Journal articles: 'Intermediator'

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Myllärniemi, Jussi, Vilma Vuori, Nina Helander, Ilona Ilvonen, Jussi Okkonen, and Pasi Virtanen. "The role of an intermediator organisation in collaboration: how can an intermediator enhance value co-creation?" International Journal of Applied Systemic Studies 5, no. 1/2 (2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijass.2013.053346.

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Rosenblatt, Jay S. "Gilbert Gottlieb: Intermediator between psychology and evolutionary biology." Developmental Psychobiology 49, no. 8 (2007): 800–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.20271.

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Lee, Eon-Seong, and Dong-Wook Song. "Knowledge management in freight forwarding as a logistics intermediator: model and effectiveness." Knowledge Management Research & Practice 16, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2018.1475848.

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Son, Ju-Yeon. "Woman as a Historical and Cultural ‘Intermediator’ - A Study on Lin Huiyin’s Novels." Journal of Chinese Language, Literature and Translation 42 (January 31, 2018): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35822/jcllt.2018.01.42.127.

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Nätti, Satu, Saara Pekkarinen, Antti Hartikka, and Tiina Holappa. "The intermediator role in value co-creation within a triadic business service relationship." Industrial Marketing Management 43, no. 6 (September 2014): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2014.05.010.

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Bimha, Alfred, and Godwell Nhamo. "Measuring environmental performance of banks: Evidence from Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) reporting banks." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v10i1.3.

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The need to measure the environmental performance of banks stems from the important role they occupy in the financial system as intermediator between savers and borrowers. Moreover, the growth in environmentally friendly business has created a need for banks to reconsider their business models. Potential investors are now looking for companies with green operations credentials. This study embarked on measuring and investigating banks, by country of origin, that are performing well in implementing their own environmental policies. Using the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) questionnaire answers, the study constructed an Environmental Management Performance (EMP) scoring index that was compared to the banks

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Lydekaityte, Justina, and Torben Tambo. "Smart packaging: definitions, models and packaging as an intermediator between digital and physical product management." International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 30, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 377–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2020.1724555.

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Fikri, Reza Jamilah. "MONETARY TRANSMISSION MECHANISM UNDER DUAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA: CREDIT-FINANCING CHANNEL." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 4, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i2.1001.

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The presence of Islamic and conventional banking in the dual financial system of Indonesia equally hold the role as financial intermediator which theoretically banks collect fund from the debitors to be distributed to creditors. However, along with the changing of time there has been a development in the financial industry, when financial deregulation occurs, where the role of providing credit is not only owned by the banks but also other financial institutions. As the result, banks are no longer considered as the center of financial intermediation but could be replaced by other financial instruments. This study aims to reconsider the role of banking as financial intermediation in the monetary transmission mechanism using three methodoligal approaches which are Vector Autoregression and Vector Error Correction Model (VAR-VECM), Error Correction Model (ECM), and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The long-term results of ECM and VECM estimations both show that credit and finacing channel are still relevant to be employed in the monetary transmission mechanism after the development of financial sector and the change of monetary policy, yet only have an impact to economy and do not give effect to inflation. While the result of ARDL estimation indicates that none of the variables affect the monetary policy objectives which means that credit and financing channel are considered to be getting weaker in the monetary transmission mechanism. Keywords : Monetary Transmission Mechanism, Credit Channel, Dual Financial System JEL Classification: E51, E52, E58

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Gusberti, Tomoe Daniela Hamanaka, Vinicius Ludvig, Guilherme Zuanazzi, Bruno Wolff, Andressa Peretti, Clarissa Vasconcellos, Roberta Scherer, and Mariana de Freitas Dewes. "A market for ideas intermediator framework for academic spin-off companies: expanding understanding of the commercialization of technology." Small Enterprise Research 25, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2018.1480413.

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Maslova, A. A. "Co-experiencing psychotherapy as the theoretical basis of adolescent communicative competence development technique." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 25, no. 4 (2017): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2017250409.

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The article deals with the approach to the creation of a computer program for the development of adolescents’ communicative competence — the so-called «virtual interlocutor», which is the Other in terms of the dialogism of M.M. Bakhtin, and the intermediator, which mediates the introduction of a teenager to what may be called the ideal form of communicative culture in terms of cultural-historical psychology. The content of the toolkit is composed of communicative tasks and feedback, which is generated based on the principles of the co-experiencing psychotherapy developed by F.E. Vasilyuk. It’s concluded that the approach is relevant and promising considering the increasing role of Internet resources in the life of modern adolescents. The developed resource will contribute to the solution of problems related to the development of communication, the leading activity in adolescence, the success of which is caused primarily by the level of communicative competence development.

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Chen, Ruirui, Yusheng Liu, Yue Cao, Jianjun Zhao, Lin Yuan, and Hongri Fan. "ArchME: A Systems Modeling Language extension for mechatronic system architecture modeling." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000245.

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AbstractSystem architecture is important for the design of complex mechatronic systems because it acts as an intermediator between conceptual design and detail design. An explicit and exact system modeling language is imperative for successful architecture design. However, some deficiencies remain, such as the lack of geometry elements, hybrid behavior description, and specific association semantics for existing architecture modeling languages. In this study, a Systems Modeling Language extension for mechatronic system architecture modeling called ArchME is proposed. The requirements for the mechatronic System Modeling Language are analyzed, and the metamodels are defined. Then, the modeling elements are determined. Finally, the profiles based on the systems modeling language are defined to support the modeling of function, behavior, structure, and their association. This enables system designers to model the system architecture and facilitates communication between different stakeholders. A case study is provided to demonstrate the modeling capability of ArchME.

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Bhuskute, Sapana Sanjay, and Sujata Kadu. "A Study on Federated Cloud Computing Environment." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b6311.0710221.

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Federated cloud computing is the advancement in the area of the general cloud computing paradigm. In a federated cloud environment, multiple cloud service providers share their computing assets, servers, and various facilities to fulfill customer demands. Federated cloud computing terminology consists of the aggregation of services considered by interoperability characteristics and creates the integration of several cloud service providers regardless of any geographical location. It improves the performance, utilization of facilities, minimizes response time and pricing model by partial subcontracting various computing resources and facilities from the nearby cost-efficient province. Customers also get profited from service level agreements signed between the cloud service providers through intermediator cloud brokers. This work aims to survey the federated cloud environment, its various architectural types, advantages associated with the federation, challenges associated with a federated cloud environment, and future research directions in the federated cloud computing research area.

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Bao, Xiaogang, Zhenhua Wang, Qi Jia, Sibo Shen, Likang Wu, Qi Jiang, Changwei Li, and Guohua Xu. "HIF-1α-Mediated miR-623 Regulates Apoptosis and Inflammatory Responses of Nucleus Pulposus Induced by Oxidative Stress via Targeting TXNIP." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (August 3, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6389568.

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Excessive apoptosis and inflammatory responses of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells induced by oxidative stress contribute to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Though some microRNAs are associated with IVDD, the specific microRNA that can mediate apoptotic and inflammatory responses of NP cells induced by oxidative stress synchronously still needs further identification. Here, we find that microRNA-623 (miR-623) is downregulated in IVDD and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) under oxidative stress conditions. Mechanistically, HIF-1α is observed to promote miR-623 expression by directly binding to its promoter region (−1,994/−1,987 bp). Functionally, miR-623 is found to work as an intermediator in alleviating apoptosis and inflammatory responses of NP cells induced by oxidative stress via regulating thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression by directly targeting its 3 ′ -untranslated region (3 ′ -UTR). Thus, on elucidating the expression and functional mechanisms of miR-623, our study suggests that miR-623 can be a valuable therapeutic target for treating oxidative stress-induced IVDD.

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Chellappa, Rani C., Rani Palanisamy, and Karthikeyan Swaminathan. "RAGE Isoforms, its Ligands and their Role in Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 17, no. 14 (March 5, 2021): 1262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205018666210218164246.

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Receptor for Advanced Glycation End product (RAGE) plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes due to its ability to bind a broad repertory of ligands. There are also multiple forms of RAGE that exist; some work on promoting feed-forward pathways while others perform inhibitory actions. This review focuses on the RAGE isoforms expression, its intracellular pathways activation via RAGE- ligand interaction, and its importance in the physiological and pathological process of the brain. Many studies have suggested that RAGE induces the pathophysiological changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by being an intermediator of inflammation and inducer of oxidative stress. The critical roles played by RAGE in AD include its involvement in amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, clearance, synaptic impairment, and neuronal circuit dysfunction. RAGE-Aβ interaction also mediates the bi-directional crosstalk between peripheral and central systems. This interaction underlies a potential molecular pathway that disrupts the material structure and physiology of the brain. This review highlights the structure-function relation for RAGEAβ interaction and the role of RAGE as a potential target in the development of treatments for AD.

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Aparecida Grillo, Mariana, and Joel Augusto Oliveira Sanchez. "A IMPORTÂNCIA DO PSICOPEDAGOGO INSTITUCIONAL FRENTE A DIFICULDADE DE APRENDIZADO." COLLOQUIUM HUMANARUM 15, Especial 2 (December 1, 2018): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2018.v15.nesp2.001077.

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The research developed aims to present the school as a place of promotion to knowledge, where the educating will have the opportunity to take ownership of the necessary contents to develop and to have a social life. However, the student may experience difficulty in learning because of the lack of school inclusion, or for family and personal problems. In this sense comes the action of the Psychoeducator in the search for answers for each particularity. With investigative work, it is possible to create working methods with this student so that their difficulty is remedied. In the face of the new school paradigms, the work of the psychoeducator is essential as an intermediator in the educational process. In this context this professional gains the role of renewing the concepts of teaching and of adapting the methodologies and practices, so that in this computerized era where the information is transmitted in real time, the student is achieved in its difficulties, yearnings and fears. Thus, this work presents within the analytical, bibliographic and exploratory research a reflection on such facts, consolidating the role of the Psychoeducator, and concluding through this study the purpose of this professional that will develop its Work favoring and guiding the process of teaching and learning and human development.

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TALUKDER, Anup K., Mohamed S. YOUSEF, Mohammad B. RASHID, Kensuke AWAI, Tomas J. ACOSTA, Takashi SHIMIZU, Kiyoshi OKUDA, Masayuki SHIMADA, Kazuhiko IMAKAWA, and Akio MIYAMOTO. "Bovine embryo induces an anti-inflammatory response in uterine epithelial cells and immune cells in vitro: possible involvement of interferon tau as an intermediator." Journal of Reproduction and Development 63, no. 4 (2017): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2017-056.

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López-Martínez, Gabriel, and Pilar Espeso-Molinero. "Pesca artesanal, patrimonio cultural y educación social." Revista Murciana de Antropología, no. 27 (December 29, 2020): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rmu.427471.

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En los últimos años, las comunidades europeas de pescadores han sufrido cambios estructurales importantes derivados de las distintas reformas de la Política de Pesca Común (PPC). Los instrumentos aplicados han provocado una transformación en este sector, afectando de manera significativa a las pequeñas poblaciones de pescadores. En este contexto, el estudio antropológico se presenta como una herramienta de gran valor para comprender las respuestas de individuos y comunidades a los nuevos retos. El presente trabajo, basado en información primaria y secundaria recogida en la Región de Murcia en la última década, explora algunas de estas respuestas. Los testimonios de los diferentes informantes muestran el debilitamiento de esta profesión como consecuencia de las herramientas políticas implementadas. La disminución del número de embarcaciones y de trabajadores independientes, unido a la falta de relevo generacional pone en riesgo el conocimiento tradicional de la pesca artesanal. Para reflexionar sobre el presente y el futuro de estas prácticas ancestrales, se exponen una serie de experiencias donde se presenta al pescador como intermediador o agente transmisor de conocimiento, vinculando el legado patrimonial a distintos sectores de la sociedad contemporánea. In recent years, European fishing communities have undergone major structural changes resulting from the different reforms of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The instruments implemented have led to a transformation in this sector, affecting small fishing stocks. In this context, we present an anthropological study as a tool of great value to understand the responses of individuals and communities to new challenges. This work, based on primary and secondary information collected in the last decade in the Region of Murcia (Spain), explores some of these responses. The testimonies of the different informants show the weakening of this profession as a result of the political tools implemented. Decreasing number of boats and self-employed workers, coupled with a lack of generational replacement puts at risk traditional knowledge of artisanal fishing. To reflect on the present and future of these ancestral practices, a series of experiences are presented where the fisherman is revealed as an intermediator or transmitting agent of knowledge, linking the heritage legacy to different sectors of contemporary society.

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Reichelt, Bernd. "NEW WAYS OF PACKAGE PROJECTS FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES (SME) IN GERMANY/NEUE WEGE IM SCHLÜSSELFERTIGBAU FÜR KLEINE UND MITTELSTÄNDISCHE UNTERNEHMEN." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 4 (August 31, 2001): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531739.

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In Germany the building industry is in recession at the moment. Especially the SMEs have to adapt to different situation in order to survive. One possible strategy could be taken on orders as main contractors. This has until now been donne dominantely by large building enterprises. The author describes problems and chances which arise if the SMEs take on package projects. He develops a strategic idea that is based on intensive use of computers in all processes and on new forms of cooperation (partnering) that is less known in Germany. The author is convinced that in future the collaboration of partners will play a significant role in the construction of structures that are completely finished and ready for sale. After the improvement of the prototype and optimisation of the information system, the proposed model has a good potential in the field of small and medium business units. After the methodological knowledge and software blend into one product, a new solution will be received, viz the franchise. The integrated system of working with an interested contractor general, his subcontractors and, if necessary, the construction master, that includes training, software support, software test runs, elimination of conflicts and faults, etc. In the first projects the franchiser must provide the intermediator. The Institute of Collaboration of Construction Partners that earns its income from the sale of franchises may perform scientific improvement of methods and software; the Institute is also engaged in dealing with atypical problems, support of subcontractors and contractors in their search for new ideas, as well as in the promotion of its methods using public relations.

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Liu, Xin-Mei, Guo-Lian Ding, Ying Jiang, Hong-Jie Pan, Dan Zhang, Ting-Ting Wang, Run-Ju Zhang, Jing Shu, Jian-Zhong Sheng, and He-Feng Huang. "Down-Regulation of S100A11, a Calcium-Binding Protein, in Human Endometrium May Cause Reproductive Failure." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 3672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2075.

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Abstract Background: Low expression levels of S100A11 proteins were demonstrated in the placental villous tissue of patients with early pregnancy loss, and S100A11 is a Ca2+-binding protein that interprets the calcium fluctuations and elicits various cellular responses. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine S100A11 expression in human endometrium and its roles in endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. Methods: S100A11 expression in human endometrium was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical techniques. The effects of S100A11 on embryo implantation were examined using in vivo mouse model, and JAr (a human choriocarcinoma cell line) spheroid attachment assays. The effects of endometrial S100A11 on factors related to endometrial receptivity and immune responses were examined. Using a fluorescence method, we examined the changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-treated endometrial cells transfected with or without S100A11 small interfering RNA. Results: S100A11 was expressed in human endometrium. S100A11 protein levels were significantly lower in endometrium of women with failed pregnancy than that in women with successful pregnancy outcomes. The knockdown of endometrial S100A11 not only reduced embryo implantation rate in mouse but also had adverse effects on the expression of factors related to endometrial receptivity and immune responses in human endometrial cells. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S100A11 proteins were mainly localized in endoplasmic reticulum. The EGF up-regulated endometrial S100A11 expression and promoted the Ca2+ uptake and release from Ca2+ stores, which was inhibited by the knockdown of S100A11. Conclusions: Endometrial S100A11 is a crucial intermediator in EGF-stimulated embryo adhesion, endometrium receptivity, and immunotolerance via affecting Ca2+ uptake and release from intracellular Ca2+ stores. Down-regulation of S100A11 may cause reproductive failure.

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Kim, S. J., O. S. Bang, Y. S. Lee, and S. S. Kang. "Production of inducible nitric oxide is required for monocytic differentiation of U937 cells induced by vitamin E-succinate." Journal of Cell Science 111, no. 4 (February 15, 1998): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.111.4.435.

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Many putative differentiating agents arrest cell growth prior to progression of the cell through differentiation. Vitamin E-succinate is known to be a potent modulator of haematopoietic differentiation as well as an inhibitor of cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined whether vitamin E-succinate could modulate the monocytic differentiation of U937 human monoblasts. Treatment with vitamin E-succinate for 1–4 days inhibited the proliferation of U937 cells. Vitamin E-succinate also induced monocytic differentiation as indicated by the increase in nitro blue tetrazolium reduction activity, and the expression of monocyte specific cell surface antigen, CD11c, and integrins alpha5 and beta1. The monocytic differentiation of U937 cells was also induced when the cells were cultured in fibronectin-coated wells. Monocytic differentiation was enhanced when the cells were treated with both vitamin E-succinate and fibronectin, suggesting that vitamin E-succinate and fibronectin synergistically act on monocytic differentiation of U937 cells. During monocytic differentiation of U937 cells induced by vitamin E-succinate and/or fibronectin, nitric oxide was detected in supernatants. The production of nitric oxide was not detected when monocytic differentiation of U937 cells was induced by phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate, a well known inducer of macrophage-like cell differentiation. Vitamin E-succinate and/or fibronectin induced monocytic differentiation was blocked by the treatment of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-G-monomethyl-L-arginine. In contrast, treatment of cells with sodium nitroprusside, a chemical nitric oxide donor, stimulated monocytic differentiation of U937 cells at an early time point. Taken together, these results suggest that nitric oxide is an important intermediator at an early stage of vitamin E-succinate- and/or fibronectin-induced monocytic differentiation of U937 cells.

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Mukherjee, Deeparghya. "Services traded for intermediate and final usage." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 459–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2016-0237.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and assess the trends of bilateral services trade in the world segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage across several service sectors. The differential trends, if any, are studied while examining the role of free trade agreements which have a chapter on services trade as well as the role of services trade restrictions. The study unravels differences across service sectors in this respect. Design/methodology/approach The author uses an augmented gravity model to address the above using OECD- World Trade Organization (WTO) TiVA data for bilateral trade in intermediates and final products (October 2015 release) and World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI). The poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique is used in light of the structure of the data. Trade creating and diverting effects are identified controlling for time and country-time specific effects. The following sectors are specifically looked at: total business sector services, computer and related services, financial intermediation, post and telecommunication, transport and storage, R&D and other business services, hotels and restaurants, construction, and wholesale and retail trade. Findings First, services free trade agreements (FTAs) have had a trade creating impact with no trade diverting impact for services trade in aggregate with stronger effects on services traded for intermediate usage. Second, financial intermediation and post and telecommunication have been left unaffected by services FTAs. While no trade diversion is concluded for any sector, R&D and other business services, transport and storage and wholesale retail trade show maximum trade creation effects in response to FTAs. Third, trade restrictions of mainly OECD countries are responsible for lowering exports for most sectors. Finally, in terms of policy implications, at a general level, the author does not find a significant difference in the author’s results for services traded for intermediate usage or final consumption except for a stronger effect of FTAs on intermediate services trade. Hence, the policies to foster services trade on both counts are concluded to be the same and deal with behind-the-border policies of domestic industrial policy reforms like national treatment of foreign firms, licensing requirements, FDI policies, etc. Research limitations/implications Statistics for services trade are limited. The data are only available for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Additionally, the conclusions on services trade restrictions are based on statistics for 2011 alone, since this is the only year for which the statistics are available. A complete time series for the entire sample period would increase robustness of the study with a better time variant version of the trade restrictiveness variable. Finally, in the construction of the OECD-WTO-TiVA database of a world IO table, there may have been approximations in constructing statistics for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption. The results remain sensitive to the same but this is the best possible statistics available for the purposes. Originality/value This is the first study which looks at services trade segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage taking advantage of the available data for a number of service sectors. The role of restrictions is also studied for the first time segmented by trade in intermediates and final consumption. The stronger effects of FTAs on intermediate services trade as well as financial intermediation and post and telecommunication services being insulated from effects of FTAs are important findings, especially since services are mainly thought to be traded for final consumption. Similar trends of results for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption and restrictions affecting exports from exporter countries and imports by importer countries highlight the importance of behind-the-border domestic policies in facilitating or inhibiting services trade on both counts and more importantly for intermediate usage which, in turn, would improve goods tradability.

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Moro, Alessio. "BIASED TECHNICAL CHANGE, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2011): 184–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000532.

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In this paper I show that the intensity at which intermediate goods are used in the production process affects aggregate total factor productivity (TFP). To do this, I construct an input–output model economy in which firms produce gross output by means of a production function in capital, labor, and intermediate goods. This production function is subject, together with the standard neutral technical change, to intermediates-biased technical change. Positive (negative) intermediates-biased technical change implies a decline (increase) in the elasticity of gross output with respect to intermediate goods. In equilibrium, this elasticity appears as an explicit part of TFP in the value added aggregate production function. In particular, when the elasticity of gross output with respect to intermediates increases, aggregate TFP declines. I use the model to quantify the impact of intermediates-biased technical change for measured TFP growth in Italy. The exercise shows that intermediates-biased technical change can account for the productivity slowdown observed in Italy from 1994 to 2004.

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Ďurčová, Júlia, and Dominika Oravcová. "THE INVOLVEMENT OF SLOVAKIA IN INTERMEDIATE TRADE." Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/balkans.jetss.2019.2.1.65-72.

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Fragmentation of production processes across borders represents a new paradigm of foreign trade. The new organization of production processes at the global or regional level opposite to a national level has been manifested by huge increase of trade in intermediate inputs. The world trade is growing fast and is largely driven by the intermediate trade. Countries that do not significantly engage in intermediate trade and achieve low labour productivity growth rates, have seen lower growth rates of value added. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the involvement of Slovakia in use and trade in intermediates. We analyze the import and export of intermediates using data from world input-output database. The results for Slovakia show that the trade in intermediates has experienced a significant shift over last 14 years. The volume of intermediate trade remarkably grown moreover the dynamic of its change overcomes the growth of gross output as well as value added. At the same time, the Slovak industrial sectors have increased demand for imported intermediate inputs; furthermore the difference between imported and exported intermediate inputs rises.

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Li, Zhenzhen, Yanhui Jia, Shichao Han, Xingqin Wang, Fu Han, Julei Zhang, Wei Zhang, Hao Guan, and Dahai Hu. "Klf4 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Inducing Expression of MCP-1 Induced Protein 1 to Deubiquitinate TRAF6." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 47, no. 6 (2018): 2278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491538.

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Background/Aims: Inflammation is an essential component of innate immunity against pathogens, but is tightly regulated, such as by Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), to prevent injury. Klf4 also regulates macrophage polarization, although the mechanisms underlying both functions are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how Klf4 prevents unregulated inflammation. Methods: The bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cell line were used. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1), Klf4 and MCPIP1 transcript levels. Extraction of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and Immunoblotting were used to determine Klf4, MCPIP1, relative kinases from NF-κB pathway and K63-linked polyubiquitins expression in nucleus and cytoplasm separately. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze whether Klf4 mediate MCPIP1 transcription. Immunoprecipitation was used to determine the protein interaction among Klf4, MCPIP1, TRAF6 and K63-linked polyubiquitins. Secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α into sera in mice was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We found that exposure to lipopolysaccharides suppresses Klf4 expression, even as it induces release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Strikingly, Klf4 overexpression significantly lowered cytokine secretion and NF-κB signaling in the cytoplasm following exposure to lipopolysaccharide, even though Klf4 was exclusively nuclear. The cytoplasmic effects are likely mediated by MCP-1 induced protein 1 (MCPIP1), a deubiquitinase and a key modulator of inflammation that accumulates both in the nucleus and cytoplasm in response to Klf4. Indeed, binding between MCPIP1 and K63 polyubiquitins is attenuated in macrophages overexpressing Klf4, suggesting that MCPIP1 is an intermediator induced by Klf4 in the nucleus to remove K63 polyubiquitins from TRAF6 in the cytoplasm, and thereby impede NF-κB and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, Klf4 overexpression in mice alleviated sepsis symptoms following exposure to lipopolysaccharides. Conclusion: The data highlight Klf4 as an essential MCPIP1-dependent modulator of innate immunity that protects against excessive and self-destructive inflammation.

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Dimmock, A. P., M. A. Balikhin, S. N. Walker, and S. A. Pope. "Dispersion of low frequency plasma waves upstream of the quasi-perpendicular terrestrial bow shock." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 8 (August 9, 2013): 1387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1387-2013.

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Abstract. Low frequency waves in the foot of a supercritical quasi-perpendicular shock front have been observed since the very early in situ observations of the terrestrial bow shock (Guha et al., 1972). The great attention that has been devoted to these type of waves since the first observations is explained by the key role attributed to them in the processes of energy redistribution in the shock front by various theoretical models. In some models, these waves play the role of the intermediator between the ions and electrons. It is assumed that they are generated by plasma instability that exist due to the counter-streaming flows of incident and reflected ions. In the second type of models, these waves result from the evolution of the shock front itself in the quasi-periodic process of steepening and overturning of the magnetic ramp. However, the range of the observed frequencies in the spacecraft frame are not enough to distinguish the origin of the observed waves. It also requires the determination of the wave vectors and the plasma frame frequencies. Multipoint measurements within the wave coherence length are needed for an ambiguous determination of the wave vectors. In the main multi-point missions such as ISEE, AMPTE, Cluster and THEMIS, the spacecraft separation is too large for such a wave vector determination and therefore only very few case studies are published (mainly for AMPTE UKS AMPTE IRM pair). Here we present the observations of upstream low frequency waves by the Cluster spacecraft which took place on 19 February 2002. The spacecraft separation during the crossing of the bow shock was small enough to determine the wave vectors and allowed the identification of the plasma wave dispersion relation for the observed waves. Presented results are compared with whistler wave dispersion and it is shown that contrary to previous studies based on the AMPTE data, the phase velocity in the shock frame is directed downstream. The consequences of this finding for both types of models that were developed to explain the generation of these waves are discussed.

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Nakao, Masaharu, Munehito Arai, Takumi Koshiba, Katsutoshi Nitta, and Kunihiro Kuwajima. "Folding mechanism of canine milk lysozyme studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy." Spectroscopy 17, no. 2-3 (2003): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/184135.

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We have studied the guanidine hydrochloride‒induced equilibrium unfolding and the kinetics of refolding of canine milk lysozyme by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium unfolding measured by circular dichroism and fluorescence has shown that unfolding is represented by a three‒state mechanism and that the intermediate state of canine milk lysozyme is remarkably more stable than the intermediates observed in other lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. In the kinetic refolding of this protein, there are at least two kinetic intermediates; a burst=phase intermediate accumulated within the dead time (4 ms) of the measurement and an intermediate that has been observed during the kinetics with a rate constant of 10–20 s–1after the burst phase. This result is apparently in contrast with those previously observed in the kinetic refolding of α‒lactalbumin and equine lysozyme that show only the burst‒phase intermediate. The relationship between the extraordinarily stable equilibrium molten globule and the kinetic folding intermediates will be discussed.

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Kuz’, Halyna. "Frazeolohichnyy minimum z ukrayinsʹkoyi movy dlya slovʺyanomovnykh studentiv (rubizhnyy ta vysokyy rivni, B1-B2)." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.8.9.

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The article deals with the volume and composition of the phraseological minimum as a necessary and effective element of the formation of linguistic and cultural competence in the process of language learning at intermediate and upper intermediate levels, outlines the quantitative and qualitative structure of the phraseological minimum for learning the Ukrainian language by Slavic students, and offers a list of phraseological units as a component of the described minimum. The material presented in the textbooks of the Ukrainian language as a foreign language was used to form the list of phraseological units, which was minimized according to the criteria of selection of the phraseological minimum for levels B1-B2.

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Eilfeld, Peter, and Wolfhart Rüdiger. "Absorption Spectra of Phytochrome Intermediates." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1985): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-1-221.

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Native phytochrome (124 kdalton) was isolated from etiolated seedlings of Avena sativa L. cv. Pirol (Baywa, Munich). From low temperature spectra (0°C to - 165 °C) of phytochrome samples irradiated either with red or far-red light, spectra of intermediates were calculated. Both absorption bands of the phytochrome chromophore were reported. On the pathway Pr → Pfr, native phytochrome does not form a bleached intermediate (meta-Rb) in contrast to degraded phytochrome. An additional intermediate, meta-Rc (λmax = 725 nm), is formed instead. On the reverse pathway only two intermediates were found, lumi-F and meta-F. Oscillator strengths′ values were calculated and interpreted in terms of chromophore conformation. A scheme of intermediates for native phytochrome is presented.

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Frelin, Océane, Lili Huang, Ghulam Hasnain, James G. Jeffryes, Michael J. Ziemak, James R. Rocca, Bing Wang, et al. "A directed-overflow and damage-control N-glycosidase in riboflavin biosynthesis." Biochemical Journal 466, no. 1 (February 6, 2015): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20141237.

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The early intermediates of riboflavin biosynthesis are reactive and potentially damaging. Plant and bacterial proteins from the COG3236 family can cleave the N-glycosidic bond in these intermediates, yielding relatively benign products and thus preventing damage due to intermediate buildup.

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Knoot, Cory J., Vincent M. Purpero, and John D. Lipscomb. "Crystal structures of alkylperoxo and anhydride intermediates in an intradiol ring-cleaving dioxygenase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (December 29, 2014): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419118112.

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Intradiol aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenases use an active site, nonheme Fe3+ to activate O2 and catecholic substrates for reaction. The inability of Fe3+ to directly bind O2 presents a mechanistic conundrum. The reaction mechanism of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase is investigated here using the alternative substrate 4-fluorocatechol. This substrate is found to slow the reaction at several steps throughout the mechanistic cycle, allowing the intermediates to be detected in solution studies. When the reaction was initiated in an enzyme crystal, it was found to halt at one of two intermediates depending on the pH of the surrounding solution. The X-ray crystal structure of the intermediate at pH 6.5 revealed the key alkylperoxo-Fe3+ species, and the anhydride-Fe3+ intermediate was found for a crystal reacted at pH 8.5. Intermediates of these types have not been structurally characterized for intradiol dioxygenases, and they validate four decades of spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational studies. In contrast to our similar in crystallo crystallographic studies of an Fe2+-containing extradiol dioxygenase, no evidence for a superoxo or peroxo intermediate preceding the alkylperoxo was found. This observation and the lack of spectroscopic evidence for an Fe2+ intermediate that could bind O2 are consistent with concerted formation of the alkylperoxo followed by Criegee rearrangement to yield the anhydride and ultimately ring-opened product. Structural comparison of the alkylperoxo intermediates from the intra- and extradiol dioxygenases provides a rationale for site specificity of ring cleavage.

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Philippon, Thomas. "Has the US Finance Industry Become Less Efficient? On the Theory and Measurement of Financial Intermediation." American Economic Review 105, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 1408–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120578.

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A quantitative investigation of financial intermediation in the United States over the past 130 years yields the following results: (i) the finance industry's share of gross domestic product (GDP) is high in the 1920s, low in the 1960s, and high again after 1980; (ii) most of these variations can be explained by corresponding changes in the quantity of intermediated assets (equity, household and corporate debt, liquidity); (iii) intermediation has constant returns to scale and an annual cost of 1.5–2 percent of intermediated assets; (iv) secular changes in the characteristics of firms and households are quantitatively important. (JEL D24, E44, G21, G32, N22)

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Erdogan, Huriye. "One small step for cytochrome P450 in its catalytic cycle, one giant leap for enzymology." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 04n05 (April 2019): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619300040.

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The intermediates operating in the cytochrome P450 catalytic cycle have been investigated for more than half a century, fascinating many enzymologists. Each intermediate has its unique role to carry out diverse oxidations. Natural time course of the catalytic cycle is quite fast, hence, not all of the reactive intermediates could be isolated during physiological catalysis. Different high-valent iron intermediates have been proposed as primary oxidants: the candidates are compound 0 (Cpd 0, [FeOOH][Formula: see text]P450) and compound I (Cpd I, Fe(IV)[Formula: see text]O por[Formula: see text]P450). Among them, the role of Cpd I in hydroxylation is fairly well understood due the discovery of the peroxide shunt. This review endeavors to put the outstanding research efforts conducted to isolate and characterize the intermediates together. In addition to spectral features of each intermediate in the catalytic cycle, the oxidizing powers of Cpd 0 and Cpd I will be discussed along with most recent scientific findings.

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Witteman, Cilia L. M., and John H. L. van den Bercken. "Intermediate Effects in Psychodiagnostic Classification." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.56.

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Most comparative studies of performance in psychodiagnostic classification contrast novices with very experienced clinicians, and do not include a group with an intermediate level of experience. We describe an empirical study involving 41 clinicians with three levels of experience. We asked novices, intermediates, and very experienced psychodiagnosticians to give the diagnostic (DSM) classification for 10 written cases. We found an intermediate effect in diagnosticians' decision time and correctness: Intermediates performed worse and faster than both novices and very experienced clinicians. In line with most other studies, we found that experienced diagnosticians were not significantly more accurate than novices.

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Renaut, Olivier. "Thumos and doxa as intermediates in the Republic." PLATO JOURNAL 18 (December 22, 2018): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-4105_18_6.

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Broadly speaking, something can be called intermediate for Plato insofar as it occupies a place between two objects, poles, places, time, or principles. But this broad meaning of the intermediate has been eclipsed by the Aristotelian critique of the intermediate objects of the dianoia, so that it has become more difficult to think of the intermediates as functions of the soul. The aim of this paper is to show how, in the Republic, thumos is analogously treated as an intermediate with other kinds of intermediate objects, and tentatively to relate this psychological intermediate in a broader theory with doxa, as its epistemological ground in the course of action.

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He, Ling-Yun, and Liang Wang. "Import Liberalization of Intermediates and Environment: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092579.

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This paper investigates how the import liberalization of intermediates affects firm-level pollution emissions. We divide the impact of freer import of intermediates on pollution emissions into induced scale, composition and technique effects and then develop interaction terms to examine these effects. Relying on a panel of plant-level data from China manufacturing sector for the period 2001 to 2007, we find freer import of intermediate inputs is conducive to pollution reductions at the plant level, lowering pollution via induced technique and composition effects and, in turn, increasing emission through induced scale effect. In summary, import liberalization of intermediate inputs can contribute to the better environmental performance of China manufacturing sector.

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Ravndal, Kristin T., and Roald Kommedal. "Starch degradation and intermediate dynamics in flocculated and dispersed microcosms." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 11 (August 16, 2017): 2928–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.467.

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Abstract A large fraction of the organic substrate in municipal wastewater is particulate. Prior to uptake, particles have to be degraded through potentially a range of intermediates. However, research on intermediate dynamics during particle hydrolysis is limited. In this paper, batch experiments on flocculated and dispersed biomass microcosms using starch as particulate substrate are reported. Overall hydrolysis rate was not significantly different between the two systems. Particle colonization, and increased particle porosity in combination with particle breakup, led to increased substrate availability over time. Particle breakup was more important for flocculated biomass, while increased particle porosity and particle colonization played a larger role for dispersed biomass. During particle degradation intermediates were formed; however, all intermediate polymer sizes were not formed to the same extent. This can be explained by non-random enzymatic degradation, where some products are preferred over others. Intermediates' dynamics also depend on the biomass structure, and in a floc-based system, diffusion limitations allow glucose to accumulate in the system.

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Tsujiuchi, Yutaka, Hiroshi Masumoto, and Takashi Goto. "Rate Constant Change of Photo Reaction of Bacteriorhodopsin Observed in Trimeric Molecular System." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12318.

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To elucidate the time evolution of photo reaction of bacteriorhodopsin in glycerol mixed purple membrane at around 196 K under irradiation by red light, a kinetic model was constructed. The change of absorption with irradiation at times of 560 nm and 412 nm was analyzed for the purpose of determining reaction rates of photo reaction of bacteriorhodopsin and its product M intermediate. In this study it is shown that reaction rates of conversion from bacteriorhodopsin to the M intermediate can be explained by a set of linear differential equations. This model analysis concludes that bacteriorhodopsin in which constitutes a trimer unit with other two bacteriorhodopsin molecules changes into M intermediates in the 1.73 of reaction rate, in the initial step, and according to the number of M intermediate in a trimer unit, from three to one, the reaction rate of bacteriorhodopsin into M intermediates smaller as 1.73, 0.80, 0.19 which caused by influence of inter-molecular interaction between bacteriorhodopsin.

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Chasar, Dwight W. "Tetraisobutylthiuram Monosulfide: How Can It Be Both a Cure Retarder and Accelerator with Benzothiazole Sulfenamides?" Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 4 (September 1, 1997): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538449.

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Abstract N, N, N′, N′-Tetraisobutylthiuram monosulfide (TiBTM) performs both as a retarder and kicker when used with 2-benzothiazole sulfenamide accelerators. Model reactions were run and followed by HPLC to identify the intermediates that form between TiBTM (and its various analogs) and the primary accelerators. Some of these intermediates were independently synthesized and evaluated as retarders/kickers. The isobutyl groups are responsible for imparting the scorch delay characteristics to one of these intermediates. One other intermediate is most likely responsible for the kicker effect.

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Kikuchi, David W., and David W. Pfennig. "High-model abundance may permit the gradual evolution of Batesian mimicry: an experimental test." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (December 2, 2009): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2000.

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In Batesian mimicry, a harmless species (the ‘mimic’) resembles a dangerous species (the ‘model’) and is thus protected from predators. It is often assumed that the mimetic phenotype evolves from a cryptic phenotype, but it is unclear how a population can transition through intermediate phenotypes; such intermediates may receive neither the benefits of crypsis nor mimicry. Here, we ask if selection against intermediates weakens with increasing model abundance. We also ask if mimicry has evolved from cryptic phenotypes in a mimetic clade. We first present an ancestral character-state reconstruction showing that mimicry of a coral snake ( Micrurus fulvius ) by the scarlet kingsnake ( Lampropeltis elapsoides ) evolved from a cryptic phenotype. We then evaluate predation rates on intermediate phenotypes relative to cryptic and mimetic phenotypes under conditions of both high- and low-model abundances. Our results indicate that where coral snakes are rare, intermediate phenotypes are attacked more often than cryptic and mimetic phenotypes, indicating the presence of an adaptive valley. However, where coral snakes are abundant, intermediate phenotypes are not attacked more frequently, resulting in an adaptive landscape without a valley. Thus, high-model abundance may facilitate the evolution of Batesian mimicry.

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40

Qin, Mingming, Haigang Song, Xin Dai, Yaozong Chen, and Zhihong Guo. "Two active site arginines are critical determinants of substrate binding and catalysis in MenD: a thiamine-dependent enzyme in menaquinone biosynthesis." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 22 (November 30, 2018): 3651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180548.

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The bacterial enzyme MenD, or 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate (SEPHCHC) synthase, catalyzes an essential Stetter reaction in menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis via thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-bound tetrahedral post-decarboxylation intermediates. The detailed mechanism of this intermediate chemistry, however, is still poorly understood, but of significant interest given that menaquinone is an essential electron transporter in many pathogenic bacteria. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis, enzyme kinetic assays, and protein crystallography to reveal an active–inactive intermediate equilibrium in MenD catalysis and its modulation by two conserved active site arginine residues. We observed that these conserved residues play a key role in shifting the equilibrium to the active intermediate by orienting the C2-succinyl group of the intermediates through strong ionic hydrogen bonding. We found that when this interaction is moderately weakened by amino acid substitutions, the resulting proteins are catalytically competent with the C2-succinyl group taking either the active or the inactive orientation in the post-decarboxylation intermediate. When this hydrogen-bonding interaction was strongly weakened, the succinyl group was re-oriented by 180° relative to the native intermediate, resulting in the reversal of the stereochemistry at the reaction center that disabled catalysis. Interestingly, this inactive intermediate was formed with a distinct kinetic behavior, likely as a result of a non-native mode of enzyme–substrate interaction. The mechanistic insights gained from these findings improve our understanding of the new ThDP-dependent catalysis. More importantly, the non-native-binding site of the inactive MenD intermediate uncovered here provides a new target for the development of antibiotics.

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Inatomi, Takahiro, Yukino Fukahori, Yuji Yamada, Ryuta Ishikawa, Shinji Kanegawa, Yuji Koga, and Kouki Matsubara. "Ni(i)–Ni(iii) cycle in Buchwald–Hartwig amination of aryl bromide mediated by NHC-ligated Ni(i) complexes." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 8 (2019): 1784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy02427h.

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Pougin, Anna, Martin Dilla, and Jennifer Strunk. "Identification and exclusion of intermediates of photocatalytic CO2 reduction on TiO2 under conditions of highest purity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 16 (2016): 10809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07148h.

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Burés, Jordi, Alan Armstrong, and Donna G. Blackmond. "The interplay of thermodynamics and kinetics in dictating organocatalytic reactivity and selectivity." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1919–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-13-01-14.

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Recent reports of the real-time identification of intermediates in organocatalytic reactions by NMR spectroscopy coupled with detailed kinetic studies highlight a potential role for stable intermediates reversibly formed downstream from what is generally considered to be the enantioselectivity-determining step. In this work, we employ kinetic modeling to explore these concepts further. We demonstrate that when an intermediate is common to multiple reaction pathways, the relative reactivity of these pathways dictates the ultimate outcome, regardless of the relative stability of other intermediates connected to these pathways. Kinetic modeling also illustrates important implications for enantioselectivity depending on whether such intermediates lie on or off the catalytic cycle.

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Sequeira, César A. C. "Intermediates in Ring-Disc Electrode Processes." Materials Science Forum 553 (August 2007): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.553.152.

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In the history of electrode processes, intermediates are of extraordinary interest. In the lecture which follows, the most common types of intermediates in electrode processes are classified. Secondly, most of the methods which are available and have been used in finding intermediates are characterised. Thirdly, the principles of detection of intermediate and final products of electrode processes on the basis of kinetic information obtained by means of the rotating ring-disc electrode method are discussed. This approach is used for identification of the products of an organic electroreduction. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the cathodic reduction of such organic compounds involves formation of stable and unstable intermediates.

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45

Hu, M. G., Y. Liu, D. D. Grimes, Y. W. Lin, A. H. Gheorghe, R. Vexiau, N. Bouloufa-Maafa, O. Dulieu, T. Rosenband, and K. K. Ni. "Direct observation of bimolecular reactions of ultracold KRb molecules." Science 366, no. 6469 (November 28, 2019): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9531.

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Femtochemistry techniques have been instrumental in accessing the short time scales necessary to probe transient intermediates in chemical reactions. In this study, we took the contrasting approach of prolonging the lifetime of an intermediate by preparing reactant molecules in their lowest rovibronic quantum state at ultralow temperatures, thereby markedly reducing the number of exit channels accessible upon their mutual collision. Using ionization spectroscopy and velocity-map imaging of a trapped gas of potassium-rubidium (KRb) molecules at a temperature of 500 nanokelvin, we directly observed reactants, intermediates, and products of the reaction 40K87Rb + 40K87Rb → K2Rb2* → K2 + Rb2. Beyond observation of a long-lived, energy-rich intermediate complex, this technique opens the door to further studies of quantum-state–resolved reaction dynamics in the ultracold regime.

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Simantiras, Michalis, and Eckhard Leistner. "Cell Free Synthesis Of Ö-Succinylbenzoic Acid In Protein Extracts From Anthraquinone And Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) Producing Plant Cell Suspension Cultures. Occurrence Of Intermediates Between Isochorismic And o-Succinylbenzoic Acid." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1991): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-5-606.

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Cell free protein extracts from heterotrophic anthraquinone (“Rubiatype”) producing cell suspension cultures of three different Galium species and from a photoautotrophic phylloquinone (vitamin K ,) producing cell suspension culture of Morinda lucida Benth. (Rubiaceae) catalyzed the synthesis of o-succinylbenzoic acid (OSB) from isochorismic acid and a-oxoglutaric acid in the presence of thiamine diphosphate and Mn2+. At least two intermediates in the conversion of isochorismic to o-succinylbenzoic acid were detectable. One of these intermediates is likely to be identical to 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4- cyclohexadiene-l-carboxylate (SHCHC), a metabolite known to occur in bacterial mutants (menD+) blocked in o-succinylbenzoic acid synthesis. The structure of the second intermediate is as yet unknown. A third intermediate may also occur

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Siegel, D. P. "Energetics of intermediates in membrane fusion: comparison of stalk and inverted micellar intermediate mechanisms." Biophysical Journal 65, no. 5 (November 1993): 2124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81256-6.

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Campos, Luis A., Marta Bueno, Jon Lopez-Llano, María Ángeles Jiménez, and Javier Sancho. "Structure of Stable Protein Folding Intermediates by Equilibrium ϕ-Analysis: The Apoflavodoxin Thermal Intermediate." Journal of Molecular Biology 344, no. 1 (November 2004): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.081.

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Konstantinovic, Sandra, Budimir Konstantinovic, and Jasmina Jovanovic. "Synthesis and structure of vanillin azomethines." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 15, no. 4 (2009): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0904279k.

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Vanillin is most prominent as the principal flavor and aroma compound in vanilla. Vanillin has been used as a chemical intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. The two intermediates, assigned as intermediates I and II, were prepared by using vanillin and 1-butylbromide or 2-chloroacetic acid, respectively. The condensation of intermediates with 2,3-diaminopyridine gave azomethines. Their structure was established by using elemental microanalysis, as well as UV/Vis, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. Synthesized compounds were tested for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida lipolytica and Sacharomyces cerevisiae.

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Khalimonchuk, Oleh, Megan Bestwick, Brigitte Meunier, Talina C. Watts, and Dennis R. Winge. "Formation of the Redox Cofactor Centers during Cox1 Maturation in Yeast Cytochrome Oxidase." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 4 (December 7, 2009): 1004–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00640-09.

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ABSTRACT The biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase initiates with synthesis and maturation of the mitochondrion-encoded Cox1 subunit prior to the addition of other subunits. Cox1 contains redox cofactors, including the low-spin heme a center and the heterobimetallic heme a 3:CuB center. We sought to identify the step in the maturation of Cox1 in which the redox cofactor centers are assembled. Newly synthesized Cox1 is incorporated within one early assembly intermediate containing Mss51 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Subsequent Cox1 maturation involves the progression to downstream assembly intermediates involving Coa1 and Shy1. We show that the two heme a cofactor sites in Cox1 form downstream of Mss51- and Coa1-containing Cox1 intermediates. These Cox1 intermediates form normally in cells defective in heme a biosynthesis or in cox1 mutant strains with heme a axial His mutations. In contrast, the Shy1-containing Cox1 assembly intermediate is perturbed in the absence of heme a. Heme a 3 center formation in Cox1 appears to be chaperoned by Shy1. CuB site formation occurs near or at the Shy1-containing Cox1 assembly intermediate also. The CuB metallochaperone Cox11 transiently interacts with Shy1 by coimmunoprecipitation. The Shy1-containing Cox1 complex is markedly attenuated in cells lacking Cox11 but is partially restored with a nonfunctional Cox11 mutant. Thus, formation of the heterobimetallic CuB:heme a 3 site likely occurs in the Shy1-containing Cox1 complex.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Intermediator'

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