backing has been provided. Both secondary and primary data were collected whereas the researcher conducted ten in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions based on the developed interview guide. The pilot studies and the few observatory visits also equally supported the validation of the findings of the study. Accordingly, there could be a further research avenue for future researchers to explain the correlation that exists between the entrepreneur’s decision and enterprise growth.

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Kuckian, Sachin, and Aaqib Dalvi. "Strength Possibilities on Fly ash Based Interlock Pavers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 897 (April 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.897.12.

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Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) poses as the most suitable alternative to traditional pavement construction techniques. This is because of the increased advantages in countries wherein durability, and operational or environmental constraints limit the efficiency of the conventional process. The construction industry everywhere faces problems and significant challenges including manpower, quality of productivity, preservation of the environment, mass transportation, water management, raw materials, durability and design life of construction products, chemical resistance, etc. The increased expense on the raw materials for construction is the primary focus of the study. The study aims to search for suitable alternatives that would allow sustainable development. The study emphasizes on the rising costs of construction materials and the necessity to work towards sustainability, alternative construction techniques and materials. Indigenous production of interlocks with mineral admixtures raises the potential applicability of the interlock pavers. To enhance the strength property and keeping sustainability in point of view, fly ash is used as a mineral admixture and partially replaced with cement in various proportions like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. Fourty eight interlock concrete paver blocks were cast and compressive strength for all specimens was calculated and later compared. A notable rise in the strength of the interlock pavers was observed at 15% and 20% replacement levels with fly ash. The optimum level for replacement was determined as 20% of the fly ash.

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Hettiarachchi, H. A. C. K., and W. K. Mampearachchi. "Validity of aggregate packing models in mixture design of interlocking concrete block pavers (ICBP)." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. 2 (2017): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1393001.

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Filho, Joaquim Nery Sant’ana, Sidney Nicodemos Da Silva, Gabriela Cordeiro Silva, Julia Castro Mendes, and Ricardo André Fiorotti Peixoto. "Technical and Environmental Feasibility of Interlocking Concrete Pavers with Iron Ore Tailings from Tailings Dams." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, no. 9 (2017): 04017104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001937.

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Abdullah, M. A. H., N. A. Rashid, A. L. Abdul Rani, and M. F. Omar. "New High Strength Water Retaining Interlocking Pavers Block for High Mechanical Performing Pavement and Reducing Runoff." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 743 (March 19, 2020): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/743/1/012025.

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Moretti, Laura, Luigi Altobelli, Giuseppe Cantisani, and Giulia Del Serrone. "Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements: A Sustainable Solution for Urban and Industrial Water Management." Water 17, no. 6 (2025): 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060829.

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Anthropization has significantly altered the natural water cycle by increasing impermeable surfaces, reducing evapotranspiration, and limiting groundwater recharge. Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements (PICPs) have emerged as a permeable pavement, effectively reducing runoff and improving water quality. This study investigates the base depth for PICPs regarding the strength and permeability. This study examines the hydraulic and structural performance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements (PICPs) for urban and industrial applications by evaluating the effects of subgrade conditions, traffic loads, and material properties. Using DesignPave and PermPave software, the optimal base layer thickness is determined to prevent rutting while ensuring effective stormwater infiltration beneath 110 mm-thick concrete pavers placed on a 30 mm-thick bedding course. The required base thickness for urban pavements ranges from 100 mm to 395 mm, whereas for industrial pavements, it varies between 580 mm and 1760 mm, depending on subgrade permeability, traffic volume, and loading conditions. The findings demonstrate that PICPs serve as a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional impermeable pavements, offering significant hydrological and ecological benefits.

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Danz, Mari E., Nicolas H. Buer, and William R. Selbig. "Subsurface Temperature Properties for Three Types of Permeable Pavements in Cold Weather Climates and Implications for Deicer Reduction." Water 13, no. 24 (2021): 3513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243513.

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Permeable pavement has been shown to be an effective urban stormwater management tool although much is still unknown about freeze-thaw responses and the implications for deicer reduction in cold weather climates. Temperature data from the subsurface of three permeable pavement types—interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), concrete (PC), and asphalt (PA)—were collected over a seven-year period and evaluated. Temperature profiles of all pavements indicate favorable conditions to allow infiltration during winter rain and melting events, with subsurface temperatures remaining above freezing even when air temperatures were below freezing. Data show that PICP surpassed PC and PA with fewer days below freezing, higher temperatures on melt days, slower freeze and faster thaw times, and less penetration of freezing temperatures at depth.

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Abduljaleel, Yasir, Sylvester Richard Chikabvumbwa, and Faraz Ul Haq. "Assessing the efficacy of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers (PICP) in managing stormwater runoff under climate change and land use scenarios." Journal of Hydrology 646 (January 2025): 132329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132329.

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Souza, Thyago Lima, Adriano Lopes Gualberto Filho, Deividy Kaik de Lima Araujo, et al. "Study of the use of kaolin waste as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in the production of concrete for pavers." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (2021): 2474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-106.

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The study of the use of kaolin waste has scientific and socio-environmental value by providing an appropriate destination, reducing the demand and consequent problems arising from its extraction, considering that the construction industry is a consumer of a significant amount of raw material. Thus, the study aims to replace the fine aggregate by kaolin waste in the proportions of 10%, 20% and 30%, verifying its feasibility for interlocking sidewalk pieces. The kaolin waste was used with and without fine material, and physical characterization tests of the materials were performed, and then the concrete pieces were subjected to tests of resistance to simple compression, water absorption and resistance to abrasion, as prescribed by ABNT NBR 9781:2013, and flexural tensile strength test, according to ABNT NBR 12142:2010. According to the results and analyzing the compressive strength at 28 days, the mixtures with replacement of 10% of fine aggregate by kaolin waste reached strengths greater than 35 MPa, an acceptable normative parameter, both for the waste with fines and without fines, making its use feasible.

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O’Connor, Thomas P., and Michael Borst. "PREDICTING LOCATION AND EVALUATING PROGRESSION OF CLOGGING IN A PERMEABLE PAVEMENT PARKING LOT." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 4 (2022): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.4.3.

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ABSTRACT In 2009, a permeable pavement research and demonstration site was constructed at the Edison Environmental Center, Edison, NJ. Infiltration testing of three original permeable parking rows through August 2012 indicated that clogging occurred along the upgradient edge of these pavements from runoff that drained from adjacent impermeable driving lanes. A subsequent infiltration testing data collection effort from April 2017 through March 2020 focused on permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) that replaced one of the original permeable surfaces. While the original infiltration study through 2012 used random locations throughout the permeable parking rows, the newer study targeted upgradient edge to identify where clogging would occur. Testing locations along the upgradient edge were selected based on a high-resolution survey (HRS) of the parking lot performed in December 2014. The HRS identified three low spots along the upgradient edge that eventually clogged in the new PICP infiltration study. The HRS may assist with maintenance routines. The newer study also supports the conclusion of the earlier study with regards to truncating the infiltration testing method, particularly for maintenance assessments.

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Peixoto, Nara Gabriela de Mesquita, Carla Marília Cavalcante Alecrim, Gleidson Martins Pinheiro, Verônica Teixeira Franco Castelo Branco, and Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin. "Noise mapping and acoustic evaluation of different pavements in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (2023): 3309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0468.

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The Climate Action Plan developed by the Brazilian city of Fortaleza has encouraged active mobility aiming pedestrians' prioritization, thermal and drainage benefits, which has led to replacement of Asphalt Concrete (AC) surface layers by Interlocking Concrete Pavers (ICP) and Porous Friction Course (PFC). This work aims to evaluate the impact of these infrastructure changes on environmental noise levels. As a case study, 25 measurements on an urban avenue were made in 6 road sections with AC, ICP and PFC pavement surfaces. It was modeled in CADNA-A software and some scenarios with different traffic conditions were compared. The results showed that the use of PFC led to a noise attenuation of 3 dB(A) in LAeq when compared to AC. A reduction in the maximum speed limit from 60 kmph to 50 kmph led to a noise attenuation of 1.2 dB(A). In the section with ICP, measured data showed reduction in speed and traffic flow when compared to other pavements. Thus, despite the higher tire/road noise caused by the ICP, its application on urban roads led to a similar LAeq. The authors conclude that the application of these alternative pavements, when accompanied by traffic calming strategies, can reduce road traffic noise.

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Danz, Mari, William Selbig, and Nicolas Buer. "Assessment of Restorative Maintenance Practices on the Infiltration Capacity of Permeable Pavement." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061563.

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Permeable pavement has the potential to be an effective tool in managing stormwater runoff through retention of sediment and other contaminants associated with urban development. The infiltration capacity of permeable pavement declines as more sediment is captured, thereby reducing its ability to treat runoff. Regular restorative maintenance practices can alleviate this issue and prolong the useful life and benefits of the system. Maintenance practices used to restore the infiltration capacity of permeable pavement were evaluated on three surfaces: Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA). Each of the three test plots received a similar volume of runoff and sediment load from an adjacent, impervious asphalt parking lot. Six different maintenance practices were evaluated over a four-year period: Hand-held pressure washer and vacuum, leaf blower and push broom, vacuum-assisted street cleaner, manual disturbance of PICP aggregate, pressure washing and vacuuming, and compressed air and vacuuming. Of the six practices tested, five were completed on PICP, four on PC, and two on PA. Nearly all forms of maintenance resulted in increased average surface infiltration rates. Increases ranged from 94% to 1703% for PICP, 5% to 169% for PC, and 16% to 40% for PA. Disruption of the aggregate between the joints of PICP, whether by simple hand tools or sophisticated machinery, resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) gains in infiltration capacity. Sediment penetrated into the solid matrix of the PC and PA, making maintenance practices using a high-pressure wash followed by high-suction vacuum the most effective for these permeable pavement types. In all instances, when the same maintenance practice was done on multiple surfaces, PICP showed the greatest recovery in infiltration capacity.

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Adeboje, A. O., A. E. Modupe, O. G. Fadugba, and A. A. Busari. "Characterization of Modified Crumb rubber Interlocking Paver." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107, no. 1 (2021): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012111.

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ALGIN, H. M., and J. KNAPTON. "RESEARCH INTO THE PERFORMANCE OF INTERLOCKING PAVER PAVEMENTS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 129, no. 3 (1998): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/itran.1998.30860.

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Khanal, Shila, Susan L. Tighe, and Robert Bowers. "Pavement performance mechanics of interlocking concrete paver crosswalk designs." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 7 (2013): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0222.

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This paper summarizes a research study that involved a partnership between Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology located at University of Waterloo and Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute. This research study involved the construction of eight crosswalks with different base and bedding materials at two test sites and was directed at defining the performance mechanics for designs with various bases and setting beds. The objective was to quantify the structural performance of four different interlocking concrete pavement designs under two loading scenarios. The Test Track typically experienced loaded garbage trucks up to 56 000 kg of maximum load. The Ring Road experienced traffic volume of a typical urban road. This research evaluated eight crosswalks of four different designs in these two locations. Sand set concrete base concrete header was one of the designs. Similarly, the combination of asphalt base, granular base, steel header, aluminum header, and concrete header were other designs of the crosswalks studied. Strain gauges, moisture probes, earth pressure cells, and thermistors were installed in the crosswalks to continuously monitor the structural and environmental impact from various loading conditions. Continued surveys were all performed as part of the research. Maximum recommended lifetime design equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) for bituminous set concrete base concrete header design was 7.5 million ESALs and sand set asphalt base asphalt header was recommended to have 1.5 million design ESALs. This paper presents the performance mechanics of the crosswalks from construction (2007–2009) to May 2010.

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Garg, Varundeep, and Vijay Kumar. "Impact of curing regime on modified interlocking paver blocks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012036.

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Abstract This research illustrated the variations in strength by substituting copper slag and fly ash to the paver block and it was treated under the curing regime that is normal curing, immersion curing and gunny bag curing. Zig-zag shape paver blocks were constructed for this research. 35% of copper slag was substituted with sand and 25% fly ash with cement. Abrasion test, water absorption test, compression test, flexural test and split-tensile test were carried out to compare the strengths in between both the mixes such as conventional mix and substitution mix. In comparison the values of all the test performed depicts the more strength was acquired by substitutional mix.

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R.T., Arjun Siva Rathan, Aravinda Sai V, and Sunitha V. "Mechanical and structural performance evaluation of pervious interlocking paver blocks." Construction and Building Materials 292 (July 2021): 123438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123438.

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Tonetti, Adriano Luiz, Natalia Cangussu Duarte, Mariana Rodrigues Ribeiro dos Santos, and Gustavo Henrique Siqueira. "Environmentally friendly interlocking concrete paver blocks produced with treated wastewater." Water Supply 19, no. 7 (2019): 2028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.078.

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Abstract This study aimed at supporting processes and techniques for minimization of water consumption in the production of concrete. For this purpose, the use of treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in interlocking concrete paver block (ICPB) production was evaluated. The treated wastewater was added in various dosages (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) to the water used to produce cylindrical concrete samples. These samples were evaluated for compressive strength and water absorption tests. After these evaluations, the dosage of 100% treated wastewater for concrete production was established and ICPB were produced with this water composition. Subsequently, an area in a parking lot was replaced by ICPB produced with treated wastewater, and an equal area was replaced by ICPB produced with potable water. A comparison between parameters obtained for cylindrical samples and ICPB samples prepared with treated wastewater and those prepared with potable water indicated that wastewater reuse would be a good alternative for potable water consumption reduction in the concrete industry.

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Abhishek, N. Kashid* Seema S. Rathod Shrikant T. Varpe. "SUSTAINABILITY APPROCH FOR CONCRETE PAVER BLOCK USING GLASS INDUSTRIAL WASTES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 10 (2016): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.159197.

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As now a day’s disposal of solid waste is becoming a major problem and therefore some percentage of the waste in the form of fly ash and glass powder is used to reduce the pollution caused by these elements. The aim of this project is to minimize the use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by the replacement of fly Ash (FA) and Glass Powder (GP) in varying proportions and to reduce the effect of solid waste generated due to its daily increasing disposal problems. As a civil engineer thinking of the environment and its adverse effects due to modernization and thinking of the future generations we got the inspiration of using such solid waste in construction field. That’s why formation of interlocking paving block along with fly ash and glass powder as an aggregate is an attempt made by us and various tests such as compressive strength, abrasion resistance test, water absorption test etc. are conducted and compared with ordinary paver blocks units in present study. Trial mixes was prepared of fly ash with glass powder and their results was studied. OPC cement was replaced by 25% with the FA and GP combinations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Total 104 Specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days & 28 days curing. 54 no’s of specimen for Abrasion.

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M., Vijayakumar, Athipathy M., Clement M., and Krishnakumar P. "Experimental Study on Sansevieria Cylindrica Paver Blocks." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 6 (2020): 333–35. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1324.089620.

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Concrete paver blocks in road pavement are used in the parking, hill road construction for soil strength lower areas. As per Indian standard, interlocking concrete paver blocks are used with M 35 grade concrete. This paper deals combination of sansevieria cylindrica fiber with normal concrete for making of new paver block. Here fibers are added in the proportions of 0.25% to 1.75% in the volume of cement mortar. The compressive strength was determined 28 days. The compressive strength of 0.75% sansevieria cylindrica fiber mix having more strength. While increasing percentage of fiber value the concrete strength is reduced.

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Mr. Sonawane Kundan Kumar J., Mr Sonawane Kundan Kumar J., and Dr U. J. Phatak Dr. U. J. Phatak. "Application of Demolished Construction Waste for Manufacturing of Paver Block and its study after Implementation on Site." Journal of Advances in Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (2024): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/pmfdrf08.

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Rapid population growth and fast urbanization, the construction activity also increased. InIndia, with fast growing constructions, the natural resources are Becoming inadequate to fulfill theneeds of construction. Materials like natural sand, coarse aggregate natural available goo clay forbricks have become scarce, resulting in increase in masonry work, concrete work, and overallconstruction cost. Also, prices of cement, the main binding material, is going in increasing day byday.Interlocking concrete paver blocks by using demolished concrete waste are the new approach forpaver construction work with advantageous like good appearance, less motor , no need of finishingand more effective bond they can be more advantageous than conventional paver blocks .In this report, an attempt is made to study the various aspects of interlocking concrete paver blocksby using demolished concrete waste or material. Also, emphasis Is given on the eco-friendly ofgreenery approach for interlocking concrete paver block.

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Cong Bang, Truong. "Study on Fly Ash Based Interlocking Concrete Paver Block Using Chopped Fibers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (December 16, 2020): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/988/1/012060.

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Chow, M. F., J. W. Ng, and S. T. Chong. "Study of effective laying pattern of permeable interlocking concrete paver for storm-water management." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 551 (August 14, 2019): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/551/1/012010.

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Ayanlola, J. A., Adesope, A. J., Balogun, L. A., and Ogunjimi, M. O. "Production and Evaluation of the Durability of Laterite, Interlocking Paver Block Incorporating Glass Powder." African Journal of Advances in Science and Technology Research 19, no. 1 (2025): 181–92. https://doi.org/10.62154/ajastr.2025.019.01020.

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The high cost of construction materials has made building out of reach to average Nigerians. This has given rise to inward sourcing for local waste as an alternative to conventional ones. Laterite interlocking paver blocks were evaluated in this research. Grain size analysis, Liquid limit, and Plastic limits were carried out on a collected laterite soil sample, X-ray fluorescence test was carried out on glass powder, compressive, split tensile strengths, acid attack, density and water absorption were carried out on the LIPB. The percentage of particles passing sieve number 200 is greater than 35%. LL was 43.24%, PL was 26.09%. and PI was 17.5%. XRF (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) of glass powder is 61.92%. it is classified as class - C pozzolan. Paver blocks of 300 x 150 100mm were produced from laterite and cement using 1:4 ratios. Glass powder was used to replace cement in three varied percentages of 10, 20 and 30 respectively, sample with 10% replacement had the highest compressive strength of 7.80N/mm2 compared with 0% replacement of 8.30N/mm2 and the lowest compressive strength of 3.49N/mm2 was observed at 30% replacement When samples were immersed in acid water solutions of magnesium sulphate and hydrochloric acid, there was a significant reduction in compressive strength. Tensile strength of 1.19N/mm2 was observed at both 0% and 10%, while the lowest tensile strength of 0.62N/mm2 was observed at 30% replacement. The maximum density obtained is 1408.73 kgm-3, below the minimum value of 1810 kgm-3 recommended by the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute. This may be due to the physical properties of the laterite soil or the glass powder used. Water absorption capacity of the specimens at 0, 10, 20 and 30% were 9.55, 4.23, 9.51 and 3.54, respectively. all samples produced satisfied the maximum water absorption of 12% recommended by the Nigerian Industrial Standard and 12.5% water absorption recommended by the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute. Replacement of cement with glass powder up to 10% is effective, sustainable and economical. The use of a Laterite Interlocking Paver Block is not advisable in an acid-prone environment.

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Kushwaha, Sachin Ranjan. "Comparison Between Cement Concrete Road and Concrete Paver Block." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 5 (2025): 7055–59. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.71841.

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Abstract: The use of proper pavement types has a great effect on expedience, sustainability, and economy of land transportations facilities. The study is aimed at comparing CC-Roads (Cement Concrete Roads) and CPB-Roads (Concrete Paver Block Roads) with respect to construction practices, constituent materials, structural performance, cost consideration, maintenance aspects, environmental issues and aesthetic appearance. Due to higher compressive strength and other properties, cement concrete roads in areas with heavy traffic loads, it is used, however, they also have longer construction period and initial cost. In contrast, roads constructed with concrete paver blocks made up of interlocking pre-cast units could be installed fast, is easier to maintain and it is more flexible to design and are more appropriate for use in urban or semi-urban areas with low to medium traffic. Furthermore, the drainage potential, recyclability and carbon footprint are taken into account providing a comprehensive comparison of both technologies. The results presented resulting useful for urban planners, civil engineers and decision -- makers to make informed choices in road construction projects, based on certain site conditions and performance parameters. In general, the cement concrete road is built beyond or within the village limit. But inside the village portion are the concrete paver blocks. It is observed that the cost of cement concrete road is very high compared to concrete paver. In the present study we are compared between cement concrete road and concrete paver blocks

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Meera, Miss, B. Durga Vara Prashad, and Supratic Gupta. "Experimental Investigations on Concrete with Fly Ash and Marble Powder for Paver Blocks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.32 (2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18410.

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The construction industry is capable of absorbing large amounts of wastes by utilizing them in other useful products. Thermal power plants and marble industries produce huge quantities of bi-products which causes environmental problems. Utilization of these in concrete will save natural resources to some extent and solve the disposal. Interlocking concrete block pavements are simple to construct and maintain. The main objective of this research is to develop an eco-friendly paver block while considering the economy as a defining parameter. In this research, experimental investigations were carried out on the paver blocks to know the feasibility of using fly ash and marble powder. For paving block concrete, it is partly replaced with cement and aggregates with fly ash and waste marble powder. Various tests for mechanical and durability properties were conducted. All the properties were improved when compared to the control mix. Utilization of fly ash and marble powder in concrete reduces the cost of paver blocks and making it economical and eco-friendly.

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Umashankar, H. N., and B. V. Pramod. "The Study Involving Partial Replacement of Slag Sand in Polymer Modified Concrete and its Application in Interlocking Concrete Paver Block (ICPB)." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 10 (2020): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.328.

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The idea of Carriageway design and maintenance needs to be such that it bears loads due to the climate change and also for the social comfort which caters the all range of people who use the road way. In this study the potential of the paver blocks is evaluated in the laboratory. Styrene-Butadiene rubber induced paver blocks will have greater tension, good ductility and also, good impact strength because of the 3D polymer network. The bridging between cracks and also due to voids filling nature, the porosity decreases. A Styrene-Butadiene rubber polymer induced along with granular slag sand in ICPB to improve the ductility and flexure of polymer modified concrete (PMC). The structural properties of PMC in paver blocks are studied, the study is divided into two series, Series 1 is to cast paver blocks solely of granular slag sand and Series 2 is to cast paver blocks of PMC where fine aggregates with few parts replaced with Granular slag sand. The comparative study is done for various strength parameters. The study concludes that the paver blocks with PMC concrete with 15% of Granular slag sand replaced with fine aggregates.

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Kumar, Akash. "Comparison Between Bitumen Road and Concrete Paver Block Road." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 5 (2025): 7067–71. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.71866.

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Abstract: In this paper, the comparative study between bituminous roads (asphalt roads) and concrete paver block roads is presented here with the material composition, durability, cost, maintenance, environment and comfort as the main considerations. Bituminous roads consist of bitumen, sand, and aggregates. They are usually faster and less expensive to build and involve a clean surface to walk or drive on. However, such signs have higher maintenance needs (they tend to have shorter lives, particularly in areas with heavy traffic or extreme weather) and are usually more expensive. Interlocking concrete paver block roads have a high initial construction cost and installation time for this type of road are greater. Another, they last longer meaning less maintenance, they are more cost effective long term. Ecological is that, bituminous road construction emits less carbon than cement road construction, which creates a rise in temperature on the surface of the road which is often referred to as the heat island effect for animals, humans in the urban area. In comparison, concrete paver block roads, while having a carbon footprint that is more than double that of tar in production, reflects more sunlight and are cooler at all times. Choice between bituminous paver block road and concrete paver block road we make taking into consideration many a specific factors like budget, climatic conditions, traffic conditions, level of flexibility desired, and lifespan of road that we want to achieve. An objective comparison of these aspects facilitates the selection of the appropriate road type for sustainable infrastructure planning.

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Shivaraj, S. J., S. Kalappa, Sangmesh V. Biradar, and M. Abhay. "Development and Strength Assessment of Paving Block using Demolished Building Waste and Coir Fiber." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2779, no. 1 (2024): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2779/1/012080.

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Abstract The current study brings novelty to the construction sector by addressing the significant challenge of concrete and brick waste in India. It introduces an innovative approach to reuse this waste in producing interlocking paver blocks, offering a sustainable solution. Adhering to Indian Standards ensures the quality and safety of the blocks, while the incorporation of coir fiber enhances their strength. This research not only contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing construction waste but also provides a practical and eco-friendly method for pavement construction, marking a unique and valuable addition to current industry practices. This concrete waste, after grinding, can, taking the IS specification into account, be used in two stages as substitutes for coarse and fine aggregates with or without coir fibre in paver blocks casted as interlocking blocks of pavement by taking account of acceptable materials, scale, shape, mixing style, etc. and using the specific method of casting and performing various specific tests. From the present test study, the partially demolished unit of 0.5% coir fibre in the paving block has a higher flexural and tensile strength. The compressive force of a 0.3 % coir block is greater. Improving Coir fibre quality leads to higher water absorption from the PB.

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Ankit, Dubey, and Ali Manawer. "Review Paper on Material by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Stone Dust in Interlocking Paver Block." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 5 (2019): 2628–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591755.

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Concrete is commonly used construction material due to its ease of availability, mouldability, rigidity and durability. It generally consists of binding material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and required quantity of water, where sand is normally used as fine aggregate. Due to rapid growth of construction activity, the available sources of natural sand are getting exhausted. Hence conservation of natural resources is great challenge for civil engineers since construction activities cannot be diminished as it is intimate able. The only way is to search an alternatives material which can fully or partially replaced naturally available material in construction. Stone dust is such an alternative material which can be effectively being used in construction as partial replacement of natural sand. This is a waste product obtained from aggregate crushing plant. Stone dust is well appropriate in terms of strength and economy over normal sand for medium grade concrete. Ankit Dubey | Manawer Ali "Review Paper on Material by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Stone Dust in Interlocking Paver Block" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29218.pdf

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Garg, Mridul, and Aakanksha Pundir. "Utilization of Brine Sludge in Nonstructural Building Components: A Sustainable Approach." Journal of Waste Management 2014 (August 21, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/389316.

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The characterization and influence of brine sludge on the properties of cement-fly ash-sludge binders are presented. The reaction products formed during the hydration of binder provide an interlocking framework to physically encapsulate the waste particles and are responsible for the development of strength. The utilization of brine sludge in making paver blocks and bricks and the effect of sludge concentration on the engineering properties of these products are also discussed. These results clearly exhibited that brine sludge up to 35 and 25% can safely be utilized for making paver blocks and bricks, respectively. The leachability studies confirm that the metals ions and impurities in the sludge are substantially fixed in the matrix and do not readily leach from there. The utilization of brine sludge in construction materials could serve as an alternative solution to disposal and reduce pollution.

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Liu, Bodi, and Neil Armitage. "The Link between Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) Design and Nutrient Removal." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061714.

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The construction of ‘hard’ impermeable surfaces in urban areas results in the increased flow of stormwater runoff and its associated pollutants into downstream receiving waters. Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS) can help mitigate this. The most common type of PPS in South Africa is permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP), but there is currently insufficient information available on the relative treatment performance of different PICP designs. This paper describes an investigation into the performance of ten different PICP systems constructed in the Civil Engineering Laboratory at the University of Cape Town for the treatment of various nutrients commonly found in stormwater runoff. It was found that removal efficiencies ranged from 27.5% to 78.7% for ammonia-nitrogen and from −37% to 11% for orthophosphate-phosphorus; whilst 4% to 20.2% more nitrite-nitrogen and 160% to 2580% more nitrate-nitrogen were simultaneously added. The presence of a geotextile resulted in higher ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiencies but also higher nitrate-nitrogen addition than those cells without—with small differences between various types. The cell with a permanently wet ‘sump’ had the highest nitrate-nitrogen addition of all. Lower pH results in higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, whilst the electrical conductivity strongly depends on the length of the periods between rainfall ‘seasons’, decreasing rapidly during wet periods but increasing during dry periods. Paver type also had a minor impact on nutrient removal.

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Raveendran Thulasibai, Arjun Siva Rathan, Sunitha Velayudhan, Murshida Pathath, Janani Lekshmipathy, and Anusudha Visvanathan. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Parameters Influencing the Shear-Stress Behavior of Interlocking Paver Blocks–Bedding Sand Interface Using Large-Scale Direct Shear Test." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33, no. 6 (2021): 04021104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003724.

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elizabeth, rosario. "interlocking pavers." January 23, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4458921.

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Pavers blocks are commonly used for exterior pavement applications. It is one of the most approved flexible pavement surfacing options. Commonly used material to make paves is clay and concrete. They are also available in different patterns, shapes, colors, and sizes. Compared to plain concrete, interlocking pavers need low maintenance. They do not need polish on the top surface of the paver, and also no need to repaint in the future. You can wash your driveway or patio with soap and water it helps to bright your pavers for many years. Pavers are very durable and last for at least 20 years. There is no possibility to crack the pavers if they are properly interlocked with each other. They are long-lasting and it is a substantial material for commercial and residential application. Pavers can resist a lot of pressure so it can be used in the airport also. It is also used for any type of traffic such as low, medium, and heavy.

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steffandrmz. "interlocking pavers." March 9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590161.

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<strong>Interlocking pavers </strong>are the most popular and flexible surface option for exterior application. These pavers are comfortable to walk, durable, and easy to maintain. There are two types of paving options concrete paving and clay paving, an ordinary concrete block has two surfaces one smooth side and the other is a rough surface. Concrete paver blocks are durable and accept heavy loads, it is available in different colors. It commonly used pavements and driveway etc. Clay pavers are also called bricks and cobbles; these blocks are available in rectangular brick shape. Unlike concrete pavers, we can use both sides clay blocks are available in natural color only. Paver blocks are do not require huge maintenance as compared to the concrete surface. It is easy to clean a simple water wash help to bright the pavers. It will last for 20 years if they are appropriately interlocked, it is used in both residential and commercial applications. The most important advantage of paver blocks is, if one gets damaged it is easy to replace.

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carolineangel. "Interlocking Pavers." May 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7898113.

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We provide a large selection of concrete pavers and paving stones to match your design, whether you're searching for an elegant patio or a modern pathway. We provide modern modular and slab pavement, conventional cobble and brick paving, and paving stones that mimic the appearance and feel of natural stones. Many of our interlocking pavers can withstand heavy loads, making them ideal for creating beautiful driveway designs. Additionally, you can be sure that your new outdoor space will endure the test of time because our concrete pavers and paving stones come with lifetime warranties. Enjoy the look of natural stone for patios and pool areas in your backyard, or liven up your outdoor living area with distinctive hues of soft or lively colors in a wide range of tones. Everyone likes to talk about patios and outdoor rooms, but don't overlook the fact that walks and pathways present a useful chance to improve the architecture of your outdoor living space. You have the chance to express yourself in your garden. To make your house the talk of the neighborhood, our specialists give suggestions on how to clean up your shrubs and polish your patio.

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Vishnu, Raj. "interlocking pavers." February 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4513806.

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<strong>interlocking pavers</strong> are versatile and flexible that provides a durable attractive finish that reflects character and style. Interlocking pavers are in a wide variety of colors, shapes. Paving stone on your driveway makes your driveway will be unique. It is also designed to carry heavy loads. Block pavers are the advanced way of creating decorative pavements. Block paving is one of the best options for your pathway and driveway. A good quality patio has the main role to make your home visually attractive. The right type of flooring material can complement your property that makes your back garden and patio more attractive. Compared to the other type of flooring material interlocking pavers are environmentally friendly because of their porous nature. It absorbs rainwater and stops gathering on your patio or pathway. Interlocking pavers are safe flooring material for the outdoor surface they are slip-resistant and skid resistant.

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markdonnie. "Interlocking Pavers." June 21, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6673871.

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Our Interlocking Pavers are both attractive and practical. For all types of household and commercial applications, they provide a durable, long-lasting surface. With our large range of color selections, you can quickly and easily create unique patterns and designs. To keep a beautiful appearance and resist decades of use/abuse as well as the devastating impacts of time and Mother Nature, Interlock's whole paver line is made using quality, locally produced aggregates, and high-cement-content concrete. The right patio can make resting in your home's outdoor spaces enjoyable no matter what time of year it is. With bespoke patio design and planning, you can be sure to have a wonderful location to entertain friends on sunny summer evenings or simply rest out in a comfortable and warm fire pit.

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don, sophie. "Interlocking Pavers." July 7, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6806293.

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Our Interlocking Pavers are both attractive and practical. For all types of household and commercial applications, they provide a durable, long-lasting surface. With our large range of color selections, you can quickly and easily create unique patterns and designs. To keep a beautiful appearance and resist decades of use/abuse as well as the devastating impacts of time and Mother Nature, Interlock's whole paver line is made using quality, locally produced aggregates, and high-cement-content concrete. The right patio can make resting in your home's outdoor spaces enjoyable no matter what time of year it is. With bespoke patio design and planning, you can be sure to have a wonderful location to entertain friends on sunny summer evenings or simply rest out in a comfortable and warm fire pit.

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mariaantony. "Paver Base." March 20, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7751996.

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Gravel pavers make a fantastic alternative to concrete for building an outdoor basketball court. Together, they provide a firm, flat surface that perfectly matches our interlocking basketball court tiles. They promise that your outdoor basketball court will be affordable, robust, and have the stable foundation it requires. Concrete is more difficult to build than a paver basis for an outdoor basketball court. Our interlocking permeable pavers are created utilizing injection molding and recycled HDPE plastic. The pavers are great for supporting an outdoor basketball court, driveway, parking space, or footpath because of how simple they are to install. The paver base tiles successfully support the straight bridge connections and the paver's physical qualities. We manufacture our interlocking permeable pavers from recycled materials. Our interlocking permeable pavers are made from recycled HDPE plastic and injection molding.   

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