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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Internal and external stressors

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Academic literature on the topic 'Internal and external stressors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Internal and external stressors"

1

Gupta, S. "Lability of mood and stressors in the internal and external environment." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 28 (December 2012): e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000423302.31025.f4.

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Grosik, Cindy. "Identification of Internal and External Stressors in Parents of Newborns in Intensive Care." Permanente Journal 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7812/tpp/12-105.

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Aghaei, Mahmoud, Sanaz Dastghaib, Sajjad Aftabi, Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori, Javad Alizadeh, Pooneh Mokarram, Parvaneh Mehrbod, et al. "The ER Stress/UPR Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis." Life 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11010001.

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Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the survival and differentiation of these cell types to meet the increased functional demands. Cells are able to induce a highly conserved adaptive mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to manage such stresses. UPR dysregulation and ER stress are involved in numerous human illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, fibrotic diseases, and neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, effective and specific compounds targeting the UPR pathway are being considered as potential therapies. This review focuses on the impact of both external and internal stressors on the ER in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discusses the role of the UPR signaling pathway activation in the control of cellular damage and specifically highlights the potential involvement of non-coding RNAs in COPD. Summaries of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the ER stress/UPR axis contributing to IPF and COPD, and promising pharmacological intervention strategies, are also presented.

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Wu, Qi, and Yanfeng Xu. "Parenting stress and risk of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A family stress theory-informed perspective." Developmental Child Welfare 2, no. 3 (September 2020): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516103220967937.

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The risk of child maltreatment is heightened during the pandemic due to multiple COVID-19 related stressors, such as physical and mental health concerns, economic stress, challenges in homeschooling, marital conflicts and intimate personal violence, and intensified child–parent relationships. Both parental internal (e.g., parenting styles) and external resources (e.g., social support), and parental perceptions toward stressors will affect how parents cope with these stressors, which may exacerbate or mitigate the risk of child maltreatment. Guided by family stress theory, this article identifies COVID-19 related stressors at the family level, and further elaborates on how these stressors are associated with child maltreatment via parents’ resources, perceptions, and coping strategies. Implications for future practice and research are discussed.

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Kamiński, Piotr, Jędrzej Baszyński, Izabela Jerzak, Brendan P. Kavanagh, Ewa Nowacka-Chiari, Mateusz Polanin, Marek Szymański, Alina Woźniak, and Wojciech Kozera. "External and Genetic Conditions Determining Male Infertility." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155274.

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We explain environmental and genetic factors determining male genetic conditions and infertility and evaluate the significance of environmental stressors in shaping defensive responses, which is used in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. This is done through the impact of external and internal stressors and their instability on sperm parameters and their contribution to immunogenetic disorders and hazardous DNA mutations. As chemical compounds and physical factors play an important role in the induction of immunogenetic disorders and affect the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic responses, causing oxidative stress, and leading to apoptosis, they downgrade semen quality. These factors are closely connected with male reproductive potential since genetic polymorphisms and mutations in chromosomes 7, X, and Y critically impact on spermatogenesis. Microdeletions in the Azoospermic Factor AZF region directly cause defective sperm production. Among mutations in chromosome 7, impairments in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR gene are destructive for fertility in cystic fibrosis, when spermatic ducts undergo complete obstruction. This problem was not previously analyzed in such a form. Alongside karyotype abnormalities AZF microdeletions are the reason of spermatogenic failure. Amongst AZF genes, the deleted in azoospermia DAZ gene family is reported as most frequently deleted AZF. Screening of AZF microdeletions is useful in explaining idiopathic cases of male infertility as well as in genetic consulting prior to assisted reproduction. Based on the current state of research we answer the following questions: (1) How do environmental stressors lessen the quality of sperm and reduce male fertility; (2) which chemical elements induce oxidative stress and immunogenetic changes in the male reproductive system; (3) how do polymorphisms correlate with changes in reproductive potential and pro-antioxidative mechanisms as markers of pathophysiological disturbances of the male reproductive condition; (4) how do environmental stressors of immunogenetic disorders accompany male infertility and responses; and (5) what is the distribution and prevalence of environmental and genetic risk factors.

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Riordan, Richard J., and Sandra K. Saltzer. "Burnout Prevention among Health Care Providers Working with the Terminally Ill: A Literature Review." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 25, no. 1 (August 1992): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/eq6r-gx93-pw34-jtke.

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A review of the literature on burnout and its prevention among caregivers to the dying is presented in this article. The literature shows that health care providers who work with the dying do experience many stressors unique to the specialty, but also many which are common to other health care workers. External and internal stressors common to this specialty field are summarized, and suggestions for reduction or elimination of these stressors are generated from the literature. A self-care wellness program is extracted from the various literature sources and provides what is thought to be an essential foundation to burnout prevention.

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Bocheva, Georgeta, Radomir M. Slominski, and Andrzej T. Slominski. "Neuroendocrine Aspects of Skin Aging." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 2798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112798.

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Skin aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of function, physiological integrity and the ability to cope with internal and external stressors. This is secondary to a combination of complex biological processes influenced by constitutive and environmental factors or by local and systemic pathologies. Skin aging and its phenotypic presentation are dependent on constitutive (genetic) and systemic factors. It can be accelerated by environmental stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollutants and microbial insults. The skin’s functions and its abilities to cope with external stressors are regulated by the cutaneous neuroendocrine systems encompassing the regulated and coordinated production of neuropeptides, neurohormones, neurotransmitters and hormones, including steroids and secosteroids. These will induce/stimulate downstream signaling through activation of corresponding receptors. These pathways and corresponding coordinated responses to the stressors decay with age or undergo pathological malfunctions. This affects the overall skin phenotype and epidermal, dermal, hypodermal and adnexal functions. We propose that skin aging can be attenuated or its phenotypic presentation reversed by the topical use of selected factors with local neurohormonal activities targeting specific receptors or enzymes. Some of our favorite factors include melatonin and its metabolites, noncalcemic secosteroids and lumisterol derivatives, because of their low toxicity and their desirable local phenotypic effects.

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Smith, Matthew J., Phil D. J. Birch, and Dave Bright. "Identifying Stressors and Coping Strategies of Elite Esports Competitors." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2019040102.

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Researchers have examined some of the psychological aspects of competing at a high level in esports. The present study aims to build on this literature by examining the various stressors faced and the associated coping strategies employed by seven esports competitors. The interviews were inductively analysed, and the findings illustrated a range of internal (e.g., communication issues, lack of shared team goals) and external (e.g., event audience, media interviews) stressors that the participants faced. Following this, the coping strategies used to deal with these stressors were deductively analysed. A number of emotion- (e.g., breathing, relaxation), problem- (e.g., intra-team communication after matches), and approach- (e.g., team camps, delegating roles) coping strategies were described by participants. Avoidance coping strategies were predominantly highlighted as being used during games. Results are considered in line with how applied practitioners might support players to develop strategies to deal with stressors, which might in turn lead to performance enhancements.

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Lomeli, Naomi, Daniela A. Bota, and Kelvin J. A. Davies. "Diminished stress resistance and defective adaptive homeostasis in age-related diseases." Clinical Science 131, no. 21 (October 25, 2017): 2573–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20160982.

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Adaptive homeostasis is defined as the transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range following exposure to subtoxic, non-damaging, signaling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events (Mol. Aspects Med. (2016) 49, 1–7). Adaptive homeostasis allows us to transiently adapt (and then de-adapt) to fluctuating levels of internal and external stressors. The ability to cope with transient changes in internal and external environmental stress, however, diminishes with age. Declining adaptive homeostasis may make older people more susceptible to many diseases. Chronic oxidative stress and defective protein homeostasis (proteostasis) are two major factors associated with the etiology of age-related disorders. In the present paper, we review the contribution of impaired responses to oxidative stress and defective adaptive homeostasis in the development of age-associated diseases.

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Bebok, Zsuzsa, and Lianwu Fu. "Stressors and Stress Responses in Cystic Fibrosis." Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diseases 5, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ersc-2018-0002.

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Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening, genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). The primary cause of CF is reduced CFTR-mediated chloride and bicarbonate transport, due to mutations in CFTR. However, inflammation and persistent infections influence clinical outcome. Cellular stress response pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR), referred to here as cellular stress response pathways (SRPs), contribute to the pathology of human disorders. Multiple studies have indicated activation of SRPs in CF tissues. We review our present understanding of how SRPs are activated in CF and their contribution to pathology. We conclude that reduced CFTR function in CF organs establishes a tissue environment in which internal or external insults activate SRPs. SRPs contribute to CF pathogenesis by reducing CFTR expression, enhancing inflammation with consequent tissue remodeling. Understanding the contribution of SRPs to CF pathogenesis is crucial even in the era of CFTR “modulators” that are designed to potentiate, correct or amplify CFTR function, since there is an urgent need for supportive treatments. Importantly, CF patients with established pathology could benefit from the targeted use of drugs that modulate SRPs to reduce the symptoms.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal and external stressors"

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Hedgeman, Rose Linda. "Internal and external stressors of interracial marriages implications for counseling psychology /." Click to view the dissertation via Digital dissertation consortium, 1987.

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Joosse, Pamela Jane Shantz. "Assessing physical soil quality using mechanical indices from applying internal and external stresses to remoulded and structurally intact soil samples." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ35800.pdf.

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Kršková, Božena. "Vyhodnocování, zvládání a snižování stresu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222413.

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The Master’s thesis "Stress evaluation, coping and reduction" dealing with the currently very topical issue the stress acting on employee working conditions. It analyzes the types of stress, signs, symptoms and effects on health and work performance of employees. The thesis is focused on the factors causing stress, their identification and reduction of the company. The theoretical part is focused on theoretical analysis of the problems. The practical part is devoted to the measurement of stressors in the working environment for catering JHREST s.r.o. employees. The work conclusion includes a proposal of the stress factors reduction in the company.

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Parsons, Joreta. "Die identifisering van veerkragtigheid en nie-veerkragtigheid by die middel-adolessent in 'n voormalige Model C-skool." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09052005-114645/.

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Pollard, Matthew. "Internal drama and external theatre." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436381.

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Cherniawsky, Debra Lynn. "External and internal environmental manifestations." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1303489130.

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Subramanian, Uma Maheswari. "On internal and external syntax mismatches /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487760357821743.

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O'Sullivan, Cornelius Noel. "Internal and external governance in UK companies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10933/.

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The 1990s witnessed an increased interest in issues of governance and accountability in U.K. companies. In the wake of a series of governance reports (e.g. Cadbury, 1992; Greenbury, 1995; Hampel, 1998), U.K. companies have significantly altered their governance characteristics. The objective of this thesis is to examine the utilisation of governance mechanisms by U.K. companies immediately prior to the beginning of this governance revolution. My first objective is to ascertain the extent to which board composition and leadership, managerial ownership and external shareholder control were substitutes or complements in the overall governance strategies employed by large quoted companies at the beginning of the 1990s. My second objective is to examine the relationship between internal and external governance mechanisms. This is accomplished in two ways. First, I investigate the internal governance characteristics of takeover targets and a matched sample of non-targets to ascertain the influence of internal governance characteristics at various stages of the takeover process. The motivation for this investigation is a perception in the governance literature that takeovers represent a governance mechanism of last resort exercised only when internal governance structures are ineffective in aligning the interests of managers and shareholders. Second, I examine the governance characteristics of mutual and proprietary insurance companies. In mutual insurance companies, the functions of owner and policyholder are merged which eliminates the prospect of governance either through takeovers or through the ownership of substantial proportion of equity. The absence of these two governance mechanisms suggests that mutual insurers may place greater reliance on internal governance such as more intensive monitoring by the board of directors. In the case of large quoted companies, I find a significant substitution between the monitoring potential of both external and internal ownership and the utilisation of non-executive directors. I also find that companies with greater nonexecutive representation on their boards are more likely to acquire the complementary monitoring of directors' and officers' insurance and demand more extensive auditing. Managerial ownership is the dominant influence on the takeover process. Hostile and unsuccessful bids are associated with lower levels of managerial ownership while friendly and successful bids are associated with high ownership levels. I also find some evidence that hostile targets possess less independent boards compared to a matched sample of non-targets. In the case of insurance companies, I find that mutuals place greater emphasis on non-executive directors than their proprietary counterparts. Overall, my empirical analysis suggests that, at the beginning of the 1990s, U.K. companies emphasised different governance mechanisms depending on the specific monitoring problems they faced.

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Chalari, Athanasia. "The relationship between internal and external conversation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1120/.

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This study offers a definition, description, analytical theorisation and critical discussion concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation. 'Internal conversation' refers to the inner dialogues that individuals have with themselvesÂ· about themselves and the social environment, while 'external conversation' refers to those parts of internal conversation that the individual shares with others. The central question of this research, concerning the relationship between internal and external conversation, derives from a common observation which remains unanswered: why do people produce different external conversations or different actions or responses when they face similar social situations? In other words, why do people react in different ways to analogous stimuli or circumstances? The individual constantly interacts in a specific way with both her external environment and herself; this process links the inner and outer cosmos of each person. This relationship is formed according to specific phases and operations, and it constitutes an 'agential filter' comprised of certain stages that enable the individual to relate her internal and external conversations. The individual uses a specific process in order to decide which part of her internal conversation she will externalise. This process is defined as 'mediation' and operates differently for each individual. It does, however, have a common aim: the main objective of mediation is to achieve a subjectivelydefined degree of 'inner balance' between her inner and external world which is satisfactory to her.

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Bernhardi, Ernest F. III. "Typography: From Internal Conflict to External Content." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2100.

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This body of work represents a celebration and pursuit of realizing an alternative language, one capable of expressing internal conflict through process and response to external typographic form and content.

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Books on the topic "Internal and external stressors"

1

Peplau, Hildegard E. Internal vs. external regulation. Kansas City, Mo: American Nurses' Association, 1986.

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Gertner, Robert H. Internal versus external capital markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Utah. Division of Wildlife Resources. Internal/external operational environment assessment report. Salt Lake City, Utah (1594 W. North Temple, Salt Lake City, 84114): The Division, 2000.

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Dharam, S. S. Internal and external threats to Sikhism. Arlington Heights, Ill: Gurmat, 1986.

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Dharam, S. S. Internal and external threats to Sikhism. Arlington Heights, IL: Gurmat Publishers, 1986.

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Katzenstein, Peter J. Rethinking Japanese security: Internal and external dimensions. London: Routledge, 2008.

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Charles, Hirsch. Numerical computation of internal and external flows. Chichester: Wiley, 1989.

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Hirsch, Ch. Numerical computation of internal and external flows. Chichester [England]: Wiley, 1988.

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The Soviet paradox: External expansion, internal decline. New York: Vintage Books, 1987.

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Coley, D. Managerial staff development: internal and external considerations. Canterbury: University of Kent at Canterbury, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Internal and external stressors"

1

McGuigan, F. J. "Managing Internal Cognitive and External Environmental Stresses through Progressive Relaxation." In Stress and Tension Control 3, 3–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7915-1_1.

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Mascolo, Michael. "Internal/External Dichotomy." In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 977–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_458.

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Zoufan, Keivan, Takashi Komabayashi, and Qiang Zhu. "External/Internal Resorption." In Clinical Cases in Endodontics, 200–207. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119411956.ch25.

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Behrens, F. "External Fixation." In Manual of INTERNAL FIXATION, 367–410. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77380-8_5.

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Behrens, F. "External Fixation." In Manual of INTERNAL FIXATION, 367–410. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02695-3_5.

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Rajagopal. "Internal and External Fit." In Sustainable Growth in Global Markets, 148–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137525956_6.

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Gerace, Adam. "Internal and External Attributions." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2328–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2301.

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Wilson, Jeffrey R. "External predictability, internal unpredictability." In Shakespeare and Game of Thrones, 67–68. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039662-11.

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Dinan, Desmond. "Internal and External Security." In Ever Closer Union, 529–66. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-09963-1_18.

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Saller, Heinrich. "External and Internal Operations." In Operational Spacetime, 147–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0898-8_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Internal and external stressors"

1

Chen, Zhanfeng, Xiaoli Shen, Hao Ye, Sunting Yan, and Zhijiang Jin. "Surface Stress Analysis of Internally Corroded Pipes Under External Pressure." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-66163.

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Corrosion often leads to the failure of transporting pipelines. The surface stresses on the corroded pipes are related to the failure pressure. In this paper, a double circular arc (DCA) model is developed to calculate the surface stress of the internal corroded pipes under external pressure. In addition, a critical corrosion ratio and a critical thickness-to-diameter ratio are presented to determine the location of the maximum stress. Based on the stress function method and bipolar coordinates, an analytical solution of the DCA model was obtained. And then the stress distributions on the internal and external surfaces of the corroded pipes were determined. Next, the equivalent and hoop stresses at several locations in the cross section of the corroded pipes were discussed. The calculated results were validated using finite element method (FEM). Results show that the maximum stresses vary from the internal surface to the external surface with the increase of the corrosion ratio or the thickness-to-diameter ratio. Our research provides a benchmark for approximate solutions to predict the failure pressure and assess the integrity of the corroded pipelines.

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Hasegawa, Kunio, Yinsheng Li, Valery Lacroix, and Vratislav Mares. "Plastic Collapse Stresses for Thick Wall Pipes With External Cracks." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93482.

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Abstract Bending stress at plastic collapse for a circumferentially cracked pipe is predicted by limit load equation provided by the Appendix C of the ASME Code Section XI. The equation of the Appendix C is applicable for pipes with both external and internal surface cracks. On the other hand, the authors have developed an equation taking into account the pipe mean radii at non-cracked area and at cracked ligament area. From the comparison of Appendix C equation and the new equation, the plastic collapse stress estimated by the Appendix C equation gives 20 to 30% less conservative bending capacity prediction for external cracked pipes with small Rm/t, where Rm is the pipe mean radius and t is the pipe wall thickness. This paper discusses the limitation of the use of Rm/t for the Appendix C equation.

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Hasegawa, Kunio, Yinsheng Li, Valery Lacroix, and Vratislav Mares. "Allowable External Flaws and Acceptance Standards for High Toughness Ductile Pipes Subjected to Bending Moment and Internal Pressure." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21672.

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Abstract Failure stresses for ductile high toughness pipes are predicted by Limit Load Criteria based on a net section stress concept. Allowable flaws of the Acceptance Standards provided by the Article IWB-3514 in the ASME B&PV Code Section XI were determined by the Limit Load Criteria. The allowable flaws are applicable for ductile high toughness pipes with circumferential internal and external flaws. Authors have developed more precise equations using the Limit Load Criteria, which is called Modified Limit Load Criteria, hereafter. As the results of the Modified Limit Load Criteria, failure stresses for external flawed pipes are always smaller than the failure stresses obtained by the Limit Load Criteria provided by the ASME Code Section XI. It seems that the allowable flaw sizes of the Acceptance Standards provided by the ASME Code Section XI are less conservative for external flaws. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate difference of failure stresses by the Limit Load Criteria and Modified Limit Load Criteria for external flawed pipes. In addition, the allowable flaws of the Acceptance Standards are examined by large and small diameter pipes with external flaws using the Modified Limit Load Criteria.

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Segev, R., L. Falach, and G. deBotton. "Optimal Stresses and Load Capacity for Structures." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59051.

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For a statically indeterminate structure we examine the class of internal forces that are in equilibrium with a given external loading f. We define the optimal stress φopt as the smallest possible magnitude of any equilibrating internal force distribution. The stress sensitivity k = maxf{φfopt/‖f‖}, a purely geometric property of structure, is a measure of the sensitivity of the structure to variable external loading. Using the result for optimal stresses, an expression for the stress sensitivity factor is obtained in terms of the structure’s kinematic interpolation mapping. These notions, the corresponding theoretical results, and a simple implementation to finite element models are presented using linear and conic programming.

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Parker, Anthony P. "Compound and Monobloc Cylinders Incorporating Reverse-Autofrettage to Reduce External Hoop Stresses." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78298.

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Reverse autofrettage involves the application of pressure to the OD of a tube which in turn produces bore yielding and a residual stress profile equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to conventional autofrettage. The analyses within this paper identify two potential new manufacturing procedures involving reverse autofrettage. The procedures are predicted to reduce external tensile hoop stress in an autofrettaged gun tube. This reduction should increase lifetime of tubes that are prone to OD fatigue or corrosion-related failure from manufacturing defects or notches. The first procedure involves traditional autofrettage of an inner tube and reverse autofrettage of a larger outer tube. The outer tube is then compounded with the inner tube by thermal shrink-fitting or some equivalent process. The second procedure employs a monobloc tube which is subjected to reverse autofrettage followed by conventional internal autofrettage. Both procedures significantly reduce OD residual hoop stress but in the case of the monobloc tube there is an associated loss of compressive residual bore hoop stress.

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Konosu, Shinji, and Norihiko Mukaimachi. "Plastic Collapse Assessment Procedure for Vessel With Local Thin Area Simultaneously Subjected to Internal Pressure and External Bending Moment." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93496.

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Assessment of the local thin area should be undertaken for both tension and compression bending. In this paper, simplified reference stresses for a flaw in a cylinder are proposed. By using these results, a newly-developed p-M (internal pressure ratio and external bending moment ratio) diagram which can evaluate the plastic collapse condition for pressure equipment such as vessels, piping and storage tanks with a local thin area simultaneously subjected to internal pressure, p, and external bending moment, M, due to earthquake, etc. is proposed. The p-M line is verified by comparison with the FEA results and the numerous results of experiment for a cylinder with a volumetric flaw obtained through the reference literatures. It was clarified that the differences in plastic collapse limit between the p-M line and DNV guideline under both internal pressure and compression moment became evident where the outer diameter/wall thickness of a cylinder is large and the yield ratio of the material is small.

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Rao, Ashwin, Kok Boon Chong, P. John Bouchard, and Michael E. Fitzpatrick. "Internal Stress Generation in Austentic Stainless Steels During Creep Deformation." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57865.

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It has been well established in materials such as austenitic steels and aluminium alloys that plastic strain leads to generation of internal stresses. A number of intergranular factors such as the anisotropic stiffness and yield behaviour of a single crystal, orientation of grain families to the loading direction, and the constraint each grain places on its neighbours are responsible for creating these stresses. The presence of these accumulated internal stresses in power plant components is important because they interact with the applied external stress and play a critical role in the initiation and development of material degradation that may lead to eventual failure. This study focuses on measuring the generation of internal (intergranular) strains and stresses in austenitic stainless steels subjected to creep deformation. Creep processes increase the overall inelastic strain in a material and this correspondingly alters the internal strain state. A combination of in-situ and static neutron diffraction measurements was conducted to assess the internal strain generation through a material’s creep life. These experiments have revealed similarities between internal strain generation during primary creep deformation and that during monotonic tensile deformation leading to the conclusion that common mechanisms may be responsible. Such studies are important in the current context when a number of power plants are being life extended. Components in high temperature service applications undergo a number of creep-fatigue cycles during their operation. It is vital to have accurate and robust life assessment procedures that can take account of long-term internal strain evolution effects to maintain economic but safe operation and avoid costly repairs or replacement.

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Konosu, Shinji, Kenta Ogasawara, and Kenji Oyamada. "Procedure for Plastic Collapse Assessment of a Local Thin Area Near Vessel and Nozzle Intersections Subjected to Internal Pressure and External Loadings." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45538.

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This paper develops a procedure for plastic collapse assessment of vessel (run pipe) - nozzle (branch pipe) intersections with an arbitrarily positioned local thin area (LTA) under different loading conditions, namely internal pressure, external moment on a nozzle applied along various directions with respect to the vessel main axis, and pure bending moment on a vessel. Although simplified procedures for plastic collapse assessment based on the p-M (internal pressure ratio and external bending moment ratio) diagram method have been previously proposed for straight cylindrical vessels and pipe bends with an LTA, very few studies have dealt with the determination of plastic collapse load for an LTA in the critical region of intersecting vessels subjected to internal pressure and external moment loading. This is likely due to the complexity of the stresses caused by the applied loads in the critical region, which arises from geometric discontinuities. In this paper, simple and empirical formulae for predicting conservative plastic collapse loads for an LTA in the critical region of the intersecting vessels are proposed based on the analytical results of stresses at defect-free vessel-nozzle intersections by using linear finite element analysis (FEA). Localized elastic stress retardation factors are taken into account in the evaluation by the results of a non-linear FEA. Consequently, a p-M diagram method is developed for application to vessel-nozzle intersections with an LTA.

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Chatzopoulou, Giannoula, Gregory C. Sarvanis, Chrysanthi I. Papadaki, and Spyros A. Karamanos. "The Effect of Spiral Cold-Bending Manufacturing Process on Pipeline Mechanical Behavior." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64143.

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Large-diameter spiral-welded pipes are employed in demanding hydrocarbon pipeline applications, which require an efficient strain-based design framework. In the course of a large European project, numerical simulations on spiral-welded pipes are conducted to examine their bending deformation capacity in the presence of internal pressure referring to geohazard actions, as well as their capacity under external pressure for offshore applications in moderate deep water. Numerical models that simulate the manufacturing process (decoiling and spiral cold bending) are employed. Subsequently, the residual stresses due to cold bending are used to examine the capacity of pipe under external pressure and internally-pressurized bending. A parametric analysis is conducted to examine the effect of spiral cold forming process on the structural behavior of spiral welded pipes and the effect of internal pressure on bending capacity. The results from the present study support the argument that spiral-welded pipes can be used in demanding onshore and offshore pipeline applications.

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Kallemeyn, Nicole A., Kiran H. Shivanna, Anup A. Gandhi, Swathi Kode, and Nicole M. Grosland. "Subject-Specific Experimental Validation of a C27 Cervical Spine Finite Element Model." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206269.

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Computational simulations of the spine have the ability to quantify both the external (i.e. angular rotation) and internal (i.e. stresses and strains) responses to external loading. This is an advantage over cadaveric bench top studies, which are limited to studying mostly external responses. Finite element (FE) analysis has been used extensively to investigate the behavior of the normal cervical spine in addition to its diseased and degenerated states [1,2].

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Reports on the topic "Internal and external stressors"

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Morphett, Jane, Alexandra Whittaker, Amy Reichelt, and Mark Hutchinson. Perineuronal net structure as a non-cellular mechanism of affective state, a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0075.

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Is the perineuronal net structure within emotional processing brain regions associated with changes in affective state? The objective of this scoping review is to bring together the literature on human and animal studies which have measured perineuronal net structure in brain regions associated with emotional processing (such as but not limited to amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex). Perineuronal nets are a specialised form of condensed extracellular matrix that enwrap and protect neurons (Suttkus et al., 2016), regulate synaptic plasticity (Celio and Blumcke, 1994) and ion homeostasis (Morawski et al., 2015). Perineuronal nets are dynamic structures that are influenced by external and internal environmental shifts – for example, increasing in intensity and number in response to stressors (Blanco and Conant, 2021) and pharmacological agents (Riga et al., 2017). This review’s objective is to generate a compilation of existing knowledge regarding the structural changes of perineuronal nets in experimental studies that manipulate affective state, including those that alter environmental stressors. The outcomes will inform future research directions by elucidating non-cellular central nervous system mechanisms that underpin positive and negative emotional states. These methods may also be targets for manipulation to manage conditions of depression or promote wellbeing. Population: human and animal Condition: affective state as determined through validated behavioural assessment methods or established biomarkers. This includes both positive and negative affective states. Context: PNN structure, measuringPNNs.

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Gertner, Robert, David Scharfstein, and Jeremy Stein. Internal versus External Capital Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4776.

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Cappelli, Peter, and David Neumark. External Job Churning and Internal Job Flexibility. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8111.

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Hogan, Kevin, and Benny Martinez. External and Internal Nuclear Material Transactions - US Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165178.

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Lazear, Edward, and Paul Oyer. Internal and External Labor Markets: A Personnel Economics Approach. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10192.

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Jarudi, Izzat N., and Pawan Sinha. Relative Contributions of Internal and External Features to Face Recognition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459650.

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Farboodi, Maryam, Gregor Jarosch, and Robert Shimer. Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27059.

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Eid, Marlene. Internal external locus of control and the choice of therapy. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5580.

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Russell, Lisle H., Philip M. Bushong, and Robert E. Richardson. Measurement and Prediction of Particulate Concentration Within External and Internal Flows. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada418455.

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Redding, Stephen, and Anthony Venables. Geography and Export Performance: External Market Access and Internal Supply Capacity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9637.

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