Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intermediate imputs'

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2007.<br>Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 28, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4804. Adviser: Ricardo A. Lopez.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-164). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Observations suggest that properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are changing. The impact of these variations is explored using a series of idealised perturbation experiments. Two sets of ensembles have been used. The first varied initial atmospheric states; the second varied initial states in the ocean and atmosphere. The ensemble simulations were integrated over 120 and 100 years, respectively, altering AAIW from 10-200S in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans separately in a coupled climate model, HadCM3. Potential temperature was changed by ±1 DC, along with corresponding changes in salinity, maintaining constant potential density. There is a surface response to changes in AAIW in each of the three major ocean basins. When the water mass surfaces in the equatorial regions, there is no significant change in sea surface temperature (SST). However, there is a SST response when the anomalies surface at higher latitudes (>300). Anomalous sea-to-air heat fluxes leave density anomalies in the ocean. Resulting changes in ocean circulation cause responses to opposite perturbations to be nonlinear. In the Southern Ocean, changes in the meridional density gradient lead to changes in Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport. The North Atlantic is particularly sensitive, with density anomalies causing changes in the meridional overturning circulation of up to 1 Sv. Surfacing anomalies and changes in meridional ocean heat transport cause basin-wide changes in the surface ocean and overlying atmosphere on multi-decadal timescales. Cooling in the North Atlantic Current may be self-sustaining as it leads to high pressure anomalies in the overlying atmosphere, and increased wind stress over the sub-polar gyre. The spatial pattern of SST anomalies in the North Pacific resembles the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Heat and salt distribution in the Indian Ocean is influenced by the Indonesian Through-Flow (ITF). Long-term trends in the ITF are caused by bottom pressure anomalies in the Pacific.

Ces dernières années, le phénomène de production de biens « Made in the World » a considérablement augmenté, entraînant une transformation économique progressive de la façon dont nous comprenons les processus de production (Antràs 2020). La présente thèse considère une variété de questions de recherche : La connectivité maritime et les procédures frontalières affectent-elles de la même manière le commerce des biens finaux et le commerce des intrants intermédiaires ? Quelle est l’importance de l’adoption d’Internet pour la participation aux Chaînes de Valeur Mondiales (CVM) ? Quel est l’impact du Taux de Change Effectif Réel (TCER) sur le commerce international et, plus précisément, sur le commerce des CVM ? Comment la participation aux CVM affecte-t-elle la pollution de l’air et quelle est l’importance des dispositions environnementales dans les accords commerciaux lors de l’analyse des implications environnementales des CVM ? Cette thèse vise à définir et d’analyser deux moteurs (dans le chapitre 2) et deux conséquences (dans les chapitres 3 et 4) de la participation aux CVM. Le chapitre 2 examine l’effet de la facilitation du commerce sur les échanges, plus particulièrement sur les Réseaux de Production Mondiaux (RPM). Il montre que la connectivité maritime est importante pour le commerce dans le cadre des RPM. En particulier, l’exportation de biens intermédiaires est fortement encouragée par des routes maritimes plus efficaces qui relient les différents acteurs des RPM. En outre, l’expédition de marchandises sans retard, des coûts réduits et des procédures simplifiées sont des éléments clés de la participation aux RPM. En outre, le chapitre 2 analyse l’impact d’Internet sur les CVM en Afrique. Il étudie l’effet de l’adoption d’Internet sur la participation en amont et en aval dans les CVM au niveau national et au niveau de l’entreprise. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation d’Internet et l’infrastructure Internet sont importantes pour l’Afrique en termes de participation future aux CVM. Le chapitre soutient que les pays et les entreprises africains doivent améliorer l’infrastructure Internet afin de tirer le meilleur parti de l’intégration dans les CVM. Un niveau élevé d’intégration dans les CVM peut changer la façon dont nous interprétons l’impact du TCER sur les exportations brutes et le commerce des CVM en Tunisie. Ainsi, le chapitre 3 montre l’importance de calculer une nouvelle mesure du TCER basée sur les termes de la valeur ajoutée sectorielle pour tenir compte de l’importance croissante des CVM. Les résultats montrent que les effets du TCER sur le commerce des CVM diffèrent de son impact sur le commerce traditionnel. On constate que la part de la valeur ajoutée étrangère dans les exportations brutes atténue la réponse du TCER aux exportations. De plus, la prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité sectorielle est importante pour déterminer la compétitivité commerciale car les secteurs tunisiens participent aux CVM à différents niveaux. Le chapitre 4 se concentre sur la relation entre les émissions de polluants atmosphériques, les dispositions environnementales des accords commerciaux régionaux et les CVM. En examinant les effets de la participation aux CVM sur la qualité de l’environnement, le chapitre 4 a trouvé une relation en forme de U inversé entre le niveau de participation aux CVM et les émissions de polluants atmosphériques. Le chapitre prouve que la signature de plus d’accords commerciaux avec des lois environnementales réduit la pollution. Cependant, l’inclusion de dispositions environnementales dans les accords commerciaux ne garantit pas la qualité de l’environnement dans la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord (MENA)<br>In recent years, the phenomenon of producing “Made in the World” goods has increased dramatically, leading to a progressive economic transformation of the way we understand production processes (Antràs 2020). The present thesis considers a variety of research questions: Do maritime connectivity and border procedures affect the same way trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs? How important it is to adopt internet to Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation? What is the impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on international trade and, specifically, on GVC trade? How does GVC participation affect air pollution and what is the importance of environmental provisions in trade agreements when analyzing the environmental implications of GVCs? This thesis aims to define and analyze two drivers (in chapter 2) and two consequences (in chapters 3 and 4) of participation in GVCs. Chapter 2 examines the effect of trade facilitation on trade, more particularly on Global Production Networks (GPNs). It shows that maritime connectivity matters for trade under GPNs. In particular, exporting intermediate goods is highly encouraged by more efficient maritime routes which connect various participants of GPNs. Furthermore, shipping goods without delays, low costs, and simpler procedures are key elements of participation in GPNs. In addition, Chapter 2 analyses the impact of the internet on GVCs in Africa. It investigates the effect of internet adoption on forward participation and backward participation in GVCs at the country level and the firm level. Results show that internet use and internet infrastructure are important for Africa in terms of forward GVC participation. The chapter argues that African countries and firms need to improve internet infrastructure to make the best of integration into GVCs. High integration levels in GVCs can change the way we interpret REER response on gross exports and GVC trade in Tunisia. Thus, chapter 3 shows the importance of calculating a new measure of REER based on the sectoral value-added terms to account for the rising importance of GVCs. Results show that REER effects on GVC trade differ from its impact on traditional trade. It is found that foreign value-added (FVA) share in gross exports dampens the response of REER to exports. Moreover, accounting for sectoral heterogeneity is important to determine trade competitiveness because Tunisian sectors take part in GVCs at different levels. Chapter 4 focuses on the relationship between air pollutant emissions, environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements, and GVCs. Examining the effects of participation in GVCs on environmental quality, chapter 4 found an inverted U-shaped relation between the level of participation in GVCs and air pollutant emissions. The chapter proves that signing more trade agreements with environmental laws reduces pollution. However, including environmental provisions in trade agreements does not guarantee environmental quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Geology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Hurricanes can temporarily disrupt seasonal patterns of fish assemblage change or result in permanent changes in fish assemblages. I studied the effects of two hurricanes on fish assemblages at the Chandeleur Islands and the possible influence that storm-generated tidal channels may have on the composition of local fish assemblages. I also compared recently collected data to historic ichthyofaunal survey data collected over thirty years ago at the Chandeleur Islands. Near shore fish assemblages changed the most after hurricanes but changes in species composition were primarily due to increases in abundance and diversity. During July 2007 there was no significant difference between fish assemblages in channel and seagrass habitats, although significant differences among wash-over channels existed. Loss of habitat and the increased intensity and frequency of recent storms may explain why current fish assemblages at the Chandeleur Islands are less diverse (as measured by taxonomic distinctness) than assemblages collected during 1969-1971.

Social media for personal use has evolved rapidly among adolescents, changing the way they communicate with each other. However, little research has been conducted about how teachers use social media in the classroom to improve student learning. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how social presence on Twitter impacts student engagement and learning when a mathematics teacher integrates this social media tool into an instructional unit. The conceptual framework was based on social presence theory developed by Short, Williams, and Christie. This qualitative study used a single case study design. Participants included 6 students and 1 classroom teacher in a Grade 8 mathematics course at a public middle school in a Canadian province. Data were collected from multiple sources including individual interviews, reflective journal responses from the teacher and students, documents such as course standards, and artifacts such as student tweets. Data were analyzed in the following way: interview and reflective journal data were coded for categories using the constant comparative method, and documents and artifacts were reviewed to identify emergent themes and discrepant data. Findings for this study indicated that Twitter had a positive impact on student engagement and learning of data management concepts. This study contributes to positive social change by providing a deeper understanding of how social media tools such as Twitter encourage students to create communities of learners to support each other during the learning process.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to, from an institutional approach, study how the Stockholm importers within the textile sector adapted their foreign trade to the change in economic policy 1720 through 1738. The focus is to investigate to what extent the introduction of new laws, regulations etc. can be an explanation for what happened to Stockholm’s foreign trade, mainly imports, particularly textile imports during the period. It is mainly the economic policies that had been enacted during the Hornian government and their effects that have been studied. This is a period that has seldom been studied in other research.</p><p>This thesis begins when the Russian raids were over. This was a year when the foreign trade still was relatively free and was untouched by the 17th century’s regulations. After 1721 the policies that would be introduced to increase Sweden's level of self-sufficiency and strengthen ties with the North Sea area had several components. Besides the economic policy, the main sources for the thesis are the city toll records.</p><p>The trade policies in the shape of tolls and fees, import and consumption bans etc. and the commercial policies together became different kinds of political tools used for several purposes. The conclusion of this thesis is that the economic policies made the Stockholm importers adapt their trade to the change. The import bans and sumptuary laws had an effect. The economic policies gave rise to an increase in the import of textile raw materials. The rise in toll costs and import fees contributed to displacing the foreign trade towards other areas. The change in the economic policies was successful in the sense that it gave rise to new conditions for domestic production within the textile sector and forced Stockholm's importers to adapt their foreign trade.</p>

Urban form and the urban transport system have an enormous impact on the way of people generally travel. Travel can be characterized by trip frequency, modal choice, travel distance, route choice and so on. So with growing economies and population, there is an increasing tend of expansion of urban problem and auto-mobilization. This has a direct effect on the level of transport demand , the pattern of traveland also its impact on the behavioral change of the people on choosing the correct alternative mode for travel. Sustainable transport systems are those which aim to reduce the usage of resources and still giving an better output, means the transit system which can move a large no of people from one place to another place with a less usage of resources. So this transit system can be called a sustainable transit system on which all can depend in a various way for travelling.Most fundamentally, more emphasis should be on reducing the role of the private automobile as the prime mode for transport and try to put more focus on the other sustainable modes such as public transit. The research aim is to study the current transport system of the study area and collect data by giving the choices to people of that area on the purpose of their transit mode choice. There are some preferences in the survey form which are filled by the local people and give their own choice on the existing transport systems. Some variables have been taken to find out the probability for choosing the right mode for the right trip. To find these main variables have been used are travel time, travel cost and the income of each person to make it related with their socio-economic behavior. Here mode choice probability has done y constructing a discrete choice model between the public transit and private own vehicle. So BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit framework) is an advancement and it is up degree to the present transport framework. BRT is reasonable, versatile and financially savvy. The term of fast travel framework implies a type of rapid urban traveler transportation. Here, the method of transportation is transport henceforth it is called as transport quick travel framework (BRTS). Transportation offices and the framework will be distinctive shape diverse nations. Particularly for the creating nations, transportation is an issue and BRT is the most ideal approach to conquer it. On the off chance that a nation gets wealthier the improvement will be seen in various angles like training, industry, science and innovation and so forth., with the exception of transport which will deteriorate. There are numerous approaches to dispose of these movement issues and transport issues. What pulled in the nations to introduce BRT is the transport route idea as that it can cover entire city and is less expensive thanthe rail. BRT is a fast quick travel framework utilizing high limit vehicles, physically isolated transport ways, current station with electronic passage gathering, quick boarding and high administration recurrence which result more travelers and less blockage.The results of this study will establish to maintain a carrying capacity of the area on the basis of there people’s choice of mode for travel. Here I have enclosed all attributes value which are directly connected towards the existing transit mode and make it work for a valid model establishment. For figuring out the probability of choosing mode a binomial logit model has been establish.

碩士<br>崇右技術學院<br>經營管理研究所<br>103<br>ABSTRACT Flourish of internet and mobile equipments provide tele-monitoring environments for managers, and nearly non-privacy environments for employees. Technical power had made a reality for employees of been poisoned, thus may exist potential influences to their attitudes and behaviors. This study aims to use 5 components of systemically monitoring: telephone monitoring、video Surveillance、E-mail monitoring、electronic equipment monitoring and monitoring perception, to survey their affections to 4 contents of employee emotions: negative emotion, privacy invasion ethical climate, ethical perception of management. Moreover, we seeks to investigate the influences of employee emotions to 2 contents of workplace deviant behaviors: organizational and personal deviant behaviors. Totally 300 questionnaires were sent to employees in Taiwan, and 260 were received(86.7%). Results show that: I. Systemically monitoring to employee emotion 1. Video monitoring negatively affects employee’s negative emotions. 2. E-mail monitoring, Electronic equipments monitoring and monitoring perception negatively affect invasion of privacy. 3. Video monitoring negatively affects ethical climates. 4. Video monitoring, Electronic equipments monitoring and monitoring perception negatively affect ethical perception of management. II. Employee’s emotion to workplace deviant behaviors Employee’s negative emotion, ethical climates and ethical perception of management all negative affect both organizational and personal deviant behavior, iii privacy invasion negatively affects organizational deviant behavior. Practically, this study concludes a deeply understanding to systemically monitoring to employee’s emotions and workplace deviant behaviors, thus provides a further consideration to the flourish using of monitoring. Academically, we constructs a conceptual framework of employee’s emotion and workplace deviant behavior, and could be used as references for further research

碩士<br>國立屏東大學<br>行銷與流通管理學系碩士班<br>104<br>In recent years, intense competition in the consumer market, all retailers or department stores are often provided through a variety of promotional incentives to stimulate consumers or manufacturers to produce immediate or more purchases in a short period. Consumer values from the past, "a penny, a cargo" into whether to pursue the ideal product to meet the consumer mind and self-worth based special taste, this study aims to explore a different marketing approach By (price and non-price sales promotion), under time pressure, whether the product will generate impulse buying, because the brand image in which whether or consumers themselves to explore the characteristics of impulsivity, will increase the product purchase will, for the promotional price, brand image and impulse buying to do in-depth discussion. In this study, the web questionnaire as a survey tool, comprising: "promotions", "brand", "time pressure", "impulsive behavior." Total issued 416 removal of invalid questionnaires (containing the waste volume and not complete the questionnaire), 400 valid questionnaires, the effective questionnaires were collected 96.15 percent. According to the Institute proposed six assumptions, result in the overall relationship between the path test mode display, price promotions for impulsivity trait no significant impact on the relationship between the path of the other assumptions are showing significant. It can be seen, when the consumers themselves have impulsive characteristics, when promotions as price promotions, consumers find attractive price discounts than those without, so no significant effect. The results of this study, for different promotions, found that no matter what kind of promotions all showed significant impact on brand image, and when the consumer has impulsive characteristics, for not having a significant impact of price promotions, when a product with good when brand image, more easily lead to consumers buying behavior, the researchers found that the brand image to consumers are influential not only meet consumer can bring emotional, and even arouse their minds the ideal self-image.