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1
Approaches to the individual: The relationship between internal and external conversation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Chalari, Athanasia. Approaches to the individual: The relationship between internal and external conversation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Chalari, Athanasia. Approaches to the individual: The relationship between internal and external conversation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Chalari, Athanasia. Approaches to the individual: The relationship between internal and external conversation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Wilson, Paul F. Performance-based assessments: External, internal, and self-assessment tools for total quality management. Milwaukee, Wis: ASQC Quality Press, 1995.
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Mfunwa, Mzwanele Griffiths. Strengthening internal accountability in the context of programme-based approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bonn: German Development Institute, 2006.
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Castañeda-Méndez, Kicab. The Baldrige assessor's workbook: How to perform the examiner's role for internal and external assessments. New York, N.Y: Quality Resources, 1997.
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8
Wedgwood, Ralph. Why Does Rationality Matter? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0009.
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Internalism implies that rationality requires nothing more than what in the broadest sense counts as ‘coherence’. The earlier chapters of this book argue that rationality is in a strong sense normative. But why does coherence matter? The interpretation of this question is clarified. An answer to the question would involve a general characterization of rationality that makes it intuitively less puzzling why rationality is in this strong sense normative. Various approaches to this question are explored: a deflationary approach, the appeal to ‘Dutch book’ theorems, the idea that rationality is constitutive of the nature of mental states. It is argued that none of these approaches solves the problem. An adequate solution will have to appeal to some value that depends partly on how things are in the external world—in effect, an external goal—and some normatively significant connection between internal rationality and this external goal.
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Krupnikov, Yanna, and Blake Findley. Survey Experiments. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.32.
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In recent years more and more scholars have turned to survey experiments. These studies randomly assign treatments in a survey context, which allows a researcher to balance both internal and external validity considerations. Although survey experiments carry with them numerous benefits, these studies are not without their costs. Pivotal to the costs and benefits of survey experiments are the types of participants recruited to take part in a study and the types of tasks these participants are asked to perform. This chapter explores the conditions under which survey experiments can live up to the promise of greater generalizability and considers those under which this type of experimental design is superior to other experimental approaches.
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Humphreys, Paul. Introduction. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.44.
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This introduction provides an overview of the current state of philosophy of science and some predictions about its future direction. The contents of the handbook are described using a framework based on the unity of science and approaches to reduction, with the successes and failures of each described. New areas in the discipline, such as the philosophy of astronomy, data, neuroscience, and post-empiricism are discussed, as well as traditional areas such as causation, explanation, and theory structure. A defense of contemporary philosophy of science against external criticisms is given, including examples of progress within the field and technical relevance to particular sciences. The reasons for internal disagreements are provided and compared to disagreements within science.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part IV Other Risks, 19 Operational Risk Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0019.
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Operational risk is the ‘risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events’. Banks are required to control their operational risk exposure. This chapter discusses the three approaches Basel 2 offers to determine operational risk: the basic indicator approach, the standardized approach, and the advanced measurement approach (AMA). The first two mechanisms which Basel provides for calculating operational risk eschew the analysis of operational risks themselves, and operate on a percentage of lead indicator basis. However, the third approach, i.e. the AMA, permits banks to assess the actual incidence and severity of operational risk within the institution, and to model a charge based on that information.
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Lyons, Natasha. Archaeology and Native Northerners. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.11.
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Archaeology is undergoing a sustained shift in the North American Arctic, as factors both internal and external to the discipline work to expand and transform the structure, demographics, and objectives of professional practice. A major part of this shift hinges on the relationships between indigenous peoples and the archaeological establishment. Over the past 40 years, Inuit, Dene, Alaskan Native, and other local communities have increasingly demanded a stake in their archaeological heritage; archaeological practitioners have responded in varying ways, from resistance and naïveté to both tentative and concerted moves toward more inclusive practices. This chapter describes the historical and evolving relationship between Native Northern communities and archaeologists, characterizes elements of community-based practice, and examines some of the forms, approaches, and applications of this emergent paradigm.
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Sevier, Mia, Leah Brew, and Jean C. Yi. Cultural Considerations in Evidence-Based Couple Therapy. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.002.
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This chapter considers issues of culture in couple therapy while examining the current movement toward empirically supported therapies (ESTs). Culture is distinguished from the related but distinct concepts of race, ethnicity, and nationality, and the value of studying culture directly is discussed. Several concerns and criticisms of empirically supported therapy criteria related to diverse couples are presented including a lack of inclusion in studies, the valuing of internal over external validity, and unexamined assumptions of universality. Cultural assumptions behind evidence-based treatments are examined with hypotheses about cultural congruency for diverse groups. Existing scholarly works on cultural aspects of the therapy approaches are highlighted. The clear need to build on existing theoretical and case-based knowledge related to culture in empirical ways is discussed.
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Gilbert, Bitti. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 18 Article 21 and the Hierarchy of Sources of Law before the ICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0018.
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Article 21 of the ICC Statute is unique in the arena of international criminal justice. It introduces a differentiated hierarchy in relation to sources of law, yet it remains one of the most ambiguous provisions of the Statute. This chapter investigates how the ICC has interpreted this provision, and what approaches the Court has adopted in relation to the interpretation and application of different sources of law, including ‘internationally recognized human rights’ under Article 21(3). It contrasts the internal law of the ICC with external sources, and argues that ICC Chambers should use to their full extent the possibility given to them by Article 21(3), rather than trying to import procedures from the ad hoc Tribunals or from some domestic jurisdictions.
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Kalitzin, Stiliyan, and Fernando Lopes da Silva. EEG-Based Anticipation and Control of Seizures. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0023.
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Early seizure-prediction paradigms were based on detecting electroencephalographic (EEG) features, but recent approaches are based on dynamic systems theory. Methods that attempted to detect predictive features during the preictal period proved difficult to validate in practice. Brain systems can display bistability (both normal and epileptic states can coexist), and the transitions between states may be initiated by external or internal dynamic factors. In the former case prediction is impossible, but in the latter case prediction is conceivable, leading to the hypothesis that as seizure onset approaches, the excitability of the underlying neuronal networks tends to increase. This assumption is being explored using not only the ongoing EEG but also active probes, applying appropriate stimuli to brain areas to estimate the excitability of the neuronal populations. Experimental results support this assumption, suggesting that it may be possible to develop paradigms to estimate the risk of an impending transition to an epileptic state.
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Przekop, Peter. Professionally Directed Non-Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pain (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0016.
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This chapter is a complement to Chapter 15, concentrating on the non-pharmacological approaches to chronic pain. It features a discussion on the utility of mind-body therapies, psychosocial treatments, and technology-based therapies in the context of recovery through 12-Step programs and other mutual support groups. Such settings are commonly poorly receptive to medication management of either pain or addiction; the availability of other approaches can bridge the gap, leading to effective management of both. The therapies discussed include “movement” therapies, such as internal qi gong, tai chi, yoga, and martial arts. Healing touch, reiki, external qi gong, and acupuncture are examples of “energy” therapies, requiring an intercessor. Among the psychosocial treatments are motivational interviewing, cognitive restructuring, cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance-based cognitive therapy, operant training, hypnosis, relaxation training, and mindfulness/meditation. Addressed as procedures are massage, chiropractic and osteopathic manipulations, trans-epidermal nerve stimulation (TENS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
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Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. Invisible Children Uganda. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0011.
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Monitoring and evaluation systems rarely begin as right fits; instead, they evolve over time, often to meet the demands of internal learning, external accountability, and a given stage of program development. This case follows Invisible Children Uganda as it formalizes its monitoring and evaluation system in response to increased visibility, the demands of traditional donors, and an internal desire to understand impact. Readers will consider how Invisible Children’s first logical framework—a rough equivalent of a theory of change—lays the foundation for a right-fit monitoring and evaluation system. Readers will also analyze the broader challenges of commissioning high-quality impact evaluations and the importance of clearly defining them.
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Zhdanova, Mariia, and Dariya Orlova. Ukraine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the state of computational propaganda in Ukraine, focusing on two major dimensions: Ukraine’s response to the challenges of external information attacks, and the use of computational propaganda in internal political communication. Based on interviews with Ukrainian media experts, academics, industry insiders, and bot developers, the chapter explores the scale of the issue and identifies the most common tactics, instruments, and approaches for the deployment of political bots online. The cases described illustrate the misconceptions about fake accounts, paid online commentators, and automated scripts, as well as the threats of malicious online activities. First, we explain how bots operate in the internal political and media environment of the country and provide examples of typical campaigns. Second, we analyze the case of the MH17 tragedy as an illustrative example of Russia’s purposeful disinformation campaign against Ukraine, which has a distinctive social media component. Finally, responses to computational propaganda are scrutinized, including alleged governmental attacks on Ukrainian journalists, which reveal that civil society and grassroots movements have great potential to stand up to the perils of computational propaganda.
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Burawoy, Michael. The Poverty of Philosophy. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.16.
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Chapter abstract Marx and Bourdieu embark from similar criticisms of philosophers as suffering from the illusion that ideas make history—what Marx calls ideology and Bourdieu calls scholastic reason. Accordingly, both turn from the logic of theory to the logic of practice. However, where Marx sees the relations of production as leading to class struggle and revolution, Bourdieu sees bodily practice as instilling symbolic domination through habitus. This leads Marx and Bourdieu to adopt divergent views of history, divergent approaches to social change, divergent roots of symbolic domination, and divergent perspectives on contentious politics. If the followers of Marx seek to explain the quiescence of the working class by developing theories of cultural hegemony, will the followers of Bourdieu build a research program that focuses on the internal contradictions and external anomalies of Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic domination?
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Clarke, Michael, ed. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in China. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922610.001.0001.
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China's problem with terrorism has historically been considered an outgrowth of Beijing's efforts to integrate the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region into the People's Republic of China. Since the end of the Cold War, however, this internal dynamic has converged with an evolving external environment, stimulating the development of linkages between Uyghur separatism and terrorism and broader terrorist movements in Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East. This book brings together some of the leading experts on Chinese terrorism, offering the first systematic, scholarly assessment of the country's approaches to this threat. Four areas of investigation are looked at: the scope and nature of terrorism in China and its connection with developments in other regions; the development of legislative measures to combat terrorism; the institutional evolution of China's counter-terrorism bureaucracy; and Beijing's counter-terrorism cooperation with international partners.
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Moreau, Odile. Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430616.003.0006.
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This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.
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Zeman, Sonja. Expressing the selves. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0008.
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By drawing parallels to neuro-philosophical approaches to self-consciousness that give up the notion of an a priori psychological self, Zeman argues that linguistic self-reference does not reflect the self as a holistic subject of consciousness, but as a set of different ‘selves’ that are commonly neutralized behind the personal pronoun ‘I’. The argument is grounded in an investigation of ‘multiple-perspective constructions’ (MPC) like the epistemic use of modal verbs, Free Indirect Discourse, and the ‘Future of Fate’ constructions where the subject is split in more than one dimension. The analysis shows that the impression of a holistic self emerges as a discourse effect based on the integration of the hierarchical relations between (i) an ‘internal’ and ‘external’ self with respect to the mental content, and (ii) ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ perspectives with respect to the communicative roles.
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Seham, Amy. Performing Gender, Race, and Power in Improv Comedy. Edited by George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.27.
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As taught by Viola Spolin, Keith Johnstone, and others, improv is a mode of playing that depends on group consensus, through such concepts as “agreement” and “groupmind,” as a basis for the release of individual creativity and the freedom to bypass both internal and external censorship. Improv comedy on stage, however, most often reflects the white, male, heterosexual perspective of its dominant players. This article explores the “spontaneous” performances of gender and race in improv comedy in light of power dynamics that often silence difference and encourage shallow stereotypes. Using Judith Butler’s theories and other approaches, the chapter then discusses improv’s potential for deconstructing gender performance. Detailed analysis of the work of the all-female improv troupe, JANE, reveals the wealth and variety of characters that can be improvised when choices of gesture, voice, and body language are playfully recombined across conventions of gender and sexuality.
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Mason, Peggy. Audition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0016.
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Hearing loss is devastating because it prevents communication through verbal language and thereby produces social isolation. The experience of hearing loss or deafness is the most common sensory deficit. The experience of affected individuals is highly variable because it depends on age of onset and treatment efficacy, among many factors. The roles of the external and middle ears in conduction and of the internal ear in sensorineural processing are used as a framework for understanding common forms of hearing loss. The contributions of inner and outer hair cells to cochlear function are detailed. How cochlear amplification results from the actions of prestin in outer hair cells is explained. The roles of age, noise, genetic background, and environmental factors in presbyacusis are considered. Approaches to hearing loss, including cochlear implants and sign language, are discussed. Finally, the brain regions involved in speech production and comprehension are detailed.
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Elledge, C. D. Origins, Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0003.
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Inquiries into the emergence of resurrection have traditionally been dichotomized into those that emphasize either “external influence” or an “internal development” within Israel’s own theology. Some explanations evade the dichotomy in favor of a more nuanced synthesis. The present chapter evaluates these approaches in light of Jewish literature from the Hellenistic and Roman eras. While the literary evidence does not resolve the question of origins, it does point to the significance of a larger framework in which Hellenistic empire brought to the Near East a reorientation of traditional values, including attitudes toward death. Within this disruptive context, scribal circles undertook an urgent reinterpretation of earlier traditions; they further produced a variety of diverse theodicies, some of which came to rely increasingly on the hope of human revivification. Resurrection equipped particular movements within Judaism to legitimate their own identities within the vast Hellenistic empire and across the threatening chasm of death.
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Kenny, Neil. Relevance Theory and the Effect of Literature on Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0005.
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To what extent does literature affect our beliefs about the real world? Relevance theory offers new ways of exploring that old question. That is partly because relevance theory embraces the whole communications circuit: it tracks the communication of meaning from author via text to reader, rather than focusing on just one of those phases. It can also describe how unintended meaning can be inferred by readers. The question of the effect of literature upon beliefs is explored through one case study (Adventures of Tom Sawyer) and through various notions drawn from relevance theory: cognitive environments; contextual assumptions; implicatures; internal and external relevance; epistemic vigilance. It is argued that the evanescence or durability of any effects that literature may have upon readers’ beliefs can be investigated by combining those relevance-theoretic notions with ones drawn from certain other cognitive or literary-critical approaches: immersion; kinesis; perceptual simulation; tagging.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley Bartos. Design and Analysis of Time Series Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.001.0001.
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Design and Analysis of Time Series Experiments develops a comprehensive set of models and methods for drawing causal inferences from time series. Example analyses of social, behavioral, and biomedical time series illustrate a general strategy for building AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) impact models. The classic Box-Jenkins-Tiao model-building strategy is supplemented with recent auxiliary tests for transformation, differencing, and model selection. The validity of causal inferences is approached from two complementary directions. The four-validity system of Cook and Campbell relies on ruling out discrete threats to statistical conclusion, internal, construct, and external validity. The Rubin system causal model relies on the identification of counterfactual time series. The two approaches to causal validity are shown to be complementary and are illustrated with a construction of a synthetic control time series. Example analyses make optimal use of graphical illustrations. Mathematical methods used in the example analyses are explicated in technical appendices, including expectation algebra, sequences and series, maximum likelihood, Box-Cox transformation analyses and probability.
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Shapiro, Kimron, and Simon Hanslmayr. The Role of Brain Oscillations in the Temporal Limits of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.037.
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Attention is the ubiquitous construct referring to the ability of the brain to focus resources on a subset of perceptual input which it is trying to process for a response. Attention has for a long time been studied with reference to its distribution across space where, for example, visual input from an attentionally monitored location is given preference over non-monitored (i.e. attended) locations. More recently, attention has been studied for its ability to select targets from among rapidly, sequentially presented non-targets at a fixed location, e.g. in visual space. The present chapter explores this latter function of attention for its relevance to behaviour. In so doing, it highlights what is becoming one of the most popular approaches to studying communication across the brain—oscillations—at various frequency ranges. In particular the authors discuss the alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz), where recent evidence points to an important role in the switching between processing external vs. internal events.
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Westreich, Daniel. Epidemiology by Design. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665760.001.0001.
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As the cornerstone science of public health, evidence-based medicine, and comparative effectiveness research, a clear understanding of study designs is central to the study of epidemiology. Causal inference is increasingly being understood as the theoretical foundation underlying epidemiologic study designs and the science as a whole. This textbook takes a causal approach to traditional introductory epidemiology, through the organizing principle of study designs and the lens of modern causal inference approaches (potential outcomes, counterfactuals, identification conditions). The intended audience is first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in epidemiology and allied fields more broadly. Section I introduces measures of prevalence and incidence (survival curves, risks, rates, odds) and measures of contrast (differences, ratios), the fundamentals of causal inference, and principles of diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. Section II describes three key study designs through the lens of causal inference: randomized trials, prospective observational cohort studies, and case-control studies. For each, the author discusses logistics and conduct, advantages and disadvantages including biases, basic approaches to analysis, and briefly reviews several additional study designs. Section III extends material in previous sections, moving from concerns about internal validity (within a sample) to questions of external validity and population impact. This book provides new students with a rigorous foundation in epidemiologic methods and an introduction to methods and thinking in causal inference, serving as an excellent foundation for further study of the field.
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Cottrell, Stephen. The creative work of large ensembles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0013.
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Preparing large ensembles for performance involves musical, social, logistical and financial challenges of a kind seldom encountered in other forms of collective music-making. The conventional approach to meeting the challenges that arise during rehearsal is to appoint a single musical overseer, usually a conductor, whose ostensible role in musical preparation is to directly influence the musicians while working towards the creation of a musical product to be delivered in later performances. Rehearsal leadership, viewed from this perspective, moves predominantly in one direction, from conductor to ensemble. But such a perspective oversimplifies the conductor’s relationship with the ensemble, the relationships between the musicians, and the strategies that the latter must employ when working in large ensembles. Conceptualizing the ensemble as a complex system of interrelated components, where leadership and creative agency are distributed and developed through rehearsal to achieve what audiences assume to be a unified whole, yields new understanding of the work of large ensembles. This chapter examines these components of the creative process in orchestral and choral rehearsal and performance, the internal and external forces shaping and constraining that process, and the approaches that individual musicians and conductors could adopt in response to the changing contexts in which such creativity might be manifested.
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Redding, Gordon, Antony Drew, and Stephen Crump, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Higher Education Systems and University Management. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198822905.001.0001.
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The world’s systems of higher education (HE) are caught up in the fourth industrial revolution of the twenty-first century. Driven by increased globalization, demographic expansion in demand for education, new information and communications technology, and changing cost structures influencing societal expectations and control, higher education systems across the globe are adapting to the pressures of this new industrial environment. To make sense of the complex changes in the practices and structures of higher education, this Handbook sets out a theoretical framework to explain what higher education systems are, how they may be compared over time, and why comparisons are important in terms of societal progress in an increasingly interconnected world. Drawing on insights from over 40 leading international scholars and practitioners, the chapters examine the main challenges facing institutions of Higher Educations, how they should be managed in changing conditions, and the societal implications of different approaches to change. Structured around the premise that higher education plays a significant role in ensuring that a society achieves the capacity to adjust itself to change, while at the same time remaining cohesive as a social system, this Handbook explores how current internal and external forces disturb this balance, and how institutions of Higher Education could, and might, respond.
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Davis, Jake H. “When You Know for Yourselves”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0012.
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This essay offers a naturalistic reconstruction of Buddhist ethical theory, drawing on two central themes of early Buddhist thought. The early Buddhist dialogues of the Pāli Nikāyas and the Chinese Āgamas take as the primary focus of ethical evaluation an agent’s emotional motivations, qualities such as hatred or friendliness, craving or equanimity—what this essay terms “Qualities of Heart.” These dialogues emphasize that one can develop wisdom through the establishment of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna), a practice of becoming more fully and accurately aware of both internal and external stimuli. This paper brings these two proposals together with empirical and philosophical considerations to argue for the plausibility of a thesis that lies at the heart of Buddhist ethics: that for all human beings (at least) certain Qualities of Heart are unskillful (akusala); that other qualities are skillful (kusala); and that we can come to discern the difference for ourselves.
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Paquin, Jonathan, and Stephen M. Saideman. Foreign Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.183.
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Foreign intervention in ethnic conflicts has received significant attention in the last 20 years. Scholars have initially considered the sources for these interventions through instrumental and affective factors, though a better classification involves grouping these motives between domestic and international factors. The former category assumes that a third state’s internal politics best explain motives of intervention, and that domestic groups within the state have the greatest impact on foreign policy decision making. Theories based on domestic explanations assume that domestic politics greatly matter in the formulation of states’ decisions to intervene or not in ethnic conflicts elsewhere. As for the external explanations, scholars share a common assertion that the international environment is the central determinant explaining third state intervention. These explanations focus on the impact of institutions and international norms on the international relations of ethnic conflicts. In addition to these approaches, this area of research still contains many issues left unaddressed, such as how interference from outside might affect an ethnic conflict, and what forms of analysis might be used to study foreign interventions. Scholars have applied both quantitative and qualitative techniques, and the diaspora literature stands out for relying almost exclusively on case studies and on very notable cases. Otherwise, the rest of the work in this field follows the current standards by using a mixture of case studies and quantitative analyses depending on the questions in play.
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Walsh, David A. Contextual aspects of pain: why does the patient hurt? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0014.
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The context in which osteoarthritis (OA) pain is experienced moderates and, to an extent, mediates its severity and impact. Context is both internal to the patient (e.g. genes, gender, age, comorbidities, psychological distress, and catastrophizing), and a consequence of external factors (e.g. social, healthcare, and work environment). Context influences how people report their pain, and also how the nervous system processes nociceptive information. Treatment contexts moderate and mediate therapeutic effectiveness, dependent on treatment expectations, beliefs, and risk evaluation. Uptake of treatments, both in primary and secondary care, is further influenced by the contexts in which they are offered. Understanding the nature and consequences of context helps explain heterogeneity between different people with OA pain, and opens avenues for potentially powerful interventions that could improve their quality of life. Context can be adjusted through the clinician–patient relationship and by targeting risk factors for poor outcome. Concurrent weight reduction, and psychological and physiotherapeutic interventions illustrate the use of combination therapy to address multiple contextual aspects of OA pain.
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Di Paolo, Ezequiel, Thomas Buhrmann, and Xabier Barandiaran. Sensorimotor Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786849.001.0001.
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This book elaborates a series of contributions to a non–representational theory of action and perception. It is based on current theoretical developments in the enactive approach to life and mind. These enactive ideas are applied and extended to provide a theoretically rich, naturalistic account of sensorimotor meaning and agency. This account supplies non–representational extensions to the sensorimotor approach to perceptual experience based on the notion of the living body as a self–organizing dynamic system in coupling with the environment. The enactive perspective entails the use of world–involving explanations, in which processes external to an agent co–constitute mental phenomena in ways that cannot be reduced to the supply of information for internal processing. These contributions to sensorimotor theories are a dynamical–systems description of different types of sensorimotor regularities or sensorimotor contingencies, a dynamical interpretation of Piaget's theory of equilibration to ground the concept of sensorimotor mastery, and a theory of agency as organized networks of sensorimotor schemes, with its implications for sensorimotor subjectivity. New tools are provided for examining the organization, development, and operation of networks of sensorimotor schemes that compose regional activities and genres of action with their own situated norms. This permits the exploration of new explanations for the phenomenology of agency experience that are favorably contrasted with traditional computational approaches and lead to new empirical predictions. From these proposals, capabilities once beyond the reach of enactive explanations, such as the possibility of virtual actions and the adoption of socially mediated abstract perceptual attitudes, can be addressed.
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Roth, Louise Marie. The Business of Birth. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479812257.001.0001.
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The Business of Birth examines the effects of malpractice and reproductive rights laws on maternity care practices in the US from 1995 to 2015. It is a common public belief that frivolous malpractice claims and women’s choices shape hospital birth practices. This book uses mixed methods to demonstrate that this belief is inaccurate. The Business of Birth carefully documents how there are interconnected systems of laws and policies, or legal “regimes,” that influence birth practices in unexpected ways. When it comes to malpractice, the standard of care that defines malpractice is internal to the medical profession. This means that tort laws do not exert the external pressure that physicians believe they do, although professional associations, liability insurers, risk managers, and hospital legal counsel reinforce a fear of liability risk. This fear can encourage obstetricians to intervene into labor and birth with scientifically unsupported technology or procedures with known risks. But reducing liability risk can encourage risky practices that promote organizational efficiency over patient safety. The Business of Birth also examines the implications of reproductive rights laws for maternity care practices, defining states that protect women’s reproductive rights as woman-centered and those that protect fetuses as fetus-centered. Reproductive justice theory argues that pregnant women’s rights during childbirth are connected to laws governing the full spectrum of reproduction. Woman-centered approaches to pregnancy and abortion promote choice, informed consent, and the right to bodily integrity when women give birth, while fetus-centered regimes limit women’s rights and choices during birth.
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Gil-Egui, Gisela. E-Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.162.
Full textAbstract:
E-government refers to a set of public administration and governance goals and practices involving information and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilizes such technologies to serve public agencies’ external audiences and constituents. However, the scope of that service is the subject of much debate and, consequently, no consensual definition of e-government had been formulated. The prehistory of e-government resonates with assumptions from the “new public management” (NPM), which proposed a restructuring of governmental agencies by adopting a market-based approach to ensure cost efficiencies in the public sector. Coined in the mid-1990s, the notion of e-government as equivalent to better government, economic growth, human development, and the knowledge society in general was quickly and uncritically accepted by practitioners and scholars alike. As scholars from different disciplines, including politics communication and sociology, paid increasing attention to the intersections of structural factors, hardware, and culture in the adoption and use of ICTs, research on e-government began to show some diversification. By the twenty-first century, the number of e-government websites from local and national administrations has grown sufficiently to allow some generalizations based on empirical observation. Meanwhile critical and comprehensive approaches to e-government frequently adopt a critical stance to denounce oversimplifications, determinisms, and omissions in the formulation of e-governance projects, as well as in the evaluation, adoption, and assessment of e-government effectiveness. Beyond the particularities of each emerging technology, reflection on the intersections between ICTs and government is moving away from an exclusive focus on hardware and functionality, to consider broader questions on governance.