Academic literature on the topic 'Internal cause'
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Journal articles on the topic "Internal cause"
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Simoni, P., C. Maréchal, L. Scarciolla, D. Salerno, and B. Beomonte Zobel. "Unusual cause of internal knee derangement." Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.618.
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Prasad, Rohan M., Jason Z. Liu, Christopher Garces, Ayushma Duwadi, James Choi, Farah Anwar, and Adesuwa Olomu. "Uncommon Cause of Internal Mammary Artery Pseudoaneurysm." Ochsner Journal 22, no. 3 (2022): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31486/toj.21.0090.
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Thoms, Oskar N. T., and James Ron. "Do Human Rights Violations Cause Internal Conflict?" Human Rights Quarterly 29, no. 3 (2007): 674–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2007.0034.
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Kawai, Honami, and Toshiaki Shiojiri. "Internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with Granulicatella adiacens." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 1 (January 2021): e238404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238404.
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Granulicatella adiacens, which occurs as part of the oral microflora, is an uncommon cause of infection. However, it can cause serious bloodstream infections including infective endocarditis. Although oral bacteria, most commonly the Fusobacterium spp, can cause internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombophlebitis, there are no reported cases of IJV thrombosis caused by G. adiacens. Here we report a patient with septic IJV thrombosis with G. adiacens bacteraemia. A middle-aged man presented to our hospital with fever and altered mental status. Blood cultures were positive for G. adiacens, and pan-scan CT with contrast showed left IJV thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and abscesses in the gluteal muscles. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics. When confronted with G. adiacens bacteraemia in patients with poor oral hygiene, it is necessary to be cautious of the fact that this organism can cause IJV thrombophlebitis.
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Nguyen, Vy T., Ross D. Zafonte, Kale Z. Kponee-Shovein, Sabrina Paganoni, and Marc G. Weisskopf. "All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Major League Baseball Players." JAMA Internal Medicine 179, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.1218.
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Hanzlick, R. "Protocol for writing cause-of-death statements for deaths due to natural causes." Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 1 (January 8, 1996): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.156.1.25.
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Parish, Colin. "Internal rotation patterns cause nurses to move on." Nursing Standard 18, no. 22 (February 11, 2004): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.18.22.5.s7.
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Meknas, Khaled, Anders Christensen, and Oddmund Johansen. "The internal obturator muscle may cause sciatic pain." Pain 104, no. 1 (July 2003): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00045-9.
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Lakhani, Dhairya A., Aneri B. Balar, and Abdul R. Tarabishy. "Atypical cause of dysphagia." European Journal of Internal Medicine 88 (June 2021): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.03.011.
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Ghiculescu, R. A., and P. Pillans. "Rare cause of dyspnoea." Internal Medicine Journal 39, no. 3 (March 2009): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01890.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal cause"
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Jarenfors, Anna, and Järsö Sissela. "IPREP: Framework for elimination of an internal return process : A case study at Thule Sweden AB." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65842.
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Course: Degree project in logistics, the Business Administration and Economics Programme Authors: Anna Jarenfors and Sissela Järsö Supervisor: Hana Hulthén Examiner: Helena Forslund Title: IPREP: Framework for elimination of an internal return process – A case study at Thule Sweden AB Background: Logistics coordination plays an important role regarding the competitive success of an organization. A company has to eliminate unnecessary processes involved in the supply chain in order to decrease cost and to improve the business. This study focuses on the problems with the internal return process at Thule Sweden AB. Thule Sweden AB has in the last decade had an increased production which have had led to a larger material flow which have impacted the internal return process negatively. The internal return process is, in this study, defined as the process where unused material in production is sent back to the warehouse. Purpose: The purposes of this study is to present suggestions of how the internal return process at Thule can be eliminated and construct a framework of how manufacturing companies can eliminate unnecessary internal return processes. Methodology: The study is a qualitative case study with an abductive approach of the internal return process at Thule Sweden AB. The theories used in the study are found from literature and scientific articles while empirical data has been collected mainly through semi-structured interviews and observations. The selection of interviewees has been based on what knowledge they carry and what responsibility they have in the company. Findings: A process map over the internal return process illustrated three general causes creating an internal return. These were incorrect material delivered to production, incorrect stock balance and leftover material after production. The three general causes found formed the basis of a fishbone diagram which identified seven root causes. The seven root causes presented were, not able to scan the barcode on the pallets, pallet put at incorrect production line, incorrect previous internal return, lack of stock counting at internal return, insufficiency in the material- and production planning, suppliers not able to produce in batch size and no kitting station. Suggestions of how to eliminate an internal return process were presented and the fundamental categories of the framework presented were integration, personnel, routines, environment and planning. Key words: Internal return process, process elimination, general cause, root cause, framework, manufacturing companyKurs: Examensarbete i logistik för Civilekonomprogrammet Författare: Anna Jarenfors and Sissela Järsö Handledare: Hana Hulthén Examinator: Helena Forslund Titel: IPREP: Framework for elimination of an internal return process – A case study at Thule Sweden AB Bakgrund: Logistikkoordinering spelar en viktig roll för ett företags konkurrenskraft. Ett företag måste eliminera onödiga processer i en försörjningskedja för att minska kostnader och förbättra verksamheten. Denna studie fokuserar på den interna returprocessen på Thule Sweden AB. Thule Sweden AB har under det senaste decenniet haft en ökad produktion vilket lett till ett större materialflöde som påverkat den interna returprocessen negativt. Den interna returprocesses är i denna studie definierad som den process där oanvänt material i produktion returneras till lagret. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att presentera förslag till hur den interna returprocessen kan elimineras samt att presentera ett ramverk över hur tillverkande företag kan eliminera onödiga interna returprocesser. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie, med ett abduktivt synsätt, över den interna returprocessen på Thule Sweden AB Teorierna använda i studien utgår från litterära källor samt vetenskapliga artiklar medan empirisk data samlats in mestadels från semi-strukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Urvalet av intervjurespondenter har baserats på vilket kunskap de erhåller samt vilka ansvarsområden de har i företaget. Resultat: En processkarta över den interna returprocessen illustrerade tre generella orsaker till det processen. Dessa var fel material levererat till produktion, felaktigt lagersaldo och överblivet material efter produktion. De tre generella orsakerna utgjorde grunden till ett fiskbensdiagram vilket identifierade sju rotorsaker till den interna returprocessen. De sju rotorsakerna var: omöjlighet att skanna streckkoden på pallen, pall transporterad till fel produktionslinje, felaktig tidigare intern returprocess, brist på inventeringsrutiner vid intern returprocess, ineffektivitet i material- och produktionsplaneringen, att leverantörer inte kan producera i batch-storlek samt brist på kittingstation. Förslag på hur den interna returprocessen kan elimineras presenterade och grundstenarna i det ramverk som presenterade var integration, personal, rutiner, omgivning och planering. Nyckelord: Intern returprocess, processeliminering, generell orsak, rotorsak, ramverk, tillverkande företag
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Gamper, Frederick. "Dysregulated toll-like receptor mechanisms : the cause of atherosclerosis?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6904/.
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It is estimated that in the European Union 2 million deaths each year (42% of total) are as a result of cardiovascular disease, of which atherosclerosis is a major underlying factor. In 2006 this was estimated to cost the European Union an astonishing €192 billion. Once considered a lipid storage disorder it is becoming apparent that atherosclerosis is in fact due to an inflammatory dysfunction, with a number of endogenous and exogenous activators coming to light. The process of atheroma formation is poorly understood. This study seeks to discover the underlying mechanisms of plaque development with the view to develop novel therapeutics for this disease. Our results demonstrate a modulatory role of endogenous low density lipoprotein (LDL), “bad cholesterol”, on bacterial infections. Using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) I have shown that “non-self” oxidised LDL can reduce cell surface expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system, causing modulation of the cellular response directed towards atherosclerosis-associated bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Triple label fluorescent confocal microscopy of HUVECs revealed altered trafficking and targeting of PRRs of the innate immune system when endogenous LDL were combined with a bacterial infection in comparison to infection alone, indicating a source of the inflammatory dysfunction observed in this disease. This study illustrates that oxidatively modified LDL has a profound effect on bacterial infection, dramatically altering cellular response which may begin to explain the root cause of atherosclerosis. Through experimentation with human embryonic kidney (HEK) transfectants and HUVEC PRR silencing this study uncovered lipid raft dependant Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as fundamental culprits of this multi-factorial disease, with emphasis on TLR2 and TLR4. Future therapy designed for atherosclerosis will unquestionably involve the manipulation of TLR signalling.
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Matera, Patrycja. "Les sujets non-canoniques en polonais et en russe." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA082.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux trois types d’expressions dont la structure s’écarte du modèle de la proposition transitive canonique, à savoir les constructions : anticausatives, à causalité interne, et impersonnelles en polonais et en russe. Leur point commun est que l’écart par rapport à une phrase transitive porte sur la référence du sujet de la proposition. Dans tous les cas, le référent du sujet est non-agentif. Dans certains cas, le marquage morphologique reflète cette absence, tant sur le prédicat qui est marqué à la troisième personne du singulier neutre que par l’absence d’un sujet nominatif. Ailleurs, la morphologie ne laisse rien, ou presque rien apparaître, le prédicat s’accordant avec l’argument Thème ou le Patient. Ces expressions feront l’objet d’une étude comparative, dans laquelle seront étudiées : la nature de chaque participant non-canonique qui apparaît dans la proposition, les caractéris¬tiques de chaque prédicat présent, et enfin, les propriétés combinatoires entre les participants et les prédicats. Il sera montré que la nature et la structure et enfin la manière dont sont légi¬timés les sujets non-canoniques ne sont pas seulement liées aux propriétés du réfé¬rent de sujet, mais aussi dépendent de la nature du prédicat. Tout comme cela a été proposé pour les constructions anticausatives et à causalité interne (cf. Alexiadou & Anagnostopou¬lou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), nous avancerons que les constructions impersonnelles comportent un prédicat Cause qui est responsable de la légitimation thématique des caus(at)eurs nominatifs et obliques. Les différences entre ces structures sont dues à la présence ou à l’absence de la tête Voice. Vues sous cet angle, les constructions impersonnelles sont une sorte de causativisation. Le caus(at)eur indéfini (cf. Kibort (2004)) présent dans les constructions impersonnelles d’une part, et la possible présence des causeurs obliques d’autre part, sont des preuves qui étaient cette hypothèseIn this dissertation we study three kinds of expressions that deviate from the model of canonical transitive sentences, namely anticausative, internal causation and impersonal constructions in Polish and in Russian. The common point is that the deviation from a transitive sentence has to do with the subject’s reference. In all cases, the referent of the subject is non-agentive. In some cases, the morphological marking reflects this absence, both on the predicates which is frozen in the third person singular (neuter), and by the absence of a nominative subject. In the other two cases, the non-canonicity is not morpologically revealed because the inflected verb agrees with the nominative argument whose referent is the Theme or the Patient.A comparative study of these expressions will be given, in so far as the nature of the non-canonical participants that appear in the sentence, the characteristics of each predicate, and finally, the combinatorial properties between participants and predicates are concerned.It will be shown that the nature, the structure and ultimately the way that non-canonical subjects are licensed are not only related to the properties of the subject’s reference, but also depend on the nature of the predicate. Just as it was proposed for anticausatives and internal causal constructions (Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), it will be shown that impersonal constructions include a Cause predicate that is responsible for the thematical licensing of nominative and oblique causers. The differences between these structures are due to the presence or absence of a Voice head. From this perspective, impersonal constructions encode a kind of causativisation. The indefinite causer (analysed in Kibort (2004)), which is present in impersonal constructions on the one hand, and the possible presence of other oblique causer, are thus deemed to be evidence that supports this hypothesis
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Eriksson, Anders, and Anes Music. "Identifying factors that cause inventory build-ups and how to solve it." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44565.
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Companies have put much focus on production systems to generate and maintain competitiveness which has contributed in less focus to logistics. The material flow is the process after the main processes and has therefore been regarded as “unimportant”. If the material flow fails, there can be consequences such as inventory-build ups or undersupply of material. Lean thinking is one strategy that may be applied to analyze and identify wastes, but the identification of problems has been harder to detect, while the ability to solve them has not improved at the same rate. Following two research questions has been asked to identify how companies should proceed to improve their inventory management but also what factors contribute to the inventory build-ups. · What may cause excess inventory in manufacturing companies? - How can a manufacturing company reduce WIP´s? The research method is based on a qualitative approach with an interpretivist research methodology to help answer the questions. A case study was done at a manufacturing company to help answer the research questions. The data has been collected by observations trough section B1 and unstructured interviews with both management and operators. The collected data was later compared to the literature according to the inductive reasoning to be able to make suggestions for improvements. The DMAIC tool has been a central point of this research regarding the mapping of the current state and suggestion of a future state. The case study was conducted at Company X AB in the middle of Sweden which is a company that manufactures components and complete solutions. The focus on production has resulted in less focus on the internal logistics. With the low focus on the internal logistics, inventory build-ups have occurred. The results point to the OEE being a contributing factor to the inventory build-up. The availability of both machines was low and therefore caused the OEE to be low. The low availability was caused by long changeovers, staff shortages, and emergency reparations. The conclusions are that Company X must make improvements so that the factors of the low availability decrease in frequency and severity to reduce the work-in-process (WIP). The improvements should be approached with different lean-tools such as SMED, KANBAN, FIFO and 5S.
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Viale, Greta. "Auxiliary selection in Italian and French : a comparative study of the so-called peripheral verbs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025SORUL020.
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Cette thèse examine le phénomène complexe de la sélection des auxiliaires dans deux langues romanes, à savoir l'italien et le français. L'objectif principal est d'élucider les facteurs qui influencent le choix entre les auxiliaires être et avoir dans la formation du passé composé. L'étude se concentre sur les verbes susceptibles de sélectionner les deux auxiliaires, communément appelés verbes périphériques (Sorace 2000), qui, malgré de nombreuses analyses individuelles, n'ont pas été étudiés de manière exhaustive (Giancarli 2015). Les questions de recherche centrales sont les suivantes : quelles caractéristiques permettent à ces verbes de sélectionner les deux auxiliaires ? Quels facteurs déterminent la prédominance d'un auxiliaire par rapport à l'autre ? Quel est le poids relatif des facteurs tels que l'agentivité et la télicité dans le choix des auxiliaires (Sorace 2000) ? Pour la première fois, cette recherche explore systématiquement la sélection des auxiliaires en italien et en français en utilisant l'analyse de corpus et le traitement automatique des langues (TAL). En intégrant ces méthodes, l'étude vise à identifier les facteurs les plus significatifs influençant le choix des auxiliaires pour les verbes intransitifs présentant une double auxiliaire. La recherche combine une analyse qualitative d'occurrences annotées manuellement à partir de SketchEngine (Kilgarriff et al., 2014) avec une analyse quantitative basée sur des modèles statistiques pour déterminer les paramètres les plus importants dans la sélection des auxiliaires. Les résultats révèlent l'importance primordiale des aspects sémantiques, syntaxiques et morphologiques dans le choix entre être et avoir. Notamment, la télicité s'avère moins pertinente pour ces verbes. L'étude met également en lumière des différences significatives entre l'italien et le français. En italien, les verbes sont catégorisés en verbes pleins et semi-auxiliaires. Pour les verbes pleins, la cause interne et les traits humains constituent des facteurs cruciaux dans la sélection des auxiliaires. Pour les verbes semi-auxiliaires, le type d'infinitif et les traits humains associés à certains infinitifs se révèlent significatifs. En français, le type de construction joue un rôle déterminant dans le choix de l'auxiliaire. En apportant des réponses approfondies à des questions encore peu explorées, cette étude s'aligne sur les travaux existants tout en les enrichissant. Elle améliore considérablement notre compréhension de la catégorisation des verbes et de la sélection des auxiliaires, avec des implications majeures pour la linguistique théorique et appliquée. De plus, elle souligne l'importance des approches méthodologiques intégratives dans l'analyse des phénomènes linguistiques complexesThis thesis investigates the intricate phenomenon of auxiliary selection in two Romance languages, namely Italian and French. The primary objective is to elucidate the factors that influence the choice between the auxiliaries ‘be' and ‘have' in the formation of the perfect tense. The study focuses on verbs that can select both auxiliaries, commonly known as peripheral verbs (Sorace 2000), which, despite extensive individual examination, have not been comprehensively analyzed (Giancarli 2015).The central research questions addressed are: What characteristics enable these verbs to select both auxiliaries? Which factors determine the predominance of one auxiliary over the other? What is the relative weight of factors such as agentivity and telicity in auxiliary selection (Sorace 2000)? For the first time, this research systematically explores auxiliary selection in Italian and French using corpus analysis and natural language processing (NLP). By integrating these methods, the study aims to identify the most significant factors influencing auxiliary choice in intransitive verbs with double auxiliation. The research combines qualitative analysis of manually annotated occurrences from SketchEngine (Kilgarriff et al., 2014) with quantitative analysis using statistical models to determine the most significant parameters in auxiliary selection. The findings reveal the paramount importance of semantic, syntactic, and morphological aspects in the choice of ‘be' or ‘have'. Notably, telicity is found to be less relevant for these verbs. The study also highlights significant differences between Italian and French. Italian verbs are categorized into full verbs and semi-auxiliaries. For full verbs, internal cause and human traits are crucial factors in auxiliary selection. For semi-auxiliary verbs, the type of infinitive and the human trait associated with particular infinitives are shown to be significant. In French, the type of construction heavily influences auxiliary choice.By providing comprehensive answers to previously unexplored areas, this study aligns with and extends the existing literature. It significantly enhances our understanding of verb categorization and auxiliary selection, with substantial implications for both theoretical and applied linguistics. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of integrative methodological approaches for analyzing complex linguistic phenomena
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Trisciuzzi, Carlos Renato Fontes. "A Auditoria Interna como ferramenta de melhoria dos controles internos de uma organização: Estudo de caso em uma empresa do segmento industrial do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9425.
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A alteração no sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada teve como marco principal a mudança do foco no trabalho da auditoria interna, que começou a desempenhar suas atividades de forma estruturada e seguindo uma metodologia específica; além, de perseguir um objetivo estratégico da organização. A auditoria interna, antes do processo de certificação do sistema de controles internos exigido pela seção 404 da SOX, era apenas um instrumento de detecção de erros e compliance fiscal, que baseava seus trabalhos somente em fatos passados, com a constatação de deficiências de controles. Todavia, sem assessorar a alta a
administração da empresa na resolução das deficiências, objetivando a implementação das melhorias dos controles internos. Com a necessidade de certificação da eficácia dos controles internos, a partir do ano de 2005, o foco dos
trabalhos de auditoria interna foi direcionado para lograr melhorias nos métodos de controle, gestão de riscos, prevenção de fraudes e erros, nos processos operacionais, contábeis e financeiros da organização. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi, por meio de estudo de caso único, mensurar os principais procedimentos realizados para a implantação do sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada, incluindo
a metodologia adotada, o modelo escolhido, o processo de controle estabelecido, a identificação e avaliação dos principais riscos e controles, bem como a forma de
seleção, avaliação e teste dos controles internos existentes. Buscou-se coletar dados preconizados pela literatura de autores renomados e analisar as diversas bibliografias, com o objetivo de comparar com a pesquisa que foi realizada nos
documentos fornecidos pela empresa analisada. Este estudo levantou pontos importantes sobre o processo de gestão da empresa e da forma como se utilizou da auditoria interna como ferramenta para a melhoria de seus controles internos.
Destacam-se a geração de valor empresarial que um bom ambiente de controle interno traz e os motivos que levam uma organização a implementar uma área de auditoria interna, com especial atenção ao foco de assessoramento e consultoria,
alinhado as práticas internacionais de auditoria interna. Entretanto, apesar de observar melhorias na atuação da auditoria interna da organização, constata-se a necessidade de alinhamento de algumas práticas internacionais, ainda não
implementadas. Descobriu-se, também, que a auditoria interna, com o devido emporwerment da alta administração, e utilizando-se das técnicas atuais e internacionais, aumentam a confiabilidade do sistema de controles internos e com isso geram valor às suas organizações. Nesta pesquisa pôde-se constatar a utilização da auditoria interna como ferramenta de gestão de recursos organizacionais, ocasionando melhorias no sistema de controles internos da empresa, e ficando constatada, por meio de auditoria executada por firma
independente, a irrefutável melhoria dos controles internos da organização estudada.The change in the internal control system in the company studied has initiated with the modification of the audit scope from the internal audit department, which started to perform their activities in a more structured way and following a specific methodology, in addition, to pursue strategic objectives of the organization. Before the certification of the internal controls system required by Section 404 of SOX, the internal audit was viewed as a tool to detect mistakes and to attend tax compliance, based only on past events and pointing out the deficiencies in the controls, but without advising the senior management and board of directors on what to do to improve the internal control environment. The need for certification of the effectiveness of internal control in 2005 changed the focus of the internal audit works, which was now directed to achieve improvement in the methods of control, risk management, prevention of fraud and mistakes in the operation, accounting and financial process of the rganization. The aim of this study was, through a study of a case, to measure the main procedures performed for the deployment of the internal control system of the company object of this study, including the methodology, the model chosen, the process of control established, the identification and assessment of key risks and controls, and how to select, evaluate and test internal controls. We tried to collect data from renowned author of specific literature and analyze the various bibliographies, in order to compare with the research that was carried out in the documents provided by the studied company. This study raised important points about the management process in the company and how internal audit is used as a tool for the improvement of their internal controls. It is to add value for the business that companies seek for a good internal control environment and that provides the reason to lead an organization to implement an internal audit department, with particular attention to the outbreak of advice and consultancy, international practices aligned internal audit. However, we observed several improvements in the performance of internal audit department in the organization there is still a need to align with some international practices, which it will be implemented. It was also found that the internal audit department with proper empowerment from senior management, and using the current and international techniques, increased the reliability of the internal controls system and thereby add value to their organization. In this research it was noted the use of the internal audit department as a management tool for better use of resources, for improvement in the internal controls system, and the irrefutable improvement in the internal control environment of the organization studied, which could be noted by the external audit performed by an independent firm.
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No, Yongkyoon. "Case alternations on verb-phrase internal arguments /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487759055157541.
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Whittaker, William Rodney. "Internal migration in Great Britain : Causes and Effects." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499897.
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Gastaldi, Eliana <1989>. "INTERNAL AUDITING IN ITALY – A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/7934.
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The importance of internal audit function for an organization is difficult to explain given that there is no one best way to define it.
In fact, internal audit function is not always considered as a pillar of organizational governance and legitimacy; nevertheless, the importance of the internal audit is stressed by the fact that stakeholders perceive an organization as having legitimacy when the system of governance is effective.
Legitimacy does not have a material substance, it is only a perception or a state of mind and, for this reason, it is not directly measurable.
The measurable element of legitimacy is its effect, visible in the level of support stakeholders give to the organization.
However, this dissertation does not link the performance of internal audit directly to legitimacy; it rather links the influence of the internal audit in the organizational system of governance.
Internal audit is a support function, which is not directly involved in the provision of goods and services. The output of the audit process is information given in the form of reports and presentations making it difficult to identify the benefits derived from its activities.
Therefore, the principal aim of this paper is to identify the effect of internal audit on the governance system, evaluating if it is relevant or not, perceivable by the players of the company or symbolic.
The presence of an internal audit function can be viewed as the alignment of the values and norms of stakeholders. If the adoption of internal audit is considered as the right thing to do, more legitimacy is perceived. Internal audit is a monitoring and oversight mechanism to ensure the protection of the organization against failure to achieve strategic goals.
The company could choose between internal or external audit: the use of external audit is possible because both internal and external audit focus on the same direction. In fact: external audit provides assurance on the reported information, while internal audit monitors the organizational systems for the production of reported information.
The presence of the internal audit could be influenced by the dimension or the type of enterprise.
As a form of control itself, the decision of whether or not to adopt an internal audit function depends on whether the benefits of adopting it exceeds its costs.
This is consistent with the noted trend that big organizations are more likely to adopt internal audit than smaller organizations.
The first chapter of this paper has the aim to provide an examination of the literature treating governance system issues and the role of the internal audit function within these systems. Therefore, the starting point is to consider how the performance of the internal audit function has been considered in the past by academics and practitioners.
The second chapter attempts to understand the drivers that explain the adoption of the Internal Audit function within a company.
The third chapter is devoted to describe the organization of the internal audit function within companies.
The fourth chapter contains six case studies, in order to describe the characteristics of internal audit departments in six Italian companies with the focus of investigating the personal characteristics of internal auditors.
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Spelman, Madeleine Jane. "Exploring internal communication's impact on psychological contract currencies." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/84989/1/Madeleine_Spelman_Thesis.pdf.
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Internal communication is a central process by which employees exchange information, build relationships and share organisational values. Fundamental to this process is the psychological contract. However, there is limited understanding of how internal communication influences psychological contract. The study contributes to theory by demonstrating that the dimensions of internal communication independently influence internal stakeholders' psychological contract beliefs. For managers, the findings can be used as a framework to improve internal communication processes and strategies.
Books on the topic "Internal cause"
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May, Julian. Migrant labour in Transkei: Cause and consequence at the village level. Durban: Development Studies Unit, University of Natal, 1985.
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Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: Inadequate internal controls cause procurement problems in West Virginia : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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M, Kolb Vera, ed. Teratogens: Chemicals which cause birth defects. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993.
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Judith, Rodin, Schooler Carmi, and Schaie K. Warner 1928-, eds. Self-directedness: Cause and effects throughout the life course. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1990.
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Lavidas, Nikolaos, Alexander Bergs, Elly van Gelderen, and Ioanna Sitaridou, eds. Internal and External Causes of Language Change. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30976-2.
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1936-, Mazzaferri Ernest L., Young John J, and Ohio State University. College of Medicine., eds. Morning report, internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, 2000.
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Archer, Thomas P. Morning report: Internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, 2000.
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Segelod, Esbjörn. Renewal through internal development. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995.
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Kim, Sandra I. Internal medicine I. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
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Dugré, Adélard. La désertion des campagnes: Ses causes, ses remèdes. [Québec]: Ministère de l'agriculture, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Internal cause"
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Prince, Ellen F. "The Borrowing of Meaning as a Cause of Internal Syntactic Change." In Historical Linguistics 1997, 339. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.164.22pri.
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Hepworth, Noel. "Managing and Controlling Second-Level Organisations: The Responsibilities of the First-Level Organisation." In Public Financial Management and Internal Control, 433–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35066-5_12.
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AbstractWhat are called second-level bodies exist in probably all public sectors. They can perform very useful roles, although they can be used to avoid the controls that apply to fist-level organisations. However, they do need to be managed by their equivalent first-level or controlling body. Unfortunately in many developing and transition economy countries they are not managed and, in effect, have a life of their own. What is often a cause of this situation is an asymmetry of information; the second-level body knows far more about its business than the controlling body. This may be inevitable but the operations of a second-level body should be always within a context and to a standard and level of performance set by the first-level body. Also second-level body performance should be subject to periodic review. This chapter addresses the problems arising with the management of second-level bodies within the context of a PFM/IC managerial framework and provides advice about reform arrangements. A feature of many public sector organisations is the existence of ‘second-level’ organisations. In considering the introduction of PFM/IC regard should be had to how these organisations are managed by the controlling or first-level body.
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Hongo, Kazuhiro, Tetsuyoshi Horiuchi, and Tetsuya Goto. "The Safe and Appropriate Use of a High-Speed Drill." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, 67–70. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61601-3_11.
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AbstractA high-speed drill is an essential tool for any skull base surgery. However, if not appropriately used, it may cause serious inadvertent complications. Here, the authors present one case of surgery for a paraclinoid aneurysm of the internal carotid artery, in which tissue grabbing occurred during the drilling of the anterior clinoid process. This resulted in venous injury to the vessels of the nearby Sylvian fissure. Fortunately, the injury was manageable and caused no significant problems. The authors discuss the basic and other important points for the safe use of a high-speed drill. Discussion includes basic ways of drill handling, the appropriate selection of burrs, and so on. Bone curettage is also mentioned as a safe alternative tool.
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Katel, Om N., Anooja Nair, Ugyen Yangchen, and Chogyel Wangmo. "Climate Change, Agriculture, and Internal Human Mobility in the Bhutan Himalayas." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 105–20. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3234-0_7.
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AbstractWhen it comes to the impact of climate change, Bhutan is one of the world’s most vulnerable countries. Although Bhutan has not contributed anything to cause climate change, it is facing the brunt of it impact. Bhutan’s climate is strongly influenced by the rugged mountainous terrain surrounding it as well as the Indian summer monsoon and changes in climate, which are increasing the vulnerability of vital economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and water resources. Climate change also impacts the country’s rich biodiversity and fragile community livelihoods through the increased risks of hazardous events such as glacier lake outburst floods, flash floods, droughts, and forest fires. This chapter analyses the impacts of climate change on agricultural livelihoods and associated internal human mobility. Despite being a small country, Bhutan has been doing its best to adapt to the impacts of climate change, but its topography and inadequate resources due to the small economy have been constraining Bhutan's developmental philosophy of Gross National Happiness and its achievement of its global sustainable development goals.
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Guzzetti, Martina. "“Girls of the period”." In Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 177–99. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.105.09guz.
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Abstract Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the British mainstream press had hostile views on the Woman Question, while the new feminist periodicals exposed distortions and omissions and became the ideal site for debates about gender. However, these magazines showed competing internal ideologies: the aim of this paper is to investigate on how these were represented within the movement. The corpus consists of 880 articles published by The Woman’s Signal , Votes for Women, The Vote and Common Cause (1894–1914): the analysis of keywords related to gender (woman, suffragette, and lady) reveals different sets of beliefs concerning womanhood and the emergence of internal ideologies, too, which reflected the conflicting ideas within the British first-wave feminist movement.
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Stan, Marius N. "Calcium and Bone Metabolism Disorders." In Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, 149–56. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190464868.003.0012.
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The causes of hypercalcemia are categorized as either parathyroid hormone (PTH) dependent or PTH independent. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in ambulatory patients. A single parathyroid adenoma is the cause in 85% of patients, and multiglandular disease is the cause in the remainder. Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare cause of hypercalcemia. Primary hyperparathyroidism may be sporadic or familial. Familial hyperparathyroidism is usually multiglandular and most commonly a manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 or type 2 syndromes.
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Meyer, Susan Sauvé. "Force, Compulsion, and the Internal Origin of Action." In Aristotle on Moral ResponsibilityCharacter and Cause, 93–118. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697427.003.0005.
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Delshad, Salahedin. "Internal rectal prolapse." In Anorectal Disorders - From Diagnosis to Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002215.
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Internal rectal prolapse in children is a significant cause of persistent constipation that is resistant to medication. This condition, characterized by mucosal folds in the distal rectum, leads to obstructive constipation, rectal dilation, and potential fecal incontinence if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Symptoms include drug-resistant constipation, pain, facial flushing, sweating, crying, avoidance of the toilet, and straining during defecation. In advanced stages, loss of appetite and rectal bleeding may occur. Despite unsuccessful treatment with various laxatives, specialized pediatric gastroenterologists are unable to improve the condition. This study compared 153 pediatric patients with internal rectal prolapse to a control group of hospitalized children without the condition. Diagnosis and treatment approaches are discussed, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing this condition from other causes of constipation, such as Hirschsprung’s disease. Radiological findings and a classification system based on the thickness of prolapsed mucosa are also presented. Treatment options include sclerotherapy for lower-grade prolapse. However, the abstract should provide a more concise and accurate summary of the article.
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Branson, Susan. "Internal Improvements." In Scientific Americans, 124–58. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501760914.003.0006.
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This chapter investigates how phrenology enabled Americans to apply its principles to key issues of the antebellum era. Phrenology's presence in popular culture acquainted men and women with theories of the human mind. It also gave Americans a new vocabulary with which to discuss important issues of the day; the science could be a weapon for satire, or a tool to validate or challenge long-standing assumptions, especially about race. Although Native Americans received attention and study from phrenologists, for the majority of Americans, indigenous people were distant and unseen. If white Americans thought about native peoples at all, it was as a barrier to western settlement. Reports on ancient American artifacts often interpreted remains of indigenous civilization as belonging to an extinct people—not the living owners of western land. People of color, on the other hand, were highly visible. Whether in town or country, white and Black Americans encountered each other daily. In the antebellum era, this familiarity with men and women of a different race encouraged both proslavery advocates and abolitionists to employ phrenology to serve their cause.
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Vargas, Bert B. "Headache, Facial Pain, and “Dizziness”." In Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, 605–14. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190464868.003.0054.
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The causes of ischemic cerebrovascular disorders, including transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebral infarction, can be classified according to the site of the source for the arterial blockage within the vascular system, from most proximal to distal: cardiac source, large-vessel disorders, small-vessel occlusive disease, and hematologic disorders. Notably, illicit drug use is a common cause of stroke in young persons; it may cause arrhythmia, inflammatory arteriopathies, and a relative hypercoagulable state.
Conference papers on the topic "Internal cause"
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Bensman, Lynsay. "Dead Leg Internal Corrosion Management." In CORROSION 2016, 1–10. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07715.
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Abstract Internal corrosion in dead legs is a leading cause for failures in pipeline facilities such as pump stations, compressor stations, and terminals. Corrosion management of dead legs is challenging because they are generally unpiggable, difficult to chemically treat, and susceptible to several internal corrosion mechanisms. This paper identifies common causes of internal corrosion in dead legs and discusses corrosion management practices. The corrosion management practices discussed include threat assessment for prioritization of segments and/or determination of the need to perform mitigation, as well as, mitigation techniques that can be used to minimize the impact of corrosion. Line flushing, one of the mitigation techniques that can be utilized, is discussed. An overview of solids models available to determine minimum velocity for flushing is provided. Application challenges that need to be considered prior to implementing flushing are highlighted. Approaches to inspection of dead legs are also discussed.
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Nauman, Mushaid, and David Eyre. "Internal Lining Damage Investigation of 24Inch Jet Fuel Pipelines." In CORROSION 2017, 1–14. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09061.
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Abstract This paper represents the analysis and investigation of two pack epoxy internal lining damage on two new build 24” fuel hydrant system (FHS) pipelines. A leak in a nearby 36” irrigation line occurred during construction of the FHS and caused water flooding in the open trench containing the FHS pipelines. As a result of this, mud and water went into the FHS pipes placed in the trench. Drainage and cleaning operations were done after which the robotic inspection revealed internal lining damages such as detachment of top coat, blisters and bubbles. The cause of the lining damage was at first blamed on the water and mud ingress followed by cleaning operations (water flushing, air blowing & drying). However after detailed testing, inspection and analysis, it was confirmed that the lining was itself of poor quality. The cause of blistering and delamination in flooded and flushed FHS lines was osmotic blistering due to presence of water soluble material (salts or exudate) on the primer surface. The internal lining plant records suggest the conditions were not favorable over the entire lining application period. Very low temperatures and high humidity conditions were observed that lead to poor quality internal lining.
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Eckert, Richard B. "Are We Learning from the past? Opportunities for Continuous Improvement of Internal Corrosion Management Programs." In CORROSION 2015, 1–14. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05731.
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Abstract Statistics maintained by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)(1) suggest increasing trends in internal corrosion incidents on hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipelines in the United States. In spite of improvements in pipeline integrity and risk management, pipeline degradation due to internal corrosion continues to cause leaks and failures. In some cases, pipeline operators may be missing opportunities to learn from these incidents, and thereby develop improved approaches to mitigation and prevention. This paper demonstrates an analytical methodology to learn from internal corrosion incidents that consists of three levels of analysis; determining the immediate (mechanistic) cause, identifying the basic or contributing causes, and analyzing the root causes from a management systems perspective. A hypothetical example case is used to demonstrate how each of these levels of analysis (techniques) is conducted. Pipeline operators can use one or more of these analyses to learn from internal corrosion incidents and identify steps for continuous improvement of internal corrosion management programs. The methodology presented in this paper is equally applicable to any type of integrity threat. To fully implement lessons learned and realize the value of the analysis, the need for planning and follow-through is also discussed.
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Gu, G. P., M. Elboujdaini, and J. Li. "Internal Corrosion of Aluminum Compressed-Air Cylinder." In CORROSION 2005, 1–9. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05229.
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Abstract Using a corroded compressed air tank, a diver or firefighter could run into the risk of breathing oxygen depleted air or inhaling fine corrosion particles that could cause heath problems. The paper narrates investigations of corrosion-induced pitting and intergranular cracking of aluminum compressed-air cylinders for the purpose of determining key parameters in its mitigation and control, thus improving awareness and control of corrosion and SCC factors leading to improved safety.
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Lopez-Lopez, D., A. Wong-Moreno, and L. Martinez. "Failure of Oil-Fired Boiler Waterwall Tubes Due to Intergranular Corrosion-Fatigue Process: A Case Study." In CORROSION 1996, 1–14. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96536.
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Abstract Internal corrosion and circumferential cracking due to a corrosion fatigue process are some of the most common failure causes of waterwall boiler tubes. The case study reported in this paper considers the failure of waterwall tubes of a small subcritical refinery boiler due to a combination of both processes. Circumferential cracking is reported in supercritical boilers with the characteristic feature of transgranular cracks. Intergranular corrosion fatigue cracks were present as a result of high temperature, which resulted from the presence of internal corrosion and formation of heavy deposits. While internal corrosion played a key role in the failure mechanism, the root cause of the failure is considered to be related to the generation of reducing atmospheres and high thermal flux due to flame impingement.
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Al-Shamari, Abdul Razzaq, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin, Jaragh Amer, and Surya Prakash. "Pipeline Integrity Management through Internal Corrosion Monitoring." In CORROSION 2014, 1–13. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3834.
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Abstract Pipelines are very important for the upstream oil and gas industries. The end products are transported to the clients through these essential installations. Two main aspects need to be met, which are the quality standards of the product as set by the client and secondly the mechanical integrity of the pipelines to prevent any failure. The quality of the product is maintained by proper processing of the raw material crude or gas. The external protection of the pipeline is carried out by suitable coating and cathodic protection methods. The internal corrosion is quite complex due to the presence of different corrosion species that may cause different forms of corrosion. Therefore, as part of the pipeline integrity management, an internal corrosion monitoring plan has been developed. This paper deals with different internal corrosion protocols adopted for a high pressure gas pipeline to assess the mechanical integrity of the pipeline. Also attempts to correlate the findings of these different internal corrosion protocols to get an insight into the different corrosion mechanisms taking place inside the pipelines.
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Gartland, Per Olav, and Nguyen N. Bich. "Internal Corosion of Dry Gas Pipelines During Upsets." In CORROSION 2004, 1–21. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04199.
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Abstract A computer program has been developed for the purpose of estimating the corrosion rates and the related risk of operating dry gas pipelines under conditions where upsets may occur. An upset is here considered as an event that may cause corrosive liquid water to be present in some part of the pipeline for a certain time period. The program is based on modelling of the physical processes of water condensation, water transport and subsequent evaporation towards the end of the upset period. The modelling also includes water absorption in solids present in the pipeline. The corrosion rate is quantified using a well-known model of CO2 corrosion. Upsets in a single branch of a system of pipelines can also be modelled. The program is meant to be a screening tool that can assist in the planning of an inspection program.
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Munn, R. S. "Analysis of Current and Potential Distribution in an Internal Shipboard Seawater Tank." In CORROSION 1986, 1–10. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86046.
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Abstract Paint blistering and calcareous deposits which fouled mechanical- devices in an internal shipboard sea water tank prompted investigations to mitigate those effects. A program of field measurements and a numerical corrosion analysis were performed to determine the cause and to indicate appropriate modifications to solve this problem.
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Al-Hammad, Hassan Ali. "Steam Header Silencer Failure." In MPWT 2019, 1–11. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-14241.
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Abstract Steam system in Utility Plant produces Super High Pressure (SHP), High Pressure (HP), Medium Pressure (MP), and Low Pressure (LP) steam. The header of every steam type has a control valve and a silencer downstream to open in case of high pressure. The MP steam header suddenly spiked up following a malfunction of the high range letdown valve from the HP header to the MP header. The MP header vent control valve opened up to control the header pressure. However, the opening of the vent valve led to severe damage to the internals of the silencer. Fortunately, there was no personnel injury or environmental impact, only equipment damage. The direct and root cause of the failure was identified after silencer was offered for internal inspection. Gross corrosion of silencer internals, and silencer design were the direct root causes of this failure. However, an effective mitigation and resolution was implemented by preventing condensate accumulation and providing a way to clean drain lines and prevent pluggage.
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Akrasi, Itoro L., Mohammad S. Hamaqi, Tawfiq I. Hathloul, Abdullah F. Almakinzi, and Anthony T. Manuel. "Field Experience Identifying and Investigating Internal Coating Failure in Water Injection Piping." In CORROSION 2019, 1–18. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13550.
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Abstract To mitigate the effect of highly corrosive water injection media (aquifer water), which has a very high total dissolve solid (TDS) value with high oxidizing agents, internal fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings, in addition to corrosion inhibitor were used to provide internal corrosion protection of water injection plant piping. A year after start-up of water injection plant (WIP), the plant piping started experiencing internal FBE coating failure. The failed coatings were found at the strainer and recycle valve after causing high differential pressure during operation. Seven different types of failed coating films were collected from the suction strainer. A comprehensive failure investigation was conducted to determine the root cause of the failure, and identify the source of various failed coating films found. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were used to identify the type of coating and its manufacture. A robotic video crawler (RVC) was used to inspect the internal coating condition for the piping system. The effect of corrosion inhibitor injection and plant operating parameters on the coatings were all reviewed and evaluated. It was concluded that improper coating application was the root cause of the failure.
Reports on the topic "Internal cause"
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Bruce. L52273 Internal Repair of Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010287.
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External, corrosion-caused loss of wall thickness is the most common cause of repair for gas transmission pipelines. To prevent an area of corrosion damage from causing a pipeline to rupture, the area containing the corrosion damage must be reinforced. Since corrosion is a time dependent process, as pipelines become older, more repairs are required. Repair methods that can be applied from the inside of a gas transmission pipeline (i.e., trenchless methods) are an attractive alternative to conventional repair methods since pipeline excavation is precluded. This is particularly true for pipelines in environmentally sensitive and highly populated areas. Hydrostatic pressure testing was conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, weld deposition, an adhesively bonded steel patch, and adhesively bonded/helically wound steel strip. To benchmark pipeline material performance, additional pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin and in the corrosion damaged/un-repaired conditions. Three repair technologies exhibited burst pressures that were greater than the burst pressures of the un-repaired pipe sections: adhesively bonded/helically wound steel strip repair exhibited the highest performance with burst pressures ranging from 0.4% to 144% higher; carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair had burst pressures ranging from 4% to 17% higher; and glass fiber-reinforced liner repair had burst pressures ranging from 1% to 7% higher. Two repair technologies exhibited burst pressures that were lower than the burst pressures of the un-repaired pipe sections: adhesively bonded steel patch repair was 1% lower and weld deposition repair was10% lower.
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Ousley, Jase, Ram Mohan, Melinda Strevig, Katherine Skelton, Marin Kress, J. Farrar, and Alan Kennedy. Hurdles to beneficial use of dredged material : root cause analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48256.
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This technical note (TN) summarizes high points of an internal review of US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) dredging and dredged material management practices, specifically beneficial use of dredged material (BUDM), that USACE manages from various navigation channels and ports around the nation.
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Gartland. L52079 Internal Corrosion in Dry Gas Pipelines During Upsets. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011313.
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The main objective of the present project has been to develop a computer program, named GasCor, that can be used to estimate the corrosion related risk of operating dry gas pipelines under conditions where upsets may occur. An upset is here considered as an event that may cause corrosive liquid water to be present in some part of the pipeline within a certain time period. The computer program is meant to be a screening tool that can assist in the evaluation of the severity of the corrosion rate as well as in the location of the positions where the most significant corrosion is to be expected. The latter may be of importance for the planning of an inspection program.
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Lindow, Steven, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Relationship of Genes Conferring Epiphytic Fitness and Internal Multiplication in Plants in Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573065.bard.
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Most bacterial plant pathogens colonize the surface of healthy plants as epiphytes before colonizing internally and initiating disease. The epiphytic phase of these pathogens is thus an important aspect of their epidemiology and a stage at which chemical and biological control is aimed. However, little is known of the genes and phenotypes that contribute to the ability of bacteria to grow on leaves and survive the variable physical environment in this habitat. In addition, while genes such as hrp awr and others which confer pathogenicity and in planta growth ability have been described, their contribution to other aspects of bacterial epidemiology such as epiphytic fitness have not been addressed. We hypothesized that bacterial genes conferring virulence or pathogenicity to plants also contribute to the epiphytic fitness of these bacteria and that many of these genes are preferentially located on plasmids. We addressed these hypotheses by independently identifying genes that contribute to epiphytic fitness, in planta growth, virulence and pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv gypsophilae which causes gall formation on gypsophila. This species is highly epiphytically fit and has acquired a plasmid (pPATH) that contains numerous pathogenicity and virulence determinants, which we have found to also contribute to epiphytic fitness. We performed saturation transposon mutagenesis on pPATH as well as of the chromosome of E.h. gypsophilae, and identified mutants with reduced ability to grow in plants and/or cause disease symptoms, and through a novel competition assay, identified mutants less able to grow or survive on leaves. The number and identity of plasmid-borne hrp genes required for virulence was determined from an analysis of pPATH mutants, and the functional role of these genes in virulence was demonstrated. Likewise, other pPATH-encoded genes involved in IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis were characterized and their pattern of transcriptional activity was determined in planta. In both cases these genes involved in virulence were found to be induced in plant apoplasts. About half of avirulent mutants in pPATH were also epiphytically unfit whereas only about 10% of chromosomal mutants that were avirulent also had reduced epiphytic fitness. About 18% of random mutants in pPATH were avirulent in contrast to only 2.5% of random chromosomal mutants. Importantly, as many as 28% of pPATH mutants had lower epiphytic fitness while only about 10% of random chromosomal mutants had lower epiphytic fitness. These results support both of our original hypotheses, and indicate that genes important in a variety of interactions with plant have been enriched on mobile plasmids such as pPATH. The results also suggest that the ability of bacteria to colonize the surface of plants and to initiate infections in the interior of plants involves many of the same traits. These traits also appear to be under strong regulatory control, being expressed in response to the plant environment in many cases. It may be possible to alter the pattern of expression of such genes by altering the chemical environment of plants either by genetic means or by additional or chemical antagonists of the plant signals. The many novel bacterial genes identified in this study that are involved in plant interactions should be useful in further understanding of bacterial plant interactions.
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Petzke, Jonas, Dennis Kleinschmidt, and Florian Brüning. Simulative approach for predicting the heating behavior of elastomers in the solid-state microwave heating process. Universidad de los Andes, December 2024. https://doi.org/10.51573/andes.pps39.gs.ms.2.
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The increasing demand for energy efficient vulcanization of rubber extrusions requires the optimization and further development of existing processes. Microwave vulcanization allows the energy required for this process to be coupled directly into the material via dielectric losses. Microwave heating requires the polarity of the rubber so that the electromagnetic wave can cause the polar components of the material to vibrate. These vibrations cause internal friction, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the rubber compound. In this research project, microwaves were used to heat a rubber strand placed in a specially prepared waveguide. This method offers advantages over conventional methods, such as hot air vulcanization. A key advantage is that the energy is coupled directly into the material, resulting in low losses. In contrast to hot air vulcanization, where the air must first be heated, the heating of the material also takes place within the product to be heated. This results in a significant increase in energy efficiency, reaching up to 90 %. In addition, internal heating provides a more homogeneous heat distribution in the rubber strand compared to external heating by hot air vulcanization. To predict the heating behavior of rubber in the microwave process, a simulative model is created in the multiphysics simulation environment CST Studio Suite®. The model describes the microwave heating behavior of rubbers based on the thermodynamic and electromagnetic material data of the rubber compound. This simulation is known as a bi-directional simulation, so that temperature-dependent variables such as dielectric loss and thermal conductivity can be considered. The model is used to analyze parameter variations of the electromagnetic wave frequency, waveguide geometry, and strand orientation in the waveguide. Finally, optimized settings for the real process are recommended.
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Tique Andrade, Alfonso, Rosina Estol Peixoto, Héctor Mendoza Castro, and María Eugenia Roca. Procurement and Operational Efficiency: An Analysis of How IDB-Financed Projects are Executed. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010561.
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An important challenge faced by the Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) is to mitigate delays in the implementation of its operations. To this end, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) sponsored a study to identify implementation procurement factors that cause implementation delays. The study found that 26 percent of the sovereign guaranteed investment lending portfolio financed by the IDB experienced procurement-related delays, primarily explained by nine factors. Among the factors related to a wide variety of procurement aspects of the procurement cycle, from design, planning and bidding process to contract's monitoring by the executing agency. This study identifies and evaluates the key procurement-related factors affecting project execution, based on surveys and information from internal and external Bank sources. The paper is divided into three sections: methodology, results and conclusions.
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Yoosef-Ghodsi, Ozkan, and Bandstra. PR-244-114501-R01 Review of Compressive Strain Capacity Assessment Methods Final Report. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010402.
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Buried pipelines subjected to non-continuous ground movement such as frost heave, thaw settlement, slope instability and seismic movement experience high compressive strains that can cause local buckling (or wrinkling), in which the pipe wall buckles like a thin cylindrical shell in axial compression. In a strain-based design and assessment framework, excessive local buckling deformation that may cause loss of serviceability, or even pressure containment in some cases, is managed by limiting the strain demand below the strain limit. The determination of compressive strain limit is typically performed by full-scale structural testing or nonlinear finite element analysis that takes into account material and geometric non-linearity associated with the inelastic buckling of cylindrical shells. Before performing testing and numerical analysis (or when such options do not exist), empirical equations are used to estimate the strain limit. In this report a number of representative equations were evaluated by comparing strain limit predictions to full-scale test results. Work prior to this study has identified the importance of key variables that have the greatest impact on the local buckling behaviour. Examples of these variables include the diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio, internal pressure and shape of the stress strain curve. The evaluation focused on how existing equations address these key variables, and the performance with respect to key variables and in different ranges.
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Cao Romero, Julio A., Jorge Reyes-Avendaño, Julio Soriano, Leonardo Farfan-Cabrera, and Ali Erdemir. A Pin-on-Disc Study on the Electrified Sliding Wear of EVs Powertrain Gears. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0320.
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In contrast to conventional powertrains from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), the tribological performance of powertrains of electric vehicles (EVs) must be further evaluated by considering new critical operating conditions such as electrical environments. The operation of any type of electric motor produces shaft voltages and currents due to various hardware configurations and factors. Furthermore, the common application of inverters intensifies this problem. It has been reported that the induced shaft voltages and currents can cause premature failure problems in tribological components such as bearings and gears due to accelerated wear and/or fatigue. It is ascribed to effects of electric discharge machining (EDM), also named, sparking wear caused by shaft currents and poor or increasingly diminishing dielectric strength of lubricants. A great effort has been done to study this problem in bearings, but it has not yet been the case for gears. Considering that EVs powertrains can be configurated with an electric motor coupled to a single-speed or multi-speed transmission, it is expected that shaft currents can also affect gears to some extent. The pin-on-disc test has been widely used to study sliding wear of gear materials under comparable or realistic operating conditions. This accelerated test is effective for screening materials, lubricants and operating conditions allowing evaluations of their friction and wear properties. However, it has not been implemented for studying gear materials under electrified environments. Thus, this paper aims to explore the friction coefficient and wear of gear materials under non-electrified and electrified sliding in a pin-on-disc tester applying typical of EVs powertrain shaft currents during sliding. The tests were carried out at two different DC currents under comparable gear dry and lubricated sliding contact conditions. Friction coefficient, wear volumes and morphologies were evaluated and reported in this work.
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Song. PR-015-073501-R01 Practical Guidelines for Internal Corrosion Threat in Dry Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010968.
Full textAbstract:
Internal corrosion threat in dry gas pipelines is low due to a very low water content controlled under a tariff limit. However, the threat may exist when liquid water is brought into the pipe by condensation, intrusion from laterals or hydrotest. The threat can be confirmed through methods including in-line inspection, pressure testing or direct assessment; whereas each method has its limitations and is costly. It is important that methods be developed to identify and prioritize the likely locations of internal corrosion threat. Equally important are methods that can be developed to determine locations where an internal corrosion threat is extremely unlikely and thus inspections could otherwise be exempted or the reassessment interval extended. The goal of this work is to develop practical tools to determine the likelihood of internal corrosion threat for given operating conditions. With these tools an operator would be able to evaluate whether the current operation of its pipeline has an internal corrosion threat that is extremely unlikely or how to adjust its operation to control the internal corrosion threat to become extremely unlikely. By having a quantitative understanding of the level of internal corrosion threat, the operator may be able to present a convincing case to regulators that allows for extending the reassessment interval of in-line inspection, pressure testing or direct assessment.
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Ramada, Magdalena, and Adriana Cassoni. Innovation, R&D Investment and Productivity: Uruguayan Manufacturing Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010991.
Full textAbstract:
Uruguays inability to sustain high levels of economic growth cannot be fully explained by external shocks, the prevailing institutional setting or the level of human capital accumulation. Instead, low investment in knowledge capital stands as a most likely explanation. This hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence analyzed in this study. Returns on innovation were found to be significant, promoting a non-negligible acceleration of labor productivity gains. However, the propensity to innovate and the intensity of the effort expended critically depend on the firms already having a high internal efficiency level. As firms behavior is differentiated depending on the type of innovation output pursued, the significantly higher frequency of processes relative to product-innovative firms is matched by the larger impact of novel processes with respect to products on labor productivity. However, the degree of novelty of process innovation is significantly inferior to that of product innovation. The research points to inadequate choices of input mixes as the underlying cause. Policy recommendations center on finding adequate channels to generate and disseminate information on the optimal input mixes depending on the type of innovation output sought.