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1
Edgar, Brian. "Biblical Anthropology and the Intermediate State: Part I." Evangelical Quarterly 74, no. 1 (April 16, 2002): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-07401002.
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While there has always been a tradition of theoanthropological dualism involving a disembodied, intermediate state, this tradition is neither as widespread nor as theologically central as it is often claimed. In the first part of the article it is argued that the biblical evidence for a dualist anthropology is not convincing as the various conceptual distinctions (including body, soul, spirit, and inner and outer self) do not require ontological separability. Moreover, the alleged evidence for an eschatological intermediate state is better interpreted in terms of immediate resurrection. While there is clearly evidence for the intermediate state throughout the history of the church its significance has been over-stated and it has continued as a possibility primarily because it has appeared to be a philosophically logical necessity. This process of deduction is illustrated with examples from early, proponents of the intermediate state. Later proponents will be discussed in the second part of the article.
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Edgar, Brian. "Biblical Anthropology and the Intermediate State: Part II." Evangelical Quarterly 74, no. 2 (April 16, 2002): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-07402002.
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While there has always been a tradition of theoanthropological dualism involving a disembodied, intermediate state, this tradition is neither as widespread nor as theologically central as it is often claimed. While there is clearly evidence for the intermediate state throughout the history of the church its significance has been over-stated and it has continued as a possibility primarily because it has appeared to be a philosophically logical necessity. In Part II of this article this process of deduction is illustrated with examples from medieval and modern proponents of the intermediate state. In the modern era dualism has been challenged by monistic theoanthropologies. The contrast of monist and dualist anthropologies has been accentuated because the modern paradigm, under the influence of Cartesianism, has exaggerated the dualism which has existed and produced an even more radical dichotomy of body and soul. An examination of Cooper’s recent double defence of the intermediate state and anthropological dualism shows that his concepts are firmly bound to Newtonian notions of time and eternity. Finally, it is argued that any dualist eschatological anthropology and the intermediate state also has difficulties establishing satisfactory concepts of the nature of the radical nature of death, the totality of the resurrection and the value and place of the body in human life. It is argued that it is preferable to view post-mortem life from a non-temporal perspective with the person understood as entering ‘immediately’ into eternal life, complete and whole, with every dimension of their being resurrected and transformed. As such, the believer never exists as a divided entity or a bodiless soul.
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Osei-Bonsu, J. "The Intermediate State in the New Testament." Scottish Journal of Theology 44, no. 2 (May 1991): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600039107.
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The notion of a post-mortem disembodied existence of the soul followed by resurrection on the last day has been part of traditional Christian theology for centuries. Though some modern theologians are unhappy with this doctrine and have tried to re-interpret it or reject it altogether, it cannot be denied that traditional Christian theology has always taught this. This view was held by many of the Church Fathers and by the Reformers. Today it is still the official teaching of the Roman Catholic Church and some Protestant Churches.
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Cunnington, Ralph. "A re-examination of the intermediate state of unbelievers." Evangelical Quarterly 82, no. 3 (April 30, 2010): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08203003.
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This article seeks to provide a re-examination of the intermediate state of unbelievers against the backdrop of the response of individuals at the final judgment. The first part examines Scripture’s teaching concerning the expectation of believers and unbelievers at the final judgment. It is shown that Scripture consistently teaches that some unbelievers, including those who have died prior to the parousia, will be surprised by the outcome of the final judgment. This is incompatible with the Reformed understanding of the intermediate state because, if unbelievers have already experienced conscious punishment following death, there is no reason why the outcome of the final judgment would be unexpected. In the second part, the Scriptural basis for the Reformed understanding of the intermediate state of unbelievers is critically examined and found to be lacking. In conclusion, it is argued that unbelievers exist in a somnolent coma-like existence as they await the final judgment.
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Oliveira, Renato Alves de. "RESSURREIÇÃO NA MORTE OU NO “ÚLTIMO DIA”?: O ESTADO INTERMEDIÁRIO NO DEBATE ESCATOLÓGICO DO SÉCULO XX." Perspectiva Teológica 49, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21768757v49n3p653/2017.
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RESUMO: Este artigo trata do tema que movimentou o debate escatológico cristão no século XX: o estado intermediário. A crença na existência do estado intermediário, enquanto situação pós-mortal que subsiste entre a morte e a ressurreição, faz parte do patrimônio teológico católico, luterano e oriental. No entanto, alguns teólogos protestantes e católicos do século XX criticaram a escatologia intermediária (estado intermediário, purgatório, existência de uma alma separada do corpo etc.) porque compreendiam-na como fruto de uma helenização da fé cristã. Desta forma, com o escopo de deshelenizar a fé cristã e restituir-lhe a fontalidade bíblica terminaram por defender a redução dos eventos escatológicos ao momento da morte (ressurreição, parusia, juízo etc.). Esta tese suscitou, por falta de fundamentação bíblica e na tradição teológica, a reação crítica de alguns teólogos e de documentos da Igreja Católica. No subsolo deste debate escatológico está um elemento irrenunciável para a teologia: a existência de um princípio espiritual, que garante a continuidade e a identidade entre o sujeito da existência histórica e da definitiva, que subsiste entre a morte e a ressurreição.ABSTRACT: This article deals with the issue which handled the Christian eschatological debate in the twentieth century: the intermediate state. Belief in the existence of the intermediate state, while postmortal situation which exists between death and resurrection, is part of the Catholic theological heritage, Lutheran and Eastern churches. However, some protestant theologians and Catholics of the twentieth century criticized the intermediate eschatology (intermediate state, purgatory, the existence of a separate soul from the body etc.) because understood it as the result of a hellenization of the christian faith. Thus, with the aim of purifying the Christian faith hellenization and restore its biblical roots ended up defending the reduction of eschatological events at the time of death (resurrection, parousia, judgment, etc.). This thesis raised for lack of biblical foundation and the theological tradition, the critical reaction of some theologians and documents of the Catholic Church. In the basement of this eschatological debate is an indispensable element for theology: the existence of a spiritual principle, which ensures continuity and identity between the subject of historical existence and the final, which subsists between death and resurrection.
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Boyd, Jeffrey H. "A History of the Concept of the Soul during the 20TH Century." Journal of Psychology and Theology 26, no. 1 (March 1998): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719802600106.
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The word soul can have many meanings. In this article it is taken to mean the inner or subjective person. When the body dies and disintegrates, the inner person survives and provides continuity of personal identity between this life and the resurrection life. Sigmund Freud and the mental health movement have been involved in treating the soul, and I argue that the soul is the central focus of all psychotherapy. During the 20th century the Biblical Theology Movement sought to discredit soul-body dualism as an allegedly Greek philosophical idea that contradicted the whole-person view of human nature that was found throughout the Bible. They restricted their use of the word dualism to refer only to Platonic dualism, in which the body was despised or inferior. There are other forms of dualism which say that the human is made of two parts, only one of which is the corpse. The Biblical Theology Movement emphasized this life and the resurrection life, but paid little attention to the intermediate state. The word soul was, to some extent, dropped from contemporary Bible translations. But that anti-soul position is not tenable when one considers the intermediate state (between death and resurrection) when there is a clear dichotomy: the soul (or spirit) is with Christ while the body lies in the grave. I propose that it would be theologically acceptable to bring the soul back from Siberia, so as to make it again a part of theology and the theological object of care and healing.
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Rich, Anne J., and Mary I. Dereshiwsky. "Assessing The Comparative Effectiveness Of Teaching Undergraduate Intermediate Accounting In The Online Classroom Format." Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) 8, no. 9 (August 22, 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v8i9.5641.
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This paper presents the results of a study assessing the comparative effectiveness of teaching an undergraduate intermediate accounting course in the online classroom format. Students in a large state university were offered an opportunity to complete the first course in intermediate accounting either online or on-campus. Students were required to complete several objective homework assignments and write an essay on what is means to be a professional. In addition, students were asked to report their progress in achieving seven stated objectives of the course. Students in the online course performed as well as students in the on-campus course.
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Mack, Richard W. "Mathletics: Adding Activity to Arithmetic." Arithmetic Teacher 33, no. 8 (April 1986): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.33.8.0039.
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Teachers are motivated to teach arithmetic. Students are motivated to participate in athletics. Why not teach arithmetic through athletics? With that premise in mind, the intermediate teaching team at the Ackerman Laboratory School on the campus of Eastern Oregon State College et about devising a method of using athletics as a springboard to teaching basic arithmetic skills.
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Iita, Ananias, and Sakaria M. Iipinge. "The Implementation of New Religious and Moral Education Curriculum in Post-Independent Namibia." Msingi Journal 1, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/mj.v1i2.77.
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This paper investigated the perceptions of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers with regard to the implementation of RME syllabus in Namibia. The paper engages a crucial global debate on paradigms for teaching religion and moral values while contributing to the literature through research in the Ompundja Circuit of Oshana Region, Namibia. Contrary to the previous colonial era when Christianity was the only recognized religion, the Republic of Namibia adopted a new constitution making it a secular state upon independence in 1990. This new constitution, however, brought new challenges to teachers who were previously trained only to teach Biblical Studies as a school subject. With this new constitution, Namibia adopted a policy of teaching a multi-cultural religious and moral education curriculum. The teaching of RME replaced Biblical Studies in the Namibian curriculum. Teachers are now required to make their learners aware of the different religious and moral values of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, African traditional religions, Bahai and others inextricably. This, paper, therefore, presents findings from a case study research conducted at Ompundja Circuit of Oshana Region in Namibia that examined the perceptions of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers with regard to the implementation of RME syllabus. Fourteen teachers from selected schools participated in this study. Teachers were interviewed, observed and later completed a set of questionnaire. Findings indicated that teachers’individual religious and moral values shaped the teaching and learning process; teachers’ individual religious and moral values played a major role regarding conflicting concerns over RME; and as most RME teachers were Christian, they felt a commitment to share their personal Christian religious beliefs and moral values. The paper recommends that teachers be provided with the necessary teaching resources and be trained to develop more confidence and broad understanding of RME as a subject.
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Rao, Parupalli Srinivas. "Teaching english grammar through writing skills at intermediate level in the state of Andhra Pradesh: A communicative approach." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 4 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.00094.4.
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Ali, Akbar, Salma Hassan, and Fazal Hanan. "Propagation of Ideologies through Textbooks: A Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa English Textbooks." Global Regional Review IV, no. I (March 31, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).06.
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The main purpose of the study is to highlight the ideological representation of an Islamic state, Pakistan along with leadership mindset in the textbook. It is a discourse study of the prescribed English textbook used as a core teaching material at intermediate level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The researcher has analyzed various extracts and taken different lessons from the textbook of English compulsory taught at second year in the intermediate level. The study has used the Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis as a tool for the analysis of the textbook. In this connection the researcher has used the three dimensional model as framework for the analysis of the textbook. After a detailed analysis of the various lessons in the textbook, the researcher has given findings and further recommendations at the end of the study. The findings show that the prescribed textbook taught at intermediate level represents the ideology of the state as well as Islamic ideology along with the leadership qualities for the students.
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Mauro, Damon Di. "La Théorie de la «verge de Dieu» dans les tragédies religieuses d’André de Rivaudeau et de Robert Garnier." Renaissance and Reformation 41, no. 2-3 (January 1, 2005): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v41i2-3.9526.
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In the sixteenth century, writers of both confessions often had recourse to the Old Testament notion of the "rod of God" in order to account for the hand which the wicked had in the evil perpetrated upon their co-religionists. This study proposes to show that the religious tragedies of Rivaudeau and Garnier both drew inspiration from Synesius of Cyrene's doctrine concerning the persecution of the faithful. According to this Greek Father, the divine scourge will not escape punishment by mere virtue of the fact that he has served as the agent of chastisement. This appointed state appears tantamount to reprobation. To be sure, Synesius goes beyond biblical teaching in sullying and demonizing the foe.
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Hill, Harriet. "Marriage and Morality among the Adioukrou." Missiology: An International Review 18, no. 3 (July 1990): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969001800307.
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Marriage and traditional morals have changed drastically for the Adioukrou of Ivory Coast in the past forty years. Many Adioukrou are concerned by the breakdown in family structure. While it is typical that rapid culture change threatens the stability of societies, one must ask why biblical teaching on marriage and morality has not filled the void in this group that has identified itself as Christian over the past seventy years. This paper is a diachronic study which traces significant factors that have led to the current state of affairs. The final section recommends a plan of action. It is hoped that this case study will address the concerns that many other cultures are facing.
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Коротков, Пётр Александрович. "The Eschatological Aspect of St. Paul's Teaching About «Natural Body» and «Spiritual Body» in Russian Biblical Scholars' Writings." Библейские схолии, no. 1(1) (June 15, 2020): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/bsch.2020.1.1.007.
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Одной из центральных тем эсхатологии св. ап. Павла является учение о «теле душевном» и «теле духовном», изучению которого посвящены труды многих русских библеистов. Обновление и преображение человеческого духа по образу Христа неизбежно изменяет и тело человеческое, которое по воскресении становится нетленным, духовным, подобным Телу Христа при Его преображении. Истина воскресения Христова безусловно непреложна и обязательна для всего обновлённого человечества, и потому вполне правомерен вопрос о модификации посмертного состояния человека. Богословие ап. Павла даёт возможность предположить, что душа человека, оставляя земное тело, уносит с собой орган, который образовала себе в течение земной жизни. Именно поэтому становится возможным индивидуальное существование умерших, через их физическое преображение и восстание человеческой природы. Материальное воскресение человека гарантирует связь его настоящего бытия с будущим по всем свойствам и становится возможным только благодаря вторичному творческому акту божественного вмешательства извне. One of the central issues of St. Paul's eschatology is the teaching about «natural body» and «spiritual body» which many Russian biblical scholars' writings are devoted to. Renewal and transfiguration of human spirit in the image of Christ inevitably changes human body that after the Resurrection becomes imperishable, spiritual, similar to Christ's body in his transfiguration. The truth of Christ's Resurrection is absolutely immutable and mandatory to the whole renewed humanity and therefore the question of the modification of postmortem human's state is quite fair. The St Paul's theology lets us suppose that human's soul leaving the terrestrial body carries with it an organ that it has formed during the earthly life. That's exactly why the individual existence of the dead becomes possible through their corporal transfiguration and uprising of the human nature. The material human's Resurrection guarantees the connection between their present and future being with all the characteristics and becomes possible only thanks to the secondary creative act of divine intervention from the outside.
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Pike, Mark A. "The Bible and the Reader's Response." Journal of Education and Christian Belief 7, no. 1 (March 2003): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/205699710300700105.
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Reader response theory, the broad range of literary perspectives which place emphasis upon the role of readers and their responses to texts, has contributed important insights to biblical hermeneutics and to pedagogy in literature education. Yet reader response theory does not appear, as yet, to have had as significant an influence as it might upon the way we teach individuals to read and respond to that most important of texts, the Bible. It is proposed in this article that Rosenblatt's transactional theory of the literary work offers valuable insights that can be applied to both the reading of the Bible and also how it can be taught in a range of contexts, in Christian and state schools, as well as in churches. Consequently, pedagogy informed by Rosenblatt's reader response theory may offer us a biblical use of the Bible as it can foster the spiritual development of readers by enabling them to engage with Scripture at a deeply personal level. It is suggested that Bible teaching must be responsive to the individual and to society but must, most of all, be responsive to the Holy Spirit.
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Tesauro, Gerald. "TD-Gammon, a Self-Teaching Backgammon Program, Achieves Master-Level Play." Neural Computation 6, no. 2 (March 1994): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1994.6.2.215.
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TD-Gammon is a neural network that is able to teach itself to play backgammon solely by playing against itself and learning from the results, based on the TD(λ) reinforcement learning algorithm (Sutton 1988). Despite starting from random initial weights (and hence random initial strategy), TD-Gammon achieves a surprisingly strong level of play. With zero knowledge built in at the start of learning (i.e., given only a “raw” description of the board state), the network learns to play at a strong intermediate level. Furthermore, when a set of hand-crafted features is added to the network's input representation, the result is a truly staggering level of performance: the latest version of TD-Gammon is now estimated to play at a strong master level that is extremely close to the world's best human players.
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Imran, Muhamma, Tahira Asgher, and Mamuna Ghani. "A Study on Science Students’ Understanding of Three Lemmas: State Verb, Action Verb and Noun in the State Run Colleges in Pakistan." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 5 (September 23, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n5p121.
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<p>English main verbs are classified as stative and dynamic. At first, this paper deals with the analysis of stative verbs, highlights their true nature and function and illustrates the concept of spontaneity within the state verbs. Secondly, it expounds how the term ‘lemma’ helps in sorting out the same words representing different parts of speech. Finally, it reports on the level of the science students’ competency in the use of state verbs, action verbs and nouns. For this purpose, 300 science students of intermediate level were selected as participants for the present study. A language proficiency test was conducted to collect data. The results revealed that majority of the students had scanty understanding of nouns and state verbs but their recognition of action verbs had been of average level. Some suggestions for improved pedagogy in teaching English grammar have been suggested on the basis of these findings.</p>
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Sahar Abdulwahab Ameen, Asma Zain Al-Ahdal, Sahar Abdulwahab Ameen, Asma Zain Al-Ahdal. "The effectiveness of constructive learning strategy in teaching social studies and citizenship on developing historical thinking skills for middle school students in the Holy Capital: فاعلية استراتيجية التعلم البنائي في تدريس الدراسات الاجتماعية على تنمية مهارات التفكير التاريخي لدى طالبات المرحلة المتوسطة بالعاصمة المقدسة." مجلة العلوم التربوية و النفسية 5, no. 26 (July 28, 2021): 52–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.c210121.
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The research examined the effectiveness of the constructive learning strategy in teaching social studies and citizenship on developing historical thinking skills of second-grade intermediate students. The researcher used a semi-experimental approach, and the sample consisted of (50) students from the 13TH Intermediate School in Makkah (Saudi Arabia) distributed randomly to: (25) control group, and (25) experimental group. The experimental group was taught using the constructive learning strategy, while the control group was taught in the usual way. To achieve the research goal, a teacher’s guide was prepared to teach the “Umayyad State Unit” using the constructive learning strategy, and a list of historical thinking skills appropriate for the age stage, and an achievement test in the Umayyad State Unit. Results: There were statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre-post measurements of the historical thinking skills test in favor of the post measurement, - existence of statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the students of the control and experimental groups in the post-measurement of the historical thinking skills test favoring the experimental group. Recommendations: The researcher suggested a number of recommendations such as: Using the constructive learning strategy in teaching social studies and citizenship to develop historical thinking skills at all school levels, - creating an educational and classroom environment that supports the constructive learning strategy in teaching social studies and citizenship to develop historical thinking skills, making use of educational platforms in distance teaching using a constructive learning strategy, - provide opportunities to train teachers to implement strategies and models of constructive learning.
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Mohammadian, Amir, Amin Saed, and Younes Shahi. "The Effect of Using Video Technology on Improving Reading Comprehension of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.2p.17.
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With the development of educational technology, the concept of technology-enhanced multimedia instructions is using widely in the educational settings. Technology can be employed in teaching different skills such as listening, reading, speaking and writing. Among these skills, reading comprehension is the skill in which EFL learners have some problems to master. Regarding this issue, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of video materials on improving reading comprehension of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. A Longman Placement Test was administered to 30 EFL learners to ensure that learners are at the same level of proficiency. The students were chosen from the state high schools in Chabahar. The participants were regarded as intermediate learners and were divided into two groups (one experimental group and one control group). Then, a pre-test of reading comprehension was administered to assess the participants’ reading comprehension. The participants of experimental group used video files to improve their reading comprehension while the control group received conventional approaches of teaching reading comprehension. Finally, all the participants were assigned a 40-item multiple-choice reading comprehension post-test. The results of the study indicated that video materials had a significant effect on promoting reading comprehension of Iranian intermediate EFL learners (p = .000, <.05).
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Lundblad, Heidemarie, and Barbara A. Wilson. "A Unique Sequence Of Financial Accounting Courses Featuring Team Teaching, Linked Courses, Challenging Assignments, And Instruments For Evaluation And Assessment." College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal (CTMS) 4, no. 1 (August 3, 2011): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ctms.v4i1.5053.
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The Department of Accounting at California State University Northridge (CSUN) has developed a unique sequence of courses designed to ensure that accounting students are trained not only in technical accounting, but also acquire critical thinking, research and communication skills. The courses have proven effective and have embedded assessment measures that are used to evaluate and document student progress. The assessment measures also provide feedback to faculty and have led to numerous improvements over time. The Intermediate Accounting Sequence begins with a one (semester) unit bridge course that reviews the lower-division accounting material, introduces intermediate accounting concepts, and provides a base measure of students communication skills through a writing assignment. The next three-unit intermediate accounting course (ACCT351) is linked with a two-unit accounting communication course (351COM). These linked courses share unstructured case assignments written by the accounting faculty that require students to identify the accounting issue(s), research the authoritative literature in GAAP, and write a professional one-page document for each case that demonstrates critical thinking and appropriate documentation. The structure of the linked courses is based on team work, and has the indirect benefit of promoting collegiality among faculty and fostering a culture of critical thinking throughout the accounting program. The skills acquired in 351/351COM are reinforced in subsequent courses through the use of similar assignments and evaluation and assessment
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Velásquez-Hoyos, Angela Patricia. "Theme-Based Teaching to Promote Oral Fluency in a University in Colombia." HOW 28, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19183/how.28.2.555.
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The present qualitative study with an action research orientation focuses on the strengthening of students’ oral fluency in English through the implementation of six theme-based teaching workshops. The participants were students of an EFL pre-intermediate English language course in the institute of foreign languages at the Technological University of Pereira, in Risaralda State, Colombia. Besides the implementation of theme-based teaching, this study includes the speaking phases of rehearsal, performance, and debriefing to impact students’ oral fluency. This project emerged from an exhaustive needs analysis which showed that the university’s students, as future professionals, had difficulties with their oral performance i.e. their being unable to speak about topics related to their university life in English; hence, the need of including themes aligned with their academic contexts was highlighted with the purpose of helping them improve their oral fluency in English. The findings indicate that the students improved in their oral fluency in terms of vocabulary, intonation, and a reduction in the number of long pauses when speaking in English.
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Kasprzak, Dariusz. "Eustacjański kontekst doktryny o ubóstwie monastycznym w pismach ascetycznych św. Bazylego Wielkiego." Vox Patrum 55 (July 15, 2010): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4338.
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We can distinguish two essential approaches to the issue of monastic poverty in the teaching of St Basil: a critical anti-Eustachian and a positive, unpolemical attitude. He pointed out his critical approach to main points of the doctrine introduced by Eustachius i.e.: the refusal of marriage and condemnation of the possession of any property, even in order to use it for charity purposes. It is clearly visible in his late writings – Letters, Moralia. St. Basile proved, in these writings, the necessity of the use of properties, from a biblical and ecclesiastical point of view because – for example to pay taxes. The positive approach which accepted voluntary poverty is clearly visible in his Moralia, Greater Asketikon and Lesser Asketikon. The bishop of Caesarea considered voluntary poverty as the mean to achieve a state of the unity of Christian life. The only Christian purpose is to give glory to the Lord and salvation.
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Bloom, Gordon A., Rebecca Crumpton, and Jenise E. Anderson. "A Systematic Observation Study of the Teaching Behaviors of an Expert Basketball Coach." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.2.157.
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A systematic observation analysis was performed on Fresno State men’s basketball coach Jerry Tarkanian over the course of an entire season. Based on Tharp and Gallimore’s (1976) work and recent research on expert coaches’ training techniques (Côté et al., 1995; Durand-Bush, 1996), the Revised Coaching Behavior Recording Form was created to observe and record Tarkanian’s teaching behaviors and verbal cues. Results showed that tactical instructions was the most frequently occurring variable, representing 29% of the coded behaviors. This behavior was 13% higher than the second highest variable, hustles (16%). Following these two categories were technical instruction (13.9%), praise\encouragement (13.6%), general instructions (12%), scolds (6%), and six other categories with percentages less than 3%. This means that almost one-third of Coach Tarkanian’s practice behaviors relate to teaching offensive and defensive strategies to his team. This differs from the practice sessions of beginner- and intermediate-level coaches, who often focus on teaching fundamental skills to their athletes. A complete description of all 12 categories are provided along with implications for coaches of all levels.
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Chen, Shulong, and Yuxing Peng. "A Semi-Supervised Model for Top-N Recommendation." Symmetry 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10100492.
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Top-N recommendation is an important recommendation technique that delivers a ranked top-N item list to each user. Data sparsity is a great challenge for top-N recommendation. In order to tackle this problem, in this paper, we propose a semi-supervised model called Semi-BPR (Semi-Supervised Bayesian Personalized Ranking). Our approach is based on the assumption that, for a given model, users always prefer items ranked higher in the generated recommendation list. Therefore, we select a certain number of items ranked higher in the recommendation list to construct an intermediate set and optimize the metric Area Under the Curve (AUC). In addition, we treat the intermediate set as a teaching set and design a semi-supervised self-training model. We conduct a series of experiments on three popular datasets to compare the proposed approach with several state-of-the-art baselines. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms the other methods for all evaluation metrics, especially for sparse datasets.
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OLIPHINT, K. SCOTT. "A TRIBUTE TO DR. R. C. SPROUL (1939–2017)." UNIO CUM CHRISTO 4, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35285/ucc4.1.2018.ime.
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There is no way to state the impact of Dr. R. C. Sproul adequately. The impact on people could perhaps be measured, but the immeasurable spiritual impact that R. C.’s teaching has had on so many can only be quantified by the Lord himself. Its vast reach will always remain incalculable to us. No one has had more influence on students coming to Westminster Theological Seminary than R. C. Sproul. Whenever I ask a student why he has come to Westminster to study, almost invariably R. C.’s teaching will be a significant part of the story. His ability to persuade people of the biblical logic of Reformed theology was without equal. His passion for defending the Christian faith was palpable in almost every word he spoke. As we mourn his loss and extend our prayers to his family, we praise our Savior for R. C.’s life and ministry. It has been a privilege to live in a time when that ministry has had an effect over a number of decades. Surely such times are rare, because such gifts, passions, and abilities are so rarely distributed to just one person. As he peers now on the holiness of God in Christ, we rejoice that R. C.’s life-long passion has finally been realized. Soli Deo gloria.
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JAENICKE, DOUGLAS W. "Abortion and Partisanship in the US Congress, 1976–2000: Increasing Partisan Cohesion and Differentiation." Journal of American Studies 36, no. 1 (April 2002): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875802006758.
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The politics of the last quarter century in the United States cannot be fully understood without reference to cultural–religious issues such as abortion, prayer in the state schools, school curriculum including sex education and teaching the biblical account of creation, gay rights, gun control, the death penalty, and the proper roles of men and women. Cultural–religious conservatives defend traditional values such as patriarchy and sexual abstinence for the unmarried, while cultural–religious liberals challenge them. For example, the opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) objected, not to its guarantee of formal legal equality which was uncontroversial, but rather to it potentially changing gender roles. While the New Deal party system had been founded on a conflict between economic liberalism and economic conservatism, recent contemporary US politics also contains an explicit cultural–religious dimension. Although they have not replaced the older economic issues associated with the New Deal party system, cultural–religious issues coexist with them and have transformed the contemporary US political agenda by disrupting older coalitions and creating new coalitions and cleavages.
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Marquina, Mónica, Cristian Pérez Centeno, and Nicolás Reznik. "Institutional Influence of Academics in Argentinean Public Universities in a Context of External Control." Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia 46 (September 8, 2021): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/actpaed.2021.46.4.
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The paper studies the institutional influence of academics in Argentina within a context of increasing external control as a consequence of deep public reforms in the Higher Education system. Drawing on data from the Academic Profession in the Knowledge-Based Society (APIKS) survey, the aim is to analyse how much and in what sense the recent changes on the public policy level and the intermediate level of the state agencies have affected the academic profession in Argentina over teaching, research and social engagement activities, and its effects over the perception of institutional influence. Although we assume that academic power has been reduced within the new scenario, we believe that not all academics have responded in the same manner.
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Rodionova, Elena, Svetlana Firsova, and Fliura Garifullina. "Modeling of content and language integrated learning for students of economics." SHS Web of Conferences 97 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219701009.
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The English language is considered to be the global language of communication and professional activity in the field of Economics. One of the effective techniques of professional communicative competence is Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). The aim of the research is to elaborate the model of CLIL for students of Economics at the Volga State University of Technology. Such methods as theoretical (literature review, analysis, generalization, comparison, interpretation, analogy, modeling), general empiric (study and generalization of teaching practices), specific empiric (questionnaires, testing, observation, documents review) statistical (processing of questionnaires and testing results) proved successful in the course of research. The undertaken research allowed identifying the interest of the majority of teachers and students of Economics in using the English language when teaching and learning some subject-matter disciplines. Consequently, it is possible to make a conclusion concerning the necessity of taking some special measures such as preliminary language courses, meeting the organizational and financial requirements. The research results have allowed to establish that the intermediate (according to the scale ‘soft-hard’) subject-led model is the most appropriate for the implementation in the educational process of students of Economics at the Volga State University of Technology. For this purpose, the authors elaborated the conceptual didactic CLIL model.
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Kustati, Martin, Hallen, Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf, Hidayat Al-Azmi, and Dini Hanifa. "EAP NEED ANALYSIS FOR LECTURERS: THE CASE OF A STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN PADANG, INDONESIA." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.838.
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Purpose of the study: The research aims to identify the need and level of English Academic Proficiency (EAP) of lecturers in Padang, Indonesia, in using English.
Methodology: From a total of 365 lecturers in the entire six faculties at UIN Imam Bonjol Padang, Indonesia, 92 lecturers were selected randomly as respondents for this research. To collect data, a questionnaire was used to gather the lecturers’ perception of the need for EAP programs, which is related to their ability in four language skills (listening, reading, speaking, and writing) and on the EAP test.
Main Findings: A majority of lecturers needed an EAP course to improve their professionalism and competences. They preferred speaking and writing for future careers or activities such as writing English books, journals, and reports, participating in international events, becoming credible academic staff, developing teaching profession, and other individual competences to improve their professionalism. This study found a majority of their ability in EAP was in the levels of elementary and intermediate.
Applications of this study: This study suggests that if Indonesia expects its policy of teaching profession reform to be successful, intensive and consistent lecturers’ development and programs must be well-organized, and sufficient resources must be allocated so that all faculty members, especially those under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, can meet the objectives.
Novelty/Originality of this study: No specific reports on EAP need analysis for lecturers in Indonesia are found. The current need to design an EAP program need-based analysis assessment would help instructors to communicate their research in both written and oral English successfully. This program should aid academics to report on their research not only in written form but also in spoken language.
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Sulejewicz, Aleksander. "The sweet-and-sour soup of Michał Kalecki's political economy." International Journal of Management and Economics 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2020-0016.
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AbstractLeszek Jasiński [2019] attempts, as the title indicates, “a reading after half a century” of Michał Kalecki's thought. We dispute the main claim in the book, i.e. that Kalecki has a firm place in contemporary mainstream economics and was the originator of many ideas generally accepted today. On careful reading, virtually none of the models and theories by Kalecki selected by Jasiński for appraisal has entered mainstream neoclassical economic research and graduate academic teaching. Most of his policy advice was also neglected by the Capitalist State, (post)Stalinist “socialist” State, and “Intermediate Regimes” in developing countries. His opus remains original, advanced, insightful but heterodox in all contexts. Our main thesis is that, toutes proportions gardées, Jasiński is signalling an attempt to repeat the absorption of ‘bastardised’ Keynesianism into the mainstream “grand neoclassical synthesis” in the 1940s/50s with selected, reinterpreted, ‘bastardised’ Kaleckian ideas today. We also doubt that the unilinear view of the history of economic thought can be sustained.
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TYACKE, NICHOLAS. "THE PURITAN PARADIGM OF ENGLISH POLITICS, 1558–1642." Historical Journal 53, no. 3 (August 17, 2010): 527–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1000018x.
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ABSTRACTTraditionally puritanism has been treated as a religious phenomenon that only impinged on the world of that ‘secular’ politics to a limited extent and mainly in relation to church reform. Such an approach, however, is to employ a misleadingly narrow definition which ignores the existence of a much more all-embracing puritan political vision traceable from the mid-sixteenth century. First clearly articulated by some of the Marian exiles, this way of thinking interpreted the Bible as a manifesto against tyranny whether in church or state. Under the successive regimes of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I, puritans can be found who continued to judge the actions of government by the same biblical criterion, which also helps to explain among other things their prominence in opposing unparliamentary taxation. Puritan ideology itself was transmitted down the generations partly via a complex of family alliances, underpinned by teaching and preaching, and this in turn provided a basis for political organization. Moreover, the undiminished radical potential of puritanism is evident from responses to the assassination of Buckingham in 1628. Given these antecedents the subsequent resort to Civil War appears less surprising than historians often claim.
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Greggo, Stephen P., and Karyn Lawrence. "Redemptive Validity and the Assessment of Depression: Singing Songs to Heavy Hearts." Journal of Psychology and Theology 40, no. 3 (September 2012): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164711204000302.
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This investigation into the clinical utility of six contemporary depression instruments establishes a foundation for a theologically informed validity subtype. Redemptive validity is defined as the effectiveness of an assessment instrument that samples behavior or attitudes to provide insight into wise living in conformity with the reality and truth of Scripture as creatures growing in dependence on the Creator. Ancient biblical wisdom argues that helping those with heavy hearts requires compassion, understanding, reflective words, and effective strategies (Prov. 25:20). Clinical settings can assess for depression using technology in as little as 74 seconds with remarkable criterion validity. Do such findings reflect Christian values and worldview? Will results sharpen perception of the faith aspects of a heavy heart in a manner consistent with Scriptural teaching? Depression symptoms may indicate spiritual heart health as a downcast emotional state connected to religious affections (Prov. 13:12). Building upon standard psychometric review, this utility survey displays how mental health clinicians can explore measures through the theological notion of redemptive validity to serve both the mental health needs and spiritual formation interests of clients committed to growth in their Christian lives.
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Hayes, Andrew. "Ephrem the Syrian’s Use of Beatitudes." Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 24, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 509–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zac-2020-0052.
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Abstract The poetry of Ephrem the Syrian (ca. 306–373 C. E.) shows a marked predilection for composing beatitudes, usually in the form, “Blessed is the one who . . .” Careful study of these formulas, particularly when they predominate in certain madrāšē, shows that Ephrem uses the device deliberately and creatively to signal the creator-creature polarity, and in that context, the balancing of its tension via the transference of the creature to a medial or liminal state between God and humanity. They also signal creatures’ consequent ability to mediate between God and other creatures. Ephrem carefully limits the formula to created entities and distinguishes between the epithets and concepts brīḵā and ṭūḇānā, a subtlety that has not typically, but should be, respected in English translation, because it is integral to the dynamic they express. Ephrem’s beatitudes are often associated with personification and balance. Thus, when applied to biblical entities, they form a way in which he rhetorically brings the polarity between God and man to life in his own teaching, and seeks to dramatize the experience of closeness to God in his community’s present time. A complete reference list of Ephrem’s beatitudes in his extant madrāšē is included.
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Graczyk, Waldemar. "MASOViA iN preDictiON." Studia Theologica Varsaviensia 56, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/stv.61.2.10.
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Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, in his teaching paid special attention to such notions as Church and Homeland. He focused on the value of the event, which was the Baptism of Poland in 966. Masovia was one of the stops on which the Nation’s faith was awakened, as well as the awareness of free and responsible man, creating history based on law and morality of the Decalogue. Primate was visiting Płock many times, during different occasions. He was preaching a word, which like the biblical grain was supposed to fall on the soil of human hearts and bring fruit. Historical and cultural role of Masovia, as a borough constituting an integral part of Polish state since its beginning and its contribution to culturalreligious development of Poland, was particularly emphasised during two Primate’s speeches: during millennial solemnities in 1966 and during the jubilee of a diocese in 1975. Primate Stefan Wyszyński, while talking about Masovia, emphasised its high position in building the State and the Church. Invoking figures, important for Masovia (bishops, priests, princes), he always pointed to the values, which they represented, and which were timeless. What Primate of Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński said in Płock Masovia and about Masovia was fully reflected in the words of the Saint John Paul II uttered on 7 VI 1991 during his stay in Płock – “Płock has profoundly rooted in the history of Poland and the Church” – emphasising the role of this city, the capital of historical Masovia, in the millennial history of our Homeland.
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Komlev, P. "Personnel potential of CPI in 1976—1985: problems of formation and functioning." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 20, no. 04 (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh200406.
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Personnel potential is the most important indicator of the efficiency of each university. The relevance of the issue of the quality of training and work of scientific and pedagogical personnel is confirmed by the new challenges faced by the higher education system during the pandemic and the associated transition to a distance learning format. Thanks to the faculty, most Russian universities were able to timely restructure their training courses, adapt to new conditions, and prepare students for intermediate and final certification. Teachers of SUSU showed a high result in mastering new ways of organizing work, demonstrating professionalism and competence in a crisis situation. The remote format of work, the transition to which was unscheduled and forced, revealed new qualitative characteristics of the personnel potential of Russian universities. For the state, criteria for determining the quality of higher school workers were formed back in the Soviet era. Among the universities of Chelyabinsk that were actively engaged in research activities during the study period, the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute should be distinguished. The article analyzes the main directions of formation and functioning of personnel potential of PSI. Contradictions of the specified period in the work of the teaching staff of the higher school are revealed. The effectiveness of the state policy for the development of university science is analyzed, imbalances in the functioning of the personnel potential of technical departments and the peculiarities of the work of structural divisions of the university related to the teaching of social sciences are characterized.
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Budiyana, Hardi. "Peran Psikologi dalam Pendidikan Kristen di Sekolah Kristen." Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Kristen (JUPAK) 1, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52489/jupak.v1i1.9.
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Christian education is a teaching and learning process that is based on the Bible, is moved by the Holy Spirit, and is Christocentric. One of the formal Christian education is manifested in Christian schools. Christian education in Christian schools is certainly different from education in schools in general. The Christian education, which is Christian and based on the Bible, is what distinguishes Christian schools from schools in general. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, the writer wants to describe the purpose of the role of educational psychology in Christian education. Where Christian education is to equip students in science, character and attitudes according to the Bible, but Christian education in schools also aims to bring students to become disciples of the Lord Jesus, where students are brought to meet personally with the Lord Jesus who is the only one. Lord and Savior, and experience His likeness. In carrying out Christian education in Christian schools, various disciplines are needed, including psychology. Psychology is the science of psychology that studies the unobservable inner state and observable outer state. Psychological principles that do not contradict the Bible are God's general revelations and can be used in Christian education in Christian schools. In terms of vision and mission in Christian schools, psychology can help to formulate a vision and mission that is biblical and responds to the needs of the times. In terms of the curriculum in Christian schools, psychology can help to discover new subjects and integrate all subjects with the Bible. In the case of teachers in Christian schools, psychology can aid in teacher recruitment, training, and evaluation. In the case of students in Christian schools, psychology helps to map out the uniqueness of each student and approach students personally. In terms of facilities in Christian schools, psychology helps to provide educational and innovative play tools according to the Bible
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Ermishina, E. Yu, T. V. Borodulina, N. A. Naronova, N. A. Belokonova, and T. A. Badjina. "THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ELECTIVE COURSE AS AN INTERMEDIATE STAGE OF FORMATION OF INDEPENDENT WORK OF THE STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF PEDIATRICS." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Pedagogika i psihologiya, no. 4 (2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2221-5662-2020-4-20-28.
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Within the conditions of a changing situation and distance learning implementation, the problem of organizing the independent work of the students becomes relevant. The paper analyzes the importance of the availability of the Environmental Chemistry elective course taught in the second semester for the formation of independent work of the first-second-year students of the Faculty of Pediatrics of the Ural State Medical University. The authors carried out the analysis of the efficiency of study this discipline clustered with other chemical disciplines: Chemistry – the first semester, and Clinical Aspects of Physical and Colloid Chemistry – the third semester. The study of these disciplines conforms to the implementation of three stages of formation of independent work of the students – the propaedeutic, practice-activity, and training-research. The authors analyzed the results of the survey and performance at the second and third stages, carried out the comparative monitoring of the efficiency of distance educational technologies used in the process of teaching the Environmental Chemistry elective course. The readiness of the Environmental Chemistry discipline for distance training made it possible to quickly organize an independent work of the students with the remote access laboratory-based work in the spring of 2020. The study showed that only 30–40 % of freshers attended the intermediate practice-activity stage, and skipping this stage causes poor preparation of the first-year students of the Faculty of Pediatrics and the inability to correctly expressing themselves at the training-research stage. Each stage of organizing the independent work of the students aims at the progressive formation of particular competencies necessary to perform job functions and labor actions according to the occupational standard 02.008 District Pediatric Physician. The independent work of the students organized using new information technologies, at the second, practice-activity, stage, develops the students’ desire for independent cognitive activity, and promotes performance improvement.
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Yılmaz, Hacı. "Evaluating of Arabic gramer teaching method of education set named Silsiletü’l-Lisan." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i3.5715.
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In recent years, Turkey has become more important than ever in Arabic. In order to be able to read religious texts before, with the knowledge of Arabic, there is a need for qualified personnel who know Arabic in many of the official institutions due to economic, political and cultural reasons. It is not easy for non-Arab societies to acquire these skills. The Turks are a nation that later met with non-Arab Arabic. The relationship of Turks with Arabic dates back centuries. Although Turks never forget their own language, they did not use Turkish as a state language with the influence of Arab culture and civilization. In addition, the Ottomans, not only in the homeland; The school opened its doors to four corners of the empire. In almost every age of our history, Arabic has always found its place in our education system for different reasons, especially for religious reasons.
In this study, the grammar teaching method of ral Silsiletul-Lisan lar which was prepared by the educational institution Arap el-Lisanu'l-Umm er in the United Arab Emirates, which was taught in private courses and later in the preparatory classes of the university, has been studied in our country since 2013/14. . Set consists of eight books, the first two books sekiz The Beginning ”, the third and the fourth book kitabı Introduction sekiz, the five and sixth books are“ Intermediate cı, the seven and the eighth books are “Advanced ve.
In the examination, önce Silsiletu'l-Lisan sır Arabic education set has been successful in terms of grammar teaching despite some deficiencies, with the completion of the set, the subjects will be completed, the grammar activities should be increased, the reading pieces should be selected to include the grammar subjects and the basic subjects should be given before the topics In addition, it was concluded that a grammar book may have to be followed in addition to such a set.
Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.
Özet
Son yıllarda Türkiye’de Arapça her zamankinden daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Önceleri dinî metinleri okuyabilmek için öğrenilen Arapça, günümüzde ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel sebeplerden dolayı resmi kurumların birçoğunda aranılan dil haline gelmiştir. Arap olmayan toplumların bu dili öğrenmeleri çok kolay olmamaktadır. Türkler de Arap olmayan ve Arapçayla sonradan tanışan bir millettir. Türklerin Arapça ile olan ilişkisi asırlar öncesine dayanmaktadır. Türkler, kendi dillerini hiçbir zaman unutmasalar da Arap kültür ve medeniyetinin etkisiyle Türkçeyi devlet dili olarak kullanmamışlardır. Ayrıca Osmanlılar, sadece anavatanda değil, imparatorluğun dört bir yanına açtıkları medreselerde de öğretimi Türkçe yerine Arapça olarak yapmışlardır. Tarihimizin hemen her çağında başta dinî olmak üzere değişik nedenlerle Arapça daima eğitim sistemimizin içinde kendisine yer bulmuştur.
Bu çalışma, ülkemizde 2013/14 yıllarından beri önceleri özel kurslarda daha sonraları ise üniversitelerin hazırlık sınıflarında okutulan ve Birleşik Arap Emirliklerinde bulunan “el-Lisanu’l-Umm” adlı eğitim kurumunca hazırlanan “Silsiletul-Lisan” isimli eğitim setinin dilbilgisi öğretim metodu ele alınmıştır. Set, ilk iki kitabı “Başlangıç”, üç ve dördüncü kitabı “Giriş”, beş ve altıncı kitabı “Orta Seviye”, yedi ve sekizinci kitabı ise “İleri Düzey” olmak üzere sekiz kitaptan oluşmaktadır.
Yapılan incelemede, “Silsiletu’l-Lisan” Arapça eğitim setinin bazı eksikliklerine rağmen dilbilgisi öğretimi açısından başarılı olduğu, setin bitimiyle beraber konuların tamamlanacağının anlaşıldığı, dilbilgisi etkinliklerinin artırılmasının gerekliliği, okuma parçalarının dilbilgisi konularını içerecek şekilde seçilmesi ve konuların sıralamasında temel konuların daha önce verilmesi gerektiği, aksi taktirde hiç gerek yokken böyle bir sete ek olarak bir dilbilgisi kitabı takip edilmek zorunda kalınabileceği sonuçlarına varılmıştır.
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Haryanto, Nur. "مشكلة ترجمة النصوص العربية للطلبة بالمدرسة المتوسطة الاسلامية الحكومية الثانية بنجكولو." Imtiyaz : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Bahasa Arab 2, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/im.v2i1.1259.
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Teaching materials in the teaching of Arabic in middle school One of them is the translation of some short and long sentence, as in the conversations and topics of choice that fit the curriculum. It is also taught to students of simple Arabic wholesale. However, from the information obtained by the researcher from the Arabic teacher he says that the students could not master this skill, this situation can be seen from their duties in translating the Arabic language into Indonesian language still suffer from limitations in the syntax of the sentences and the choice of words in the particular expression. The difficulty of the text can be related to the translator's level of ability. There are two things that are interrelated: the text is easy because the translator's level of ability is very good, or the text is difficult because the translator's level of ability is still very low. This background is what drives the researcher to look into the problem of translation that is happening to students at the second Inter-Governmental Secondary School Bengkulu. The researcher uses a method of qualitative descriptive method. Research subordinates are students in the second semester of the second Islamic secondary school Bengkulu. The method of collecting data used by the researcher is interview, observation and documentation. Data analysis used is data collection, data identification, data presentation and data mining. The results of the research obtained by the researcher are from the data collected by the researcher, whether from the interviews, observations and documentation obtained by the researcher, the problems faced by students in translating the Arabic texts into the Indonesian language of students in the second semester in the second intermediate Islamic Islamic State School Bengkulu are two main problems, namely the linguistic problem and the non-linguistic problem
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Schmalz, Xenia, Barbara Treccani, and Claudio Mulatti. "Developmental Dyslexia, Reading Acquisition, and Statistical Learning: A Sceptic’s Guide." Brain Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091143.
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Many theories have been put forward that propose that developmental dyslexia is caused by low-level neural, cognitive, or perceptual deficits. For example, statistical learning is a cognitive mechanism that allows the learner to detect a probabilistic pattern in a stream of stimuli and to generalise the knowledge of this pattern to similar stimuli. The link between statistical learning and reading ability is indirect, with intermediate skills, such as knowledge of frequently co-occurring letters, likely being causally dependent on statistical learning skills and, in turn, causing individual variation in reading ability. We discuss theoretical issues regarding what a link between statistical learning and reading ability actually means and review the evidence for such a deficit. We then describe and simulate the “noisy chain hypothesis”, where each intermediary link between a proposed cause and the end-state of reading ability reduces the correlation coefficient between the low-level deficit and the end-state outcome of reading. We draw the following conclusions: (1) Empirically, there is evidence for a correlation between statistical learning ability and reading ability, but there is no evidence to suggest that this relationship is causal, (2) theoretically, focussing on a complete causal chain between a distal cause and developmental dyslexia, rather than the two endpoints of the distal cause and reading ability only, is necessary for understanding the underlying processes, (3) statistically, the indirect nature of the link between statistical learning and reading ability means that the magnitude of the correlation is diluted by other influencing variables, yielding most studies to date underpowered, and (4) practically, it is unclear what can be gained from invoking the concept of statistical learning in teaching children to read.
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Volochaeva, Anna V., and Olga A. Yaremchuk. "Historical education at the university: challenges and development prospects." SHS Web of Conferences 103 (2021): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110301016.
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The article summarizes and systematizes information on the problems of implementation of historical education at universities of the Russian Federation at the present stage. The review is based on several source groups, namely, the federal regulatory framework, research and practice on the implementation of various pedagogical technologies in the educational process, and innovative forms of education, as well as the works of specialists – history teachers at universities and senior school. The article identifies the problems in the system of training of students majoring in history that need to be solved. This concerns the need for specialized educational and methodological literature on historical issues taking into account compliance with today’s requirements; creating an All-Russian community of history teachers to support and accompany them in the educational process; forming a specialized Internet resource with meaningful and constantly updated content in the field of historical science and education, etc. The article presents the intermediate results of testing various educational technologies (interactive, dialog-based, problem-based learning technologies, and project activity technologies) and the practices of implementing relevant educational publications of the Transbaikal State University in teaching the discipline “History of Russia”. It is emphasized that the introduction of new materials into scientific circulation and the subsequent presentation of the results of the implementation of modern educational technologies at Russian universities will allow further adjusting the development trajectory of Russian historical education.
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Bogush, Alla. "Project- language behavior of teacher-methodologist of preschool education institution: categorical research apparatus." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2021, no. 1 (134) (March 25, 2021): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2021-1-1.
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The preschool education institution is the first educational link in the continuous education system of Ukraine. The future of our state depends on the level of education of the youngest citizens. The current stage of society development requires the traditional forms and methods in the work of teaching staff rethinking. Also it includes the training of creative teachers at preschool education institutions, who are able to combine professional knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the education process with advanced innovative technologies of education and upbringing of the youngest citizens of Ukraine. And on top of it easily to design a new modern educational models at preschool education institutions. The primary role in the modernization vector of modern preschool education institutions functioning consists in searching of new interactive methods of educational work with children, as well as with the teaching staff and parents belongs primarily to preschool education institutions authorities. The pedagogical staff of preschool education institution is headed by the director and the teacher-methodologist. The last is the responsible for quality of educational work with children. She is a highly educated, professionally competent, pedagogical specialist who supervises the pedagogical work of teachers at preschool education institution: provides methodological assistance to teachers, summarizes and implements the advanced pedagogical experience, promotes the career enhancement of teachers, organizes the cooperation with parents, public organizations, school, plans educational work of at preschool education institution - with children and teaching staff. One of the modern interactive directions of teacher-methodologist’s activity is project- language behavior. The article reveals the categorical apparatus of research and positioned the professionally oriented glossary, such as: "project" and derivatives of this concept: project method, project techniques, project technologies, project activities, project and implementation activities, pedagogical project. There is defined the phenomena of " Project- language behavior of teacher-methodologist of preschool education institution” and different types are characterized: the project subject of project- language behavior. We understand the project in language behavior as purposeful perspective planning of innovative, interactive forms, methods, technologies of native language teaching for children, united by one theme, aimed at achieving a positive result in the cooperation of children and teacher, under her guidance and control in various language behaviors. We consider the of project- language behavior of the project- language behavior of preschool education institution as a multifunctional, multidimensional, constructive-planning language behavior aimed at providing the educational- language behavior process in different age groups of preschool education institution with the latest innovative technologies and interactive methods of language improvement and native language teaching to children in early age, carrying out intermediate control and assistance in their implementation, which will objectively assess the results obtained at the final stage. The principles of language behavior organization of the teacher-methodologist and types language behavior are characterized.
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Nina, GOLOB. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.5.1.5-6.
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With this volume, Acta linguistica is entering its 5th year. We would like to announce, with our great pleasure, that the journal has undergone some changes and will from now be published twice a year, with its summer and winter volume. This summer volume includes researches with a common topic of practicing a language, whether in educational, and religious institutions, or in the languages primary surroundings. In this spirit, the volume is divided into two parts, with the first devoted to the methodology of language teaching, focusing mainly on Chinese and Japanese language and presently still under-researched dyslexia role in language studies, and the second focusing on under-documented languages and their gap between language policies and the actual state of language use.The first paper by Katja Simončič, entitled Evaluating Approaches to Teaching and Learning Chinese Vocabulary from the Learning Theories Perspective: An Experimental Case Study, discusses two basic approaches to teaching Chinese vocabulary, and evaluates them based on the results of experimental study on Slovene students of Chinese.The next two papers deal with the different lexica in Japanese language. Nataliia Vitalievna Kutafeva's research, entitled Japanese Onomatopoeic Expressions with Quantitative Meaning analyzes the lexical mode of expression of quantitative meanings and their semantics with the help of onomatopoeic (giongo) and mimetic (gitaigo) words, and based on it proposes the new arrangement of semantic groups.Kiyomi Fujii’s research, entitled Blogging Identity: How L2 Learners Express Themselves, discusses identity expression in blogs by Japanese language learners on the intermediate and advanced level.The paper by Nagisa Moritoki Škof, Japanese Language Education and Dyslexia: On the Necessity of Dyslexia Research, shows an insight to dyslexia and through an outline of the present state of accepting and treating leaning disabilities in the Japanese education system stresses the importance of incounting dyslexia in language education in general.Manel Herat in his paper Functions of English vs. Other Languages in Sri Lankan Buddhist Rituals in the UK, analyzes the language shifts from the Sinhala and Pali languages to English at Buddhist festivals and sermons in UK. Next paper by Ali Ammar and his colleagues, Language Policy and Medium of Instruction Issue in Pakistan, briefly re-explores the situation of languages in the country and studies the latest language policy of Pakistan and its implications for local languages.The last research paper in this volume Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch was written by Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi and is an attempt to describe phonological and morphosyntactic features of the under-documented Bhadarwahi language belonging to Indo-Aryan language family.Finally, in the context of describing under-documented languages, the influence of the existing language policy is also noticed by Erwin Soriano FERNANDEZ and his book review on Pangasinan, entitled Panuntunán na Ortograpiya éd salitan PANGASINAN 2012. Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.
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Fall, C., J. Loaiza-Navia, and M. Esparza-Soto. "Full activated sludge model no. 1 calibration experience at a medium-size WWTP in Mexico." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 3069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.747.
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As part of the efforts done to introduce the practice of modeling in Latin America, this research carried out at the North-East WWTP of Monterrey represents the first comprehensive modeling case in Mexico. The main objective was to reproduce the organic carbon removal and sludge production rates of the plant, based on ASM1. Different intermediate studies were performed prior to the calibration of the model: influent characterization, tracer tests and hydraulics modeling, sludge settling tests and respirometry. Two fractionation methods (STOWA protocol and Influent-advisor) were compared, showing no equivalent patterns. A stepwise sequence of calibration was developed and successfully applied. The hydraulics of the reactors at the plant was reproduced by use of a series of 3 to 5 CSTRs. The waste and return activated sludge flowrates (QWAS and QRAS) were corrected based on the inorganic and total suspended solids mass balances. The Vesilind settling constants were measured (Vo and rhind), while the flocculent zone settling parameter (rfloc) was adjusted to calibrate the secondary clarifier. In ASM1, the adjusted parameters were the COD soluble inert fraction (frSI) and the particulate substrate fraction (FrXS). All other ASM1 parameters were kept at their default values. The steady-state calibrated model (in GPS-X) adequately described the quality of the effluent (carbon and nitrogen) as well as the sludge composition (M. Liquor and WAS). This case study provides voluntarily detailed data to allow its wide use for training and teaching purposes.
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Suleimanova, Anna Vladimirovna. "Differentiated education at mathematics lessons in general education class of secondary school." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2019-1-89-100.
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The article is devoted to the solution of differentiated education problem at mathematics lessons in classes of general secondary school with the average number of thirty pupils in class. The relevance of the article is caused by the annual statistics of the state exams results confirming quite low level of pupils’ knowledge which prevents from achieving the main school purpose of preparing graduates being able to become the high-level up-to- date specialists. In this situation the problem of realization of differentiated education in general classes of secondary school seems to be important. The research mentioned in the article shows that the quality of teacher’s work is more important than the number of pupils in the class. It is noted that the appropriate choice of teaching methodology can improve the pupils’ knowledge under the conditions of limited resources of municipal general school. The term «differentiated education» means personally oriented approach which is based on the knowledge of each pupil’s personality and takes into consideration his or her individual features. The necessity of such approach is caused by the individual differences between pupils. The aim of the described methodology is to educate each of pupils according to the maximum level of his or her opportunities. The article suggests the option of individual education which provides the use of «intermediate» variant based on the division of pupils in the class in groups according to their abilities of learning new information. The realization of the proposed personally-oriented approach does not contradict to the main goal of the general education, which is to make every pupil learn the basic knowledge and skills of every subject and does not demand the school for additional resources. The article describes key stages of the realization of the proposed methodology such as the explanation of new information, the current theme tasks solving, daily monitoring and control. The description of the methodology is based on the personal practical experience of using this approach under the conditions of class-lesson’s system used in general school.
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Bilous, Olena Anatolievna. "Implementation of the blended learning model in the study of mathematical disciplines." Engineering and Educational Technologies 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2307-9770.2020.08.01.01.
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The introduction of various information technologies into the learning process remains relevant. Higher schools are developing new forms and methods of teaching, focused on the use of computer Internet technologies. In the context of informatization of the education sector, the introduction of blended learning, as one of the varieties of e-learning, is best suited to the task of forming the cultural and professional competences of the future engineer. Blended learning technology has significant didactic capabilities and is characterized by a variety of forms, methods and learning tools provided, their interactivity, different ways of interaction between the subjects of the educational process and most fully meets the specifics of the university. The features of the use of distance learning technologies for students of the day department of engineering and technical specialties are considered in the article, the use of the basic elements of the e-course is described. Elements of electronic courses introduced in the educational process are presented, one form of blended learning is described. Within the course of higher mathematics, which is taught at Sumy State University, an information and practical block was formed. The information block is presented by electronic lecture notes with a built-in dictionary, video lectures and presentations. Information from the theoretical unit of the discipline is available to the student at any time when accessing through the student's personal office. Practical block of study of mathematical discipline includes tasks for individual work, simulators, tests. The article describes the peculiarities of implementation of these elements in the educational process. It is noted that the mixed approach to learning gives more interactivity and stimulates active learning, motivates students to educational and cognitive activity, allows to develop skills of independent learning, promotes the development of creative thinking and search for non-standard solutions. The introduction of electronic control elements of training (tests, tasks for joint performance, etc.) allows the teacher to get rid of the routine work of checking the intermediate learning result. Electronic systems allow you to do this quickly, efficiently, impartially. Conclusions have been made regarding the effectiveness of introducing blended learning into the learning process.
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Le Roux, Cheryl. "Environmental stewardship as a dimension of a Christian stewardship ethic: views of seminary students, lecturers and ministers." Koers - Bulletin for Christian Scholarship 81, no. 2 (October 31, 2016): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19108/koers.81.2.2264.
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It is not uncommon to find that Christians are blamed for contributing to the destruction of the environment – a view that derives from the Biblical precept that ‘man was given dominion over the earth’ (cf. Gen. 1:28). The current state of the environment indicates that humankind has indeed ravaged the earth, but it could be argued that this has occurred through greed, covetousness, materialism, competitiveness and short-sightedness which are specific human traits in conflict with God and Christianity. Furthermore, the true significance of the ‘dominion over the earth’ tenet is invariably overlooked. Having dominion over the earth means that man has the responsibility of representing God on earth; of ruling as His co-regents or, put differently, acting as His stewards or custodians of His creation. It is argued that environmental stewardship is a dimension of the Christian stewardship ethic that is inherent in the Christian faith. This article reports on research undertaken with ministers, lecturers and students of the United Reformed Church in Southern Africa who were asked to provide their views on Christian stewardship as a requisite component of their role as leaders and aspirant leaders in the Church. Perspectives on environmental stewardship as a dimension of the Christian stewardship ethic were also probed. The research showed that respondents were unanimous in their understanding that Christian stewardship is Biblically founded and mandated and that environmental stewardship is part of that ethic. However, environmental stewardship is inadequately provided for in Church teaching and seminary training programmes. This article examines respondents’ views on the above and puts forward ways in which environmental stewardship could be enhanced and promoted. Dit is nie ongewoon dat Christene daarvoor geblameer word dat hulle bydra tot die vernietiging van die omgewing nie – ʼn beskouing wat afkomstig is van die Bybelse voorskrif dat “die mens heerskappy oor die aarde gegee is” (vgl. Gen. 1:28). Die huidige toestand waarin die omgewing verkeer dui daarop dat die mens inderdaad die aarde verniel het. Daar kan egter aangevoer word dat hebsug, gierigheid, materialisme, mededingendheid en kortsigtigheid, wat spesifieke menslike eienskappe is wat in konflik met God en met Christenskap is, hiertoe aanleiding gegee het. Die ware betekenis van die beginsel van “heerskappy oor die aarde” word boonop keer op keer misgekyk. Om heerskappy oor die aarde te hê beteken dat die mens die verantwoordelikheid het om God se verteenwoordigers op aarde te wees; om as Sy medeheersers te regeer of, anders gestel, as Sy toesighouers of bewaarders van Sy skepping op te tree. Daar word aangevoer dat rentmeesterskap van die omgewing ʼn dimensie van die Christelike rentmeesterskapsetos is wat eie aan die Christelike geloof is. Hierdie artikel doen verslag oor navorsing wat onder predikante, dosente en studente van die Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suider-Afrika gedoen is. Die deelnemers is gevra om hul menings te gee oor Christelike rentmeesterskap as ʼn noodsaaklike komponent van hul rol as leiers en aspirantleiers in die kerk. Perspektiewe oor omgewingsrentmeesterskap as ʼn dimensie van die Christelike rentmeesterskapsetos is ook ondersoek. Die navorsing het getoon dat respondente eensgesind was ten opsigte van hul siening dat Christelike rentmeesterskap op die Bybel gegrond is en Bybelse mandaat het, en dat omgewingsrentmeesterskap deel is van daardie etos. Daar word egter nie na behore vir omgewingsrentmeesterskap voorsiening gemaak in die kerk se onderrig- en seminariese opleidingsprogramme nie. Hierdie artikel bestudeer respondente se sienings oor die bogenoemde en stel maniere voor waarop omgewingsrentmeesterskap versterk en bevorder kan word.
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Baquero, Stefany A., and Dana M. Hill. "Quality of Life in Patients With Low and Very Low Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Who Underwent Thyroidectomy in Quito-Ecuador 2020." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1774.
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Abstract Low-risk papillary thyroid cancer (less than one centimeter and entrusting the thyroid) is a common pathology, over-diagnosed and therefore mainly over-treated in young women. Considered a public health problem mainly by two premises: 1) psycho-emotional involvement in people who suffer from it and undergo treatments; 2) and because unnecessary interventions are sometimes carried out that represent a futile cost to the health budget, especially for emerging economies such as the Ecuadorian. Objective: Demonstrate the affectation of the quality of life (QoL) after total thyroidectomy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer of low and very low risk, who underwent surgery with or without adjuvant radioactive iodine treatment. In addition, to identify if variables such as gender, age, and sequelae of surgery such as hypoparathyroidism and scar influence QoL. M&M: A mixed study (qualitative-quantitative) was carried out, where information was collected electronically (via the whats app) and video call from 25 patients who have been affected by low and very low-risk thyroid cancer, in follow-up in the General Hospital San Francisco de Quito. After approval of the study by the teaching department and the ethics committee, we contacted the patients and asked for demographic data (age, gender); clinical data (use of levothyroxine, calcium); and they were also asked to fill out a self-applicable survey of the quality of life of the University of Washington (UW-Qol v.4). Subsequently, an interview with semi-structured questions was carried out and the participants were asked to make a graph of their neck. Results: In the UW-QoL v.4, it was shown that the physical aspects of quality of life, (chewing, swallowing, shoulder, speech, taste, and saliva) scored 90 points on average, did not present as much impact as the emotional aspects (pain, mood, activity, appearance, recreation, and anxiety) with an average of 83 points. In the interview and in the drawing it is corroborated that the emotional aspect where the appearance with the scar and the decrease in activity is included determine a worse quality of life. Neither gender nor age, nor the appearance of hypoparathyroidism determines a worse QoL. Discussion: The QoL for the WHO has elements that influence the physical and emotional health of a subject, their state of independence, and their social and environmental relationship. The study showed that QoL is affected with low and very low risk thyroid cancer on an emotional level, but not physically. This leads us to raise the possibility that differentiated thyroid cancer due to its low risk of mortality and recurrence in patients could be kept on follow-up and benefit from surgery only in the case that in active follow-up, it increased and became intermediate risk (ATA). Studies with a larger patient population are required to determine if support networks are an important parameter that affects QoL.
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Kozlova, O. A., and A. A. Protasova. "The Use of Neural Networks in Distance Education Technologies for the Identification of Students." Open Education 25, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2021-3-26-35.
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Purpose of the research. The purpose of this research is to study the problems of the features of teaching technologies of modern artificial neural networks for carrying out the procedure of unambiguous authentication of students according to a pre-formed reference base of digital biometric characteristics of the authorized users in the field of distance educational technologies.In the modern world, artificial neural networks are successfully used in both applied and scientific fields. The problem of authenticating a human personality, implemented using artificial neural networks, finds practical application in solving problems such as the protection of state and corporate information resources, robotics, access control systems, information retrieval, control systems, etc., and is already beginning to find application in the field of distance educational technologies. In March 2021, the Government of the Russian Federation developed a decree on the basis of which higher educational institutions are allowed to use distance learning technologies. Conducting remotely activities of intermediate and final certification, as well as monitoring the current progress of both distance learning students and full-time and part-time students with a temporary transition to distance learning in a pandemic, the problem of identifying the student’s personality arises in order to achieve unambiguous recognition of the authorized users for the purpose of reliable assessment of learning outcomes, which can be solved using modern technologies of artificial neural networks.Materials and methods. Methods of reviewing scientific literature on the research topic, methods of collecting, structuring and analyzing the information obtained were used as materials and methods.Research results. The results of the study allow us to draw the following conclusions: to solve the problem of authenticating students in distance education systems it is first necessary to form the actual base of biometric characteristics of the authorized users, which will be compared with the biometric data of the identified users, and for the recognition procedure, the neural network must be trained in advance on special trainers datasets. The identification procedure must be repeated several times during a session to ensure that the identity of the authorized user is verified.Conclusion. Realizing the set goal to study the problematics of learning technologies of modern artificial neural networks for carrying out the procedure of unambiguous authentication of students according to a pre-formed reference base of digital biometric characteristics of authorized users in the field of distance learning technologies, and relying on the results obtained in the course of generalization and analysis of existing experience and our own studies, the authors identified two independent stages in the algorithm for the implementation of the task of identifying the student’s personality: the formation of a reference base of digital biometric characteristics of authorized users and user authentication according to the previously formed reference base, and also revealed that when training a neural network, it is necessary to take into account a sufficiently large number of different attributes affecting it. With an insufficient number of training sets (datasets), neural networks begin to perceive errors as reliable information, which, as a result, will lead to the need to retrain neural networks. With a sufficiently large number of training sets (dataset), more versions of dependencies and variability appear, which makes it possible to create rather complex machine learning models of neural networks, in which retraining takes the main place.
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Trihardini, Ayu, Aprilia Ruby Wikarti, M.A., Resma Nur Anggrini, and Riyadh Abdurrahman. "KESETARAAN HANYU SHUIPING KAOSHI LEVEL I-IV DENGAN CEFR PADA KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA BAHASA MANDARIN." Jurnal Cakrawala Mandarin 4, no. 1 (August 4, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36279/apsmi.v4i1.94.
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AbstrakSejalan dengan derasnya perkembangan era disrupsi teknologi revolusi industri 4.0, pembelajaran bahasa asing dituntut untuk mempunyai standar tingkat penguasaan sebagai acuan pengukuran kemahiran. Standar yang digunakan di Eropa dan diadaptasi di seluruh dunia yaitu Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Standar CEFR level B2 merupakan standar minimal lulusan program studi kebahasaan pada Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Jakarta (FBS UNJ). Sementara dalam konteks penguasaan bahasa Mandarin, secara khusus digunakan acuan Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK). Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai kesetaraan HSK I-IV dengan CEFR pada keterampilan berbicara bahasa Mandarin.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kesetaraan antara HSK dengan CEFR pada keterampilan berbicara dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) Materi ajar keterampilan berbicara HSK level I setara dengan CEFR 0 hingga level A1, HSK level II setara dengan CEFR level A2, HSK level III setara dengan CEFR level A2 hingga B1, sedangkan HSK level IV setara dengan CEFR level B1; (2) Materi soal HSKK level dasar setara dengan CEFR 0 hingga level A2, HSKK level menengah setara dengan CEFR level A2 hingga B1.Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi Asosiasi Program Studi Mandarin Indonesia (APSMI) dalam mengusulkan kesetaraan HSK dengan CEFR versi pengajar bahasa Mandarin di Indonesia, seperti yang telah diajukan Hanban dan Asosiasi Guru Bahasa Mandarin di Prancis dan Jerman. Hasil penelitian mengenai kesetaraan HSK dengan CEFR ini juga mempertegas perwujudan mutu dan jati diri bangsa dalam kaitan Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia (KKNI) yang sedang dikembangkan secara nasional. Peneliti menyarankan APSMI agar mengambil peran dalam mengembangkan sebuah standar pendidikan bahasa Mandarin di Indonesia, terutama standar kompetensi pendidikan dan pelatihan bahasa Mandarin secara nasional di bidang-bidang tertentu yang memerlukan keterampilan berbicara bahasa Mandarin.Kata Kunci: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi, CEFR, Keterampilan Berbicara, Bahasa Mandarin AbstractThe rapid flow development of the era of technological disruption in the industrial revolution 4.0, foreign language learning required to have a standard level of mastery as a reference to measure proficiency. The standard used in Europe and adapted throughout the world is the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). CEFR level B2 standard is a minimum standard for graduates of language study programs at the Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Jakarta (FBS UNJ). While in the context of mastering Mandarin, specifically the Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK) reference is used. This paper will discuss HSK equality with CEFR in Mandarin speaking skills.Based on the results of the study, the equality between HSK and CEFR on speaking skills can be concluded as follows: (1) Teaching materials on speaking skills for HSK level I is equivalent to CEFR 0 to level A1; HSK level II is equivalent to CEFR level A2; HSK level III is equivalent to CEFR level A2 to B1; while HSK level IV is equivalent to CEFR level B1; (2) Proficiency Test Material for HSKK beginner level is equivalent to CEFR 0 to level A2; HSKK for intermediate level is equivalent to CEFR level A2 to B1. The results of this study can be the basis for the Association of Indonesian Mandarin Study Programs (APSMI) in proposing Indonesian version of HSK correspondend to the level of CEFR, as already asserted by Hanban, also by French and German Associations of Chinese Language Teachers. The results of this research also reinforce the realization of quality and national identity in relation to the Indonesian National Qualification Framework (KKNI), which is being developed nationally. The researcher suggests that APSMI take a role in developing a standard of Mandarin language education in Indonesia, especially the national competency standard of Mandarin education and training in certain fields that require Mandarin speaking skills.Keywords: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi, CEFR, Speaking Skills, Mandarin