Academic literature on the topic 'Internal Combustion Eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Internal Combustion Eng"
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Kot, Adam, and Waldemar Łatas. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of CVT rubber belt vibrations." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (2021): 1196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0121.
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Abstract This article contains the results of experimental tests of vibrations of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) belt transmission driven by a two-stroke internal combustion engine. The measurements were made with the use of a high-speed camera, which allowed to obtain results impossible to obtain with other measurement methods. The nonlinear integro-partial differential equation of vibrations of the moving belt is given. Based on a simplified linear equation, the observed effects on the amplitude–frequency characteristics obtained from the measurements are explained. An approximate formula is given that allows for determining the transmission belt velocities for which resonances occur.
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Gregório, Jorge P., and Francisco M. Brójo. "Development of a 4 stroke spark ignition opposed piston engine." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (2018): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0039.
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Abstract The purpose of this project was to develop a low-cost OP engine, 4-stroke, gasoline by joining two single-cylinder reciprocating internal combustion engines with side valves on the block, removing the heads. The chosed engine was Model EY15 of Robin America. Joining these two engine blocks together made possible to build an opposed-piston engine (OPE) with two crankshafts. In this new engine, the combustion chamber is confined to the space inside the cylinder between the piston heads and the chamber between the valves. The pistons move in the cylinder axis in opposite directions, a feature typical of opposed-piston engines. After building the engine, parameters characteristic of the OPE, such as: rotational speed, torque, fuel consumption and emissions, were measured on an Eddy currents dynamometer. With the collected data, power, specific consumption and overall efficiency were calculated, allowing to conclude that the motor with the opposed-piston configuration is less expensive and is more powerful. The development of the opposed-piston engine in this project has shown that it is feasible to build one engine from a different one already in use, reducing the manufacturing and development costs. In addition, higher power can be obtained with better specific fuel consumption and less vibration.
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Shashkova, Nina, Yelena Lukyanova, Victor Selivanov, Anatoliy Kazak, and Igor Bukreev. "Solving the transport problem as a basis for preserving the ecology of the popular resorts of the Black Sea coast." E3S Web of Conferences 458 (2023): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345803023.
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The ecological situation in the resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the Crimea cannot but cause concerns. Once these resorts were positioned as climatic ones with a strongly marked therapeutic and health-improving climate. Today, we are no longer talking about the healing properties of the climate of these regions. But it is possible to preserve these regions for future generations as centers of medical and health tourism. One of the factors negatively affecting the ecology of the Black Sea resort areas is the expansion of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Waste exhaust gases from running engines of a huge number of motor vehicles that have appeared in recent years on the Black Sea coast (and not only in the summer holiday season) cause irreparable harm to the ecology of popular resort areas. Substantiation of the possibility of creating a zone free of vehicles with internal combustion engines in the resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus. To achieve this goal, theoretical methods of scientific research were used: analysis, synthesis and forecasting. The analysis of foreign and domestic experience in the study of the possibility of introducing a high-speed transport system for public and freight transport hyperloop (hyperloop - Eng.) is carried out. A conceptual project for solving the transport problem of the resort regions of the Southern coast of the Crimea is proposed.
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Asatryan, Rubik, Jason Hudzik, Venus Amiri, and Mark T. Swihart. "Internally Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (I-CHAT)—A New Class of Reactions in Combustion Chemistry." Molecules 30, no. 3 (2025): 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030524.
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The current paradigm of low-T combustion and autoignition of hydrocarbons is based on the sequential two-step oxygenation of fuel radicals. The key chain-branching occurs when the second oxygenation adduct (OOQOOH) is isomerized releasing an OH radical and a key ketohydroperoxide (KHP) intermediate. The subsequent homolytic dissociation of relatively weak O–O bonds in KHP generates two more radicals in the oxidation chain leading to ignition. Based on the recently introduced intramolecular “catalytic hydrogen atom transfer” mechanism (J. Phys. Chem. 2024, 128, 2169), abbreviated here as I-CHAT, we have identified a novel unimolecular decomposition channel for KHPs to form their classical isomers—enol hydroperoxides (EHP). The uncertainty in the contribution of enols is typically due to the high computed barriers for conventional (“direct”) keto–enol tautomerization. Remarkably, the I-CHAT dramatically reduces such barriers. The novel mechanism can be regarded as an intramolecular version of the intermolecular relay transfer of H-atoms mediated by an external molecule following the general classification of such processes (Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 2014, 56, 403). Here, we present a detailed mechanistic and kinetic analysis of the I-CHAT-facilitated pathways applied to n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-pentane models as prototype molecules for gasoline, diesel, and hybrid rocket fuels. We particularly examined the formation kinetics and subsequent dissociation of the γ-enol-hydroperoxide isomer of the most abundant pentane-derived isomer γ-C5-KHP observed experimentally. To gain molecular-level insight into the I-CHAT catalysis, we have also explored the role of the internal catalyst moieties using truncated models. All applied models demonstrated a significant reduction in the isomerization barriers, primarily due to the decreased ring strain in transition states. In addition, the longer-range and sequential H-migration processes were also identified and illustrated via a combined double keto–enol conversion of heptane-2,6-diketo-4-hydroperoxide as a potential chain-branching model. To assess the possible impact of the I-CHAT channels on global fuel combustion characteristics, we performed a detailed kinetic analysis of the isomerization and decomposition of γ-C5-KHP comparing I-CHAT with key alternative reactions—direct dissociation and Korcek channels. Calculated rate parameters were implemented into a modified version of the n-pentane kinetic model developed earlier using RMG automated model generation tools (ACS Omega, 2023, 8, 4908). Simulations of ignition delay times revealed the significant effect of the new pathways, suggesting an important role of the I-CHAT pathways in the low-T combustion of large alkanes.
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Nor Azwadi Che Sidik and Ehsan Kianpour. "Influence of Compound Spherical Trenched Holes on Film Cooling Performance at the end of Combustor Simulator." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 28, no. 1 (2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.1.1324.
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The major effects of cylindrical and spherical trenched cooling holes with distance between the hole surface and the combustion chamber panel and the filler diameter on the spherical hole contact surface and the panel surface H=0.3,R=D/2=0.1, H=0.3, R=D/2=0.2 and H=0.3, R=D/2=0.3 cm at BR=3.18 on the film cooling effectiveness near the combustor end wall surface is an important subject to study in details. In this research, a three-dimensional representation of a Pratt and Whitney gas turbine engine was simulated and analysed with a commercial finite volume package FLUENT 6.2.26. The analyses were done with RANS turbulence model on internal cooling passages. The combustor simulator was combined with the interaction of two rows of dilution jets, which were staggered in the streamwise direction and aligned in the spanwise direction. In comparison with the baseline case, the application of trenched holes increased the effectiveness of film cooling up to 47% near the wall surface and an average of 35% in depth of combustor simulator .
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FRIEDL, Hubert, Günter Fraidl, and Paul Kapus. "Highest efficiency and ultra low emission – internal combustion engine 4.0." Combustion Engines 180, no. 1 (2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-102.
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In the future, the simultaneous reduction of pollutant and CO2 emissions will require significantly enhanced powertrain functionalities that cannot only be adequately represented by the ICE (internal combustion engine) alone. Both automated transmissions and especially powertrain electrification can help to meet efficiently those extended requirements. The extended functionalities are no longer applied exclusively with the ICE itself ("Fully Flexible Internal Combustion Engine"), but distributed across the entire powertrain ("Fully Flexible Powertrain"). In addition, the powertrain will be fully networked with the vehicle environment and thus will utilize all data that are useful for emission and consumption-optimized operation of the ICE. Combustion engine and electrification often complement each other in a synergetic way. This makes it extremely sensible for the combustion engine to evolve in future from a "single fighter" to a "team player". If one compares the requirements of such an ICE with the definition of Industry 4.0, then there are extensive correspondences. Thus, it seems quite opportune to call such a fully networked combustion engine designed to meet future needs as “Internal Combustion Engine 4.0 (ICE 4.0)”. This even more so, as such a name can also be derived from the history: e.g. ICE 1.0 describes the combustion engines of the first mass-produced vehicles, ICE 2.0 the combustion engines emission-optimized since the 1960s and ICE 3.0 the highly optimized "Fully Flexible Combustion Engine", which currently offers a high torque and performance potential combined with low fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In addition to further improvements in fuel consumption, the "Combustion Engine 4.0" offers such a low level of pollutant emissions that can best be described as "Zero Impact Emission". This means that such future ICE´s will no longer have a negative impact on the imission situation in urban areas. With the e-fuels topic, the ICE also has the potential to become both CO2- and pollutant-neutral in the medium and long term. This means that the ICE – also in passenger cars – will continue to be an essential and necessary cornerstone for future powertrain portfolios for the next decades.
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Postrzednik, Stefan. "Combined use of coal mine gases for efficient energy generation." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 4 (2016): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0026.
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Abstract There are two basic types of coal mine gases: gas from demethanation of coal deposits, and ventilation gas; containing combustible ingredients (mainly methane, CH4). Effective use of these gases is an important technical and ecological issue (greenhouse gas emissions), mainly due to the presence of methane in these gases. Serious difficulties in this area (e.g. using them as the fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine) occur mainly in relation to the ventilation gas, whereas the gas from demethanation of coal deposits can be used directly as the fuel for internal combustion engines. The proposed solution of this problem shows that the simple mixing of these two gases (without supplying of oxygen from ambient air) is the effective way to producing the gaseous combustible mixture, which can be used for the fueling of internal combustion gas engines. To evaluate the energy usefulness of this way produced combustible mixture the process indicator has been proposed, which expresses the share of the chemical energy supplied with the ventilation gas, in the whole chemical energy of the produced fuel combustible mixture. It was also established how (e.g., by appropriate choice of the mixed gas streams) can be achieved significantly higher values of the characteristic process indicator, while retaining full energy usefulness of the gained gaseous mixture to power combustion engines.
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Manaf, Muhammad Zaidan Abdul, Nik Abdullah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Mohd Noor Asril Saadun, and Mohd Hafidzal Mohd Hanafi. "Modeling of Flywheel Hybrid Powertrain to Optimize Energy Consumption in Mechanical Hybrid Motorcycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.287.
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The creation of internal combustion engine is a significant milestone in power engineering world which simplified high mechanical energy demand jobs like moving vehicle and machinery. Even though the internal combustion engine gives lot of advantages, however, this type of engine is incapable to convert the heat energy from fuel combustion to the mechanical energy efficiently. Small capacity engine e.g. motorcycle engine having the power conversion efficiency between 25-30%. Therefore, alternative power source is required to support the internal combustion engine in order to increase the overall system efficiency. These phenomena give encouragement to implement the hybridization process. This is to increase the system efficiency in transferring power to the wheel. Hybridization processes e.g. flywheel as secondary power source can increase power transfer efficiency between 30%-80%. Hence, the purpose of this research is to develop the mathematical model of the power transfer efficiency of flywheel hybrid motorcycle by using back trace simulation method. This model will record the amount of energy use in acceleration phase of the driving cycle. Subsequently, the efficiency ratio of motorcycle power transfer is calculated and comparison of those ratios between the conventional motorcycle and the hybrid motorcycle is made. The outstanding results show that the hybrid motorcycle is capable to conserve the energy used up to 36% compare to the conventional motorcycle that wasted energy up to 200%. As a conclusion, flywheel as the secondary power source is capable to supply enough energy to propel the motorcycle forward.
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Nakaryakov, E. V., M. A. Semin, E. L. Grishin та E. V. Kolesov. "Analysis of the Regularities of Accumulation and Removal of the Exhaust Gases from the Сombustion-engined Vehicles in the Dead-end Chamber-like Mine Workings". Occupational Safety in Industry, № 5 (травень 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-5-41-47.
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The paper presents the results of the mathematical modeling of the conditions for ventilating extended blind dead end stope chamber-like mine workings of large cross-section, which are formed by expanding the preparatory rifled mine working when loading and hauling machines with an internal combustion engine are operating in them. The experience of using CFD-modeling in solving problems of ventilation of such mine workings is analyzed. Numerical dependences of the change in the average concentration of exhaust gases at the workplace of the load-haul-dump machine operator on the operating time of equipment with an internal combustion engine in the stope area of the chamber were obtained. These dependencies allowed to determine the coefficient of efficiency of ventilation of dead-end stope chamber-like mine workings of large cross-section when operating equipment with an internal combustion engine in them. It was found that the ventilation efficiency coefficient can be taken equal to one both in the case of an increase in the concentration, and in the case of its decrease. The conclusion is made about the same regularities in the processes of accumulation and removal of harmful impurities in the dead-end mine working. Using a parameterized model, expressions were obtained for determining maximum operating time of the machine with an internal combustion engine for unloading ore from the stope area without exceeding maximum permissible concentration of the exhaust gases. An expression is also presented for calculating the minimum ventilation time of the chamber after the vehicle leaves and before its re-entry into the chamber. Made conclusions and obtained dependencies will allow to ensure safe working conditions for the miners in the extended dead-end stope chamber-like mine workings of large cross-section.
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Chen, Jian, Robert Randall, Ningsheng Feng, Bart Peeters, and Herman Van der Auweraer. "Modelling and diagnosis of big-end bearing knock fault in internal combustion engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 16 (2014): 2973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214524743.
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Big-end bearing knock is considered to be one of the common mechanical faults in internal combustion engines (IC engines). In this paper, a model has been built to simulate the effects of oversized clearance in the big-end bearing of an engine. In order to find a relationship between the acceleration response signal and the oversized clearance, the kinematic/kinetic and lubrication characteristics of the big ending bearing were studied. By adjusting the clearance, the impact forces with different levels of bearing knock fault can be simulated. The acceleration on the surface of the engine block was calculated by multiplying the simulated force spectrum by an experimentally measured frequency response function (FRF) in the frequency domain (and then inverse transforming to the time domain). As for experimentally measured vibration signals from bearing knock faults, the signal processing approach used involved calculating the squared envelopes of the simulated acceleration signals. The comparison to the experimental results demonstrated that the simulation model can correctly simulate vibration signals with different stages of bearing knock faults.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Internal Combustion Eng"
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Braga, Lúcia Bollini. "Análise econômica do uso de célula a combustível para acionamento de ônibus urbano /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99317.
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Resumo: O aquecimento global e o agravamento da qualidade de vida da população causado principalmente pela queima de combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, diesel, gasolina), que emite milhões de toneladas de poluentes ao meio ambiente, é um dos focos principais da atualidade. Além disso, a certeza de que os combustíveis fósseis são bens esgotáveis abre margem para mais pesquisas em energias limpas, particularmente para os veículos automotores. Neste sentido tem recebido particular atenção a tecnologia de célula a combustível, que pode ser aplicada para o transporte urbano e corrobora para a melhoria da atual situação ambiental do planeta. As células a combustível surgem como tecnologias realmente promissoras para a geração de energia e embora já existam diversos protótipos e estudos no mundo, ainda são inviáveis comercialmente, fator este que pode ser contornado, com a evolução tecnológica e a possibilidade de produção em série, num futuro próximo. Dentre as diversas tecnologias hoje existentes, as células PEM (membrana de troca protônica) são as mais indicadas e fazem parte dos protótipos de veículos automotores em desenvolvimento, pois combina durabilidade, alta eficiência, tem rápido acionamento e opera em temperaturas relativamente baixas. Essa dissertação tem como objetivo a análise econômica comparando um ônibus movido com célula a combustível com um ônibus movido com motor de combustão interna. Além disso, foi calculada a eficiência ecológica para a produção do hidrogênio a partir de processos de reforma a vapor de gás natural, reforma a vapor de etanol, eletrólise por turbina eólica e eletrólise com energia de água vertida em hidroelétrica.<br>Abstract: The global warming is decreasing the life quality of population caused mainly by burning of fossil fuels (oil, diesel, gasoline) that emit millions of tons of pollutants to the environment. Besides, the certainty that those fossil fuels are non-renewable resources allows more researches in cleaner energy, and particularly in vehicles. This way, fuel cell has received particular attention because it can be applied in urban transport and improves the actual environmental situation of the world. The fuel cells appear like a promising technology for energy generation. Although there are a lot of prototypes and researches in the world, its commercialization is impracticable, although it can be changed over the technological evolution and an additional production, in a near future. Among several technologies in the present, the PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cell) is the most appropriated and take part of prototypes of vehicles in progress, because it combines durability, high efficiency, good response at room temperatures and it works at relatively low temperatures. The purpose of this dissertation was performes an economic analysis, comparing buses moved by fuel cells and buses moved by internal combustion engine. Furthermore was developed an ecological efficiency of hydrogen produced by natural gas, ethanol, electrolyse by wind turbine and hydrogen by hydroelectric power plant.<br>Orientador: Júlio Santana Antunes<br>Coorientador: José Luz Silveira<br>Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho<br>Banca: José Rui Camargo<br>Mestre
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Reis, Joaquim Antônio dos. "Projeto e montagem de um sistema compacto de cogeração : aplicação da análise exergoeconômica /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106421.
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Resumo: Este trabalho desenvolve o projeto, aqui entendido como a seleção das unidades que atendam às exigências de obtenção de eletricidade, calor e frio, e a montagem de um sistema de cogeração que usa um motor de pequeno porte associado a uma máquina de absorção e trocadores de calor que satisfarão tais exigências de uma maneira a mais econômica possível, isto é, otimizado em termos de custos. Aplicando-se um método de obtenção dos custos associados à exergia, cria-se um quadro de custos exergéticos para a obtenção de cada produto, e a soma de cada custo constitui o que chama-se de custo de manufatura exergética. O estudo demonstra que é possível aplicar esse método e identificar os pontos de deficiência de um sistema térmico como o mostrado e ,com isso, tomar medidas que venham a melhorar seu desempenho. Essa otimização física não se utiliza de conhecidos algoritmos de otimização matemática, utilizando-se de dados físicos e termodinâmicos medidos, O método permite identificar a forma operacional (basicamente a rotação do motor) que apresente os menores custos. A compreensão dos aspectos gerais da cogeração, das tecnologias envolvidas, com suas vantagens e desvantagens, torna possível aplicar a avaliação exergética associada a conceitos econômicos,e, com essa análise, tomar-se medidas que melhorem o desempenho do sistema em estudo.<br>Abstract: This work develop the design of a cogeneration system with a small internal combustion engine coupled with an absorption refrigeration unit utilised in the production of a refrigeration effect, heating effect and electrical power generation with the utilization of exhaust waste heat, in a most possible economic way, i.e., optimized within limits of costs. By developing a method of costs associated to exergy, raises an exergetic costs for each unit, and the total costs is called manufacture exergetic cost. This study demonstrate that the appliance of this method identify the failures in the system and indicate where applies measures that improves its performance. This optimization do not utilizes mathematical algorithms, it is a physical optimization that use thermodynamics and physical data. The objective of this method is to identify the operational form that introduces the smaller cost. This compact cogeneration system have an internal combustion engine coupled with two heat exchangers and an absorption engine. The comprehension of general aspects of cogeneration technologies, its advantages and disadvantages turn possible to apply the exergetic evaluation associated with economic concepts to improve the performance of the system.<br>Orientador: José Luz Silveira<br>Coorientador: Edson Bazzo<br>Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho<br>Banca: Julio Santana Antunes<br>Banca: Jose Rui Camargo<br>Banca: Newton Galvão de Campos Leite<br>Doutor
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Malpica, Luis Gustavo Torquatro. "Manutenção preditiva de motores de combustão interna, à gasolina, através da técnica de análise de lubrificantes /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94533.
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Orientador: Aparecido Carlos Gonçalves<br>Banca: Marcio Antonio Bazani<br>Banca: Roberto Hideaki Tsunaki<br>Resumo: Em um motor de combustão interna todas as peças possuem uma vida útil prevista, sendo essa duração maior ou menor, de acordo com a função específica a elas atribuída. Cada uma das peças tem a sua vida pré-determinada que, em condições normais de funcionamento de todo o conjunto, atende as expectativas. Pela análise do óleo podem-se monitorar as condições destas peças. A técnica de análise de óleo é um tipo de manutenção preditiva. Ela pode ser feita coletando-se o óleo de um equipamento e analisando-o posteriormente ou analisando-o diretamente em sistemas "on line". A análise dos óleos permite identificar os primeiros sintomas de desgaste de um componente. A identificação é feita a partir do estudo da quantidade de partículas, tamanho, forma e composição, que forneceram informações precisas sobre as condições das superfícies em movimento sem a necessidade de se desmontar o conjunto a qual estas partes pertencem. Tais partículas sólidas são geradas pelo atrito dinâmico entre peças em contato. De acordo com o estudo destas partículas pode-se relacionar as situações de desgastes do conjunto e atribuí-las a condições físicas e químicas. A análise dos óleos é feita por meio de técnicas laboratoriais que envolvem, reagentes, instrumentos e equipamentos. Assim, para se estudar a manutenção preditiva em motores de combustão interna, foi feito um estudo teórico sobre estes motores, sobre os lubrificantes, sobre os problemas e possíveis causas associados a falhas destes, sobre os tipos de manutenção preditivas aplicadas a estes e sobre trabalhos que tratam da manutenção preditiva em motores realizados por outros autores. Para auxiliar os estudos foi proposta a construção de duas bancadas de ensaios compostas de motores de quatro tempos, a gasolina, acoplados a um redutor de velocidades para fornecer carga aos mesmos...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In an internal combustion engine every pieces have a foreseen useful life. This duration is large or small according to the specific function to them attributed. Each piece has its own pre determined life that in normal operation conditions of the set attend to the expectations. By oil analysis one can monitor the pieces conditions. The oil analysis technique is a type of predictive maintenance. It can be done collecting the oil of an equipment and analyzing it latter on or analyzing it directly in systems "on line". The oil analysis allows identifying the early symptoms of a component wear. The identification is done starting from the study of the particle quantity, size, forms and composition that supplies precise information about the moving superficial conditions without the need of disassembling the set which these parts belong to. Such solid particles are generated by dynamic friction among pieces in contact. According to the study of those particle one can relate the wear set situation and to attribute them to physical and chemical conditions. The oil analysis is done by means of laboratories techniques that involve reagent, instruments and equipments. So, to study the predictive maintenance in internal combustion engine it was done a theoretical study about those engine, about lubricants, about problems and possible causes related to fault of them, about the types of predictive maintenance associated to them and about papers that deal to predictive maintenance in internal combustion engine. To aid the studies it was proposed the construction of two test rig composed of gasoline four cycle internal combustion engine coupled to a reducer to supply load to them. In the first test rig it was used an internal combustion engine in advanced state of deterioration and on the second one it was used a new internal combustion engine. The results showed that even in advanced state ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Karagiannopoulos, Solon. "In-cylinder species imaging in internal combustion engines using absorption spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/incylinder-species-imaging-in-internal-combustion-engines-using-absorption-spectroscopy(ec710f4d-df5d-481e-a864-73b9be1f1c6a).html.
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Combustion diagnostics based on Diode Lasers have been in focus of research in recent years, due to the advances in optical technologies. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been employed for in-cylinder, nonintrusive, crank-angle resolved measurements in Internal Combustion (IC) engines. This thesis addresses a novel opto-electronic, multi-wavelength scheme for line-ofsight gas absorption measurements and tomographic imaging in IC engines. High temporal resolution measurements of H2O vapour using direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS), with external intensity modulation for phase sensitive detection, is implemented with Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs). Using spectroscopic databases, two Near-IR overtone water transitions have been appropriately selected for ratiometric temperature compensation to enable concentration measurements, and an additional wavelength to account for nonabsorbing attenuation. A scanned-wavelength approach was used for laboratory evaluation of the new technique at 250 KS/s, and comparison with simulated absorption lines showed excellent accuracy and precision. Fixed-wavelength, Time-Division-Multiplexing (TDM) operation with SOAs as optical switching elements has also been demonstrated in the laboratory. A preliminary demonstration of the scheme on an optical engine has been presented with three projections continuously monitored at 150 KS/s during motored and fired engine operation. Valuable data for the system characterisation and future modifications and improvement have been obtained. Finally, tomographic imaging results of liquid and vapour phase fuel distribution in a motored IC engine are also presented.
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Coisse, Reginaldo Carreon. "A influência da microestrutura e dos tratamentos superficiais na vida em fadiga de aços inoxidáveis martensítico e austenítico usados na fabricação de válvulas para motores a combustão interna /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94404.
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Resumo: A crescente demanda pela redução na emissão de gases provenientes da combustão em motores automotivos e pela diminuição no consumo de combustíveis torna necessária a redução de massa dos componentes além da redução das perdas mecânicas e térmicas nestes motores. Tais requisitos fazem com que os componentes sejam cada vez menores, suportem maiores tensões e que possuam o menor coeficiente de atrito e a maior resistência ao desgaste possível. Por isso, faz-se necessária a combinação de materiais e recobrimentos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo do comportamento à fadiga de dois aços inoxidáveis, o X45CRSi9 3 e o X55CrMnNiN20 8, utilizados na fabricação de válvulas de admissão e escape, combinados com dois dos mais utilizados tratamentos superficiais, a nitrocarbonetação e a eletrodeposição de cromo duro, comparados com somente retificados. Os materiais combinados com os tratamentos superficiais acima foram testados à fadiga unidirecional e foram realizadas análises em microscópios eletrônicos de varredura e óticos, análises de microdureza e de resistência à tração. As análises micrográficas, tanto da fratura quanto da microestrutura e os comportamentos à fadiga mostraram uma significativa sensibilidade destes materiais a variações microestruturais relativas tanto aos tratamentos térmicos quanto aos superficiais. As resistências à fadiga dos aços na condição cromada foram semelhantes e menores que as demais combinações. Sendo que o material martensítico demonstrou a maior sensibilidade a este recobrimento. As peças nitretadas apresentaram melhores comportamentos à fadiga que as cromadas, mas ainda menores que as peças sem tratamentos superficiais. A causa deste fato pode ser atribuída, no material martensítico, à existência de descarbonetações e, no material austenítico, à presença de fases frágeis subsuperficiais<br>Abstract: The increasing demand for reduction in greenhouse gases emission from the combustion in automobile engines and for the decreasing in fuel consumption makes it necessary to reduce weight of components the mechanical and thermal losses in these engines. Such requirements mean that the components are getting smaller, support higher stresses and need to provide the lowest coefficient of friction and the great wear resistance as possible. Therefore, it is necessary the combination of materials and coatings. This dissertation aims to study the fatigue behavior of two stainless steels, the X45CrSi9 3 and the X55CrMnNiN20 8, used in the manufacture of intake and exhaust valves, combined with two of the most used surface treatments, nitrocarburising and electroplated hard chromium, compared to the ground surface. The materials, combined with the above surface treatments were tested in uniaxial fatigue and analyzed in scanning electron and optical microscopes, microhardness and tensile strength. The fracture and microstructure analysis and the fatigue behavior showed a significant sensitivity to microstructural variations in the materials related to the heat and surface treatments. The chrome plated specimens presented the lower fatigue resistance in the both steels compared to the other surface treatments and the martensitic steel showed the highest sensitivity to this coating. The nitrided parts showed better fatigue behavior than the chrome plated, but still smaller than the parts without surface treatments. The cause of this fact can be attributed, in the martensitic steel, to the existence of decarburizing and in the austenitic material, the presence of subsurface brittle phases<br>Orientador: Herman Jacobus Cornelis Voorwald<br>Coorientador: Maria Odila Hilario Cioffi<br>Banca: Midori Yoshikawa Pitanga Costa<br>Banca: Rubens Caram Junior<br>Mestre
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Costa, Adriana Aparecida dos Santos. "Caracterização de motor aeronaútico utilizando misturas de gasolina de aviação e etanol : aspectos fluidodinâmicos, termodinâmicos e ecológicos /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106415.
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Resumo: Atualmente, o mundo está percebendo a importância do problema do aquecimento global e mais pessoas estão trabalhando com o objetivo de reduzir as emissões de poluentes no meio ambiente. Neste contexto é necessária a busca de novas fontes de energia, tais como o etanol, que sejam menos poluentes. O Brasil é um grande produtor de etanol, sendo o mesmo um combustível alternativo por ser mais barato que a gasolina. Além das vantagens financeiras que podem ser verificadas, através de receitas positivas, há vantagens técnicas e estratégicas do uso do etanol. O objetivo energético e ecológico deste trabalho é apresentar a caracterização experimental da turbulência dentro do cilindro de um motor a pistão aeronáutico e realizar análises do comportamento da eficiência ecológica do mesmo usando misturas etanol e gasolina como combustível. Estes estudos subsidiarão o desenvolvimento do motor FLEX aeronáutico que tem como finalidade de reduzir os custos operacionais com a aviação e os danos ao meio ambiente. Os ensaios utilizaram um motor Lycoming IO-540-K1D5, que equipa a aeronave T-25 "Universal" da Força Aérea Brasileira. Para a realização das medições da turbulência dentro da câmara de combustão do motor foi utilizada a técnica de diagnóstico não intrusiva conhecida por velocimetria a laser por imagem da partícula. Também foram realizados ensaios na bancada de testes do motor para a obtenção de dados referentes a emissões de poluentes e dos parâmetros do motor com diferentes misturas gasolina-etanol. O conceito de eficiência ecológica é utilizado como parâmetro de comparação. É avaliado e quantificado o impacto ambiental do uso da gasolina de aviação em motores de combustão interna aeronáuticos e as vantagens da utilização da mistura gasolina de aviação com etanol anidro. Em fase final são tecidas as conclusões para a melhoria do projeto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Nowadays, the world is realizing the importance of the global warming problem and consequently more people are working in order to reduce pollutant emissions to the environment. Today it is necessary to search new and less pollutant sources like ethanol. In Brazil, ethanol is already one realistic alternative fuel because it is less expensive than gasoline and Brazil is one of the largest ethanol producers. Beyond the financial advantages that can be verified, through the annual positive profits, there are technical and strategic advantages. The energetic and ecological objectives of this work are to present an experimental characterization of turbulence within the engine cylinder and perform analysis of the behavior of the ecological efficiency using gasoline and ethanol mixtures as fuel. These studies will subsidize the development of the Flex type aircraft engine Flex, which aims to reduce operating costs with aviation and environmental damage. This thesis presents measurement of turbulence inside Lycoming IO-540-K1D5 engine, utilized by the T-25 "Universal" aircraft, using particle image velocimetry. Besides turbulence tests other tests were conduted in order to obtain data for pollutant emission and performance engine analysis using blends gasoline-ethanol. In the final step, the concept of ecological efficiency is applied to evaluate the environmental impact. We evaluate and quantify the environmental impact from the use of aviation gasoline in aeronautical internal combustion engines and the advantages of using gasoline-ethanol blends as fuel. Conclusions are presented which will give technical support for further research on flexible-fuel aeronautical engines. Some future researches are suggested to support the Brazilian Air Force and Magnetti Marelli Company, which are developing the first Flex aeronautical engine in the world<br>Orientador: José Luz Silveira<br>Coorientador: Cristiane Aparecida Martins<br>Banca: João Andrade de Carvalho Junior<br>Banca: Nédilo Carrinho de Castro<br>Banca: Marcelo Andreotti<br>Banca: Maria Esther Sbampato<br>Doutor
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Coronado, Rodríguez Christian Jeremi. "Análise técnica econômica de um gaseificador de biomassa de 100 kg/h para acionamento de um motor de combustão interna /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99293.
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Orientador: José Luz Silveira<br>Banca: Celso Eduardo Tuna<br>Banca: Diovana Aparecida dos Santos Napoleão<br>Resumo: Após as crises do petróleo de 1973 e de 1979, notou-se um efeito nocivo dos elevados custos e contínuo aumento dos preços do petróleo, razão pela qual aumentou o interesse pelas fontes de energias renováveis, amplamente disponíveis nos países em desenvolvimento. Em todo o mundo, tornaram-se objetivos prioritários de se economizar energia e buscar tecnologias racionais, levando-se sempre em consideração os efeitos relacionados ao meio ambiente. Por outro lado, a escassez iminente dos combustíveis fósseis tem exigido da humanidade o uso racional de energia primária e como conseqüência, novas plantas em versões tecnológicas mais desenvolvidas têm sido concebidas visando sempre o aumento da eficiência energética. Neste contexto, destacam-se as tecnologias de gaseificação de madeira, que consistem em técnicas de conversão da biomassa em gás combustível. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento e a demonstração de uma metodologia de dimensionamento de um gaseificador de leito fixo tipo Downdraft para uma alimentação de 100 kg/h de biomassa lignocelulósica. Avalia-se e escolhe-se os diversos equipamentos e acessórios necessários para a limpeza e acondicionamento do gás combustível para a alimentação de um motor de combustão interna. A análise técnica inclui além dos parâmetros construtivos específicos do gaseificador, o balanço de massa, de energia, e a determinação das eficiências, tanto para a eficiência a frio como para a eficiência a quente do gaseificador. A análise econômica inclui uma avaliação e obtenção dos custos tanto do gaseificador como do Motor de Combustão Interna acoplado, os custos dos equipamentos e acessórios da zona de gaseificação, os custos operacionais e os custos da instalação e amortização do projeto.<br>Abstract: After the oil crisis of 1973 and 1979, an effect of the increase costs and continuously increment of the oil prices was noted. For this reason, the interest for renewable energies sources widely available in developing countries was increased. The governments have formulated main objectives for energy savings and search for friendly technologies, taking into account the effects related with the environment. The new plants with improved technology have been conceived always taking into account energy savings and efficiency improvement. In this context, biomass gasification technologies are important, since they consist in techniques of parallel production of electricity and heat from just one fuel. The main objective of this work is to develop and to demonstrate a scale up methodology for the construction of a bed fix downdraft gasifier with a 100 kg/h supply using as raw material lignocelulosic biomass. It will be evaluated and analytically chosen the necessary accessories and equipments for the cleaning and preparation of the biomass fuel gas, then this gas will be used in a internal combustion engine. The technical analysis includes in addition to the constructive specifics parameters, the balance of mass, balance of energy and determination of the efficiencies for thermal generation and power generation (hot efficiencies or cold efficiencies, respectively. The economic analysis includes cost evaluation of the gasifier, internal combustion engine, equipment and accessories of the gasification zone, operational and installation and amortization of the project.<br>Mestre
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Govoni, Juliana Bettoni. "Análise da viabilidade técnica econômica da utilização do biogás proveniente de resíduos de grandes granjas /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99315.
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Orientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho<br>Co orientador: José Luz Silveira<br>Banca: Marcio Abud Marcelino<br>Banca: Christian Jeremi Coronado Rodríguez<br>Resumo: Nos dias de hoje é essencial a busca por novas fontes energéticas, não somente pelos aspectos ambientais e seus respectivos gases poluentes, que contribuem para o aumento do efeito estufa em nosso planeta, mas também como uma forma de desenvolver novas tecnologias, reduzindo cada vez mais nossa dependência global em uma matriz energética. Cada vez mais a tendência de um sistema mais produtivo com o confinamento de animais, em unidades restritas, acaba gerando grandes problemas ambientais devido a alta geração de resíduos com sua indevida disposição no solo. Devido a esta realidade, os biodigestores se apresentam como uma boa alternativa, não só na redução da contaminação ambiental, como na produção de energia. Neste estudo foi realizada uma análise técnica e econômica entre uma microturbina e um motor de combustão interna, a fim de analisar a aplicabilidade de ambas as tecnologias, através da quantidade e forma de energia necessárias ao local, os custos de investimento e o tempo de retorno do capital. Por fim, foram estudados os aspectos ambientais, calculados através da eficiência ecológica, realizando uma comparação entre o gás natural e o biogás, ambos os combustíveis sendo queimados em microturbinas e motores de combustão interna.<br>Abstract: Today it is essential to search for new energy sources, not only for their environmental and greenhouse gases, which contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect on our planet, but also as a way to develop new technologies, reducing more our dependence on a global energy matrix. Increasingly, the trend of a more productive with the confinement of animals in restricted units, it generates large environmental problems due to high waste generation with their improper disposal in the ground. Due to this fact, the digesters are presented as a good alternative, not only in reducing environmental contamination, such as in energy production. This study was carried out a technical and economic analysis of a microturbine and an internal combustion engine in order to analyze the applicability of both technologies, and by the amount of energy required to form local investment costs and time to return the capital. Finally, we studied the environmental, ecological efficiency calculated by, making a comparison between natural gas and biogas, both fuels being burned in microturbines and internal combustion engines.<br>Mestre
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Calverley, Dan. "Cumulative emissions reduction in the UK passenger car sector through near-term interventions in technology and use." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cumulative-emissions-reduction-in-the-uk-passenger-car-sector-through-nearterm-interventions-in-technology-and-use(686e7c51-432b-4a0b-83f1-a1b127e1e5c3).html.
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Responsible for one in eight tonnes of national CO₂ emissions, the passenger car sector is pivotal to delivering on UK climate change commitments to avoiding warming of more than 2°C. This thesis provides a clear and quantitative framing of emissions reduction at the sectoral level, by disaggregating global cumulative emissions budgets and pathways associated with a range of probabilities of exceeding 2°C. The relatively low level of abatement currently planned for the UK car sector, it is argued, needs to be significantly increased for the following reasons: (i) a scientific basis in cumulative emissions for sectoral mitigation makes carbon budgets, rather than end point targets (e.g. 2050), of the first importance; (ii) the currently high probability (63%) of exceeding 2°C underpinning the current UK carbon budgets is inconsistent with the UK government’s commitment to avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’; (iii) short-term emissions growth in industrialising countries considerably reduces remaining emissions space for industrialised countries; (iv) very limited scope exists for any large sector to cut emissions by less than the national mean rate of decarbonisation at higher rates of mitigation (around 10% p.a. by the 2020s). The consequences for emissions space in other sectors if international aviation and shipping mitigate less than the mean are quantified. For UK car sector emissions to remain consistent with a low probability of exceeding 2°C while observing these limitations, this analysis finds that planned sectoral mitigation over the coming decade needs to be increased fourfold. Means to address this expected abatement shortfall using readily available technology are investigated using a fleet emissions model to compare the effect on cumulative emissions of changes in a range of fleet parameters (including mean new car bulk emissions factors, vehicle age-proportionate annual distance travelled, and rates of fleet growth and turnover). Pushing existing car technology to the limit of expected short term efficiency gains is found to be insufficient to deliver a pathway with better than 56% probability of exceeding 2°C. Without reduction in aggregate demand for vehicle kilometres in the short term, lower probabilities of 2°C are placed beyond reach. The possibility of rapid step changes in levels of per capita car use is explored in qualitative interviews using narrative storyline scenarios. A range of coercive and voluntary interventions is considered in relation to their potential to overcome the structural and behavioural constraints to rapid transformation of personal travel.
Books on the topic "Internal Combustion Eng"
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Brizuela, Eduardo A. Introducción al modelado de flujos reactivos. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/26690.
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Los flujos reactivos son procesos básicos de industrias tales como la petroquímica, farmacéutica y alimentaria, y un caso particular de flujos reactivos, la combustión de combustibles fósiles en aire, es el fundamento de nuestra civilización ya que en él se basa el transporte y la generación de energía eléctrica. La sociedad demanda de estas industrias y procesos cada vez mayor eficiencia en el uso de los recursos naturales y al mismo tiempo menor impacto sobre el medio ambiente. Esto hace imperativo estudiar los procesos de flujo reactivo con el mayor detalle y precisión. Tradicionalmente los flujos reactivos se han estudiado utilizando experimentos físicos tales como plantas piloto y reactores de laboratorio. Sin embargo los experimentos físicos presentan ciertas dificultades tales como su costo e inflexibilidad, lo que hace atractivo el uso de experimentos numéricos. El modelado numérico de flujos reactivos es una rama de la ciencia que ha avanzado enormemente en muy poco tiempo, y la literatura científica ofrece un gran número de trabajos especializados. Sin embargo existe la necesidad de un texto introductorio para el estudiante o científico investigador que desee iniciarse en el tema. En este trabajo se presentan las etapas en que se divide la tarea de modelar numéricamente un flujo reactivo, y se estudian los modelos y técnicas a utilizar para cada aspecto. Los modelos y técnicas más usuales son presentados con suficiente detalle como para poder aplicarlos en problemas sencillos, y los menos usuales son enunciados y descriptos brevemente. En cada capítulo se da un mínimo de referencias bibliográficas tales que, con la bibliografía general al final del volumen y la ayuda de Internet el interesado pueda profundizar en el tema elegido.
Book chapters on the topic "Internal Combustion Eng"
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Järvinen, Mika, Konsta Turunen, Ari Seppälä, Janne Hirvonen, Neha Garg, and Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio. "Energy Storage Systems." In Green Energy and Technology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69856-9_7.
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Abstract The transition to a system where an increasing proportion of energy is produced by variable sources, such as solar and wind, requires strategic development of energy storage systems. This chapter introduces various energy storage solutions that are needed to stabilize the variability of wind and solar power production. To reduce the required capacity of the largest storage systems, it is necessary to rethink the energy system as a whole. For instance, it may be more efficient to store energy as low-temperature heat rather than electricity, if this is in line with the end-use. Furthermore, it is essential to assess which components of energy generation and load are already flexible or can be made flexible. Additionally, the chapter addresses the so-called “hard-to-abate” sectors that are challenging to electrify, including heavy road transportation, marine transportation, aviation, and the chemical, cement, and metallurgical industries. These sectors have been constructed entirely on fossil-based raw materials, and as we transition away from fossil resources, it is essential to identify alternative solutions for these sectors. In the context of transportation, e-fuels derived from hydrogen and captured CO2 represent a promising avenue for continued utilization of internal combustion engine and gas turbine systems, which is advantageous in terms of scalability. Similarly, for chemical and metallurgical industries dependent on coal, oil, and natural gas, the potential exists to substitute these with green hydrogen and CO2 as raw materials.
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Calvert, Jack G., Roger Atkinson, Karl H. Becker, et al. "Summary." In The Mechanisms Of Atmospheric Oxidation Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146288.003.0012.
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Abstract Aromatic hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere of an urban community from sources involving the combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., exhaust of internal combustion engines), solvent use, or other sources. During the daylight hours they react rapidly, often within hours, with OH radicals. When these reactions occur by attack on the aromatic ring, the ultimate result is, in large part, rupture of the aromatic ring and generation of a variety of multifunctional carbonyl com pounds. These are reactive both photochemically and toward OH radicals, and they form a variety of peroxy radicals (R02) . The attack of the OH radical on an alkyl side chain attached to the aromatic ring may also occur, with the generation ofbenzylperoxy-like radicals (e.g., C6H5CH202) . The dominant fate of the peroxy radicals is reaction with NO, which proceeds in two channels; the main channel gives RO radicals and N02, while the minor channel gives organic nitrates RON02: R02 (H02) + NO ș+ RO (OH) + N02; R02 + NO ș+ RON02.
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Dong, PengBo. "Internal Flow and Spray Dynamics of Multi-Hole Nozzle." In Droplet Dynamics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104601.
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Faced with dual challenges of “carbon neutral” and emission control, fossil fuel-based internal combustion engines need to explore new ways and technical paths to reduce harmful emissions and Carbon dioxide emissions simultaneously. Fuel injection process is playing a significant role not only in traditional engines but also in new low/zero carbon engines. Multi-hole nozzles have a wide range of applications in the fuel supply system. While the accepted spray study work and jet break-up models are usually developed under the quasi-steady-state of fuel injection by a single-hole nozzle. There are rare models that can describe the whole break-up processes of multi-hole nozzle spray, including complex internal flow factors, plume interaction, and the effect of start/end of injection. In this chapter, characteristics of spray morphology, evolution processes, and evaporation characteristics, emerging from the practical diesel multi-hole nozzles, were discussed and analyzed during the transient injection processes in detail. Moreover, the relationship between multi-hole nozzle internal flow properties and the corresponding spray behaviors was investigated by numerical simulation method systematically. Therefore, multi-hole spray modeling processes under engine operating conditions and the optimized design of diesel multi-hole nozzles are expected to get some benefits and clues from the current results.
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Hopkins, Ramona O. "Pediatric Carbon Monoxide Poisoning." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0073.
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Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure has been described ever since humans developed products of combustion (e.g. fire, burning charcoal). The Romans realized that CO poisoning leads to death (Penney 2000). Coal fumes were used in ancient times for execution, and the deaths of two Byzantine emperors are attributed to CO poisoning (Lascaratos and Marketos 1998). Admiral Richard E. Byrd developed CO poisoning during the winter he spent alone in a weather station deep in the Antarctic interior (Byrd 1938). Further, CO poisoning took the life of tennis player Vitas Gerulaitis (“Died, Vitas Gerulaitis,” 1994; Lascaratos and Marketos 1998) and may have contributed to Princess Diana’s accidental death in 1997 (Sancton and Macleod 1998). Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas by-product of the combustion of carbon-containing compounds such as natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, propane, and charcoal. The most common sources of CO poisoning are internal combustion engines and faulty gas appliances (Weaver 1999). Carbon monoxide poisoning can also occur from space heaters, methylene chloride in paint removers, and fire (Weaver 1999). The most frequent causes of pediatric CO poisoning are vehicle exhaust, dysfunctional gas appliances and heaters, and charcoal briquettes (Kind 2005; Mendoza and Hampson 2006). Less common sources of CO poisoning include riding in the back of pickup trucks, and while swimming and recreational boating (Hampson and Norkool 1992; Silvers and Hampson 1995). Among pediatric populations, minorities are disproportionately affected by CO poisoning compared to Caucasians, and Latinos and non-Latino blacks were more commonly poisoned by charcoal briquettes used for cooking or heating (Mendoza and Hampson 2006). Carbon monoxide is the leading cause of poisoning injury and death worldwide (Raub et al. 2000) and accidental and intentional poisoning in the United States. In the United States carbon monoxide poisoning results in approximately 40,000 emergency department visits (Hampson 1999) and 800 deaths per year (Piantadosi 2002). Children are particularly venerable to CO poisoning. The Center for Disease Control reports children younger than 4 years have the highest incidence of unintentional CO poisoning but the lowest death rates (2005).
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Scamardella, Filippo, Giorgio Zamboni, Edward Canepa, Paola Gualeni, and Angelo Macocco. "Ammonia as an Alternative Fuel for Large Passenger Ships: Benefits and Challenges." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst220018.
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The shipping industry is under increasing pressure to comply with new demanding requirements for exhaust gas emissions. Alternative fuels as well as new technologies need to be developed to meet these goals and reduce Green-House Gases (GHG). This paper investigates ammonia as an alternative fuel for the cruise ship market. A focus is given on the regulatory framework (e.g. EU, IMO and Classification Societies) that at present defines requirements for gaseous emissions and design principles of the fuel containment as well as supply systems. Ammonia allows for effective reduction of CO2 but is potentially toxic for human life and the environment. Due to the innovative nature of ammonia as a fuel, the regulatory approach is based mainly on alternative design instead of prescriptive rules. A case – study, with Internal Combustion Engine ICE (Dual-Fuel) and Propulsion Electric Motors (PEM) as selected standard propulsion system, has been carried out to investigate the impacts of ammonia as fuel on a large passenger ship. The purpose is to evaluate the variation of navigation autonomy, arrangement and weights/stability, considering also specific storage and handling requirements.
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Chen, Ying-Yeh, Jacky Wong, and Paul Yip. "Prevention of suicide due to charcoal burning." In Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention, edited by Danuta Wasserman and Camilla Wasserman. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0084.
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Since the year 2000, suicide by combustion of barbecue charcoal in an enclosed space has become a common method of suicide in many East Asian countries. The spread of charcoal burning suicides was related to the pervasive media glamorization of the method to be a painless, peaceful, and effective way to end one’s life. Popularity of the internet accompanying its contagious effect further imposes challenges in suicide prevention, in particular, in the prevention of charcoal burning suicides. In areas where charcoal burning has already become a common method of suicide, effective strategies include working with the media to moderate the reporting of suicide news and creating barriers in the purchase of charcoal. In other areas where the method is still not widely known, muting the media reporting of this specific method of suicide to eliminate its ‘cognitive availability’ is key to prevent the seeding of charcoal burning suicides.
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Maher, Barbara A. "Airborne Magnetite- and Iron-Rich Pollution Nanoparticles: Potential Neurotoxicants and Environmental Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disease, Including Alzheimer’s Disease." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aiad210006.
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Fewer than 5% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are demonstrably directly inherited, indicating that environmental factors may be important in initiating and/or promoting the disease. Excess iron is toxic to cells; iron overload in the AD brain may aggressively accelerate AD. Magnetite nanoparticles, capable of catalyzing formation of reactive oxygen species, occur in AD plaques and tangles; they are thought to form in situ, from pathological iron dysfunction. A recent study has identified in frontal cortex samples the abundant presence of magnetite nanoparticles consistent with high-temperature formation; identifying therefore their external, not internal source. These magnetite particles range from ∼10 to 150 nm in size, and are often associated with other, non-endogenous metals (including platinum, cadmium, cerium). Some display rounded crystal morphologies and fused surface textures, reflecting cooling and crystallization from an initially heated, iron-bearing source material. Precisely-matching magnetite ‘nanospheres’ occur abundantly in roadside air pollution, arising from vehicle combustion and, especially, frictional brake-wear. Airborne magnetite pollution particles <∼200 nm in size can access the brain directly via the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerves, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Given their toxicity, abundance in roadside air, and nanoscale dimensions, traffic-derived magnetite pollution nanoparticles may constitute a chronic and pernicious neurotoxicant, and hence an environmental risk factor for AD, for large population numbers globally. Olfactory nerve damage displays strong association with AD development. Reported links between AD and occupational magnetic fields (e.g., affecting welders, machinists) may instead reflect inhalation exposure to airborne magnetic nanoparticles.
Conference papers on the topic "Internal Combustion Eng"
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Ameen, Muhsin M., Mohsen Mirzaeian, Federico Millo, and Sibendu Som. "Numerical Prediction of CCV in a PFI Engine Using a Parallel LES Approach." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3600.
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Cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV) is detrimental to IC engine operation and can lead to partial burn, misfire, and knock. Predicting CCV numerically is extremely challenging due to two key reasons. Firstly, high-fidelity methods such as large eddy simulation (LES) are required to accurately resolve the in-cylinder turbulent flowfield both spatially and temporally. Secondly, CCV is experienced over long timescales and hence the simulations need to be performed for hundreds of consecutive cycles. Ameen et al. (Int. J. Eng. Res., 2017) developed a parallel perturbation model (PPM) approach to dissociate this long time-scale problem into several shorter time-scale problems. The strategy is to perform multiple single-cycle simulations in parallel by effectively perturbing the initial velocity field based on the intensity of the in-cylinder turbulence. This strategy was demonstrated for motored engine and it was shown that the mean and variance of the in-cylinder flowfield was captured reasonably well by this approach. In the present study, this PPM approach is extended to simulate the CCV in a fired port-fuel injected (PFI) spark ignition (SI) engine. Two operating conditions are considered — a medium CCV operating case corresponding to 2500 rpm and 16 bar BMEP and a low CCV case corresponding to 4000 rpm and 12 bar BMEP. The predictions from this approach are also shown to be similar to the consecutive LES cycles. Both the consecutive and PPM LES cycles are observed to under-predict the variability in the early stage of combustion. The parallel approach slightly under-predicts the cyclic variability at all stages of combustion as compared to the consecutive LES cycles. However, it is shown that the parallel approach is able to predict the coefficient of variation (COV) of the in-cylinder pressure and burn rate related parameters with sufficient accuracy, and is also able to predict the qualitative trends in CCV with changing operating conditions. The convergence of the statistics predicted by the PPM approach with respect to the number of consecutive cycles required for each parallel simulation is also investigated. It is shown that this new approach is able to give accurate predictions of the CCV in fired engines in less than one-tenth of the time required for the conventional approach of simulating consecutive engine cycles.
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Hafner, Ronald S., Gerald C. Mok, and Lisle G. Hagler. "Drop Test Results for the Combustion Engineering Model No. ABB-2901 Fuel Pellet Shipping Package." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2788.
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The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) contracted with the Packaging Review Group (PRG) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to conduct a single, 30-ft shallow-angle drop test on the Combustion Engineering ABB-2901 drum-type shipping package. The purpose of the test was to determine if bolted-ring drum closures could fail during shallow-angle drops. The PRG at LLNL planned the test, and Defense Technologies Engineering Division (DTED) personnel from LLNL’s Site-300 Test Group executed the plan. The test was conducted in November 2001 using the drop-tower facility at LLNL’s Site 300. Two representatives from Westinghouse Electric Company in Columbia, South Carolina (WEC-SC); two USNRC staff members; and three PRG members from LLNL witnessed the preliminary test runs and the final test. The single test clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of the bolted-ring drum closure to shallow-angle drops—the test package’s drum closure was easily and totally separated from the drum package. The results of the preliminary test runs and the 30-ft shallow-angle drop test offer valuable qualitative understandings of the shallow-angle impact. • A drum package with a bolted-ring closure may be vulnerable to closure failure by the shallow-angle drop, even if results of the steep-angle drop demonstrate that the package is resistant to similar damage. • Although there exist other mechanisms, the shallow-angle drop produces closure failure mainly by buckling the drum lid and separating the drum lid and body, which the bolted ring cannot prevent. • Since the closure failure by the shallow-angle drop is generated mainly by structural instabilities of a highly discontinuous joint, the phenomenon can be rather unpredictable. Thus, a larger-than-normal margin of safety is recommended for the design of such packages. • The structural integrity of the bolted-ring drum closure design depends on a number of factors. To ensure that the drum closure survives the shallow-angle drop, the following general qualitative rules should be observed: – The drum closure components should be quality products made of ductile materials, and the torque value for tightening the bolted ring should be included in the SAR and operating procedures to ensure quality. – The package should not be too heavy. – The package internal structure should be impact-absorbent and resistant to disintegration and collapse under high compressive load. However, a strong internal structure may defeat the purpose of protecting the containment vessel from damage during a free drop. • If not previously tested, drum packages with bolted-ring drum closures should be drop-tested at shallow angles. Due to the unpredictable nature of the behavior, the demonstration should be completed by test and on a case-by-case basis. The test plan should take into account the behavior’s sensitivity to the details of the package design and the impact condition. • Because the shallow-angle drop can open the drum closure, organizations using these types of drum packages should assess the consequences of exposing the radioactive contents in the containment vessel to unconsidered external elements or conditions. This work was supported by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission under a Memorandum of Understanding with the United States Department of Energy, and performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.
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Ligier, Jean-Louis, and Nicolas Antoni. "Cumulative Microslip in Conrod Big End Bearing System." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1357.
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High combustion gas pressure and mass reduction of modern automotive engines have generated new problems in mechanical assemblies. For example, it is now common to observe bearing shell rotation in the conrod of automotive prototype engines at the design stage. The consequence is sometimes the seizure of the bearing due to the presence of the joint face relief in the loaded area. Physically, the bearing shell rotation results from cumulated microslip between the bearing and the conrod. To have a better physical approach of the phenomenon and propose design recommendations, we have performed analyses based on the strength of material theory and numerical modellings. These tools permit us to obtain simple models allowing an easier mechanical understanding as well as an analysis of sensitivity to different parameters. The main results presented in this paper are: • The basic description of the phenomenon, • The modelling of the conrod, its sensitivity to deformation and numerical validation, • The analysis of the microslip between the bearing shell and the conrod, • The sensitivity analysis with respect to conception and physical parameters.
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Kastengren, Alan, Christopher F. Powell, Zunping Liu, et al. "End-of-Injection Behavior of Diesel Sprays Measured With X-Ray Radiography." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35032.
Full textAbstract:
The behavior of diesel fuel sprays at the end of injection is poorly understood, yet has important implications regarding diesel engine emissions. Recent research has shown that at the end of injection, an entrainment wave is created, causing the fuel spray to rapidly entrain ambient gas. This rapid entrainment creates a dilute mixture of fuel that may be a source of unburned fuel emissions. In this study, x-ray radiography is used to examine the end-of-injection behavior of diesel sprays. X-ray radiography permits quantitative mass distribution measurements in dense sprays, providing data that cannot be obtained with optical techniques. Analysis of the spray velocity at steady-state suggests an entrainment wave speed of several hundred m/s, which is supported by the appearance of a travelling entrainment wave at low ambient density. The spray density declines most rapidly near the nozzle, behavior that matches the expected entrainment wave behavior. In several cases, the spray distribution in a cross-section across the nozzle axis becomes smoother at the end of injection. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the spray density at the end of injection show that the spray plume widens considerably, enhancing the dilution caused by the reduction in spray mass in the flowfield. Measurements of injector needle motion with x-ray phase contrast imaging show that throttling across the needle seat may cause a smearing of the ideally sharp entrainment wave.
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Jarrahbashi, Dorrin, Sayop Kim, and Caroline L. Genzale. "Simulation of Combustion Recession After End-of-Injection at Diesel Engine Conditions." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9433.
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Recent experimental observations show that lifted diesel flames tend to propagate back towards the injector after the end of injection under conventional high-temperature combustion conditions. Earlier studies have referred to this phenomenon as “flashback,” but more recently the term “combustion recession” has been adopted to reflect findings that the process appears dominated by “auto-ignition” reactions upstream of the lifted flame after the end of injection. Since this process is only initiated after the end of injection, it is also closely linked to the end-of-injection entrainment wave and its impact on the transient mixture-chemistry evolution upstream of the lift-off length. A few recent studies have explored the physics of combustion recession with experimental and simplified modeling approaches, but the details of the chemical kinetics and convective-diffusive transport of reactive scalars in this phenomenon are still largely unexplored. There are also uncertainties in the capability of engine computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to accurately capture entrainment wave and combustion recession phenomena. In this study, highly-resolved numerical simulations have been employed to explore the mixing and combustion of a diesel spray after the end of injection and the influence of modeling choices on the prediction of these phenomena. The simulations are centered on a temperature sweep around the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray-A conditions, from 800–1000 K, where different combustion recession behaviors are observed experimentally. Reacting spray simulations are performed in the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM, using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with a traditional Lagrangian-Eulerian coupled formulation for two-phase mixture transport. Two reduced chemical kinetics models for n-dodecane by Yao et al. and Cai et al. are used to evaluate the impact of low-temperature chemistry and mechanism formulation on predictions of combustion recession behavior. Observations from the numerical simulations are consistent with recent findings that a two-stage auto-ignition sequence drives the combustion recession process; self-sustained reacting mixtures arise in distinct regions that are spatially separated from the lifted flame. Simulations with two different chemical mechanisms indicate that low-temperature chemistry reactions drive the likelihood for second-stage ignition and combustion recession that in turn strongly influence local entrainment in these mixtures and likelihood of combustion recession.
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Seaberg, Wayne G. "Connecting Rod Big End Design Using Finite Element Analysis and Bench Testing Validation." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76058.
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Dresser Waukesha has designed a new connecting rod for implementation on the VHP series of natural gas engines. The connecting rod design process was driven by feature based solid models which were readily accessed for finite element structural analysis, rapid prototyping, and production tooling procurement in order to minimize the overall development time. The main objectives of the design effort were higher speed/power rating capability and assembly compatibility with existing 8.50 inch and 9.375 inch bore field engines in both a lean burn and rich burn operating condition. This paper discusses the advanced utilization of finite element analysis and bench testing techniques to expedite the design and test validation process.
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Fijalkowski, Bogdan T. "An Advanced Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Without Crankshaft and Connecting Rod Mechanisms." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1519.
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An advanced reciprocating internal combustion engine without a crankshaft and connecting rod mechanisms that the author would like to present is based on another law of physics. The invention titled ‘Nano-Magneto-Rheological Mechatronic Commutator Internal Combustion Engine’, that is concisely termed the Fijalkowski engine by someone, is based on a whole new propulsion engineering solution that has no analogies in the world. Thus, this paper focuses on an advanced reciprocating internal combustion engine termed the Fijalkowski engine, which may utilize a nano-magneto-rheological mechatronic commutator that may replace the crankshaft and connecting rod (conrod) mechanisms. This mechatronic commutator may let nano-magneto-rheological rotary ratchets oscillate in a controlled wobble while keeping the output shaft spinning smoothly; and although opposed pistons and opposed cylinders similar to those in automotive ‘boxer’ engines may power the Fijalkowski engine, it may also utilize opposed cylinders containing four pairs of two end-to-end opposed pistons for higher power densities. The nano-magneto-rheological mechatronic commutator may be utilized to convert between one form of mechanical motion that is linear, reciprocating motion of pistons and another — that is rotary motion of the output shaft.
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Ghosal, Sambuddha, Vikram Ramanan, Soumalya Sarkar, Satyanarayanan R. Chakravarthy, and Soumik Sarkar. "Detection and Analysis of Combustion Instability From Hi-Speed Flame Images Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9907.
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Flame dynamics and combustion instability is a complex problem involving different non-linearities. Combustion instability has several detrimental effects on flight-propulsion dynamics and structural integrity of gas turbines and any such spaces where combustion takes places internally, primarily in internal combustion engines. The description of coherent features of fluid flow in such cases is essential to our understanding of the flame dynamics and propagation processes. A method that is able to extract dynamic information from flow fields that are generated by a direct numerical simulation or visualized in a physical experiment (like in the case discussed in this paper) is Dynamic Mode Decomposition. This paper presents such a feature extraction and stability analysis of hi-speed combustion flames using Dynamic Mode Decomposition and it’s sparsity promoting variant. Extensive experimental data was collected in a swirl-stabilized dump combustor at various operating conditions (e.g. premixing level and flow velocity) for analysing the flame stability conditions.
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Flory, Michael, Joel Hiltner, and Clay Hardenburger. "Model-Based Calibration of a Biogas Engine Control System." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81049.
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Pipeline natural gas composition is monitored and controlled in order to deliver high quality, relatively consistent gas quality in terms of heating value and detonation characteristics to end users. The consistency of this fuel means gas-fired engines designed for electrical power generation (EPG) applications can be highly optimized. As new sources of high quality natural gas are found, the demand for these engines is growing. At the same time there is also an increasing need for EPG engines that can handle fuels that have wide swings in composition over a relatively short period of time. The application presented in this paper is an engine paired with an anaerobic digester that accepts an unpredictable and varying feedstock. As is typical in biogas applications, there are exhaust stream contaminants that preclude the use of an oxygen or NOx sensor for emissions feedback control. The difficulty with such a scenario is the ability to hold a given exhaust gas emission level as the fuel composition varies. One challenge is the design of the combustion system hardware. This design effort includes the proper selection of compression ratio, valve events, ignition timing, turbomachinery, etc. Often times simulation tools, such as a crank-angle resolved engine model, are used in the development of such systems in order to predict performance and reduce development time and hardware testing. The second challenge is the control system and how to implement a robust control capable of optimizing engine performance while maintaining emissions compliance. Currently there are limited options for an OEM control system capable of dealing with fuels that have wide swings in composition. Often times the solution for the engine packager is to adopt an aftermarket control system and apply this in place of the control system delivered on the engine. The disadvantage to this approach is that the aftermarket controller is not calibrated and so the packager is faced with the task of developing an entire engine calibration at a customer site. The controller must function well enough that it will run reliably during plant start-up and then eventually prove capable of holding emissions under typical operating conditions. This paper will describe the novel use of a crank-angle resolved four-stroke engine cycle model to develop an initial set of calibration values for an aftermarket control system. The paper will describe the plant operation, implementation of the aftermarket controller, the model-based calibration methodology and the commissioning of the engine.
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Mohr, Jeffrey, Bret Windom, Daniel B. Olsen, and Anthony J. Marchese. "Homogeneous Ignition Delay, Flame Propagation Rate and End-Gas Autoignition Fraction Measurements of Natural Gas and Exhaust Gas Recirculation Blends in a Rapid Compression Machine." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2998.
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Abstract To evaluate the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and variable fuel reactivity on knock and misfire in spark ignited national gas engines, experiments were conducted in a rapid compression machine to measure homogeneous ignition delay, flame propagation rate, and end-gas autoignition fraction for stoichiometric natural gas/oxidizer/EGR blends. Natural gas with a range of chemical reactivity was simulated using mixtures of CH4, C2H6, and C3H8. Reactive exhaust gas recirculation (R-EGR) gases were simulated with mixtures of Ar, CO2, CO, and NO and non-reactive exhaust gas recirculation gases (NR-EGR) were simulated with mixtures of AR and CO2. Homogeneous ignition delay period, flame propagation rate and end-gas autoignition fraction were measured at compressed pressures and temperatures of 30.2 to 34.0 bar and 667 to 980 K, respectively. Flame propagation rate decreased with both R-EGR and NR-EGR substitution. The substitution of R-EGR increased the end-gas autoignition fraction, whereas NR-EGR substitution decreased the end-gas autoignition fraction. The results indicate that the presence of the reactive species NO in the R-EGR has a strong impact on end-gas autoignition fraction. An 82-species reduced chemical kinetic mechanism was also developed that reproduces measured homogeneous ignition delay period with a total average relative error of 11.0%.
Reports on the topic "Internal Combustion Eng"
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Fleurisca, Marc Antoine, William González Cruz, Victor Bello, Elkin Ardila, and John Naranjo. Ventajas ecológicas, económicas y de potencia en automóviles con sistemas de inyección por carburación mediante dispositivo generador de hidrógeno. Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55411/2023.51.
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La demanda de combustibles fósiles mas su efecto contaminante supone alternativas energéticas efectivas, ecologicas y económicas. La investigación en curso pretende mediante mediciones comparativas, determinar y describir las ventajas de ciertos dispositivos instalados en vehículos con motores de combustión interna. Tales dispositivos actúan produciendo hidrógeno que se combina con el aire y el combustible, resultando en una mezcla más explosive y por consiguiente más potente. Suponiendo un aumento de hasta 20% en potencia y una reducción equivalents en emisión de gases contaminantes como en consumo de combustible, se espera mitigar el impacto ambiental de los vehículos en la ciudad.
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Bajwa, Abdullah, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R02 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured Engine Parameters. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011558.
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Gas exchange processes in two-stroke internal combustion engines, commonly referred to as scavenging, are responsible for removing the exhaust gases in the combustion chamber and preparing the combustible fuel-oxidizer mixture that undergoes combustion and converts the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical work. Scavenging is a complicated phenomenon because of the simultaneous introduction of fresh gases into the engine cylinder through the intake ports, and the expulsion of combustion products from the previous cycles through the exhaust ports. A non-negligible fraction of the gaseous mixture that is trapped in the cylinder at the conclusion of scavenging is composed of residual gases from the previous cycle. This can cause significant changes to the combustion characteristics of the mixture by changing its composition and temperature, i.e. its thermodynamic state. Thus, it is vital to have accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic state of the post-scavenging mixture to be able to reliably predict and control engine performance, efficiency and emissions. Two tools for estimating the trapped mixture state - a simple scavenging model and empirical correlations - were developed in this study. Unfortunately, it is not practical to directly measure the trapped residual fraction for engines operating in the field. To overcome this handicap, simple scavenging models or correlations, which estimate this fraction based on some economically measurable engine parameters, can be developed. This report summarizes the results of event-II of a multi-event project that aims to develop such mathematical formulations for stationary two-stroke natural gas engines using data from more advanced models and experimentation. In this event, results from a GT-Power based model for an Ajax E-565 single-cylinder engine are used to develop a three-event single zone scavenging model and empirical correlations. Both of these mathematical devices produce accurate estimates of the trapped mixture state. The estimates are compared to GT-Power results. In the next event of the project, these results will be validated using experimental data. Various steps followed in the development of the model have been discussed in this report, and at the end some results and recommendations for the next event of the project have been presented.
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McCarthy, James, Jeffrey Panek, and Tom McGrath. PR-312-12206-R02 FTIR Formaldehyde Measurement at Turbine NESHAP and Ambient Levels. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011476.
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When natural gas is combusted, formaldehyde is formed as an intermediate product as methane is converted to CO2 during combustion. Formaldehyde is regulated by the U.S. EPA as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) under National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) regulations, and both turbines and reciprocating engines are listed source categories where EPA is required to develop regulations. NESHAPs have been adopted for natural gas-fired combustion turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE), with initial regulations in 2004 that included a 91 parts per billion (ppb) standard for new turbines at "major source" facilities. However, the Turbine NESHAP was "stayed" by EPA as the agency considered whether natural gas-fired turbines should be regulated (i.e., whether those turbines would be "delisted" or removed from the rule). In response to a legal challenge regarding EPA's failure to meet Clean Air Act mandated schedules, EPA recently indicated that it plans to initiate a required periodic review of the Turbine NESHAP and that review will also address the delisting request. The "residual risk and technology review" (RTR) for the Turbine NESHAP will likely be conducted in 2018. Revisions to the regulation may be proposed when that review process is complete. Formaldehyde is ubiquitous (e.g., naturally formed through atmospheric chemistry even if not directly emitted), and there is also the potential that atmospheric levels and atmospheric chemistry are not adequately understood. Earlier pipeline industry testing of turbine formaldehyde emissions using refined methods indicated exhaust formaldehyde below 100 ppb and near the method detection limit. Anecdotal data from that test program showed ambient levels comparable to turbine exhaust in some cases, with naturally occurring emissions from an adjacent corn field resulting in ambient concentrations higher than formaldehyde exhaust levels. Evidence of "high" ambient formaldehyde levels (relative to turbine exhaust) may provide context and a counterargument to restrictive formaldehyde regulations. Understanding turbine formaldehyde emissions as compared to ambient levels is challenged by the ability to measure formaldehyde concentrations less than 100 parts per billion (ppb). Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) methods were developed for combustion exhaust formaldehyde measurement. However, measuring the ultra-low levels from turbines, commensurate with the NESHAP standard, will likely pose challenges. This project measured ambient formaldehyde levels using FTIR testing for comparison to the NESHAP standard. Significant challenges for conducting such measurements are apparent, which presents technical questions related to the feasibility of implementing emissions tests for the Turbine NESHAP standard.
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Beshouri, Greg. PR-309-14212-R01 Field Demonstration of Fully Integrated NSCR System. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011545.
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Local, state and federal regulations in the United Sates tend to favor NSCR as the emissions control technology of choice for lower output internal combustion (IC) engines. The technology can achieve extremely low emissions levels for NOx, CO and total hydrocarbons (THC). Theoretically an end user can add it on to any rich burn engine at relatively low cost and the technology scales down to the smallest IC engines. While superficially a "simple and proven" technology, NSCR control is in fact extremely complex, far more complex than the control of lean burn engines. The underlying problems with NSCR control are well documented. Using a systems approach an AETC/HOERBIGER team analyzed each component of the system and identified the core problems and possible solutions. Ultimately the team identified the need for a fully integrated system utilizing linear sensors and actuators. The team then theorized such a system could be controlled by an off the shelf PLC with typical PI control loops. Based on this conclusion HOERBIGER developed an integrated NSCR system utilizing linear sensors and actuators and controlled by an off the shelf PLC. Called the Advanced Richburn Control (ARC), HOERBIGER installed the system on six KVG-410 engines operating in pipeline compression and recorded performance for a year. Those results confirmed the system satisfied the performance requirements and validated the design concept. This report has a related webinar.
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Jayme, Angeli, Jaime Hernandez, Imad Al-Qadi, Johann Cardenas, Murryam Hafeez, and William Villamil. Impact of Heavy Commercial Electric Vehicles on Flexible Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/25-003.
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Heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEV) pose challenges to flexible pavements. This study evaluated four Illinois pavement structures to quantify HDEV impacts on pavements. Compounding factors included increases in load and acceleration, which escalated critical strains and reduced repetitions to failure. Various distresses were considered: bottom-up cracking, shear-driven top-down cracking, and shear-driven shoving. A proposed framework is presented, which includes a new metric—e-truck adjustment factor—that enables a full truck comparison of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICs) with HDEVs. The driving factor for HDEV’s effect was the additional shear strain in the pavement structure. For pavements with relatively thin hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layers (e.g., low volume and typical thick), the increased load impact was prominent. In addition, the impact adversely affected the subgrade and base layer with higher induced structural rutting. Pavement sections with either a relatively thick HMA layer (e.g., full depth) or supported by a high-modulus layer (e.g., stone matrix asphalt [SMA] overlay on Portland cement concrete) were impacted by the increasing acceleration. In that case, the horizontal shear strain near the surface aligned with the increased longitudinal contact stresses. Hence, determining HDEVs’ impact on pavement should consider battery placement and acceleration increase as well as pavement’s structural configuration, which define governing distresses. Full-depth and SMA-overlay sections displayed an increase in near-surface shearing, which may increase maintenance and rehabilitation frequency or warrant the use of shear-resistant materials. The environmental and economic impacts of the scenarios considered were assessed. HDEVs may reduce use-stage costs due to vehicle design efficiency but may escalate pavement maintenance expenses. In addition, the impact of reduced truckload capacity of HDEVs compared to ICs may warrant additional trips to transport the same amount of freight.
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Grauer and Chapman. L52330 Development of an Active Air Control System. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010447.
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Develop an active air control system that, when installed on a turbocharged-engine system, will reduce NOX emissions below the levels of the system alone. While the turbocharged-engine system allows the natural gas compression industry to decrease pollutant emissions via increased air flow, the physics of the system and the environments in which these systems operate restrict further advancements. A new model, the Charge Air Integrated Manifold Engine Numerical Simulation (CAIMENS). The CAIMENS model was used to: Quantify the effects of charge air imbalance between cylinders in terms of NOX production; Illustrate that an imbalance in mass air flow creates a one-to-one imbalance in corrected trapped equivalence ratio Reveal a 5% to 12% imbalance in air flow present in the candidate Cooper GMV engine which correlated to a 65% to 92% imbalance in NOX production; and Provide detailed information that led to the specification of a mass air flow (MAF) sensor coupled with an air flow balancer (AFB), comprising the Active Air Control (AAC) system. The research team proceeded by working with the ERLE team to select cylinder liners for the NGML air flow bench, and then expanded the air flow bench from one cylinder to two cylinders. The specified AAC system was installed on each of the two cylinders. The research team then conducted a series of experiments to evaluate and fine tune the AAC system. The AAC system was able to correct up to a 12.4% air imbalance. The end point of the project was an AAC system that could, with some engineering effort, be applied to field engines. Benefit: The resulting technology was an active air flow control system consisting of an AFB integrated with a MAF sensor. The AFB has characteristics analogous to that of a throttle plate used in a carbureted internal combustion engine.