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Journal articles on the topic 'Intermediates (Chemistry)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Maity, Asim, and David Powers. "Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry as a Platform for Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis." Synlett 30, no. 03 (December 11, 2018): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610338.

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Here, we highlight the recent development of aerobic oxidation catalysis via hypervalent I(III) and I(V) intermediates. The described chemistry intercepts reactive intermediates generated during aldehyde autoxidation to accomplish the oxidation of aryl iodides. The aerobically generated hypervalent iodine intermediates are utilized to couple an array of substrate functionalization chemistry to the reduction of O2.1 Introduction2 Chemistry of Aerobically Generated I(III) Intermediates3 Chemistry of Aerobically Generated I(V) Intermediates4 Conclusions

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2

Dong, Ziyang, Chengming Jiang, and Changgui Zhao. "A Review on Generation and Reactivity of the N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Bound Alkynyl Acyl Azolium Intermediates." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 7990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227990.

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N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been widely used as an organocatalyst for both umpolung and non-umpolung chemistry. Previous works mainly focus on species including Breslow intermediate, azolium enolate intermediate, homoenolate intermediate, alkenyl acyl azolium intermediate, etc. Notably, the NHC-bound alkynyl acyl azolium has emerged as an effective intermediate to access functionalized cyclic molecular skeleton until very recently. In this review, we summarized the generation and reactivity of the NHC-bound alkynyl acyl azolium intermediates, which covers the efforts and advances in the synthesis of achiral and axially chiral cyclic scaffolds via the NHC-bound alkynyl acyl azolium intermediates. In particular, the mechanism related to this intermediate is discussed in detail.

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3

Andraos, John. "Reaction intermediates in organic chemistry The “big picture”." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-175.

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An overview of the discovery of reaction intermediates and associated concepts in physical organic chemistry is presented. Particular attention is paid to chronology of ideas, frequency of occurrence of reaction intermediates in the library of organic reactions used in organic synthesis, and the lexicon of scientific terms used in the language of physical organic chemistry. General logic decision trees are presented for the unique or near unique identification of reaction intermediates based on experimental techniques and common patterns of reactivity documented in the literature over the last century. Contributions made by scientists working in laboratories at Canadian universities and at the National Research Council of Canada are noted throughout.Key words: physical organic chemistry, mechanistic chemistry, reaction intermediates.

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4

Bucher, Götz. "New reactive intermediates in organic chemistry." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (March 26, 2013): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.67.

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5

Ocando-mavarez, Edgar, Jürgen Böske, Edgar Niecke, Jean-Pierre Majoral, and Guy Bertrand. "Phosphonitriles: Powerful Intermediates in Heterocyclic Chemistry." Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements 30, no. 3-4 (April 1987): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086648708079289.

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6

Watts, Paul, and Cloudius R. Sagandira. "Continuous-Flow Synthesis of (–)-Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu)." Synlett 31, no. 19 (April 24, 2020): 1925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690878.

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Herein the anti-influenza drug (–)-oseltamivir phosphate is prepared in continuous flow from ethyl shikimate with 54% overall yield over nine steps and total residence time of 3.5 min from the individual steps. Although the procedure involved intermediate isolation, the dangerous azide chemistry and intermediates involved were elegantly handled in situ. It is the first continuous-flow process for (–)-oseltamivir phosphate involving azide chemistry and (–)-shikimic acid as precursor.

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7

Merenyi, Gabor, and Johan Lind. "Chemistry of peroxidic tetrahedral intermediates of flavin." Journal of the American Chemical Society 113, no. 8 (April 1991): 3146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00008a051.

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8

Chiang, Y., A. J. Kresge, and Y. Zhu. "Reactive intermediates. Some chemistry of quinone methides." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 12 (January 1, 2000): 2299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072122299.

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Quinone methides were produced in aqueous solution by photochemical dehydration of o-hydroxybenzyl alcohols (o-HOC6H4CHROH; R = H, C6H5, 4-CH3OC6H4), and flash photolytic techniques were used to examine their rehydration back to starting substrate as well as their interaction with bromide and thiocyanate ions. These reactions are acid-catalyzed and show inverse isotope effects (kH+/kD+ < 1), indicating that they occur through preequilibrium protonation of the quinone methide on its carbonyl carbon atom followed by rate-determining capture of the benzyl carbocations so formed by H2O, Br-, or SCN-. With some quinone methides (R = C6H5 and 4-CH3OC6H4) this acid catalysis could be saturated, and analysis of the data obtained in the region of saturation for the example with R = 4-CH3OC6H4 produced both the equilibrium constant for the substrate protonation step and the rate constant for the rate-determining step. Energy relationships comparing the quinone methides with their benzyl alcohol precursors are derived.

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9

Domínguez, Gema, and Javier Pérez-Castells. "Chemistry of β-Carbolines as Synthetic Intermediates." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2011, no. 36 (October 12, 2011): 7243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201100931.

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10

Khouri, Farid F., and Moses K. Kaloustian. "Chemistry of tetrahedral intermediates. 11. Stereochemical studies on hemiorthothiol and hemiorthothiolate tetrahedral intermediates." Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, no. 21 (October 1986): 6683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00281a040.

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11

Wan, Peter, Darryl W. Brousmiche, Christy Z. Chen, John Cole, Matthew Lukeman, and Musheng Xu. "Quinone methide intermediates in organic photochemistry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173030529.

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Quinone methides are widely encountered reactive intermediates in the chemistry of phenols and related compounds. This paper summarizes our recent progress in uncovering new and general photochemical methods for forming quinone methides of various structural types in aqueous solution. Their mechanism of formation and subsequent chemistry are also discussed. New examples of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) have been uncovered in these studies. We have also discovered that appropriately designed biphenyls and terphenyls display photochemistry that is best rationalized by highly polarized and planar excited states of these ring systems, which can efficiently lead to the corresponding extended quinone methides.

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12

Dong, Kuiyong, Mengting Liu, and Xinfang Xu. "Recent Advances in Catalytic Alkyne Transformation via Copper Carbene Intermediates." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103088.

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As one of the abundant and inexpensive metals on the earth, copper has demonstrated broad applications in synthetic chemistry and catalysis. Among these copper-catalyzed advances, copper carbenes are versatile and reactive intermediates that can mediate a variety of transformations, which have attracted much attention in the past decades. The present review summarizes two different reaction models that take place between a copper carbene intermediate and alkyne species, including the cross-coupling reaction of copper carbene intermediate with terminal alkyne, and the addition of copper carbene intermediate onto the C–C triple bond. This article will cover the profile from 2010 to 2021 by placing emphasis on the detailed catalytic models and highlighting the synthetic applications offered by these practical and mild methods.

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13

Prager, RH, and P. Razzino. "The Chemistry of 5-Oxodihydroisoxazoles. X. Butyllithium and Lithium Diisopropylamide Promoted Rearrangements of 3-Unsubstituted Isoxazol-5(2H)-ones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 9 (1994): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9941673.

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The reaction pathway of 3-unsubstituted isoxazol-5(2H)-ones with bases, proposed by Woodman1-3 to proceed via four intermediates to azetidine-2,4-diones, has been confirmed by the isolation of products unequivocally derived from each of the intermediates. Isoxazol-5(2H)-ones substituted on nitrogen by methyl, phenyl, quinolin-2-yl and vinyl groups have been studied. The azetidine-2,4-diones have only been isolated when the intermediate enolate has been alkylated , but only reactive alkyl halides lead to useful syntheses.

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14

Roithová, Jana. "Superelectrophilic chemistry in the gas phase." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 8 (April 4, 2011): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-10-17.

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Superelectrophilic chemistry in the gas phase is driven by the high intrinsic reactivity of dications. The formation of new doubly charged products proceeds via highly internally excited intermediates. Conditions for the formation of the doubly charged intermediates and a “cooling principle” in the reactivity of dications are explained. The reactivity is demonstrated with several examples.

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15

Erdogan, Huriye. "One small step for cytochrome P450 in its catalytic cycle, one giant leap for enzymology." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 04n05 (April 2019): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619300040.

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The intermediates operating in the cytochrome P450 catalytic cycle have been investigated for more than half a century, fascinating many enzymologists. Each intermediate has its unique role to carry out diverse oxidations. Natural time course of the catalytic cycle is quite fast, hence, not all of the reactive intermediates could be isolated during physiological catalysis. Different high-valent iron intermediates have been proposed as primary oxidants: the candidates are compound 0 (Cpd 0, [FeOOH][Formula: see text]P450) and compound I (Cpd I, Fe(IV)[Formula: see text]O por[Formula: see text]P450). Among them, the role of Cpd I in hydroxylation is fairly well understood due the discovery of the peroxide shunt. This review endeavors to put the outstanding research efforts conducted to isolate and characterize the intermediates together. In addition to spectral features of each intermediate in the catalytic cycle, the oxidizing powers of Cpd 0 and Cpd I will be discussed along with most recent scientific findings.

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16

Davies, Huw M. L. "Rhodium-Stabilized Vinylcarbenoid Intermediates in Organic Synthesis." Current Organic Chemistry 2, no. 5 (September 1998): 463–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272802666220128232502.

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Abstract: This article will give an overview of the reactions and synthetic utility of rhodium-stabilized vinylcarbenoids, which have been shown in recent years to be versatile synthetic intermediates. They undergo highly diastereoselective cyclopropanations with a wide array of alkenes and dienes, and the resulting vinylcyclopropanes are readily converted to other ring systems. Most notable is the reaction between vinylcarbenoids and dienes, which is a general method for the stereoselective construction of seven-membered carbocycles by means of a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement sequence. Efficient insertions into Si-H, C-H, N-H and 0-H bonds can also be achieved by rhodium-stabilized vinylcarbenoids. The synthetic utility of vinylcarbenoid chemistry has been greatly enhanced by the recent development of chiral catalysts and auxiliaries that enable this chemistry to be achieved with high asymmetric induction.

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17

Krejsa, M. R., J. L. Koenig, and A. B. Sullivan. "Analysis of the Mechanism of N-t-Butyl-2-Benzothiazole Sulfenamide Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization of cis-Polyisoprene." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538680.

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Abstract Results of previously published work involving network analysis and accelerator intermediate analysis of cis-polyisoprene were compared to help correlate and rationalize network/chemistry relationships. Both classical chemical probe network analysis and further NMR measurements (DEPT analysis) were used as necessary to verify NMR peak assignments. Furthermore, samples of the conventional formulation were vulcanized in the absence of zinc oxide and stearic acid to help elucidate the role of zinc in the vulcanization process. Polysulfidic dibenzothiazole accelerator intermediates were proposed to produce allylic substituted cis-polysulfides both with and without double bond migration, while zinc polysulfidic dibenzothiazole accelerator intermediates were proposed to produce allylic cis and trans polysulfides substituted structures with no double bond migration. Polysulfidic substitution on the isoprene methyl carbon was shown to result from exchange reactions during network maturation. The network-chemistry relationships were compared with earlier mechanistic studies and several points of agreement were noted.

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18

Crosley,, D. R. "Laser-induced Fluorescence Measurement of Combustion Chemistry Intermediates." High Temperature Materials and Processes 7, no. 1 (January 1986): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.1986.7.1.41.

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19

Sandman, Daniel J. "A Review of “Reactive Intermediates in Organic Chemistry”." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 605, no. 1 (December 12, 2014): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2014.960788.

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20

Henrick, K., H. R. Hudson, R. W. Matthews, E. M. McPartlin, L. Powroznyk, and O. O. Shode. "New Aspects of the Chemistry of Quasiphosphonium Intermediates." Phosphorous and Sulfur and the Related Elements 30, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086648708080546.

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21

Novaki, Luzia P., Paula P. Brotero, and Omar A. El Seoud. "Reaction intermediates in organic chemistry: A colorful demonstration." Journal of Chemical Education 66, no. 12 (December 1989): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed066p1040.

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22

Weenen, H. "Reactive intermediates and carbohydrate fragmentation in Maillard chemistry." Food Chemistry 62, no. 4 (August 1998): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00074-0.

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23

Nunes, Cláudio M., Anna D. Gudmundsdottir, and Rui Fausto. "Preface “Structure, Spectroscopy and Chemistry of Reactive Intermediates”." Journal of Molecular Structure 1172 (November 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.027.

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24

Eaton, Donald R. "Outer sphere complexes as intermediates in coordination chemistry." Reviews of Chemical Intermediates 9, no. 3 (October 1988): 201–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03155684.

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25

Horn, Günter. "Sulfur-Centered Reactive Intermediates in Chemistry and Biology." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 342, no. 2 (April 1992): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)85065-b.

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26

Horn, Günter. "Sulfur-Centered Reactive Intermediates in Chemistry and Biology." Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 27, no. 2 (April 1992): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(92)87058-3.

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27

Belostotskii, Anatoly M., Elisheva Genizi, and Alfred Hassner. "Essential reactive intermediates in nucleoside chemistry: cyclonucleoside cations." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 10, no. 33 (2012): 6624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob25868d.

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28

Marcos, Carlos F., Tomás Torroba, Oleg A. Rakitin, Ljudmila I. Souvorova, Charles W. Rees, Andrew J. P. White, and David J. Williams. "Tertiary amine–S2Cl2 chemistry: interception of reaction intermediates." Chemical Communications, no. 4 (1998): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a708396c.

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29

DESMURS, J. R., S. RATTON, R. JACQUEROT, J. DANANCHE, B. BESSON, and J. C. LEBLANC. "ChemInform Abstract: Access to Polychlorophenols: Chemistry of Intermediates." ChemInform 28, no. 12 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199712289.

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30

Rao, B. Kanakadurga, and Y. Jayaprakash Rao. "An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of Novel Triazole C-N Linked Chromone Hybrids." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 7 (2020): 1806–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22734.

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A series of new C3-N1 directly linked chromone/1,2,3-triazole molecular hybrids synthesized by adopting low cost effective CuI catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Cu-AAC triazole annulation) from chromone-3-aldehyde via key intermediates 3-azidochromone, synthesized from another intermediate 3-hydroxychromone. These synthetic 1,2,3-triazole embedded chromones are the new addition to the click chemistry family. The structures of final products established by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis.

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31

Cox, R. Anthony, Markus Ammann, John N. Crowley, Hartmut Herrmann, Michael E. Jenkin, V. Faye McNeill, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jürgen Troe, and Timothy J. Wallington. "Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume VII – Criegee intermediates." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 21 (November 12, 2020): 13497–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13497-2020.

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Abstract. This article, the seventh in the series, presents kinetic and photochemical data sheets evaluated by the IUPAC Task Group on Atmospheric Chemical Kinetic Data Evaluation. It covers an extension of the gas-phase and photochemical reactions related to Criegee intermediates previously published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP) in 2006 and implemented on the IUPAC website up to 2020. The article consists of an introduction, description of laboratory measurements, a discussion of rate coefficients for reactions of O3 with alkenes producing Criegee intermediates, rate coefficients of unimolecular and bimolecular reactions and photochemical data for reactions of Criegee intermediates, and an overview of the atmospheric chemistry of Criegee intermediates. Summary tables of the recommended kinetic and mechanistic parameters for the evaluated reactions are provided. Data sheets summarizing information upon which the recommendations are based are given in two files, provided as a Supplement to this article.

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32

Sunada, Yusuke, and Hideo Nagashima. "Disilametallacyclic chemistry for efficient catalysis." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 24 (2017): 7644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt01275f.

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33

Sršeň, Š., D. Hollas, and P. Slavíček. "UV absorption of Criegee intermediates: quantitative cross sections from high-level ab initio theory." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 9 (2018): 6421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00199e.

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34

Leyva, Elisa, Matthew S. Platz, Silvia E. Loredo-Carrillo, and Johana Aguilar. "Fluoro Aryl Azides: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 11 (September 11, 2020): 1161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999200608132505.

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Background: The complex photochemistry of aryl azides has fascinated scientists for several decades. Spectroscopists have investigated the intermediates formed by different analytical techniques. Theoretical chemists have explained the intrinsic interplay of intermediates under different experimental conditions. Objective & Method: A complete understanding of the photochemistry of a given fluoro aryl azide is a basic requisite for its use in chemistry. In this review, we will discuss the synthesis of several fluoro substituted aryl azides and the reactions and intermediates generated upon photolysis and thermolysis of these azides and some examples of their applications in photoaffinity labeling and organic synthesis. Conclusion: In spite of the extensive research on the photochemistry of fluoro aryl azides, there are some areas that remain to be investigated. The application of this reaction in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds has not been fully studied. Since fluorophenyl azides are known to undergo C-H and N-H insertion reactions, they could be used to prepare new fluorinated molecules or in the biochemical process known as photoaffinity labeling.

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35

Evano, Gwilherm, Morgan Lecomte, Pierre Thilmany, and Cédric Theunissen. "Keteniminium Ions: Unique and Versatile Reactive Intermediates for Chemical Synthesis." Synthesis 49, no. 15 (July 17, 2017): 3183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588452.

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Keteniminium ions have been demonstrated to be remarkably useful and versatile reactive intermediates in chemical synthesis. These unique heterocumulenes are pivotal electrophilic species involved in a number of efficient and selective transformations. More recently, even more reactive ‘activated’ keteniminium ions bearing an additional electron-withdrawing group on the nitrogen atom have been extensively investigated. The chemistry of these unique reactive intermediates, including representative methods for their in situ generation, will be overviewed in this review article.1 Introduction2 The Chemistry of Keteniminium Ions3 The Chemistry of Activated Keteniminium Ions4 Keteniminium Ions: Pivotal Intermediates for the Synthesis of Natural and/or Biologically Relevant Molecules5 Conclusions and Perspectives

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36

Jr-Min Lin, Jim, and Wen Chao. "Structure-dependent reactivity of Criegee intermediates studied with spectroscopic methods." Chemical Society Reviews 46, no. 24 (2017): 7483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00336f.

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Criegee intermediates can be prepared by two methods and may play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. Anti-type Criegee intermediates react quickly with water dimer; Syn-type Criegee intermediates may undergo thermal decomposition via intramolecular hydrogen atom tunneling. In addition, the pros and cons of each spectroscopic method in probing Criegee intermediates in kinetic experiments will also be discussed.

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37

Copéret, Christophe. "Stabilizing reactive intermediates through site isolation." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-07-18.

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This overview describes the reaction of organometallics with oxide surfaces and the formation of highly reactive species. In the case of silica, the surface can be seen as a large siloxy ligand, which helps to stabilize reactive intermediates through site isolations. This is translated into very highly reactive and stable well-defined alkene metathesis catalysts as well as the formation of hydrides species, which display unusual reactivities toward alkanes (e.g., low-temperature hydrogenolysis and metathesis of alkanes). In the case of alumina, it allows the formation of highly reactive, but stable cationic species or masked carbenic species whose structures are unusual by comparison with molecular chemistry.

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38

Michl, Josef, and John A. Gladysz. "Reactive Intermediates: Introduction." Chemical Reviews 91, no. 3 (May 1991): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00003a600.

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39

Boeske, Juergen, Edgar Niecke, Edgar Ocando-Mavarez, Jean Pierre Majoral, and Guy Bertrand. "Phosphonitriles: versatile intermediates." Inorganic Chemistry 25, no. 16 (July 1986): 2695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00236a008.

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40

Burés, Jordi, Alan Armstrong, and Donna G. Blackmond. "The interplay of thermodynamics and kinetics in dictating organocatalytic reactivity and selectivity." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1919–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-13-01-14.

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Recent reports of the real-time identification of intermediates in organocatalytic reactions by NMR spectroscopy coupled with detailed kinetic studies highlight a potential role for stable intermediates reversibly formed downstream from what is generally considered to be the enantioselectivity-determining step. In this work, we employ kinetic modeling to explore these concepts further. We demonstrate that when an intermediate is common to multiple reaction pathways, the relative reactivity of these pathways dictates the ultimate outcome, regardless of the relative stability of other intermediates connected to these pathways. Kinetic modeling also illustrates important implications for enantioselectivity depending on whether such intermediates lie on or off the catalytic cycle.

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41

Gagosz, Fabien. "Gold Vinylidenes as Useful Intermediates in Synthetic Organic Chemistry." Synthesis 51, no. 05 (January 10, 2019): 1087–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611647.

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Gold vinylidenes have recently emerged as useful intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. These species, which can principally be accessed by a 1,2-migration process from a gold-activated alkyne or by dual gold catalysis on a diyne substrate, can react with nucleophilic partners or by C–H insertion to produce a variety of functionalized (poly)cyclic compounds. This short review covers the synthetic approaches developed so far to access gold vinylidenes and the different reactivities these species can exhibit.1 Introduction2 1,2-Migration Processes3 Dual Gold Catalysis4 Other Processes5 Conclusion

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42

Wentrup, C. "RADICAL CHEMISTRY: Enhanced: From Reactive Intermediates to Stable Compounds." Science 295, no. 5561 (March 8, 2002): 1846–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1070364.

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43

Mastalerz, Michael, Daniel Beaudoin, and Frank Rominger. "Efficient, Scalable Syntheses of Important Intermediates in Tribenzotriquinacene Chemistry." Synthesis 47, no. 24 (October 2, 2015): 3846–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1560710.

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44

Rosenthal, Emily Q., Judit E. Puskas, and Chrys Wesdemiotis. "Green Polymer Chemistry: Living Dithiol Polymerization via Cyclic Intermediates." Biomacromolecules 13, no. 1 (December 2011): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm201395t.

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45

Anfinrud, P. "CHEMISTRY: X-ray Fingerprinting of Chemical Intermediates in Solution." Science 309, no. 5738 (August 19, 2005): 1192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1117325.

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46

Bird, Donald M., Giorgio Gaudiano, and Tad H. Koch. "Leucodaunomycins, new intermediates in the redox chemistry of daunomycin." Journal of the American Chemical Society 113, no. 1 (January 1991): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00001a044.

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47

Freeman, Peter K., Stephen E. Wuerch, and Gary E. Clapp. "Chemistry of dicyclopropylcarbene and related intermediates in dimethyl sulfoxide." Journal of Organic Chemistry 55, no. 9 (April 1990): 2587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00296a010.

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48

Freeman, Peter K., Jose C. Danino, Brian K. Stevenson, and Gary E. Clapp. "Chemistry of 1-carbena-5-hexyne and related intermediates." Journal of Organic Chemistry 55, no. 12 (June 1990): 3867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00299a032.

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49

Kayaki, Yoshihito. "Synthetic Chemistry of Alkenylgold Complexes Associated with Catalytic Intermediates." Bulletin of Japan Society of Coordination Chemistry 66 (2015): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4019/bjscc.66.3.

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